HNG DN S DNG

SURFER V.9

D ch v bin tp: Hunh Vn Trc

Thng 7 nm 2010

Chng 1:Gii thiu 1.Cc lnh trong ca s bn v File Menu Commands New Open Close Save Save As Import Export Page Setup Print Preferences Exit To mt ti liu hoc bng tnh mi M mt tp tin, bng tnh, hoc trnh bin tp nt li ng mt ti liu Lu ti liu Lu ti liu vi tn, nh dng mi Nhp khu file ho Xu t khu file ho nh dng trang in In ti liu hin hnh Thiit lp mc nh Surfer ng Surfer

Edit Menu Commands Hon tc hnh ng cui Undo Lm li hnh ng trc ho n tc Redo Ct i tng chn vo clipboard Cut Copy Copy i tng t clipboard Chn ni dung clipboard vo ti liu Paste Paste Special Chn ni dung clipboard vi ty chn nh dng Xo mc chn Delete Chn thc th ti liu Select All B chn i tng Deselect All Invert Selection o ngc la chn Object ID Reshape Properties Thay i tn ca i tng chn Di chuyn, xa, hoc chn thm cc nh trong mt polygon Hin th thuc tnh cho i tng chn

View Menu Commands Fit to Window Page Actual Size Full Screen Zoom Pan Realtime Redraw Auto Redraw Rulers Drawing Grid Toolbars Status Bar Object Manager Hu nh Vn Trc Scale mn hnh cho tt c cc i tng c th nhn thy Hin th y cc trang trn mn hnh Xem bn v kch thc thc t Xem ton b ti liu Zoom realtime, in, out, vi rectangles hoc i tng chn Di chuyn ca s bng cch "ly" ni dung ca chng Lm mi hnh nh trn mn hnh Bt redraw on v off Hin, n cc thc Hin, n li v Hin, n thanh cng c Hin, n thanh trng thi Hin th mt danh sch tt c cc i tng chnh sa 1

Draw Menu Commands Text Polygon PolyLine Symbol Rectangle Rounded Rect Ellipse Arrange Menu Commands Order Objects Order Overlay Align Objects Combine Break Apart Rotate Free Rotate Transform To ra mt khi vn bn To ra mt polygon To ra mt polyline To ra mt symbol To ra mt ch nht To ra mt ch nht bo trn gc To ra ellipse

Sp xp cc i tng v vi Move to Front, Move to Back, Move Forward, v Move Backward Sp xp mt lp ph trong mt bn tng hp viMove to Front, Move to Back, Move Forward, v Move Backward. Cn i tng theo chiu ngang hoc chiu dc Kt hp cc i tng vo mt i tng duy nht Break mt i tng kt hp vo nhiu i tng Xoay mt i tng theo gc c th Xoay mt i tng vi con chut Di chuyn, kch thc, v t l cc i tng , cng nh bin i loi b vi bin i

Grid Menu Commands Data Variogram Function Math Calculus Filter Spline Smooth Blank Convert Extract Transform Mosaic Volume Slice Residuals Grid Node Editor To mt li td liu khong cch khng u XYZ To v lu mt variogram To mt mng li t mt hm Cung cp ton t grid -to-grid v grid-to-constant Thc hin cc hot ng tnh ton trn mt tp tin li hin c lc mt li hin c bng cch p dng mt b lc ma trn di chuyn Lm trn mt li hin c bng cch s dng khi splines Blank cc nt li bn trong ho c b n ngoi mt ranh gii Chuyn i gia cc nh dng li khc nhau Trch xu t mt tp hp con ca mt li t mt tp tin li hin c Scale, offset, mirror, hoc rotate mt tp tin li hin c Kt hp mt lot cc li u vo tng thch vo mt li duy nht Tnh ton khi lng di hoc trn mt b mt li Tnh ton mt phn cho cc d liu thng qua mt b mt li Tnh ton s khc bit gia d liu XYZ v b mt li Thay i cc gi tr ca cc nt ring l trong mt li

Map Menu Commands To mt bn ng ng mc mi, chnh sa cc nhn, xut khu ng bnh 3D Nhp khu mt file bn c s Base Map To mt bn mi hoc bn phn lo i Post Map To mt bn nh mi Image Map Shaded Relief Map To mt bn shaded relief mi Contour Map Hu nh Vn Trc 2

Vector Map Wireframe Surface Scale Bar Digitize

Trackball Stack Maps Overlay Maps Break Apart Overlay Window Menu Commands New Window Cascade Tile Horizontal Tile Vertical Arrange Icons

To mt bn vector mi t mt mng li duy nht, hoc t hai li (X, Y hoc hng, ln) To mt wireframe mi To ra mt b mt 3D mi Thm mt thanh t l bn ang c chn Hin th ta ca bn c chn trong n v bn v thu thp cc im d liu t bn Xoay v phng to bn c la chn trong 3D Cn hai hoc nhiu bn Kt hp cc bn c la chn vo cng h thng ta Break mt lp ph c chn ra t mt bn tng hp

m ra mt ca s bn sao ca cc ti liu hot ng. Sp xp cc ca s chng chng ln nhau Sp xp cc ca s theo chiu ngang nn khng chng . Sp xp cc ca s theo chiu dc nn khng c chng cho Sp xp cc biu tng di cng ca ca s ng dng.

2.Cc lnh trong ca s bng tnh: File Menu Commands Ging nh trn Edit Menu Commands - Worksheet Ging nh trn Format Menu Commands Cell Properties Thit lp nh dng s, cn ll, v mu nn cho cc la chn Column Width Thit lp rng ct cho cc c la chn Thit lp rng hng cho cc c la chn Row Height Data Menu Commands Sp xp cc Sort p dng mt bin i ton hc ti ct Transform Tnh ton thng k v cc c la chn Statistics Window Menu Commands Ging nh trn 3.Cc lnh trong trnh bin tp li: File Menu New Open Close Save Save As Exit Options Menu Show Contours Contour Levels Hu nh Vn Trc Hin, n b nh Thay i hin th ng b nh 3 To mt ti liu hoc bng tnh mi M mt tp tin, bng tnh, hoc trnh bin tp nt li ng mt ti liu Lu ti liu Lu ti liu vi tn, nh dng mi ng Surfer

Show Nodes Blank Node Unblank Node Grid Info

Toggle hin th cc biu tng nt Blank nt li chn Khi phc cc nt li blanked cui Hin th thng tin v cc li hin hnh

Chng 2:hng dn thc hnh Lm th no s dng Surfer Vic p dng ph bin nht ca Surfer l to ra mt bn da trn mt tp tin li t d liu XYZ. Lnh Grid\Data s dng mt tp tin d liu XYZ sn xut mt tp tin li. Cc tp tin li sau c s dng bi hu ht cc cc lnh ca menu Map to bn . Cc Post Map (bn v tr, hin th im chi tit) v Base Map (bn c s) khng s dng cc tp tin li. Biu minh ha mi quan h gia tp tin d liu XYZ, cc file li, bn ng ng mc, v b n khung li (wireframes.)

1.Bi 1 : To file d liu XYZ Mt tp tin d liu XYZ l mt tp tin c cha t nht ba ct ca cc gi tr d liu. Hai ct u tin l ta X v Y . Ct th ba l gi tr Z . Mc d n khng phi l b t buc, nhp to X trong ct A, Y trong ct B, v gi tr Z trong ct C l mt tng tt. Surfer s cho cc ta trong nhng ct ny theo mc nh. a.M mt file hin thi xem mt v d v mt tp tin d liu XYZ, bn c th m TUTORWS2.DAT vo mt ca s bng tnh, s dng lnh Open hoc kch biu tng

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b.To mt File d liu mi: Surfer worksheet c th c s dng to ra mt tp tin d liu. m mt ca s b ng tnh v bt u nhp d liu chn lnh File | New hoc bm nt Kch tu chn Worksheet trong hp thoi New v OK .

Khi mhp xong , lu li d liu vi lnh Save as Cc tp tin c lu nh dng [.DAT] vi tn file m b n ch nh. Tn ca tp tin d liu s xut hin pha trn ca s bng tnh.

2.Bi 2 - To File li Grid file l cn thit to mt bn li c s. Grid -based maps bao gm cc bn ng ng mc, bn hnh nh, bn dng ni, bn vector 1-li, bn vector 2-li, wireframes, v b mt. Grid file c to ra bng cch s dng lnh Grid\Data . Lnh Data i hi d liu trong ba ct X,Y,Z. sn xut mt tp tin li t file mu TUTORWS.DAT: 1. Nu bn m ca s bng tnh, bm vo menu Window v chn Plot1. Ngoi ra, b n c th to ra mt ca s mi vi File\ New (chn Plot Document v sau nhn OK). 2. Chn lnh Grid \ Data . 3. Trong hp thoi Open, kch file TUTORWS.DAT (Trong th mc SAMPLES ). 4. Click Open v hp thoi Grid Data xu t hin.Ngoi ra, bn c th kch p vo tn file d liu hin th hp thoi Data Grid. Hu nh Vn Trc 5

5. Hp thoi Grid Data cho php b n kim sot cc thng s grid. -Nhm Data Columns c s dng xc nh cc ct c cha cc gi tr ta X,Y,Z trong tp tin d liu. -Nhm Grid Line Geometry c dng xc nh gii hn li XY, khong cch li, v s lng ng li (cn gi l hng v ct) trong tp tin li. -Nhm Gridding Method c s dng xc nh phng php ni suy v cc ty chn ni suy. -Nhm Output Grid File c s dng xc nh ng dn v tn file cho file li. -Ty chn Grid Report c s dng xc nh to ra mt bo co thng k v s liu. 6-Click OK. Trong thanh trng thi pha di ca ca s, hin th tin trnh ca th tc gridding. Bng vic chp nhn cc mc nh, tp tin li s dng cng mt ng dn v tn file tp tin d liu, nhng cc file li c mt ui n rng [GRD].

3.Bi 3 : To bnh a.To bnh : Bn ng ng mc(Bnh )l mt bn v ca ba gi tr. Hai gi tr u tin l ta X, Y , v th ba Z v ng ng mc (cc ng cong trn bn ) . Hnh d ng ca b mt c th hin bi cc ng cong. to mt bn ca tp tin TUTORWS.GRD c to ra trong b i hc trc : 1.Chn Map | New | Contour Map , hoc kch nt 2.Trong hp tho i, ch n file TUTORWS.GRD v kch Open 3.Bn to ra s d ng cc thu c tnh mc nh b.M thuc tnh bn : Sau khi to mt bn , bn c th thay i cc thuc tnh bn . C mt s cch m thu c tnh ca mt i tng. Phng php ph bin nht l kch p vo i tng trong Object Manager. V d, thay i gii hn ca mt bn , kch p vo i tng "Map" trong Object Manager m hp thoi v nhp chut vo trang Limits. thay i cp ng bnh , kch p vo "Contours" trong Object Manager m hp thoi thuc v nhp chut vo trang Levels.

c.Thay i mc ng bnh : Sau khi to mt b nh , bn c th d d ng sa i bt k cc tnh nng bn . V d, b n c th thay i cp ng bnh hin th trn bn . Thao tc nh sau: 6 Hu nh Vn Trc

t con tr b n trong gii hn ca bn v nhn p hin th hp thoi thuc tnh. Trong hp thoi thuc tnh, nhp vo trang Levels hin th cc mc ng bnh v cc thu c tnh ng cho bn . Trong v d ny, mc ng bt u ti Z = 20. Nhp chut vo thanh cun bn phi di chuyn n pha di. Bn c th thy rng mc ng ng mc ti a l Z = 105 cho bn ny v kho ng chnh cao u l 5.

thay i phm vi v khong cch, nhp vo nt Level v hp thoi Levels Contour c hin th. iu ny cho thy cc ng ng mc ti thiu v ti a cho bn v cc kho ng cao u . Click i vo trong hp Interval v g gi tr 10. Nhp OK v trang Levels c cp nht phn nh s thay i. Kch OK d.Thay i thuc tnh Contour Line Bn c th nhp p vo bt k cc yu t trong danh sch trn trang Levels sa i cc yu t ring bit. V d, bn c th kch p vo mt gi tr Z trong danh sch thay i gi tr Z cho mc contour c th. Bn cng c th kch p vo line sa i cc thuc tnh ng cho cp ny. iu ny cung cp mt cch nhn mnh mt ng bnh ring bit trn bn . (level l gi tr cao Z)

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d.Thm mu gia hai ng bnh : Mu sc c th c ch nh cho cc cp ring trong cng mt cch nh thu c tnh line. Ngoi ra, b n c th gn cc mu da trn mt quang ph gia hai mu (chuyn tip mu) Cc trang Levels trong hp thoi thuc tnh cho thy mt s tng ng gia mc (di nt Level) v mt mu (di nt Fill). Nhng mu sc c s dng t y cc kho ng trng gia cc mc tng ng v mc cao hn. V d, nu mc ng l 20, 30, 40, ..., vv, sau cc mu tng ng vi mc 20 c s dng t vo khong tr ng gia cc ng c mc 20 v 30 . thay i mu, trong hp thoi thuc tnh, trang Levels nhp vo nt Fill m hp tho i Fill. Trong hp thoi Fill, nhp vo nt Foreground Color m hp thoi ColoMap. Hp tho i ny cho php bn chn mu sc gn cho cc gi tr Z. Click vo nt bn tri pha di ph mu v sau bm vo mu xanh trong bng mu. T l mu dao ng t mu xanh sang mu trng. Ngoi ra, b n c th chn mt ph mu t cc mu thit lp sn trong danh sch th xung, hoc bng cch nhp vo nt Load.

(Ty chn) Nu bn mun mu t c r rng, thay i gi tr Opacity. Nhp vo nt OK tr v hp thoi Fill. Nt Foreground Color by gi hin th nh mt mu chuyn tip t mu xanh sang mu trng. Nhp vo nt OK Nhp vo nt OK v bn v li vi ng bnh l mu xanh ti trng. Hu nh Vn Trc 8

e.Thm, xo v di chuyn nhn bnh : Nhp chut phi vo b n v chn Edit Contour Labels. Bn cng c th chnh sa cc nhn ca mt ng bng cch s dng lnh Map | Edit Contour Labels. Vic thay i con tr thnh mt u mi tn mu en cho bit bn ang ch chnh sa. Cc ng bnh c nhn hp hnh ch nht xung quanh chng trong ch chnh sa. xa mt nhn, nhn vo nhn v bm phm Delete . thm mt nhn, bm v gi phm CTRL v nhp chut tri v tr trn ng bnh , ni bn mun t nhn mi. Con tr mi tn mu en vi mt du cng cho bit bn c th thm mt nhn mi. . di chuyn mt nhn, kch chut tri trn nhn, gi nt chut tri v ko nhn. Nh chut tri hon thnh di chuyn nhn. nhn bn mt nhn, gi phm CTRL trn bn phm trong khi gi nt chut tri v sau ko nhn vo mt v tr mi. thot khi ch Edit Contour Labels, bm phm ESC. g.Bin tp trc ta : Mi bn c to ra vi bn trc: di cng, phi, trn, v trc tri. Bn c th kim sot hin th ca mi trc . Trong v d ny, s thay i khong cch gia ng bnh v thm mt nhn trc 1.Di chuyn con tr trn mt trong nhng nhn nh du trc trn trc X di v click tri chut. Trong thanh trng thi pha di c a ca s, cc t "Map: Bottom Axis" c hin th. Cci tng "Bottom Axis" trong Object Manager cng c nh du. iu ny cho thy rng b n chn trc di cng ca bn . Ngoi ra, vng trn mu xanh xut hin ti cui cng ca trc x l, v mu xanh l cy hnh vung xu t hin xung quanh ton b bn . iu ny cho thy rng trc l mt "i tng ph" ca ton b bn . 2.Click i vo trc di cng hin th trc di cng hp thoi thuc tnh. 3.Trong hp Title trn trang General, g "Bottom Axis" (khng c du ngoc kp) v sau nhn nt Apply. iu ny t mt tiu trn trc c la chn

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4.Nu bn khng th xem tiu trc, chn View | Zoom | Selected. Ch rng bn khng ng hp thoi thu c tnh chn cc lnh ca menu, cc nt thanh cng c, hoc cc i tng trong ca s . 5.Nhp vo tab Scaling hin th ty chn t l tr c. Trong hp Major Interval , nhp gi tr 1,5 v sau nhn nt Apply. iu ny thay i khong cch dc theo trc c la chn. 6.Nhp vo tab General v sau nhp vo nt Label Format m hp thoi Label Format. 7.Trong hp thoi Label Format, chn ty chn Fixed trong nhm Type. Click vo mi tn xu ng trn hp ch s thp phn v thay i gi tr cho 1. iu ny cho thy rng ch c mt ch s sau du thp phn cho cc nhn nh du trc. 8.Nhp vo nt OK tr v hp thoi thuc tnh trc. 9.Nhp vo nt OK trong hp thoi thuc tnh trc v bn c v li. Trc nh du kho ng cch v nhn c thay i, v tiu trc c t bn di bn . h.Lu bn : Khi hon thnh bn hoc bn v , bn c th lu bn cho mt [file Surfer SRF] cha tt c cc thng tin cn thit ti sn xut bn .. Khi bn lu mt bn , tt c cc nh d ng bn v thuc tnh c bo tn trong tp tin. i.Xut khu ng bnh 3D: Khi hon thnh mt bn bnh , bn c th xut cc ng bnh vi gi tr lin quan n Z cho mt tp tin AutoCAD DXF. 1.Chn bn bng cch nhn vo b n trong ca s hoc bng cch bm vo ch "Contours" trong qun l i tng.

2. Chn Map | Contour Map | Export Contours. 3.Trong hp thoi Save As, nhp tn file TUTORWS v kch save 4.Bi 4 : V tr d liu im v lm vic vi lp: Bn v tr (post Map)l g? Post Map c to ra bng cch t biu tng i din cho d liu im X, Y trn bn . Post map c th hu ch trong vic xc nh s phn b ca cc im d liu, cng nh t d liu hoc thng tin vn bn ti cc im c th trn b n . Tp tin d liu cha X, Y c s dng t cc im trn b n . Tp tin d liu cng c th cha cc nhn lin kt vi mi im. lp bn c s dng lm g? Cc lp cho php bn thm nhiu bn cho mt bn hin c to ra mt i tng b n hin th mt lot cc loi bn . V d, nu bn c mt bn ca d liu thi tit , bn c th thm mt lp post map hin th v tr v tn trm ca mi trm thu thp d liu. Lm th no cc lp bn b sung vo b n hin hnh? Lp b n c th c thm vo mt bn hin c b ng cch chn cc bn v lnh Map | Add ho c bng cch ko mt lp bn hin ti t mt i tng bn khc. a.Thm mt lp bn v tr: -S dng tp tin TUTORWS.SRF b n to ra trong bi hc trc , chn bn ng ng mc. -Chn lnh Map | Add | Post Layer , ho c nhp chut phi trn b n ng ng mc v chn Add | Post Layer. -Trong hp thoi Open Data, chn TUTORWS.DAT t th mc mu. 10 Hu nh Vn Trc

-Nhp vo nt Open v Post map c thm vo bn ng ng mc. b.Thay i thuc tnh Post Map: -Hy chc chn rng Object Manager c m ra. Nu Object Manager khng m ca, chn View | Object Manager, hoc nhn vo nt . -Double-click vo ch "Post" trong Object Manager, ho c nhp chut phi vo ch "Post" v chn Properties. -Trong hp thoi Post Map Propeties, trang General, nhp vo nt Default Symbol m hp thoi Symbol Properties. -Chn biu tng t bng k hiu. -Chn Cyan t bng mu. Opacity c th c iu chnh to ra biu tng trong sut (ty chn). -Nhp vo nt OK. Cc biu tng ty chn xut hin -Nhp vo nt Apply v biu tng s xut hin cc im d liu trn b n . -Trong hp Fixed Size (mc Symbol Size), ch nh kch thc (v d 0,09 ) Ngoi ra, kch thc biu tng c th c kim sot bi t l rng (ty chn). -Nhp vo nt OK v bn c v vi biu tng ty chnh. Nu Post map khng hin th, m bo rng cc lp Post l trn lp ng bnh trong Object Manager. B lc lp c lit k trong mt i tng bn l th t cc lp bn c v trong ca s. di chuyn mt lp bn , nhp chut tri v ko ln ho c xung trong i tng bn . Ngoi ra, chn lp bn v s dng lnh Arrange | Order Objects ho c nhp chut phi v chn lnh Order Objects. c. La chn mt lp bn v thay i cc ID i tng : Chn Layer Bn : Mt lp bn ring bit c th c chn trong bn nhiu lp bng cch nhp vo layer trong ca s hoc nhp vo lp bn trong qun l i tng. Cch d nht chn mt lp bn l nhp vo tn lp trong Object Manager. Tuy nhin, bn cng c th chn layer trong ca s bn v b ng chut. Bt c khi no hai hoc nhiu i tng chim v tr tng t trong ca s, s dng phm CTRL v nt chut tri chn i tng mong mun. Cc phm CTRL cho php bn chn thng qua vic la chn cc i tng chng cho. V d, nu bn mun chn mt lp bn bnh pha sau mt lp bn v tr, gi phm CTRL v b m vo cho n khi cc lp bn ng bnh c chn. Bn c th s dng cc thanh trng thi gip bn xc nh i tng c chn. i tn Layers chn mt lp bn v gn ho c thay i ID i tng: Nhp vo tn lp bn ng ng mc trong qun l i tng. Trong trng hp ny, nhp vo ch "Contours". Thanh trng thi hin ln " Map: Contours." Chn Edit | Object ID. Trong hp thoi Object ID, g tn, v d " Tutorial Contour Map " v nhp vo nt OK. Thanh trng thi, Object Manager, v hp thoi tho i properties phn nh s thay i tn. -Nu bn kch p vo layer " Tutorial Contour Map " trong qun l i tng, thng bo Tiu hp thoi thuc tnh c t thnh Map: Tutorial Contour Map Properties. Khi bn i tn mt i tng trong Surfer, hp thoi ny phn nh s thay i tn theo di cc i tng m bn ang chnh sa. V d, nu bn c tm bn trong ca s, n c li thay i tn bn ti mt tn c ngha lu. d.Thm nhn cho Post Map: Nhp chut phi vo layer "" Tutorial Post Map trong qun l i tng v chn Properties. Nhp vo tab Labels. Trong mc Worksheet Column for Labels, nhp vo mi tn th xung v danh sch cc ct trong TUTORWS.DAT c hin th. Chn Column C: cao t danh sch. Nhp vo nt Format m hp thoi Label Format. Thay i Type l Fixed v gi tr ch s thp phn l khng. Hu nh Vn Trc 11

Nhp vo nt OK tr v hp thoi thuc tnh bn , trang label Nhp vo nt OK

. . Di chuyn nhn ring l: Chn Post Map trong qun l i tng. Chn lnh Map | Edit Post Labels ho c nhp chut phi trn bn chn v chn Edit Post Labels. Con tr s thay i cho bit bn ang ch chnh sa nhn. Nhp chut tri vo mt nhn, gi nt chut tri , v ko nhn vo mt v tr mi, bn phm phm mi tn c th c s dng di chuyn v tr nhn. Nh chut tri t cc nhn trong v tr mi.. Bm phm ESC thot khi ch chnh sa. 5.Bi 5:To 3D Surface Map: 3D Surface Map l g? Tng t nh 3D wireframes, ch khc l cc b mt ba chiu biu din bng m. B mt 3D cho php bn to ra mt m hnh cao ca khu vc ca bn quan tm v sau thm cc lp d liu trn u trang ca b mt. Bn c th iu khin mu sc, nh sng, mu che ph, v li ca mt b mt 3D. + to mt bn b mt 3D: -Chn lnh File | New | Plot m mt ti liu. -Chn lnh Map | New | 3D Surface, ho c bm nt . -Chn tp tin li TUTORWS.GRD (file v d) t danh sch trong hp thoi Open Grid. -Nhp vo nt Open, v b mt 3D c to ra bng cch s dng cc thit lp mc nh. +Thm mt Mesh (li): ng li c th c p dng cho cc b mt. Bn b mt 3D c kh nng nhiu hn bn 3D wirframe. Thm ng li ti mt bn b mt 3D m phng mt bn 3D wireframe. thm mt li: -Click i vo bn b mt 3D m thuc tnh b mt 3D. -Nhp vo tab Mesh. -nh du kim cc hp X v Y trong phn Draw Lines of Constant -Thay i Frequency n nm cho dng X v Y -Nhp vo nt OK hoc nt Apply thm mt li 3D ti b mt c la chn +Thay i mu: -Click i vo trn b mt 3D m hp thoi thu c tnh b mt 3D. -Trn trang General, nhn vo nt Upper trong nhm Material Color. Hp thoi mu m ra. Hu nh Vn Trc 12

-Trong hp thoi mu, chn Rainbow t danh sch Presets. Danh sch Presets cha nhiu mu nh sn. Ngo i ra, bn c th nhp vo nt Load v chn mt tp tin ph mu tu chnh vi ui m rng [CLR]. -Ch rng cc mu sc v v tr nt thay i trong hp thoi mu. The Rainbow ci sn cc nt c su mu t tm n . Bn c th thm, loi b, p dng m c, ty chnh cc nt, hoc chp nhn cc la chn mc nh. -Nhp vo nt OK trong hp mu tr v hp thoi thuc tnh . -Nhp vo nt Apply xem cc thay i mu ca bn.

+Thm mt lp bn : -Kch chut phi vo trn b mt 3D trong Object Manager v chn Object ID. Thay i text thnh TUTORWS d phn bit cc lp bn trong danh sch Object Manager. Nhp vo nt OK. -Chn bn TUTORWS trong Object Manager hoc ti liu bn . Tip theo, thm mt lp bn 3D phng: -Vi bn TUTORWS chn, s dng lnh Map | Add | 3D Surface Layer, hoc kch chut phi vo bn b mt v chn Add | 3D Surface Layer. -Trong hp thoi Open Grid, m th mc mu ca Surfer v chn li phng, TUTORPL.GRD. -Nhp vo nt Open, v bn b mt ca lp c to ra bng cch s dng cc thit lp mc nh. -Kch chut phi vo trn b mt 3D mi trong qun l i tng v chn Object ID. Thay i text thnh TUTORPL d phn bit cc lp bn trong danh sch Object Manager. Mt phng l by gi phn tng vi b mt 3D gc. -M thuc tnh bn TUTORPL v thay i Upper Material Color vi Rainbow ci sn cho ph hp vi mu trong TUTORWS. 6.Bi 6: Thm tnh r rng, t l mu, v tiu a.Thm tnh r rng ti Layers Map Bn c th iu chnh gi tr Opacity (m dn) ca mt lp bn , hay cc ng bnh , t c polygon, vn bn, line, ho c biu tng trong hp thoi thuc tnh thch hp. iu ny c th hu ch khi bn c nhiu lp bn v cn phi thc hin mt hoc nhiu lp trong sut d liu th hin tt nht thc hin iu ny, m hp thoi thuc tnh ng bnh . Trn trang Levels, nhp vo nt Fill. Trong hp thoi Fill, nhp vo nt Foreground Color. Trong hp thoi mu, chn Rainbow t danh sch Presets Thay i Opacity n 43%. Nhp vo nt OK tr v hp thoi Fill. Nhp vo nt OK tr v trang Levels ca hp thoi thuc tnh. Ct Fill hin th s thay i m c. Nhp vo nt OK xc nhn s thay i. b.thm mt lp bng m : Thm mt lp bn bng m bn hin th cao pha sau ng bnh thm mt lp bn cu tr bng m: Nhp chut vo bn bnh chn n. Chn lnh Map | Add | Shaded Relief Layer Hu nh Vn Trc 13

Chn tp tin v d TUTORWS.GRD, v nhn vo nt Open. Mt lp bn bng m c thm vo trong Object Manager. Ch bng ca lp bn bng m gip phn bit a hnh ca cc tp tin li. (Ty chn) Trong qun l i tng, bn c th nhn vo d u kim b n cnh cc bn lp bt, tt tm nhn ca cc bn . c.Thm mt Scale mu Bn c th thm t l mu sc cho cc loi b n trong Surfer M thuc tnh bn . Nhp vo trang General, hy chc chn cc ty chn Fill Contours c chn. Sau , nhp vo hp kim Color Scale. Nhp vo nt OK v mu sc mc nh c to ra. Mt i tng Scale mu mi c thm vo Object Manager. thay i tnh cht t l cc mu sc (ty chn): Click i vo thanh scale hin th hp thoi Properties Color Scale. Hy iu chnh thuc tnh nhn ho c line. Nhp vo nt OK. thm mt tiu ti thanh t l mu (ty chn): S dng lnh Draw | Text v click bn tri ca thanh t l. Hp thoi text Properties s m ra. Trong phn text, hy nhp " cao (mt)", v nhn vo nt OK. Nhp ESC thot khi ch chnh sa vn bn Chn i tng text v s dng lnh Arrange | Rotate. Trong hp thoi Rotate, hy nhp "90" theo chiu Kim ng h trong hp Degrees. Nhp vo nt OK. d.Thm mt tiu Map thm mt tiu : M thuc tnh axis nh hng dn trc y. Nhp vo tab General trong hp thoi. Trong phn Titile, g " Tutorial Map " m khng c d u ngoc kp. Bm phm ENTER chuyn sang dng k tip. Trn dng th hai, s dng mt nh ngha ton hc nng ng chn ngy hin ti. Trong trng hp ny chng ti s s dng ngy thng " \date " hin th ngy thng hin hnh. Hy chc chn thm mt khng gian vo cui "\date ". Nu khng t mt khng gian sau "\date ". s cho kt qu ton hc li. Nhp vo nt Font trong phn tiu m hp thoi Properties Font. Nhp vo hp kim bn cnh Bold trong phn Style. Thay i Kch thc (im) n 14.

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Chng 3 Li 1. Tng quan: a.Mt s khi nim: Li l mt khu vc hnh ch nht bao gm cc hng v ct u nhau. Giao im ca mt hng v ct c gi l nt li. Cc hng c cha cc nt li vi cng ta Y, v cc ct cha cc nt li vi ta X. Gridding to ra mt gi tr Z ti mi nt ca li hoc ngoi suy cc gi tr d liu. To mt File li [. GRD ] Lnh Grid | Data c s dng to mt tp tin li. Hp thoi cho php cc ty chn Data Columns, Gridding Method, Output Grid File, v Grid Line Geometry ch nh. Cc la chn c thc hin trong hp thoi s tc ng n cc tp tin li u ra v cc bn c to ra t tp tin li. Mt file d liu phi c ba ct d liu X, Y, Z v to mt tp tin li. t nht ba im d liu cn thit cho ct X, Y, Z. Phng php Gridding Phng php sn xut mt mng Gridding, khong cch hnh ch nht u nhau ca cc gi tr Z t d liu khng u nhau XYZ. Thut ng "khng u nhau" c ngha l khng c im theo m hnh c bit, do , c rt nhiu "l", ni d liu ang thiu. Gridding in vo trong cc l bi gi tr Z ngo i suy ti nhng a im ni m d liu khng c. Khi d liu XYZ c thu thp, bn c th to mt tp tin li c s dng cc gi tr Z trc tip v khng suy cc gi tr cho cc nt li.. Ty chn chung ca li: Mi phng php gridding thit lp ty chn ring ca li. Mt s cc tu chn u ging nhau cho cc phng php khc nhau. Mt s ty chn c sn cho nhiu phng php gridding bao gm: Search, Anisotropy, Breaklines, v Faults. Ct v hng : Ct v cc hng i khi c gi l ng li X v ng li Y. Trong thc t, khi b n to mt bn wireframe t mt tp tin li , cc ng to nn li i din cho hng li X v Y. Giao im ca cc ng li xc nh v tr ca cc nt li trn wireframe, v chiu cao ca b mt ti mi nt li l t l thun vi gi tr Z c giao ti nt . Xc nh hnh hc li trong hp thoi Data Grid. S dng tp tin Grid to Maps Tt c cc lo i bn u yu cu li ca n trong Surfer. Lnh Grid | Data cung cp cho b n mt s phng php to ra mt tp tin li [GRD] t d liu XYZ ca bn. Surfer cng c th s dng nhiu nh dng file li trc tip (tc l USGS [DEM]., GTopo30 [HDR]., SDTS [DDF]., a hnh k thut s cao Model (DTED) [DT *.], v.v). iu ny c ngha l b n khng phi i qua qu trnh gridding nu bn c mt tp tin li h tr. b.V d v li: Mt tp tin d liu XYZ:

S dng lnh Map | New | Post Map to ra mt bn v tr hin th v tr d liu vi cc nhn gi tr Z. Bc ny l hin th cc d liu khng u nhau trn bn

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. S dng lnh Grid | Data to ra mt file li khong cch u [GRD] t khong cch khng u tp tin d liu XYZ..

Chn bn v tr (post Map)v s dng lnh Map | Add | Contour Layer thm bn ng ng mc ca tp tin li vo.

c.Grid data: Tp tin li l cn thit trong Surfer to bn cc loi. T tp tin d liu c chuyn i thnh mt li trc khi s dng cc tnh nng ca Surfer. Grid file c sn xut b ng cch s dng lnh Grid | Data. Khi to mt grid file, thng c th chp nhn tt c cc thng s mc nh. Theo hu ht cc trng hp, phng php c ngh l kriging. y l mc nh la chn phng php li bi v n cho kt qu tt cho hu ht b d liu XYZ. C mt vi thng s gridding bn c th thit lp. Hy tham kho phng php gridding bit thm thng tin v cc thng s c th. Tt c cc phng php gridding cn t nht ba d liu im khng qu gn nhau. Mt s phng php yu cu nhiu im d liu hn. Hp thoi Grid data:

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Data columns: Ch nh cc ct cho cc d liu X, Y, Z. Surfer mc nh X: Ct A, Y: Ct B, v Z: ct C. Bn c th thay i th t. Filter Data: Bn c th lc cc d liu trc khi grid da trn mt b lc c xc nh trc hoc d a trn mt phng trnh ngi dng nh ngha bng cch nhn vo nt Filter data. View data: Nu bn khng chc chn trong c ct cha d liu XYZ ca bn, hy nhp vo nt View Data xem d liu trong mt nh dng tp tin bng tnh. Statistics: hin th s liu thng k da trn ct X, Y, Z c la chn Grid Report: bo co kt qu to file li Ty chn Gridding Method v Advanced : Surfer c nhiu phng php khc nhau. Nhng phng php ny xc nh cch thc m cc d liu XYZ sn xut mt tp tin li. Hy tham kho cc phng php gridding thm thng tin v cc ty chn. Cross Validate: Nhp vo nt Validate Cross thc hin xc nhn qua trn d liu ca b n Grid Line Geometry: xc nh cc gii hn mt li Gii hn ti thiu v ti a ta X v Y cho li : Surfer tnh ton gi tr ti thiu v ti a X v Y t tp tin d liu XYZ. Nhng gi tr ny c s dng nh l gi tr mc nh ta cho li . Spacing v # of Lines (mt li): Grid mt thng c xc nh bi s lng cc ct v cc hng trong li, v l mt thc o ca s nt li. Cc # of Lines trong X Direction l s ct li, v # of Lines trong Y Direction l s hng . Hng (X Direction hoc Y Direction) bao gm cc mc ln hn (ln hn s lng d liu n v) c gn 100 ng li theo mc nh. S lng cc ng li theo mt hng khc c tnh ton sao cho khong cch ng li trong hai hng l cng gn nhau cng tt. Bng vic xc nh cc gii hn li v s lng cc hng v ct, cc gi tr Spacing s c t ng xc nh. d.Grid Files: Ngoi cc tp tin li m Surfer to ra, n cng c th c cc m hnh k thut s cao (DEM). Surfer s dng file li USGS DEM [DEM], GTopo30 [HDR], SDTS [DDF], v DTED [DT.*] . File DEM cha arc- hai ta XY s c t ng chuyn i sang v / kinh thp phn Hu nh Vn Trc 17

2.Phng php grid: Gii thiu chung phng php Gridding: Tham s phng php grid kim sot cc th tc ni suy. Khi to mt tp tin li, bn thng c th chp nhn cc phng php mc nh v sn xut mt bn c th chp nhn c. S khc bit gia cc phng php gridding nm trong cc thut ton ton hc c s dng tnh ton trong thi gian ni suy nt li. Mi phng php c th dn n mt biu hin khc nhau ca d liu. y l iu thun li kim tra mi phng php vi mt d liu in hnh xc nh phng php gridding cung cp cho bn. Bi v bn Surfer c to ra t d liu grid. Khi bn ng im d liu ban u trn mt bn ng ng mc, mt s cc ng bnh c th l v tr "sai" tng i so vi d liu gc. iu ny xy ra bi v cc a im ca cc ng cong c xc nh ch duy nht bi cc gi tr nt li ni suy v khng trc tip bi cc d liu gc. Mt s phng php tt hn so vi nhng phng php khc cho d liu ca bn, v i khi mt s th nghim (tc l tng mt li ) l cn thit trc khi bn c th xc nh phng php tt nht cho d liu. Phng php grid c la chn trong hp thoi Grid Data (truy cp thng qua Grid | Data). So snh cc phng php grid: Hy th mi phng php gridding khc nhau, chp nhn gi tr mc nh. iu ny mang n cho bn mt cch xc nh phng php tt nht s dng vi cng mt d liu thit lp.

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Chn phng php cn c vo s liu im XYZ: Kch thc ca d liu u vo cn c xem xt khi la chn mt phng php gridding. Surfer cn ti thiu ba im X, Y, v Z khng qu gn thc hin qu trnh gridding. Mi im hay t hn khng xc nh nhiu xu hng chung trong d liu ca bn. Nh vi hu ht cc b d liu, phng php Kriging v Radial Basis Function s sn xut bn tt nht ca d liu ca bn. Nu ch xc nh xu hng ca d liu, bn c th s dng Polynomial Regression. Vi 10 im hoc t hn, gridding l cc k nhanh, v v y bn c th th cc phng php khc nhau xc nh phng php hiu qu nht. Vi b d liu nh (<250 im mia), Kriging vi mc nh linear variogram, ho c Radial Basis Function vi hm multiquadric l tt nht. Vi tp hp d liu c kch thc va phi (250-1.000 im), Triangulation with Linear Interpolation to ra tt hn. Mc d Kriging hoc Radial Basis Function to li chm hn, chng cng cho kt qu tt. i vi d liu ln (> 1.000 im), Minimum Curvature v Triangulation with Linear Interpolation thc hin kh nhanh, v c hai cho kt qu tt. Nh vi hu ht cc d liu khc, Kriging hoc Radial Basis Function c th sn xut ra cc bn tt nht, nhng thao tc hi chm mt cht. S dng Kriging hoc Radial Basis Function vi b d liu ln khng cho kt qu khc nhau ng my. V d, nu tp tin d liu ca bn cha 3.000 hoc 30.000 d liu im, thi gian grid vi Kriging v Radial Basis Function l khng ng k. chnh xc v lm mn: Pphng php li km vi Surfer c chia thnh hai lo i chnh: exact interpolators v smoothing interpolators. Mt s exact interpolators c th kt hp mt yu t lm mn tr thnh smoothing interpolators. -Exact Interpolators: tn trng im d liu chnh xc khi im trng vi cc nt li c ni suy (khng b qua im khi n trng nt li). tng kh nng d liu ca bn c tn trng, bn c th tng s lng cc ng li trong hng X v Y . iu ny lm tng c hi m cc nt li trng vi im d liu, do tng c hi m cc gi tr d liu c p dng trc tip vo tp tin li. - Smoothing Interpolators: ho c cc yu t lm mn c th c s bn mt m hn. a.Phng php Inverse Distance to a Power: L mt phng php rt nhanh cho gridding. Vi im t hn 500, bn c th s dng phng php ny. Chn phng php trong Gridding Method ca hp thoi Grid data v nhn nt Advanced Otions

Tab General: Power: Tham s Power xc nh trng lng ri ra vi khong cch t nt li. Khi tham s bng khng, b mt to ra mt mt phng nm ngang thng qua t l trung bnh ca tt c cc im mia t tp tin d liu. Smoothing: yu t lm mn Anisotropy: Thit lp khi cn thit (xem cc phn sau) Hu nh Vn Trc 20

b. Phng php Kriging: Kriging l mt phng php hu ch v ph bin trong nhiu lnh vc. Phng php ny to ra cc bn trc quan hp dn t d liu khng u nhau. Kriging l mt phng php rt linh hot. Bn c th chp nhn cc mc nh Kriging sn xut mt mng li chnh xc ca d liu, hoc c th ty chnh Kriging, ph hp vi mt tp hp d liu bng cch xc nh m hnh variogram thch hp.

Variogram Model: Mt thnh phn quan trng ca phng php kriging l variogram. Mc nh tuyn tnh variogram cung cp mt mng li hp l trong hu ht cc trng hp. Nu bn khng hiu variograms hoc m hnh variogram, s dng mc nh Kriging Type: Surfer bao gm hai loi Kriging: point Kriging ( l phng php ch c h tr bi Surfer 6), v Block Kriging. C hai u to ra mt li ni suy. Point Kriging c lng gi tr ca cc im ti cc nt li. Block Kriging c lng gi tr trung bnh ca cc khi hnh ch nht vo cc nt li. Cc khi c kch thc v hnh d ng ca mt cell li. c.Phng php Minimum Curvature: Phng php ny c s dng rng ri trong khoa hc tri t. B mt c to ra bi ni suy s un cong ti thiu i qua tng mng cc gi tr d liu. Phng php ny to ra b mt mn nht c th tn trng cc d liu ca bn cht ch nht. Tuy nhin d liu ca bn khng phi lun lun tn trng mt cch chnh xc.

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Maximum Residual: Tham s c cc n v ging nh cc d liu, v mt gi tr thch hp l kho ng 10% chnh xc ca d liu. Nu gi tr d liu c o n gn nht 1,0 n v, gi tr ny nn c t 0,1. Mc nh = 0,001 (Zmax - Z min) Maximum Iteration: Tham s ny nn c t 1-2 ln s nt li c to ra trong tp tin li. V d, khi to 50 ca li 50, gi tr ny c t gia 2.500 v 5.000. Relaxation Factor: Ni chung, Relaxation Factor khng nn c thay i. Gi tr mc nh (1,0) l mt gi tr tt. Internal and Boundary Tension: Theo mc nh, thit lp 0. d.Phng php Radial Basis Function:

Basis Function: Xc nh cc loi hm t danh sch th xung Cc hm c s tng t nh variograms trong Kriging. Cc hm c s xc nh cc thit lp ti u ca trng lng p dng cho cc im d liu nt li. R2 Parameter: Gi tr mc nh cho R2 trong hm c tnh nh sau: ( di ng cho ca mc d liu)2 / (25 * s im d liu) Ngoi ra cn mt s phng php khc, nghin cu trong phn Help ca chng trnh 3. Tm kim: Ty chn Search iu khin cc im d liu c coi l do hot ng gridding khi interpolating cc n t li. truy cp cc ty chn tm kim, nu c vi cc phng php gridding, hy nhp vo nt Advanced Options trong hp thoi Data Grid. Nu tm kim c sn vi cc phng php gridding chn, mt tab Search xu t hin trong hp thoi ty chn. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp mt vi trong s cc ty chn tm kim, chng hn nh Antisotropy, c sn trn trang tng hp cc phng php ca gridding. Nu la chn tm kim khng c sn cho mt phng php gridding iu ny c ngha l tt c cc im d liu t file d liu phi c s dng khi tnh ton li.

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No Search: Ty chn cho Surfer s dng tt c d liu khi interpolating mi nt li. B chn hp kch hot cc tm kim trong qu trnh gridding. Number of Sectors to Search: Ty chn phn chia khu vc tm kim thnh cc phn nh hn m bn c th p dng trong ba quy tc tm kim. Bn c th xc nh ln n 32 lnh vc tm kim. Maximum Number of Data to Use from ALL Sectors: Gii hn gi tr tng s im c s dng khi interpolating mt nt li. Maximum Number of Data to Use from EACH Sector: Quy nh gi tr c th s im s c s dng t tng lnh vc. Minimum Number of Data in All Sectors (node is blanked if fewer): m bo rng cc gi tr s quy nh ca im ang gp phi khi interpolating mt nt li. Nu s lng ti thiu ca cc im l khng tm thy, gi tr trng c gn ti cc nt li. Blank Node if More Than This Many Sectors are Empty: m bo rng nu c nhiu thnh phn trng hn gi tr ny , gi tr trng c gn ti cc nt li. 4. Breakline v faults: Breaklines v Faults l mt phng tin hin th khng lin tc b mt. Breaklines v Faults c nh ngha vi file ranh gii [BLN]. Nu li ca bn khng d y, cc breakline ho c faults s khng hin th tt trong bn . Nu bn khng th thy bt k du hiu ca breakline hoc faults (tc l ng nt un cong khng ng), regrid d liu vi mt mng li dy c hn. a vo cc breakline ho caofaults nh mt ng trn bn , chn bn v s dng Map | Add | Base Layer. Nu tp tin li c s dng to ra mt bn ng ng mc c mt li, hp thoi contour properties c mt nt Fault Line Properties , do bn khng cn phi s dng mt bn nn hin th li trn cc b n ng ng mc. 5. Lm trn ng bnh : Contour Smooth iu khin trn ca cc ng cong. Smooth trong mt bn ng ng mc c th c kim sot bng nhiu cch sau: -Bng cch sn xut mt tp tin li dy c hn t d liu gc ca bn. Nh mt quy tc, bn ng vin lm t li mt cao c xu t hin mt m hn so vi cc bn ng vin lm t cc tp tin li mt thp. V d, mt file li 10 X 10 (10 hng v 10 ct) kt qu ng nt gc cnh nhiu hn so vi mt tp tin li X 50 50 . -Bng cch s dng lnh Grid | Spline Smooth chn thm cc hng v ct vo mt tp tin li hin c. -Vi ty chn Smooth trong hp thoi contour map properties. Nu smooth c kch hot trong hp thoi , cc ng cong c th ct nhau. Cc ty chn trong hp thoi p dng mt thu t ton ni suy spline hn ch n nh ng vin b sung. -Bng cch thay i phng php gridding hoc tham s gridding . Mt s phng php sn xut li mt m hn nhng ci khc, v mt s c cc tham s lm mn c th c s dng trong gridding. Xem To tp tin li thm thng tin v gridding. -Mt khi cc file li mi c to ra, nhp vo nt ng ng mc. thay th li c trong bn

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Chng 4: i tng bn 1.Gii thiu v lp bn Trong Surfer 8, qu trnh ph cc bn bao gm vic to ra hai bn ring bit, la chn c hai bn , v s dng lnh Map | Overlay Maps. Trong Surfer 9, qu trnh ny c ci thin. Hin nay c hai cch che ph cc lp bn ; bng cch ko mt lp bn t mt i tng bn n mt i tng bn trong qun l i tng, hoc bng cch chn mt bn v s dng lnh Map | Add thm mt lp bn . N c th kt hp mt s bn c to ra t d liu lin quan to ra mt i tng b n vi nhiu lp bn . Bn c th thm bt k s kt hp ca bt k cc loi b n . Tuy nhin cc b n c th cha ch mt lp 3D wireframe

Hy xem xt mt bn ng ng mc v bn c bn c hin th cc phc tho ca mt h nc trn bn ng ng mc. Cc gii hn ca bn nn l mc X, Y ca h v khng ging nh cc gii hn bn ng ng mc. Nu bn to ra c hai bn nn v b n ng ng mc trong mt ca s duy nht l bn ring bit bng cch s dng lnh Map | New cho c hai bn , chng khng che ph c v theo mc nh cc bn c thu nh khc nhau. Ngo i ra, mi bn s dng mt h trc X, Y khc nhau. Hai b n c th c ph ng v tr cc h trn bn ng ng mc b ng cch ko cc lp bn nn cho cc i tng bn khc c cc lp ng ng mc. Kt qu s l mt i tng bn vi mt lp bn nn v lp bn ng ng mc. Ngoi ra, nu bn to ra cc bn ng ng mc v sau thm vo mt lp bn nn vi lnh Map | Add | Base Layer , hai b n c rescaled v kt hp thnh mt bn bng cch s dng mt tp duy nht ca trc. V tr h c chnh xc trn bn ng ng mc Phng php 1: Thm mt lp bn ti mt Frame bn hin hnh: To mt bn mi vi lnh Map\New. V d, bn c th chn Map | New | Contour Map to ra mt bn ng ng mc. Chn bn v s dng lnh Map\add thm mt lp bn . Chn loi lp bn thm vo b n hin c ca bn. V d, chn bn ng ng mc v s dng lnh Map\Add\post layer thm mt lp post map ti bn ng ng mc. Cc bn c kt hp v tr chnh xc da trn ta ca n v gii hn. V d, trong Object Manager, bn s thy mt i tng bn vi lp bn ng bnh v mt lp bn v tr (post map). Phng php 2: ph hai Layers bn hin ti Nu hai bn c tn ti, bn c th di chuyn (hoc chng) mt lp bn t mt khung b n vo trong khung bn khc bng cch ko v th trong qun l i tng. 2.nh dng nhn: nh dng nhn c s dng bi cc i tng khc nhau c th c sa i bng cch s dng hp thoi Label Format. Cc loi nhn, chiu di, tin t, v hu t c th c thit lp bng cch s dng hp thoi ny. Hp thoi ny thng c hin th thng qua mt nt Label Format trong hp thoi propeties. Hu nh Vn Trc 24

Fixed: ty chn hin th s nh d d.dd. Nhng con s b n phi ca s thp phn c t trong hp ch s thp phn. V d, nu nh dng s c thit lp c nh vi ba ch s sau d u thp phn, s 1998 hin th l 1.998,000 . Exponential : hin th s nh d.ddE + dd , y d l mt con s duy nht, dd c th l mt hoc nhiu ch s, v + dd l mt du hiu v ba ch s. Nhng con s bn phi ca s thp phn c t trong hp ch s thp phn. V d, nu nh dng s c thit lp Exponential vi hai ch s thp phn, sau 1998 hin th l 1.99E+003 Compact: hin th cc nhn trong kiu Fixed ho c Exponential, i hi phi c ch s no t hn. in s ch s hin th trong ch s c ngha. V d, nu nh dng s c thit lp Compact vi tng s hai ch s, nm 1998 s hin th l 1.9E+003. Significant Digits: Nhng con s bn phi ca s thp phn c t trong hp ch s c ngha. Xem v d trn ty thuc vo cc tu ch n ca nhm Type. Thousands: Nu hp c chn, d u phy xut hin mi ba ch s b n tri ca im thp phn Absolute Value: hin th gi tr tuyt i ca cc s. s m c hin th khng c du m Trim Exponent Zeros: loi b n hai s khng dn u trong s m. V d, 1.9E 003 tr thnh 1.9E 3 . Prefix v Suffix :Bn c th thm mt chui vn bn trc v sau mi nhn 3.Thay i kch thc i tng Bn c th thay i kch thc i tng ha vi con chut hoc bn phm. i tng c chn xut hin vi cc la chn x l cc gc v hai bn ca hp ranh gii cho i tng. Kch thc ca mt i tng chn c hin th trong thanh trng thi. Nhng thay i con tr n mt mi tn hai u khi n c chuyn qua mt trong cc la chn x l. Thay i kch thc i tng bng cch s dng mt s phng php sau y: ko mt i tng x l vi con chut, di chuyn con tr qua i tng v sau b m v gi nt chut tri. Di chuyn con tr n mt v tr mi. Th chut tri v i tng c thu nh. ko mt i tng x l vi b n phm, di chuyn con tr qua i tng x l, b m v gi SPACEBAR, v s dng cc phm mi tn di chuyn con tr n mt v tr mi. Nh SPACEBAR v i tng c thu nh. Ko mt trong bn gc i tng x l . Bm v gi phm ALT trong khi ko mt gc vi con chut . thay i kch c bn , s dng thu c tnh tab Scale vi kch thc bn . Thit lp kch thc ca trc trong hp thoi thuc tnh trc (axis properties ). S dng trng W v H trong cng c Position/Size thay i chiu rng v chiu cao ca mt i tng. o ngc kch c ca mt i tng, chn i tng v sau ch n hp Identity (Clear Transforms) trong Arrange | Transform.

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Chng 5: Cc loi bn (Map type) Surfer c th to ra cc loi bn bao gm bnh (contour), c s (Base), v tr (post), phn loi v tr (classed post), hnh nh (image), d ng ni (shaded relief), vector li -1, vector li-2, b mt 3D (3D surface), v bn khung dy 3D (3D wireframe). Contour map: Mt bn ng ng mc l mt i din 2D ca d liu 3D. Contours xc nh bng gi tr Z trn. Hnh d ng ca b mt c th hin bi cc ng cong. Bnh c th hin th cc ng cong, n cng c th hin th mu sc v hoa vn gia cc ng cong.

Base map: Hin th ranh gii trn b n . Ranh gii c th bao gm ng giao thng, cc ta nh, sui, h, vv bn c s c th c sn xut t mt s nh dng tp tin. Empty Base map: Cho php bn to mt bn nn m khng c i tng. i tng c th c thm vo v g b khi cn thit. Post map: Post Map v classed Post Map hin th v tr d liu trn bn . V tr k hiu v v tr cc nhn c th c ty chnh.

Image Maps v Shaded Relief Maps: Image Maps v Shaded Relief Maps d a trn tp tin li. Image maps gn mu d a trn gi tr Z t mt tp tin li. Shaded Relief Maps ch nh mu sc da trn hng dc tng i so vi mt ngun nh sng.

Vector Maps: 1-grid v 2-grid hin th d liu hng v ln bng cch s dng cc mi tn nh hng ring l. V d, ti bt k nt li trn b n , cc mi tn theo hng dc gc v d i mi tn l t l thun vi dc. Trong Surfer, vector map c th c to ra bng cch s dng cc thng tin trong mt tp tin li hoc hai tp tin li khc nhau. Hu nh Vn Trc 26

3D Surfaces: mu sc b mt i din ba chiu ca mt tp tin li. Nhng mu sc, nh sng, lp, v li c th c thay i trn mt b mt 3D.

3D Wireframes: Wireframes l s i din ba chiu ca mt tp tin li. wireframe c to ra bng cch kt ni cc gi tr Z dc theo dng X v Y khng i. Ti mi giao l XY (li node), chiu cao ca wireframe l t l thun vi gi tr Z c giao ti nt . S lng cc ct v cc hng trong tp tin li xc nh s lng cc d ng X v Y c v trn cc wireframe.

1.Contour Map (bn ng ng mc): a. Tng quan: +V ng ng mc: Khi bn to mt bn ng ng mc, tp tin li c c vo ca s nh l mt mng ni b ca X, Y, Z v cc nt li. Cc nt li bao gm cc hng v ct ca cc gi tr Z. Cc hng c cha cc nt li vi cng ta Y , v cc ct cha cc nt li vi ta X. Ct v cc hng Grid file i khi c gi l ng li X v ng li Y. Giao im ca mt hng v ct c nh ngha l mt nt li. Grid file xc nh v tr X,Y ca mi nt li trong phm vi ca bn , v gi tr ni suy Z ti mi nt.

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Khi Surfer to ra mt bn mg mc, cc ng cong c rt ra nh l mt chui cc on ng thng gia cc ng li ln cn. Cc im m ti mt ng bnh ct mt ng li c xc nh bng ni suy gia cc gi tr Z ti cc nt li ln cn. Cc gii hn li xc nh mc ca bn . Khi mt tp tin li c to ra bn khng th sn xut mt bn ng mc ln hn mc tp tin li. Tuy nhin, bn c th s dng nhng hn ch trang xc nh mt tp hp con ca li c s dng to ra cc bn ng ng mc. +Lm trn ng ng mc (Contour smoothness): Contour smoothness iu khin trn ca cc ng cong. Smooth c th c kim sot bng nhiu cch: Bng cch sn xut mt tp tin li dy c hn t d liu gc ca bn. Theo quy nh, cc bn ng bnh lm t li mt cao l r rng mt m hn so vi cc bn lm t tp tin li mt thp. V d, mt file li 10 X 10 (10 hng v 10 ct) mt hn so vi mt tp tin 50 X 50 Bng cch s dng lnh Grid | Spline Smooth chn thm hng v ct vo mt tp tin li hin c. Vi ty chn Smoothing trong hp thoi contour map properties. Nu smoothing c kch hot, cc ng cong c ct nhau. Ty chn Smoothing trong hp thoi contour map properties p dng mt thut ton ni suy spline hn ch n nh ng vin b sung. Bng cch thay i phng php li ho c tham s li sn xut li mt m hn, khi cc file li mi c to ra, nhp vo nt thay th li c trong bn . +Xut khu Bnh gi li cc thng tin Z cho cc ng cong s dng trong cc chng trnh bn khc, s dng lnh Map | Export Contours. Mt s nh c chn nh ASCII AutoCAD DXF, SHP 2D, hay 3D SHP. -AutoCAD DXF: Cc ng c lu nh polylines. Cc polylines c ct bt ti gii hn bn v thu nh vi t l bn hin hnh. Khng c thuc tnh trc, nhn, ng vin t y, (chiu rng, phong cch, v mu sc), vv. -2D SHP: Cc 2D SHP xut khu mt hnh d ng 2D polyline trong mi nh dc theo ng gm c mt ta X v Y . Cc ta Z cho mi nh c lu tr trong tp tin DBF lin quan. -3D SHP: 3D SHP xut khu mt loi hnh polyline Z trong mi nh bao gm mt dng ta X, Y, Z . Cc ta Z cho mi nh c lu tr trong tp tin DBF lin quan. b. Bnh (Contour Map): lnh Map | New | Contour Map to ra mt b n ng vin t mt tp tin li. Hu nh Vn Trc 28

Lnh Map | Add | Contour Layer thm mt lp bn ng ng mc ti cc bn chn +To mt bnh : Click Map | New | Contour Map , hoc bm nt Chn mt tp tin li trong hp thoi Open Grid. Nhp vo nt Open. +Bin tp bnh hin hnh: thay i cc tnh nng ca bnh , m hp thoi contour map properties b ng cch: -nhn i vo bn trong ca s bn v, -Kch i vo tn bn trong Object Manager -kch chut phi vo cc b n v chn Properties, hoc bng cch nhn vo Edit | Properties khi chn bnh . +hp thoi Contour Properties: -Tab General:

Nt hin th thng tin v tp tin li c s dng sn xut cc bnh . thng tin ny bao gm cc kch thc li, cc gi tr X, Y, Z ti thiu v ti a cha trong cc file li. Nu file li ln, kch vo nt OK trong hp thng bo xut hin to ra mt bo co chi tit li hoc nhn vo nt Cancel to ra mt bo co ngn . Nt hin th hp tho i Open grid cho php b n m mt tp tin li mi. Chn mt tp tin li v nhn vo nt OK. Nu file li vt qu gii hn bn hin ti, bn s c nhc nh iu chnh gii hn bn . Nu phm vi Z cho li mi bn ngoi ng bnh c, cc ng cong khng c v li cho n khi mc ng bnh c thit lp li ph hp vi li mi. Mc Filled Contours: kim sot vic hin th mu sc gia cc ng cong cng nh s hin th mu ca thanh t l. Mc Smoothing: Cho php lm mn cc ng bnh . Mc Blanked Regions: Cho php chn thuc tnh t y v ng mu cho cc khu vc cha cc nt trng. Click vo nt Fill chn mt mu v mu. Nhp vo nt Line phc tho vng trng vi mt kiu ng c th, mu sc, v chiu rng. Mc Fault Line Properties: Nu tp tin c cha thng tin t gy, bn c th thit lp cc ng mu, kiu, v dy mc nh bng cch nhp vo nt Fault Line Properties. -Tab Levels: iu khin hin th ng, nhn, mu sc, v hach. 29 Hu nh Vn Trc

-Mc bnh : hp thoi Contour Levels c s dng ch nh khong cch u nhau gia hai ng bnh , khu mu (v d nh 3D wireframe). V d, gi s gi tr nh nht Z c nh ngha l 50, gi tr Z ln nht l 100, v khong cch gia hai ng 10. Trong trng hp ny, cc ng cong, khu mu c rt ra cc cp Z ca 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, v 100. Nu phm vi gi tr Z ca li vt qu quy nh ti thiu v mc ti a, cc ng bnh , khu mu vt cp khng c rt ra. D m hp thoi mc b nh (Contour Levels), kch vo Level trn tab Levels

c. ng bnh (Contour line): +Thuc tnh ng ring bit: S dng hp thoi Properties Line thay i thuc tnh ng cho ng c chn trong ti liu. Bn c th thit lp cc thuc tnh mc nh bng cch nhp nt Fault Line Properties trong tab general

+Thuc tnh nhiu ng: Hu nh Vn Trc 30

S dng hp thoi Properties Line thay i thuc tnh ng cho nhiu ng. Bn c th thit lp cc thuc tnh mc nh bng cch nhp nt Line trong tab Levels

+Gn thuc tnh Gradational (gn dy tng ng vi ng bnh ): 1.Click i vo mt bn m hp thoi thuc tnh. 2.Click trn trang Levels chnh sa cc thuc tnh ng vin. 3.Trn trang Levels, nhp vo nt Line hin th hp thoi Line. 4.Trong hp thoi Line, chn Gradational. 5.Click vo Style ch nh mt kiu c th cho tt c cc ng . 6.Nhp vo nt color gn mt ph mu cho cc ng. Cc ph mu gradational c th lu s dng vi cc bn khc. 7. ch nh dy, nhp s vo Min width v Max width. 8.Nhp vo nt OK. Cc mu sc v rng ng la chn c hin th trn trang Levels. 9.Nhp vo nt OK hoc nt Apply trong hp thoi +Gn thuc tnh nh nhau ti tt c ng bnh : 1.Click i vo mt bn ng m hp thoi thuc tnh. 2.Click trn trang Levels chnh sa cc thuc tnh ng vin. 3.Trn trang Levels, nhp vo nt Line hin th hp thoi Line. 4.Trong hp thoi Line, chn Uniform. 5.Nhp vo nt Style v color m kiu ng v b ng mu. Chn kiu v mu sc s dng cho tt c cc ng cong. loi b cc ng cong t bn , thit lp line style l "invisible." (chn dng trn cng) 6.Nhp s vo Line width thit lp chiu rng ng. Mt chiu rng Line 0,00 l mt trong nhng im nh rng. 7.Tt c cc mc c gn thu c tnh line ging nhau, tr khi s trong hp Skip c thit lp ti mt s khc khng. 8.Nhp vo nt OK tr v hp thoi thuc tnh ng bnh . 9.Nhp vo nt OK hoc nt Apply kt thc qu trnh +Thit lp thuc tnh line trn mt c s Tn s: -Mc b nh hng: Cc thit lp mc b nh hng c s dng sa i cc mc ng bnh trn c s tn s. Cc thit t ny c th tm thy bng cch nhp vo nt Line trn trang Levels trong hp thoi thuc tnh ng bnh . Cc mc First, Set, v Skip cho php b n xc nh nhng mc ng bnh c sa i. First: mc ng bnh u tin b nh hng bi s thay i. Con s ny dng ch v tr cp ng bnh trong danh sch (bt u bng 1) v khng phi l gi tr thc t ca ng vin. Set: cho bit s cc cp p dng thay i. Skip: cho bit s cp ng bnh b qua khi gn thuc tnh quy nh. +Gn thuc tnh Line cho mc ng bnh c th: 1.Nhp p chut vo b n hin th hp thoi thuc tnh. Hu nh Vn Trc 31

2.Click i vo line mu mun thay i trn trang Levels. V d ng b nh 70. 3.Hp thoi Properties Line c hin th, cho php bn chn kiu , mu sc, v chiu rng. 4.Nhp vo nt OK trong hp thoi Properties Line v lp li cc th tc cho tt c cc ng bn mun thay i. 5.Khi bn lm xong, b m vo nt OK v bn c v vi cc thuc tnh ng quy nh. + Ch s ng bnh (Index Contours): Ch s ng l nhng ng mu sc khc nhau, kiu , hoc rng xut hin mt tn s thng xuyn. Bn c th to ch mc ng bnh bng cch Gn thuc tnh Line cho mc ng bnh c th, hoc s dng mc Affected Levels trong hp thoi Line t ng gn cc ch mc ng bnh . to ra ch mc: 1. To mt bn ng ng mc. 2. M hp tho i thuc tnh contour map properties. 3. Nhp vo nt Line trn trang Levels. 4. Thit lp cc thuc tnh ch s trong nhm Affected Levels trong hp thoi Line. 5. Nhp vo nt color v thay i mu thnh mu . 6. Trong nhm Affected Levels, thit lp First l mt, Set l mt, v Skiplaf bn. iu ny c ngha, bt u vi ng b nh u tin, thit lp mt mc ng mu , b qua bn cp, v sau thit lp mc ng mu th nm, vv (thit lp bnh ci mu ) 7. Nhp vo nt OK. 8. Tip theo, t kiu v mu sc c s dng trn cc ng gia (bnh con). 9. Nhp vo nt Line trn trang Levels. 10. Nhp vo nt color v thay i mu thnh xanh lam. 11. Trong nhm Affected Levels, thit lp First l hai, Set n bn, v Skip l mt. iu ny c ngha, bt u vi mc ng bnh th hai (cp u tin l mt ch s ng bnh mu ) thay i mu xanh cho bn cp ng bnh tip theo, b qua mt cp ng, thit lp bn cp ng bnh bn cnh mu xanh, vv 12. Nhp vo nt OK trong hp thoi Line. 13. ng cp u tin xu t hin mu , tip theo l bn mu xanh, tip theo l mu , vv 14. Nhp vo nt OK ho c nt Apply hon tt qu trnh d.T c mu bn : +T y mu gia hai ng bnh : Surfer cho php b n t mu vo gia cc ng bnh . C th thay i mu t ti thiu n ti a, hoc thuc tnh t c th c th c gn cho cc cp ng bnh ring bit. Gradational color c gn trong hp thoi colorMap. V d, nu mu c gn vi gi tr ti thiu, v mu xanh da tri vi gi tr ti a, kt qu ph t mu sang mu xanh. Bn cng c th ch nh thuc tnh ring bit cho cc cp ng bnh bng cch nhp p mu t (fill) trang Levels trong hp thoi contour map properties. Khng c thay i gradational cho cc mu in. +Hp thoi ColorMap: Hp thoi ny c s dng gn hoc ci sn mu ty chnh cho b n . Contour maps, image maps, shaded relief maps, vector maps, v 3D surface maps, tt c s dng hp tho i ColorMap gn mu sc cho b n . Colormap ch nh mu sc c th gn cho cc nt dc theo quang ph. Surfer t ng pha trn mu sc gia cc nt sn xut mt mu chuyn tip mn trn bn . Sau khi b n to mt bn mu, bn c th lu ph tn [.CLR] sau ny s dng vi cc bn khc. Mc d cc mu sc c gn cho cc gi tr c th trn b n , quang ph c th c s dng vi cc bn c cha cc phm vi Z khc nhau v cc gi tr nt c lu tr nh l t l phn trm. Mt s Colormaps c xc nh c sn trong th mc mu. Hp thoi c m ty thuc vo loi b n ang s dng truy cp vo hp thoi 32 Hu nh Vn Trc

Presets:Cc mu thit lp sn cho php chn mt tp tin [CLR] nh sn. Value: hin th cc gi tr d liu ca nt chn. Cc nt la chn c th c thay i v tr chnh xc bng cch nhp mt gi tr mi vo hp Value. Cc nt u tin v cu i cng khng th thay i v kim sot ny l v hiu ho khi mt nt cui cng l chn. Load: m ra mt tp tin [CLR] hin c.. Khi bn nhp vo nt Load, hp thoi Open c hin th vi mt danh sch cc tp t in bn mu. Kch p vo file bn mun s dng, v b n mu c cp nht hin th cc ci t tp tin bn mu. Thanh trt: Ko sang tri hoc sang phi phng to colorMap trong hay ra ngoi. Color:ch nh mu Opacity: Thay i trong sut, m dn, s dng cc nt mi tn bn phi ca hp, hoc ko thanh trt thay i t l phn trm m c. Nt Apply opacity to ALL nodes p dng cho tt c cc nt li Data to Color Mapping: cha cc ty chn ci t cc d liu ti thiu v ti a s dng trong bn mu. Nu bn mun thit lp cc gi tr mu ti thiu v ti a cho cc gi tr khc, hy nhp s mi vo hp ti thiu v ti a. iu ny rt hu ch khi bn lp bn b d liu khc nhau trong mt phm vi tng t v mun c cng mt d liu gi tr c i din bi cc mu sc ging nhau. Nu mt gi tr d liu trong bn khng thuc phm vi ny, mu sc c gn ti thiu hoc ti a, ty theo ci no gn nht. +Hp thoi Fill:

Fill Pattern: Thay i Fill Pattern bng cch chn mt mu t bng mu mu. M b ng mu bng cch nhn vo nt fill pattern. Cc m hnh c th c thit lp bt k mu nn v thay i Opacity trong hp thoi ColoMap Foreground Color: Foreground Color l mu ca cc ng hoa vn hoc im nh. Click vo nt Foreground Color m hp thoi bn mu. Background Color: l mu ng sau mu. Tt c cc m hnh raster (pixel) phi c mt mu nn. Click vo nt Background Color m hp thoi bn mu. Opacity mu nn c th c iu khin trong hp thoi bn mu. Hu nh Vn Trc 33

Background Mode: c th c thit lp ti Opaque hoc Transparent vi Stock Windows patterns. Nu m hnh l mt hnh nh hoc Solid Stock Windows, s chuyn sang mu xm Affected Levels: c s dng sa i cc mc ng vin trn c s tn s. Firts, set, v cc lnh vc cho php bn xc nh nhng mc ng bnh c sa i. + Gn Fill Color da trn mt ph t c: Click i vo mt bn ng ng mc hin ti hin th hp thoi thuc tnh. Hy chc chn rng mc ng cao c thit lp trc khi tip tc vic to ra cc mu sc lp y. Nhp vo nt Fill trn trang Levels hin th hp thoi Fill. Nhp vo nt Fill Pattern hin th bng mu. Cc mu l khng i cho tt c cc mc. Nhp vo nt Foreground Color hoc Background Color m hp thoi bn mu. Mu nn trc c s dng cho mu. M u nn c s dng cho cc khu vc pha sau mu. Cc ch nn c th c thit lp l Opaque hoc Transparent. Vi hnh nh t y, nn lu n lun thit lp Opaque. Nhp vo nt OK trong hp thoi Fill tr v hp thoi thuc tnh. Cc tnh cht c hin th trn trang Levels. Chn ty chn Fill Contours trn trang General. Nhp vo nt OK hoc nt Apply +Gn Fill Color cho mc cao c th Nhp p chut vo b n ng mc hin th hp thoi thuc tnh. Click i vo mu t i vi cp ng vin bn mun thay i. Chn thuc tnh t hp thoi Fill Properties. Nhp vo nt OK trong hp thoi Properties v lp li cc th tc cho tt c cc cp ng cao b n mun thay i. +To mt Filled Contour Map c cc vng trng Khi mt bn cha cc vng trng, din tch trng c mu mc nh c gn. Bn c cc ty chn cho cc vng trng cng nh ng bao quanh vng trng trn trang General trong hp thoi thuc tnh bn . Vng trng thng c to ra vi lnh Grid | Blank. Vng trng cng c th c to ra do khng d liu trong qu trnh gridding. Gn t y v thuc tnh ng n cc vng trng: Click i vo bn m thoi thu c tnh. Nhp vo trang General. rong nhm Blanked Regions, nhp vo nt Fill m hp thoi Fill Properties. Chn Fill Pattern, Foreground color, v Background cho cc. Nhp vo nt OK tr v hp thoi thuc tnh. Trong nhm Blanked Regions, b m vo nt Line m hp thoi Properties Line. Chn kiu ng, mu sc, v chiu rng cho cc ng bao. Nhp vo nt OK tr v hp thoi. Nhp vo nt OK trong hp thoi thuc tnh +Hin th Fill Contour Map m khng c Contour Lines: S dng lnh Map | New | Contour Map. Chn mt tp tin li v nhn vo nt Open to ra cc bn ng ng mc. Nhp p chut vo b n ng ng mc hin th hp thoi thuc tnh. Nhp vo tab Levels m trang Levels. Nhp vo nt Line trn trang Levels m hp thoi Line. Trong hp thoi Line, bm vo dng Style palette v chn kiu l " invisible ". Trong nhm Affected Levels, thit lp first l mt, Set l mt, v Skip s khng. Nhp vo nt OK trong hp thoi Line tr v hp thoi thuc tnh. Nhp vo nt OK hoc nt Apply hon tt qu trnh

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34

.Nhn bnh : Nhn bnh ghi r gi tr ca cao ng bnh . Nhn c th s dng bt k thuc tnh vn bn v nh dng s, nhng tt c cc nhn ng ng mc trong mt bn nht nh phi s dng cng mt thuc tnh. Nhn c iu khin t hp thoi contour map properties. Trong ct Label trn trang Levels, mc ng bnh c gn nhn c ch nh bi ch Yes. thay i hin th ca cc nhn cho mt mc cao c th, kch p vo dng ch Yes hoc No trong danh sch.

Curve Tolerance: quy nh c th s lng ti a ca ng cong cho php khi t nhn trn cc ng cong. Curve Tolerance c tnh bng cch chia khong cch thc t dc theo ng bi khong cch ng thng gia cc im kt thc ca nhn. Mc nh 1,015 c chp nhn trong hu ht trng hp. Label to Label Distance: xc nh khong cch ti thiu (theo inch hoc cm) gia cc nhn trn mt ng . Surfer tm kim cc v tr ph hp tip theo cho cc nhn sau khi di chuyn mt khong cch ti thiu. Label to Edge Distance: xc nh khong cch ti thiu (theo inch hoc cm) t nhn ti mp ca bn . Tnh nng ny kim sot v tr nhn nhn khng ghi ranh bn . Affected Levels: c s dng sa i cc mc ng trn c s tn s,cho php bn xc nh nhng mc ng c sa i. Orient Labels Uphill: hin th cc nhn lun lun hng ln d c. Nu hp ny c chn, cc nhn lun c nh hng b n phi- pha trn. Bin tp nhn: Nhn bnh c th di chuyn, thm, xa. thit lp nhn vo ch chnh sa, chn mt bn bng cch nhp vo n trong ca s hoc bng cch nhp vo n trong Object Manager. Tip theo, chn lnh Map | Edit Contour Labels. Ngoi ra, nhp chut phi trn bn c la chn v chn Edit Contour Labels. Mi nhn hin th vi mt vin hnh ch nht. Hu nh Vn Trc 35

Thit lp thuc tnh nhn da trn tn s: M hp thoi contour map properties b ng cch nhp p vo b n . Nhp vo tab Levels. Click vo nt Label m hp thoi Labels. Thit lp cp ng u tin (First ) b nh hng bi cc thit lp, s Set ca cc cp thit lp vi cc thuc tnh quy nh, v s Skip cho thy s lng cc cp b qua khng gn cc thu c tnh quy nh. Nhn ch c th c mt thit lp Affected Levels. Nu Affected Levels c thit lp ln th hai, n ghi ln cc thay i c thc hin bi ln trc e.Hachures c s dng nh du tick nh t dc theo cc ng cong ch ra hng dc. Trong Surfer, hachures c th upslope hoc downslope. Hachure c iu khin trong trang Levels trong hp thoi contour map properties

s dng Affected Levels vi hachures: M hp thoi thuc tnh bn bng cch nhp p vo bn . Chn trang Levels. Click vo nt Hach. V thc hin cc thit lp g.To tp tin cp : i vi cc bn ng ng mc,tp tin [.Lvl] cha thng tin v mc cong, bao gm cc thuc tnh line, t y, tn s nhn hiu, v cc thng tin hachure. Cc tp tin ny c trn trang Levels trong hp thoi thuc tnh bn . Sau khi xc nh mc ty chnh ng v mu sc trn b n , bn c th lu cc cp v mu sc trong mt tp tin. Mt tp tin c th c s dng li cp cho bt k bn ng ng mc khc hoc wireframe 3D. Khng phi tt c cc thng tin trong mt tp tin cp c th c s dng trong mt wireframe 3D. Nu bn s dng mt tp tin c to ra trong hp thoi thuc tnh trong mt wireframe, thng tin mu t y, nhn ng , v hachure c b qua. Cch d nht to mt tp tin cp l t hp thoi thuc tnh. Bn cng c th to mt tp tin cp trong bng tnh hoc trong mt trnh so n tho ASCII, bng cch s dng nh d ng tp tin [lvl]. 2.Base Map (bn c s): a.Bn c s: Bn c s hin th thng tin a l v hnh chnh nh ng x, sui, h, hoc nh v ranh gii qun, huyn... bn c s c th c kt hp vi bt k loi bn khc trong Surfer. Lnh Map | New | Base Map to ra bn c s t cc tp tin ranh gii hin ti. S dng hp thoi Base map thit lp ng c bn, mu t, k hiu ch, v cc thuc tnh opacity. Vi mt s hnh nh, bn cng c th gn li ta bn c s Lnh Map | Add | Base Layer thm mt lp bn c s ti b n c la chn. Mt s bn c s bao gm nhiu i tng (v d nh a gic, polylines, vn bn, vv). Thuc tnh ca i tng ph -c th c chnh sa ring l trong qun l i tng. Trng thi m rng cc i tng trong qun l i tng c gi li trong file [SRF]. S dng ty chn Expand new Object Manager items trong hp thoi Options kim sot trng thi m rng cc i tng mi trong Object Manager. Hu nh Vn Trc 36

+ ti, mt file bn c s: Chn lnh Map | New | Base Map, hoc bm nt . Hp thoi nhp khu c hin th vi mt danh sch cc tp tin trong tt c cc loi nh d ng m c th c nhp khu. Chn mt tp tin trong danh sch v click vo nt Open. i khi hp thoi Import Options cho cc lo i tp tin c hin th. Thc hin bt k thay i cc ty chn nhp khu. Nhp vo nt OK v bn c s c nhp khu vo ca s hin hnh. +Chnh sa mt bn c s hin ti: thay i cc tnh nng ca mt bn c s, m hp thoi thuc tnh bn c s, nhn i vo b n trong ca s, hoc nhn i vo tn bn trong qun l i tng, kch chu t phi vo cc b n v chn Properties trong menu ng cnh, hoc bng cch nhp vo Edt | Properties khi bn c chn. b.Bn c s rng: Lnh Map| New | Empty Base Map cho php b n to mt bn c s trng vi nh to ra hnh hc mi mt cch th cng trong nn bn (bng cch s dng cc lnh nhp ). Lnh Map | Add | Empty Base Layer cho php bn thm mt lp bn c s ti mt b n hin c. Hp thoi Base Map Limits: Llnh Map | New | Empty Base Map m hp thoi.

c. bn ganh gii: Mt bn ranh gii l mt bn c s. bn ranh gii hin th chnh xc cc i tng ti X, Y cc a im trn bn . Bn ranh gii a im cha point, polygon, polylines, text, v hnh nh raster. Bn c th s dng cc tp tin ranh gii hin th cc i tng ranh gii (nh ranh gii qun. x), su i, ng giao thng, cc ta nh, hay cc i tng khc trn bn . d. Gn ta cho mt c s nh: Nu hnh nh ca bn c georeferenced (tham chiu ta ), khi bn nhp khu hnh nh nh l mt bn c s, hnh nh s c tham chiu ph hp. Nu hnh nh ca bn khng georeferenced, bn c th ch nh ta cho hnh nh. Bn c th xc nh li ta hnh nh bng cch s dng lnh Map | New | Base Map (khng phi l File | Import lnh). Theo mc nh, khng phi tp tin hnh nh no cng c gn mt h thng ta tng ng vi cc hng v ct ca hnh nh raster. Theo hu ht cc trng hp, cc ta khng ph hp vi ta h thng s dng trn cc loi bn . Trong trng hp ny, cn xc nh li cc ta cho hnh nh. Sau khi hnh nh c nh ngha li ta , hnh nh bn c s c th c s dng trong lp vi cc loi bn . Cc ty chn ta hnh nh b v hiu, tr khi bn c s cha mt hnh nh duy nht. thay i ta hnh nh bn c s: S dng lnh Map | New | Base Map. Hp thoi nhp khu s m ra. Chn hnh nh (v d, Demogrid.TIF nm trong th m c mu). Nhp vo nt Open. Trong Object Manager, double-click vo i tng " Base " m hp tho i thuc tnh.

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37

Trn trang Base Map, b n c th thay i ta . S ha (Digitize): Lnh Map | Digitize (ho c kch ) cho php bn ghi ta bn cho mt file d liu. Khi bn di chuyn con tr trn b n c la chn, ta X, Y b n cho v tr chut hin ti c hin th trong thanh trng thi. Nhp chut tri vo mt bn ghi im s ha ti hp thoi Digitized Coordinates Cc ta im pick c ghi vo hp thoi s ho Ta . Mi ln pick, mt ch thp nh mu c v ra trn bn , ta cho v tr chut hin ti c ghi vo hp thoi. Bng cch ny, b n c th s ha bn v d dng to ra cc tp tin ranh gii t cc thng tin s ha. 3.Post Map (bn v tr): a.Tp tin d liu +Tp tin d liu c s dng cho Post map: Tp tin d liu c s dng sn xut bn c cc ta X v Y c s dng xc nh v tr cc im trn bn . N cng c th cung cp thng tin b sung c s dng t nhn trn bn , xc nh nhng biu tng s dng, kch thc cc biu tng, v cc gc m ti mi biu tng c v. Hng u tin ca tp tin d liu ty chn c th cha cc tiu cho mi ct. Sau tiu l cc d liu thc t, t chc nh mt im trong mi hng. Cc ct trong file d liu cha cc thuc tnh khc nhau cho im nh ta X, Y, gi tr Z, vv Tp tin d liu c s dng post maps v classed post maps c th cha thng tin hi khc nhau. C hai loi tp tin phi c ta X, Y c s dng xc nh v tr cc im trn b n . Ngoi ra, cc tp tin d liu cho mi loi post map phi c mt ct vi cc d liu gi tr c s dng xc nh cc lp cho mi im. Ta XY trong File d liu :xc nh v tr biu tng v cao. Cc ta c th b t k ct no trong tp tin d liu, theo mc nh X l ct A v Y l ct B Gi tr Ztrong tp tin d liu: c s dng xc nh cao. D liu nhn trong file d liu : l chu i vn bn hoc s lin kt vi mi im trn bn . Nhn c th l cc gi tr d liu ban u cho cc im d liu, hoc c th l text xc nh tn ho c s mu. Nhn c th s dng cc nh dng k t ty chnh. +Ch nh biu tng trong file d liu: Tp tin d liu c th cha mt ct xc nh thit lp biu tng v ch s biu tng s dng cho mi im. Thng tin ny c th c quy nh mt trong ba cch: T M t SymbolSet:Index Hnh thc ny cho php c thit lp biu tng v ch mc biu tng c xc nh. SymbolSet ch nh tn ca thit t biu tng mong mun. Cc k t du hai chm phi xut hin gia v thit lp v ch mc. Nu tn khng hp l, biu tng mc nh c quy nh trong hp thoi thu c tnh c s dng thay th. Index Nu mt s nguyn duy nht c ch nh, n c xem nh l mt ch s biu tng vo thit lp biu tng hin hnh. Cc thit lp biu tng hin thi l thit lp cui cng hoc biu tng mc nh <Empty> biu tng mc nh c s dng

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Symbol Index Ch s k hiu l biu tng hoc s font m n xut hin trong hp thoi Symbol Properties. Tuy nhin, nu biu tng hin ti thit lp khng Default Symbols, sau 32 phi c b sung vo gi tr ch s thu c t hp thoi Symbol Properties. iu ny lm cho ch s biu tng ging nh m ASCII ca n. Bn c th s dng tin ch ca Window k t bn xc nh m ASCII cho cc k hiu ch. Nu cc biu tng c quy nh trong tp tin d liu khng ng, hay khng c, khi biu tng mc nh c s dng. + Cp nht Post map v tp tin d liu Post Map: Mt bn sao ca tp tin d liu c to ra v nhng vo trong cc b n ti thi im b n c to ra. iu ny c ngha l b t k thay i tip theo c thc hin cho cc tp tin d liu khng c phn nh trong bn . kt hp cc thay i c thc hin cho mt tp d liu vo b n , cc file d liu phi c b tr ti b n . t ng cp nht mt thay i : S dng lnh File | Reload Map Data. Tt c cc lp bn trn b n c chn s c np li. iu ny c th thay i cc thuc tnh bn c s (tc l bn ca bn c cha mt hnh nh). cp nht th cng: Chn bn c cp nht. M hp thoi thuc tnh bn Click vo nt trong nhm Data Filename. Chn tp tin d liu. Nhp vo nt Open. Nhp vo nt OK hoc nt Apply v li bn vi cc d liu cp nht. b.Post Map: to mt bn post Map:S dng lnh Map | New | Post Map, ho c bm nt Chn mt tp d liu trong hp thoi Open. Nu bn khng c bt k biu tng no trong n, bn c th khng c ct bng tnh ng quy nh.Gp trng hp ny m hp tho i thuc tnh bn v iu chnh ct X Coord v Y Coord. bn ny cng c th c to ra vi cc ct m khng cha d liu s. Kim tra cc thuc tnh XCoord v Y Coord trong hp thoi v kim tra cc file d liu. Cc gii hn bn cng c th khng chnh xc, ngn cn cc d liu hin th. Thm mt lp bn : Khi bn v tr c to ra, n l c lp vi cc bn khc trong ca s b n v. V d, to ra mt bn v tr trong mt bn ng ng mc th trong ca s c hai bn ring bit. to mt bn duy nht, s dng lnh Map| Add. Ngoi ra, ko mt lp bn n mt i tng bn chng bn . V d, to ra mt bn ng ng mc vi lnh Bn | New | Contour Map, chn bn ng ng mc, v s dng lnh Map | Add | Post Layer thm mt bn v tr ti b n ng ng mc. iu ny to ra mt bn duy nht vi hai lp bn , s dng mt tp hp cc trc v cc thng s rng. Bn c th kt hp b t k s lng bn v tr vi bt k bn khc. Hu nh Vn Trc 39

Hp thoi thuc tnh post map: +Tab General:

Data filename: Tn file d liu Worksheet Columns: ch nh ct s s dng t file d liu Symbol Column: quy nh c th mt ct c cha thng tin ty chn cc biu tng (Xem li phn trc) Frequency: S dng tn s thit lp kim sot cc im d liu c th hin. Mt tn s ca 1 bi vit mi im. c s dng hin th im trnh ghi ln nhau Fixed Size: kch thc biu tng trn ton bn . Kch thc l in hay cm, ty thuc vo n v chn trn trang draw ca hp thoi Options. Proportional: Click Nt Scaling m hp thoi Proportional Scaling. S dng thng tin trong hp thoi thit lp kch thc tt c symbols tng ng. +Tab Labels:

Worksheet Column for Labels: Chn ct ghi nhn trn bn Position Relative to Symbol: Xc nh v tr text nhn so vi biu tng ca im Plane: quy nh c th ta phng c cha cc nhn. Nu XY- Plane c chn, cc nhn c nh hng song song vi mt phng XY ca bn . Vi b n nghing trong khng gian 3D, cc nhn nghing l tt. iu ny c th lm cho n kh c cc nhn gc nghing. Trong trng hp ny, n c th tt hn nh hng cc nhn trong mt phng ca mn hnh. nhn mn hnh theo nh hng lun vung gc vi d ng hin th ca ngi xem ca th gic. Leader Lines c s dng khi bn bt c gc khc hn 90 hoc khi nhn c chuyn n mt v tr mi. 40

Hu nh Vn Trc

Chn ty chn Enable for dragged labels hin th cc leader line khi nhn ko b ng tay n v tr mi vi lnh Edit Labels Post. Leader line s hin th mt dng t v tr nhn gc n v tr ko. +Bin tp nhn: S dng lnh Edit Post Labels c.Classes Post Map (bn phn lp v tr): Classed post maps vi cc k hiu ,nhn v cc gi tr Z ngoi cc ta XY. Nhm Classed post maps cc d liu vo cc lp ri. Cc im d liu c hin th bng cch s dng cc biu tng gn cho lp. Cc gii hn ca mt bn ny d a trn cc gii hn ta X v Y cha trong cc file d liu lin quan. Cc gii hn ny c th thay i nu cn thit. to mt bn phn lp v tr: S dng lnh Map | New | Classes Post Map, ho c bm nt . Chn mt tp d liu trong hp thoi Open Data v sau nhn nt Open. Bn phn loi c to ra. Nu bn phn lp khng c b t k biu tng no trong n, b n c th khng c ct bng tnh ng quy nh. m cc thuc tnh bi b n phn lp v iu chnh ct X v Y. b n ny cng c th c to ra vi cc ct m khng cha d liu s. Kim tra XCoord v Y Coord trong hp thoi v kim tra cc file d liu. Trong hp thoi thuc tnh bn phn loi lp ngoi cc Tab General, Label, layer, cn c tab Classes:

Number of classes : c s dng xc nh c bao nhiu lp hoc nhm s c trn b n . Khi bn thay i gi tr ny, hp danh sch cc lp c t ng cp nht phn nh s thay i. Binning Method :dng tnh ton gii hn ca cc lp: Equal Number: gn cc phm vi lp, nhng s xp x bng nhau ca cc im c a vo trong mi lp. Trong trng hp ny, kho ng cch ca tng loi thng khc nhau. Equal Intervals: gn cc phm vi lp, nhng khong cch gia gi tr >= Minimum v gi tr <Maximum l nh nhau cho mi lp . Trong trng hp ny, s khc nhau ca cc im c th c ch nh cho mi lp. User Defined :cho php b n thit lp gi tr >=Minimum v gi tr <Maximum cho mi lp. iu ny cho php bn xc nh phm vi cho cc lp ring. Phm vi c nh ngha theo cch ny khng cn phi c tip gip nhau. thay i >=Minimum hoc <Maximum, bn c th nhp p vo cc gi tr trong danh sch lp. +Ty bin thuc tnh cho mi lp: Hp danh sch lp hin th trng thi v cho php ch nh cc thu c tnh cho tng loi. Hu nh Vn Trc 41

>= Minimum: quy nh cc gii hn di ca tng loi d liu. Bn c th nhp p vo s cho bt k lp no v thay i gi tr trong hp thoi Class Limit. <Maximum: quy nh cc gii hn trn ca tng loi d liu %:cho thy t l phn trm ca cc im d liu trong cc lp ring bit. Gi tr ny khng th c chnh sa Ct #: cho bit s im c trong mi lp. Gi tr ny khng th c chnh Ct Symbol hin th biu tng c s dng cho mi lp. thay i mt biu tng hoc thu c tnh biu tng s dng cho mt lp, kch p vo biu tng, v sau thc hin thay i trong hp thoi Symbol Properties. Ct Size xc nh kch thc ca k hiu. thay i kch thc ca biu tng cho mt lp, kch p vo gi tr Kch thc trong danh sch, v thay i gi tr trong hp thoi Symbol Properties. 4.Image Map: Bn nh l bn raster da trn tp tin li. Cc bn ny i din cho cc gi tr Z (v d nh cao), ngi s dng quy nh mu sc. Hp thoi Colomap c s dng ti gi tr Z bn . Mu sc c giao quy nh c th gi tr Z bng cch s dng im neo mu. Mi im neo c th c ch nh mt mu duy nht, v t ng pha trn mu sc gia cc im neo ln cn sn xut mt mu chuyn tip mn mu trn bn . Cc ch mu cho b n hnh nh c th c lu trong tp tin [CLR]. to mt bn hnh nh: S dng lnh Map | New | image map, hoc bm nt . Chn mt tp tin li trong hp thoi Open Grid. Nhp vo nt Open. Bn c to ra. Thm mt lp bn :Image map c th c to c lp vi cc b n khc, hoc c th c thm vo b n khc bng cch s dng lnh Map | Add. Ngoi ra, ko mt lp bn n mt i tng bn chng bn . bn hnh nh khng th c thm vo nh l mt lp bn ti bn 3D wireframe, nhng mt bn hnh nh c th c thm vo bn 3D suface. 5. Shaded Relief Map (bn bng m ): Bn bng m l dng b n raster da trn tp tin li. Cc bn ny s dng mu sc ch phng hng ring ca b mt tng i so vi mt hng ngi dng xc nh ngu n nh sng. Surfer xc nh cc nh hng ca mi li v tnh ton phn x ca mt ngu n sng im trn b mt li. Ngun nh sng c th c dng nh nh nng mt tri trn mt b mt a hnh. Mu sc trn bn bng m da trn cc phn x t b mt li. Cc gi tr phn x t s khng n mt. Mt gi tr phn x ca nh sng khng c ngha l khng c phn nh v pha ngi xem. Mt gi tr phn x l mt ngha l tt c nh sng ti b phn x i vi ngi xem Bi v mu sc c gn cho cc ton b li, li tha tht (li vi cc hng v cc ct tng i t) cho kt b n qu ngho cht lng. Lnh Smooth Spline c th c dng to ra mt mng li dy c hn t mt mng li tha tht. Bn c th gn cc mu sc i din cho cc gi tr phn x khc nhau. Mu sc gia cc gi tr c gn s c t ng pha trn lm cho bin i dn dn mn. Bt k mu sc no c la chn cho mt bn bng m c th c s dng vi bt k bn khc, ngay c khi kt qu cc tp tin li khc phng hng ca b mt tng i so vi ngun sng. n mu c th c lu trong tp tin [CLR]. 6.Vector map: a.Tng quan: + 1-Grid Vector Map: Thng tin Vector Map , hng v ln, c th c bt ngun t mt li. Cc im biu tng mi tn theo hng " downhill " (xung dc) v di ca mi tn ty thu c vo Hu nh Vn Trc 42

mc , hoc dc, cc dc. vc t A c v ra ti mi nt li tr khi mt s cc nt c b qua bng cch thay i tn s thit lp trn trang Symbol trong hp thoi thuc tnh vector Map. V d, hy xem xt mt li c cha thng tin cao. Nu nc c trn b mt, ng mi tn s im trong cc d ng nc hng t cao cao n cao thp. Cng c ch nh bi di mi tn. Trong v d lu lng nc, cc sn dc hn s c mi tn di hn. + 2-Grid Vector Map: 2-grid vector map s dng hai tp tin li ring bit xc nh hng vector v ln. Cc li c th cha d liu Cartesian hoc Polar. Vi d liu Cartesian, mt li bao gm cc d liu thnh phn X v li khc bao gm cc d liu thnh phn Y. Vi d polar, mt li bao gm cc thng tin gc v li khc cha thng tin chiu di. b.Thuc tnh ca Vector Map: Tab Symbol: c ty chn kiu, thuc tnh, tn s, v mu sc cho biu tng vector. Mi biu tng c t ti mt nt li. Tab Scaling :cha cc ty chn v tr v kch thc cho cc biu tng vector. V mt s tab khc 7. 3D Sufaces: Lnh Map | New | 3D Sufaces dng to ra mt b mt 3D t mt tp tin li. Chiu cao ca b mt tng ng vi gi tr Z ca im nt li lin kt. Li dy c hn hin th chi tit hn trn b mt. Mu sc c th c s dng hin th cc gi tr Z trn b mt. Nhng mu sc c pha trn to thnh mt mu chuyn tip mn. Mt khi mu sc c la chn, nh sng c th c iu chnh, thay i s xut hin ca bn . 8. 3D Wireframe: Wireframes l s i din ba chiu ca mt tp tin li. Wireframes c to ra bng cch kt ni cc gi tr Z khng i dc theo dng X v Y. Ti mi giao l XY (nt li), chiu cao ca wireframe l t l thun vi gi tr Z c gn ti nt . S lng cc ct v cc hng trong tp tin li xc nh s lng cc d ng X v Y c v trn cc wireframe. Wireframes c th hin th bt k s kt hp ca dng X, Y, ho c cc ng cong Z. Dng X c th tng ng vi cc ct v Y tng ng vi cc hng trong tp tin li. Cc gii hn li xc nh mc wireframes. Khi to mt tp tin li, thit lp cc gii hn li trong gii hn mong mun cho wireframe . Cc wireframe khng th ln hn hoc nh hn so vi mc tp tin li. S dng lnh Grid | Extract sn xut mt tp hp con ca tp tin li, iu ny c bit hu ch trong mt tp tin li mng. S dng Grid | Spline Smooth tng mt ca mt tp tin li b sung thm dng X v Y cho wireframe. S dng lnh Grid | Data to ra mt tp tin li mi vi cc gii hn khc nhau. Wireframes khng cho php b n to ra cc ng nt t y, nhng bn c th to ra mt wireframe 3D v thm mt lp bn ng t y. iu ny cho php b n to mt ng vin t y wireframe. Thng thng, bn b mt 3D tt hn cho vic to ra kiu b n . a.Hp thoi thuc tnh: +Trang general: Nhm Plot Lines of Constant: cho php bn ch nh cc ng s c s dng khi hin th wireframe. Bt k s kt hp ca X, Y, v Z c th c s dng Nhm Base: kim sot vic hin th mt c s trn cc wireframe. c s l khu vc "bn di" wireframe. Di cng ca c s c th c v ra bt c mc Z tng i so vi b mt. Hp Show Base hin th c s. Bn c th iu chnh cao ca cc c s trong hp cao. Show Upper Surface :ch hin th phn trn ca b mt, nu Remove Hidden Lines kiisch hot, ch nhng phn ca b mt pha trn khng che khu t bi cc phn khc ca b mt c v ra. Show Lower Surface: ch hin th phn di ca b mt +Trang Z Levels: 43 Hu nh Vn Trc

iu khin hin th cc dng khng i cao Z. Khi hin th dng Z trn mt wireframe 3D, s dng cc ty chn trn trang Levels Z kim sot c mc dng Z hin th. Bn c th ch nh cp ng bnh Z v thu c tnh cho cc dng Z ring bit trn trang ny. +Trang Color Zones: iu khin mu sc p dng cho ng d a trn gi tr Z trong tp tin li. + Lm mn mt Ellipsoid : Smooth ca mt bn 3D wireframe l mt hm mt v a hnh ca li . V d, mt file li 10 (mi hng v ct mi) xut hin nhiu hn mt file 50 to ra t cng mt d liu. Tng s dng Grid: Bn c th tng s lng cc hng ct trong li mt trong hai cch. Mt phng php l to ra mt file mi vi cc ng li nhiu hn trong hp thoi Data Grid. Ngoi ra, s dng lnh Grid | Spline Smooth chn thm cc hng v ct vo mt tp tin li hin c. Ngoi ra, lnh Grid | Filter c th c s dng tng trn ca bn . Chng 6: hng dn mt s chc nng c bn: 1.Hp thoi Option: Xu t hin khi d ng lnh Tools | Options, cho php thc hin mt s thit lp General: Cc thit lp c bn Updates: thit lp ngy cp nht phin bn mi (my kt ni internet) User Interface: thit lp giao din Drawing: cc thit lp cho bn v Default Attributes: thit lp cc thuc tnh mc nh Rulers and Grid: Thit lp thc v li bn v Advanced: iu khin cc thit lp mc nh s dng trong hp thoi Surfer. Cc thit lp ny lu trong file [.SET] v load vo surfer mi khi bt u chng trnh

Settings (organized by dialog): Hin th danh sch cc thit lp mc nh, thay i mt thit lp, kch nt hin th v chn mc cn thit lp Setting Value: Nhp gi tr mi cho gi tr mc nh, Kim sot cc thay i ny ty thu c vo loi thit lp c nh du trong Settings. Gi tr s c nhp vo hp. Internal Default: Tt c cc thit lp c gi tr c gi l Internal Default (mc nh bn trong). y l mt gi tr c bit bi cho Surfer nn s dng bt c iu g cho l tt nht cho Hu nh Vn Trc 44

cc thit lp hin hnh. Nu hp Setting mt edit box ( bin tp), b n c th xc nh gi tr Internal Default b ng cch xa cc ni dung ca . Mt s yu cu thit lp gi tr mc nh c quy nh trong mt nh dng c th. Cc loi nh dng cn thit c xc nh t ni dung di cng ca trang Advanced. Setting Persistence: quy nh c cch thit lp c cp nht khi ngi dng thay i cc thit lp trong qu trnh hot ng bnh thng. Cc ty chn l Always Reset Khng cp nht cc thit lp mc nh khi n c thay i trong mt hp thoi. Mi khi hp thoi c gi, thit lp c thit lp li cho gi tr trong tp tin ci t. Current Session Only Ty chn ny gip lu cc thay i c thc hin cho thit lp trong hp thoi trong ln lm vic hin ti. Cc thit lp ny khng c ghi vo tp tin ci t v khng c s dng khi Surfer khi ng. All Sessions Ty chn ny gip lu cc thay i c thc hin cho thit lp trong hp thoi trong phin lm vic, v ghi cc thay i vo tp tin ci t s c s dng khi Surfer khi ng. 2. Tnh ton s ph hp gia mt li v File d liu gc: Sau khi thc hin lnh Grid | Residuals: Trong b ng tnh, bm vo ch column cho ct cha cc gi tr cn st li chn ton b ct. c c s liu thng k cho phn gi tr cn st li, ch la chn nhng gi tr c th. Chn lnh Data | Statistics. Xc nh cc thng s mong mun c bo co. Nu Show in a window c chn, ca s Statistics Results c hin th vi cc thng tin thng k trn d liu cn st li. Nu ty chn Copy to worksheet c chn, kt qu cn st li c t trc tip vo ct quy nh ca bng. 3.Tnh gi tr Z ca b mt ti mt im: lnh Grid | Residuals cho php xc nh gi tr Z ca mt li bt k im no. thc hin cc hot ng, mt tp tin d liu XYZ phi c to ra c cha cc ta XY cho im b n mun tnh. Khi to cc tp tin, xc nh gi tr "0" cho ta Z. V d: Hy xem xt mt tp tin li vi phm vi kch thc X,Y t s khng n 10, v bn mun xc nh gi tr ca b mt ti im (1,3) trn b mt. Nu mt tp tin c cha d liu ta XYZ (1,3,0) c to ra, bn c th s dng lnh ny xc nh gi tr ca b mt ti im ny. 1. M mt ca s bng tnh mi vi File | New | Worksheet. 2. Trong ct A, dng 1, nhp ta X cho im m b n mun xc nh gi tr Z. Trong ct B, nhp Y, v trong ct C, nhp gi tr bng khng. Thm nhiu im bn mun vo tp tin d liu bng cch nhp ta cho mi im vo mt hng khc nhau trong tp tin d liu. 3. S dng lnh File | Save As v nhp tn cho tp tin d liu, v d RESID.DAT. Nhp vo nt OK v cc file d liu XYZ c to ra. 4. Quay tr li ca s v chn lnh Grid | Residuals 5. Chn file s dng li trong hp thoi Open Grid v nhp vo nt OK. 6. Chn tp tin d liu m b n va to, v d RESID.DAT, trong hp thoi Open d liu v nhp vo nt OK. 7. Trong hp thoi Grid Residuals, ch nh cc ct cho X, Y, v Z. Ngoi ra, xc nh ct m gi tr cn st li c vit trong bng tnh. 8. Nhp vo nt OK v ca s bng tnh c m ra vi cc tp tin d liu bao gm cc ct vi cc gi tr cn st li. 9. S dng lnh Data | Transform v bo co cc gi tr cn st li m (-1) c c gi tr thc t Z ca b mt ti cc im quy nh trong tp tin d liu. Hu nh Vn Trc 45

4.Tnh th tch gia hai b mt: Mt vn thng c gii quyt vi mt khi lng tnh ton l xc nh khi lng ca vt liu gia hai tp tin li. To li ca cc tp tin b mt trn v b mt di. C hai li phi s dng cng mt kch thc v cng mt s lng hng v ct. Chn lnh Grid | Volume v chn tp tin trn li trong hp thoi Open Grid v sau nhn nt OK. Trong hp thoi Volume Grid, cc nt ty chn File Grid cn c la chn trong nhm Upper Surface Trong nhm Lower Surface, nhp vo nt ty chn Grid File v sau nhn nt . Trong hp thoi Open Grid, chn tp tin b mt li thp hn v bm vo nt OK. Trong hp thoi Volume Grid, xc nh rng cc tp tin li c ch nh chnh xc v click OK. Bo co th tch c to ra. lu cc thng tin, s dng lnh File | Save As trong ca s bo co v ch nh tn v phn m rng tp tin. Nhp vo nt OK v thng tin c lu. 5.Tnh th tch ca li trng : Surfer can be used to calculate the volume between two grid surfaces or between a grid surface and a horizontal plane. The accuracy of the volume calculation increases as the number of grid lines in the grid file increases. When one of the grid surfaces contains blanked cells, or the area of interest is a subset of the entire grid, additional error is introduced. This error can be minimized by specifying more grid lines during the gridding operation. Surfer c th c dng tnh ton th tch gia hai b mt li hoc gia mt b mt li v mt phng ngang. Tnh chnh xc ca tnh ton ph thuc s lng cc ng li trong file li . Khi mt trong cc b mt li trng c cha cc , ho c khu vc quan tm l mt tp hp con ca ton b li , s xut hin li b sung. Li ny c th c gim thiu bng cch xc nh ng li nhiu hn trong cc hot ng gridding.

6.Tm nhn: Cc bn c th c hin th bt k hng no b ng cch s dng hp thoi thuc tnh bn , trang view. nghing, hng xoay, lnh vc xem bn c thay i trn trang ny.

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Khi b n c nhiu bn , cc thit lp View c p dng cho tt c cc bn chn. V d, bn c mt bn ng bnh v wireframe d a vo cng mt tp tin li v hin th trong cng ca s. Bn c th chn hai bn v sau chn lnh Edit | Properties v thay i cc thit lp cho c hai bn cng mt lc. Tilt cp n nh hng ca trc Z trong vic hin th bn . Mt s khng c ngha l nghing trc Z nm trong mt phng ca trang hoc mn hnh. Khi gc nghing tng, trc Z nghing v pha ngi xem. Mt gc nghing 90 c ngha l mt phng XY nm trong mt phng ca trang hay mn hnh v l trc giao vi hng xem. Mc nh l nghing 30 cho 3D wireframes v 3D Surfaces, v 90 cho tt c cc loi bn khc. Khi bn nghing b n ba chiu (v d 3D Surfaces) ti 90 , b mt ni khng cn nhn thy c Khu vc xem (field of View): di chuyn thanh iu khin Field of View c hiu ng ty chn chiu Perspective. Gc Field of View c hnh thnh bi cc cnh bn tri ca hp ranh gii, im nhn, v cnh phi ca hp ranh gii. Gc Field of View gim, khung nhn r rt hn. Lu rng thng s Field of View khng nh hng n t l bn . Thanh Rotation iu khin gc xoay ca bn . Khi tng gi tr ny, bn xoay theo mt hng ngc chiu. Nhm Projection thit lp kiu chiu cho cc bn chn. Perspective to ra mt hiu ng hnh nh m trong cc kch thc ca b mt khc nhau vi khong cch t ngi quan st. Khi Perspective c s dng, bn c th thay i gi tr Field of View tng hoc gim hiu ng. Orthographic to ra mt bn v vi mt php chiu ca b mt ln mt mt phng, theo hng vung gc vi ng ngm gia ngi quan st v b mt 7. Sn xut mt File li t mt mng bnh thng ca d liu XYZ: Khi d liu XYZ ca bn c thu thp hoc to ra trn chu k bnh thng c th sn xut mt tp tin li s dng trc tip cc gi tr ca bn v khng ni suy gi tr cho cc nt li. Bn c th s dng lnh Grid | Data to ra tp tin li trong cc nh dng chnh xc. Khi bn c mt mng d liu XYZ hon thnh (hoc gn nh hon chnh b d liu ch vi mt "vi l"), bn c th s dng phng php Nearest Neighbor chuyn i d liu ca b n trc tip vo mt tp tin li. Cc phng php Nearest Neighbor khng ni suy d liu nhng ch chn ln im gn nht v gn gi tr vo li. s dng lnh Grid | Data sn xut mt tp tin li [GRD] t d liu bnh thng: To file d liu XYZ [.DAT] t d liu ca bn. Chn lnh Grid \Data. Ch nh tn file Trong hp thoi Grid data, thit lp cc gi tr Spacing trong nhm Grid Line Geometry ph hp vi khong cch gia cc d liu ca bn trong hng X v Y. iu ny m bo rng cc nt li trng khp vi d liu ca bn. V d, nu d liu ca bn c phn cch bng 100 mt so vi mc bn ca bn, nhp 100 cho cc hng X v Y. Chn phng php Nearest Neighbor t danh sch Gridding Method. Trong li, gi tr Z gn nht t tp tin d liu c gn cho cc nt li 8. To mi tn ch hng bc: S dng lnh Draw | Sumbol. Nhp chut tri vo ca s m bn mun mi tn s c hin th. Cc biu tng mc nh c v ra. Bm phm ESC thot khi ch v. Sau khi im c rt ra, double-click vo biu tng m hp thoi Symbol Properties. Thay i biu tng nu mun. Thay i kch thc, mu hoc Opacity cho ph hp vi nhu cu ca bn. Nhp vo nt OK. Bn c th mt gc mong mun bo m ng hng . Chn biu tng v s dng lnh Arrange | Rotate . Trong hp thoi Rotate, nhp mt gi tr trong hp Degrees. Nhp vo nt OK. 47 Hu nh Vn Trc

9. Ty bin kiu ng: Nhp vo nt Custom pha di bng line style palette to ra kiu ng mi. C mt nt ty chnh di cng. Bn c th thm, loi b, hoc thay th kiu ng hin c trong

V d, tham kho kiu ng hin th du gch ngang trn. Mt m hnh ca 0,5, 0,25 s to ra mt ng vi du gch ngang 0,5 inch v 0,25 inch khong trng. khun mu lp i lp li m hnh du gch ngang v c hin th trong hp mu. 10.Chnh sa khong cch Tick chnh trn mt trc: Trn trang Scaling trong hp thoi axis properties c ba hp kim sot khong cch ca tick chnh d c theo trc c la chn: First Major Tick, Last Major Tick, v Major Interval boxes bin tp tich chnh trn mt trc: Click i vo trc. Nhp vo tab Scaling trong hp thoi thuc tnh . Bn c th ch nh v tr u tin v cui, v kho ng cch trong gia mi tick chnh dc theo trc. First Major Tick cha gi tr nh nht ca nhn tick.. First Major Tick khng phi ging nh trc ti thiu nhng n khng th nh hn mc trc ti thiu. Last Major Tick cha gi tr ti a. N khng th ln hn cc trc ti a. Major Interval cha gi tr ca khong cch gia cc tick chnh dc theo trc c la chn. 11.Xut khu: Lnh File\Export (hoc kch nt )lu file ha s dng cho chng trnh khc

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Selected Objects Only: xut khu cc i tng c la chn ch khng phi l ton b bn v. Show Options Dialog: hin th hp thoi ty chn xut khu cho cc la chn lu. C nhiu nh dng file, sau y cp nh dng DXF Hp thoi Export Options cho php bn ch nh cc ty chn trong xc phng php thng tin trong tp tin c xut khu Trang DXF Options :

File Compatibility: Khuyn co chn Autocad 14 Lu : Mc d cc nh dng tp tin c c th c nhp khu vo AutoCAD Release 14 v AutoCAD 2004 hoc cao hn, AutoCAD Release 14 nh dng tp tin s dng mt s tnh nng m kt qu nh hn, nhanh hn khi ti tp tin DXF, v AutoCAD 2004 hoc cao hn h tr mu t hn. All Lines Same Color: Tt c cc ng s gn cng mt mu. Mu mc nh cho lp s c s dng. Tt c cc thc th ha xut khu c gn cho mt lp c tn l GSLAYER All Lines Same Style: Chn hp kim ny nu bn mun xut khu c gn theo kiu mc nh (cho lp GSLAYER) khi nhp khu vo AutoCAD. Nu khng chn, ng xut khu s gi c kiu ca n. All Lines Same Width: nu chn ty chn ny, khi nhp khu vo AutoCAD cc ng s c cng mt chiu rng All Text As Areas or Entities: nu chn ty chn ny, vn bn c xut ra DXF tr thnh dng solid polygon. Vn bn cng c th c xut khu nh l cc thc th vn bn AutoCAD (khng chn ty chn ny).Tt c cc thc th vn bn c gn font STANDARD ca AutoCAD. Fill Solid Areas: Chn ty chn ny nu bn mun bn trong ca cc khu vc kn (polygons) s c t y. Nu khng, cc khu vc s c xut khu nh thc th AutoCAD CLOSED POLYLINE. Use ONLY Spatial Information: Chn ty chn ny nu bn mun xut khu ch c thng tin khng gian v khng c thuc tnh i tng hoc vn bn. thng tin khng gian ch c lin quan vi v tr ca cc vt th trong khng gian (tc l ta ca chng) v khng c cc thuc tnh ca n (chng hn nh kiu ng, k hiu nh du c s dng, nhn vn bn, vv) V d, nu ty chn ny c chn, tt c vn bn s b b qua, nh du s c xut khu nh l cc thc th im. iu ny rt hu ch khi xut khu ch cn c cc thng tin khng gian Hu nh Vn Trc 49

Trang Scaling:

Scaling Source: thng tin t l c th c ly t hai ngun: ng dng, v lu. Application: Load thng tin t l tnh ton bi ng dng. Save: ti li cc gi tr lu trc Save Scanling infor: Lu thng tin t l bn v 12.Cc ty chn xut khu t ng: hp thoi Export Options khng c hin th khi chng trnh c nh hng t mt scrip t ng, mt chui cc la chn c th c quy nh trong scrip. Chu i bao gm cc thng s bng d u phy, m ch nh hnh vi ca cc ty chn xut khu khc nhau. Mt v d in hnh s l: "Defaults=1,FormatASCII=0,AllColorsSame=1" iu ny s thit t tt c cc ty chn xut khu ti gi tr mc nh ca n, sau ch ra file DXF s c vit bng nh dng nh phn v tt c cc mu sc s l nh x ti cc mu sc mc nh ca AutoCAD. Ty chn Hot ng Mc nh Defaults=1 Thit t tt c cc ty chn ti gi tr mc nh ca No n ForgetOptions=1 Khng nh cc la chn cho ln s d ng sau No FileCompatibility=13 tng thch vi file DXF ACAD R13 FileCompatibility=14 tng thch vi file DXF ACAD R14 14 FileCompatibility=18 tng thch vi file DXF ACAD 2004 FormatASCII=1 DXF file s lu nh dng ASCII text Yes FormatASCII=0 DXF file s lu nh dng Binary No MaxBitmapSizeInMB=10 Xut khu ti a cho php kch thc hnh nh No bitmap s c 10 MB ScalingSourceApp=1 ng dng ngi dng cung cp cc thng s t l Yes ScalingSourceApp=0 S dng tham s t l lu No SaveScalingInfo=1 Lu tham s t l s dng sau ny No AllColorsSame=1 Chuyn tt c cc mu v mc nh No AllStylesSame=1 Chuyn tt c cc kiu ng v mc nh Yes AllWidthsSame=1 Chuyn tt c rng ng v mc nh No AllTextToAreas=1 Chuyn tt c cc text thnh vng Yes FillSolidAreas=1 Vng kn c t y Yes UseSpatialInfo=1 S dng ch thng tin khng gian No Hu nh Vn Trc 50

13.Lin kt post maps ti worskseet: Track Cursor: t kt ni gia bng tnh v b n v tr, v gia nhiu bn trong ca s. Lin kt l kt ni ha nhng g bn thy trn b n ti cng v tr trn bn khc, v vi d liu bn v tr trong bng tnh. iu ny c th hu ch cho vic tm kim d liu im khng hp l trn b n chnh sa, v cho hin th cng mt im trn b n Track Cursor trong ti liu bn v: lnh View | Track Cursor cho php bn kch hot hoc v hiu ha Track Cursor gia nhiu bn . Track c thc hin trn h thng khung ta b n hin hnh. Nhp chut tri mt bn xem v tr ca con tr trn b n b sung. Track Cursor c cp nht vi mi ln nhp chut tri. Lnh ny cng c th c s dng lin kt cc bn v tr ln b ng tnh. Chn mt im trong ca s v im trong bng tnh s c nh du v ngc li. 3D Surfaces v 3D wireframe khng th c s dng nh bn ngu n Track Cursor. Mt bn 3D c th c chuyn n mt tm field of view = 45, rotation = 45, tilt = 90 xem. 14.di chuyn tt c cc nhn: M hp thoi thuc tnh bn Chn trang Levels Trong mc Affected Levels thay i gi tr Set thnh zero v kch OK 15.di chuyn nh dng text trong worksheet ca Surfer: iu quan trng l d liu bn s dng to bn trong Surfer c nh dng l s. Nu d liu ca bn c nh dng l text, b n c th thy mt du nhy n ' trc s trong b ng Surfer. Cc d liu cng s c canh tri nu l nh dng text. Bn c th t loi b nh d ng vn bn trong bng tnh bng cch loi b cc du nhy n 'trc mi s. Bn c ng c th loi b nh dng vn bn b ng cch: Phng php 1: Save as [.DAT]: M d liu worksheet vi lnh File | Open Chn File | Save As Trong Save as type, chn Golden Software Data (*.dat) file Chn kiu tch ct l Tab, Comma, Semicolon, hoc Space Chn none trong hp Text Qualifier (iu ny rt quan trng v n chuyn nh dng text thnh s) Phng php 2: Paste Special M d liu worksheet s dng lnh File | Open Chn ct hoc cn chuyn nh dng S dng lnh Edit | Copy S dng Edit | Paste Special Trong hp thoi Special , chn Text (Clipboard Text) v kch OK. 16.Khai bo t l bn v trong Surfer: T l iu khin kch thc ca mt bn trn trang in. iu ny c thc hin bng cch xc nh s tng ng gia di trn b n (n v bn ) v chiu d i trn trang in (n v trang). T l bn c quy nh s dng trang Scale trong hp thoi thuc tnh bn (map properties). T l cho trc X v trc Y c th c thit t tng ng, hoc h c th thit t c lp. Trn bn 3D (tc l bn wireframes v b mt), t l cho trc Z cng c th c thit lp. Trc ta l mt phn ca bn . V vy, khi t l c nh ngha li, cc trc c sa i cho ph hp. Bi v Surfer tnh ton kho ng cch hp l da trn nh du trn bn v gii hn d i bn , xc nh li t l c th dn n nh du khong cch khc nhau dc theo trc. Theo mc nh, t l b n c quy nh tng ng trong kch thc X v Y, vi pha di nht l su inches trn trang in. Hu nh Vn Trc 51

T l mc nh l mt hm ca cc gii hn bn . Cc gii hn bn c xc nh bi cc tp tin c dng to ra bn , ho c c th c nh ngha bng cch s dng trang limits. m hp thoi map properties, nhp phi chut trn ch map trong ca s qun l i tng v chn properties

Hp kim PrototionalXY Scaling iu khin ty l X v Y c tng ng vi nhau hay khng (khi thay i t l trc ny, trc kia cng thay i t l theo) Hp Length xc nh d i hoc kch thc ca bn theocasc trc X, Y, Z. Khi gi tr chiu di thay i, cc n v trong hp 1.0 in. = ____ Map units t ng cp nht phn nh s thay i. My vn lu ca tc gi ti liu ny vi ngi s dng chng trnh: u im v nhc im c bn ca Surfer: Surfer cho php to cc loi bn t mt c s d liu ct (XYZ) mt cch d d ng nhanh chng, sn phm ng ng mc mt m, c nhiu ty bin chy ng ng mc. Tuy nhin kh nng bin tp i tng trong Surfer khng linh hot, do vy nn s dng kt hp vi cc chng trnh Cad x l , cho kt qu ho n ho hn. S khc nhau v thut ng: Khi nim XYZ trong Surfer c khc mt cht so vi cch gi trong trc a: Trc X trong Surfer l trc ngang (ging trong ton hc) do vy khi to cc loi bn phi ch iu ny. Xut d liu: Mc d Surfer h tr nh dng d liu u ra DXF cho autocad 2004 nhng khi xut, kt qu khng c g c, tt nht chn DXF autocad R14 kt qu file DXF cho gi tr ta tht khi hin th trn mn hnh Autocad, trong hp tho i Export Options, Tab Scaling, chn hp kim Application, cc ty chn khc gi nguyn mc nh. Khi xut khu, tt c cc i tng hin c ca ca s Surfer s t trn mt lp, do vy phn lp i tng khi xut qua Cad x l, nn xut ln lt tng loi thc th ring , v d: khi xut i tng lp ng ng mc, tt tt c cc lp khc trong ca s qun l i tng ca Surfer, ch cn li lp contours, tng t xut tn im hoc ghi ch caophi to bn post map tng ng tn im hoc cao, tt tt c cc lp khc ch cha li post map tn im hay post map cao v thc hin xut khu. Tt nhin mi file xut, c mt tn ring. Khi ng Autocad, m mt file DXF va xut, v d TENDIEM.DXF, i tn lp Gslayer sang tn khc, tip tc insert \Block.. chn FileDXF tip theo, v d DOCAO.DXF, thc hin i tn lp nh trn. Tip tc cho cc file cn li. Kt qu bn c mt file Autocad c cc i tng c phn lp

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Mc Lc: Chng 1:Gii thiu ................................................................................................................. 1 1.Cc lnh trong ca s bn v................................................................................................ 1 2.Cc lnh trong ca s bng tnh: .......................................................................................... 3 3.Cc lnh trong trnh bin tp li: ........................................................................................ 3 Chng 2:hng dn thc hnh.............................................................................................. 4 Lm th no s dng Surfer ............................................................................................... 4 1.Bi 1 : To file d liu XYZ ................................................................................................ 4 2.Bi 2 - To File li............................................................................................................. 5 3.Bi 3 : To bnh .............................................................................................................. 6 4.Bi 4 : V tr d liu im v lm vic vi lp:................................................................... 10 5.Bi 5:To 3D Surface Map: ............................................................................................... 12 6.Bi 6: Thm tnh r rng, t l mu, v tiu ................................................................... 13 Chng 3 Li........................................................................................................................ 15 1. Tng quan:........................................................................................................................ 15 2.Phng php grid: ............................................................................................................. 18 3. Tm kim: ......................................................................................................................... 22 4. Breakline v faults: ........................................................................................................... 23 5. Lm trn ng bnh : .................................................................................................. 23 Chng 4: i tng bn .................................................................................................. 24 1.Gii thiu v lp bn ..................................................................................................... 24 2.nh dng nhn: ................................................................................................................ 24 3.Thay i kch thc i tng ........................................................................................... 25 Chng 5: Cc loi bn (Map type)................................................................................. 26 1.Contour Map (b n ng ng mc): ........................................................................... 27 2.Base Map (b n c s): .................................................................................................. 36 3.Post Map (bn v tr): .................................................................................................... 38 4.Image Map: ....................................................................................................................... 42 5. Shaded Relief Map (b n bng m ): ............................................................................. 42 6.Vector map: ....................................................................................................................... 42 7. 3D Sufaces: ...................................................................................................................... 43 8. 3D Wireframe:.................................................................................................................. 43 Chng 6: hng dn mt s chc nng c bn:................................................................. 44 1.Hp thoi Option: .............................................................................................................. 44 2. Tnh ton s ph hp gia mt li v File d liu gc: ................................................... 45 3.Tnh gi tr Z ca b mt ti mt im: .............................................................................. 45 4.Tnh th tch gia hai b mt: ............................................................................................. 46 5.Tnh th tch ca li trng: ............................................................................................... 46 6.Tm nhn: .......................................................................................................................... 46 7. Sn xut mt File li t mt mng bnh thng ca d liu XYZ:................................... 47 8. To mi tn ch hng bc: ............................................................................................... 47 9. Ty bin kiu ng: ........................................................................................................ 48 10.Chnh sa khong cch Tick chnh trn mt trc: ............................................................. 48 11.Xu t khu: ....................................................................................................................... 48 12.Cc ty chn xut khu t ng: ...................................................................................... 50 13.Lin kt post maps ti worskseet: .................................................................................... 51 14.di chuyn tt c cc nhn: ................................................................................................ 51 15.di chuyn nh dng text trong worksheet ca Surfer: ...................................................... 51 16.Khai bo t l bn v trong Surfer:................................................................................... 51 My vn lu ca tc gi ti liu ny vi ngi s dng chng trnh: ........................... 52

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