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Materials Science Engineering
Materials Science Engineering
of Materials, 5th ed
Donald R. Askeland – Pradeep P. Phulé
0
Objectives of Chapter 1
Introduce the field of materials science and
engineering (MSE)
Provide introduction to the classification of
materials
1
Outline
1.1 What is Materials Science and
Engineering?
1.2 Classification of Materials
1.3 Functional Classification of
Materials
1.4 Classification of Materials Based
on Structure
1.5 Environmental and Other Effects
1.6 Materials Design and Selection
2
What is Materials Science and
Engineering?
Materials Science and Engineering
Materials Science – emphasis on relationships
between synthesis and processing, structure and
properties
3
Copyright © 2006 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited 1-4
Classification of Materials
5
Copyright © 2006 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited 1-6
Copyright © 2006 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited 1-7
Functional Classification of
Materials
Aerospace
Biomedical
Electronic Materials
Energy Technology and Environmental Technology
Magnetic Materials
Photonic or Optical Materials
Smart Materials
Structural Materials
8
Copyright © 2006 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited 1-9
Section 1.4
Classification of Materials-Based on Structure
Crystalline material is a material comprised of one or
many crystals. In each crystal, atoms or ions show a
long-range periodic arrangement.
Single crystal is a crystalline material that is made
of only one crystal (there are no grain boundaries).
Grains are the crystals in a polycrystalline material.
Polycrystalline material is a material comprised of
many crystals (as opposed to a single-crystal material
that has only one crystal).
Grain boundaries are regions between grains of a
polycrystalline material.
10
Section 1.5
Environmental and Other Effects
Temperature
Corrosion
Fatigue
Strain Rate
11
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Copyright © 2006 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited 1-13
Copyright © 2006 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited 1-14
Materials Design and Selection
15
Copyright © 2006 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Limited 1-16
The CES 4 EduPack
Metals,
ceramics, glasses
MATERIALS
polymers
composites...
Casting ,
moulding
PROCESSES
powder methods,
machining...
Steels
Cast irons
Al-alloys
Metals
Cu-alloys
Ni-alloys
Ti-alloys
PE, PP, PC
Alumina PA (Nylon)
Si-Carbide
Polymers,
Ceramics,
elastomers
glasses GFRP
CFRP
Butyl rubber
Soda-glass Neoprene
Pyrex Composites
KFRP
Plywood
General
lo
Weight: Density ρ, Mg/m3
l
Thermal strain ε
Expense: Cost/kg Cm, $/kg
Mechanical Expansion
coefficient, α
Stiffness: Young’s modulus E, GPa
Ductile materials
Strength: Elastic limit σy , MPa Temperature, T
Elastic limit,σy
Fracture strength: Tensile strength σts , MPa
Stress σ
Thermal conduction
Brittleness: Fracture toughness Kic , MPa.m1/2 x
Young’s modulus, E
Thermal T1 To
Strain ε Expansion: Expansion coeff. α, 1/K Area A Q joules/sec
∗ Tensile (fracture)
Stiff
Strong
All OK !
Tough
Light
Mechanical Properties
Bulk Modulus 4.1 - 4.6 GPa
Compressive Strength 55 - 60 MPa
$
Ductility 0.06 - 0.07
Elastic Limit 40 - 45 MPa
Endurance Limit 24 - 27 MPa
Fracture Toughness 2.3 - 2.6 MPa.m1/2
Hardness 100 - 140 MPa
Loss Coefficient 0.009- 0.026
Modulus of Rupture 50 - 55 MPa
Poisson's Ratio 0.38 - 0.42
Shear Modulus 0.85 - 0.95 GPa
Tensile Strength 45 - 48 MPa
Young's Modulus 2.5 - 2.8 GPa
Density
Steels 1000
• Ceramics Mechanical props.
Cu-alloys 2000
• Polymers 3000 Thermal props.
Structured
Al-alloys 4000 Electrical props. information
Materials • Metals
Ti-alloys 5000 Optical props.
• Natural 6000
Ni-alloys Corrosion props.
• Foams 7000 Supporting information
Zn-alloys 8000
• Composites -- specific Unstructured
information
-- general
A material record
General Properties
Density 1.05 - 1.07 Mg/m^3 Electrical Properties
Price 2.1 - 2.3 US $/kg Conductor or insulator? Good insulator
Optical Properties
Mechanical Properties Transparent or opaque? Opaque
Young's Modulus 1.1 - 2.9 GPa
Elastic Limit 18 - 50 MPa
Tensile Strength 27 - 55 MPa Corrosion and Wear Resistance
Elongation 6 - 8 % Flammability Average
Fresh Water Good
Hardness - Vickers 6 - 15 HV
Organic Solvents Average
Endurance Limit 11 - 22 MPa Oxidation at 500C Very Poor
Fracture Toughness 1.2 - 4.2 MPa.m1/2 Sea Water Good
Strong Acid Good
Strong Alkalis Good
Thermal Properties UV Good
Max Service Temp 350 - 370 K Wear Poor
Thermal Expansion 70 - 75 10-6/K Weak Acid Good
Weak Alkalis Good
Specific Heat 1500 - 1510 J/kg.K
Thermal Conductivity 0.17 - 0.24 W/m.K
Design guidelines. ABS has the highest impact resistance of all polymers. It takes
color well. Integral metallics are possible (as in GE Plastics' Magix.) ABS is UV resistant for
outdoor application if stabilizers are added. It is hygroscopic (may need to be oven dried
before thermoforming) and can be damaged by petroleum-based machining oils.
ABS can be extruded, compression moulded or formed to sheet that is then vacuum thermo-
formed. It can be joined by ultrasonic or hot-plate welding, or bonded with polyester, epoxy,
isocyanate or nitrile-phenolic adhesives.
Technical notes. ABS is a terpolymer - one made by copolymerising 3 monomers: acrylonitrile, butadiene and syrene. The
acrylonitrile gives thermal and chemical resistance, rubber-like butadiene gives ductility and strength, the styrene gives a glossy surface,
ease of machining and a lower cost. In ASA, the butadiene component (which gives poor UV resistance) is replaced by an acrylic ester.
Without the addition of butyl, ABS becomes, SAN - a similar material with lower impact resistance or toughness. It is the stiffest of the
thermoplastics and has excellent resistance to acids, alkalis, salts and many solvents.
Typical Uses. Safety helmets; camper tops; automotive instrument panels and other interior components; pipe fittings; home-security
devices and housings for small appliances; communications equipment; business machines; plumbing hardware; automobile grilles; wheel
covers; mirror housings; refrigerator liners; luggage shells; tote trays; mower shrouds; boat hulls; large components for recreational
vehicles; weather seals; glass beading; refrigerator breaker strips; conduit; pipe for drain-waste-vent (DWV) systems.
The environment. The acrylonitrile monomer is nasty stuff, almost as poisonous as cyanide. Once polymerized with styrene it
becomes harmless. ABS is FDA compliant, can be recycled, and can be incinerated to recover the energy it contains.
Steel WC
Copper
CFRP
Young’s modulus, GPa
Alumina
Aluminum GFRP
PEEK
Zinc Glass Fibreboard
PP
Lead
PTFE
PUR Plywood
1 PC PE
PP
Young's
PTFE
0.1
Ionomer
Young’s
EVA
0.01
Polyurethane
z Explore relationships
z Elementary selection (“Find materials with large elastic limit”)
1000
Ceramics
100
Composites
Young’s modulus E, (GPa)
10 Woods
Metals
1
Foams
Polymers
0.1
Elastomers
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Density (Mg/m3)
Unit 1, Frame 1.16 © 2002, M.F. Ashby and D. Cebon
Property chart created with CES 4, Level 1
Silicon Carbide
Tungsten Carbides
1000 Modulus - Density Boron Carbide Alumina
Lead alloys
(GPa)
10 Concrete
Plywood
PET
(typical)
PVC
modulus
PP PUR
1
PE
Young's Modulus
0.1
EVA
Silicone
Cork
0.01
Neoprene
1e-004
0.01 0.1 1 10
Density (typical) (Mg/m^3)
Density (Mg/m3)
Unit 1, Frame 1.18 © 2002, M.F. Ashby and D. Cebon
Property chart created with CES 4, Level 1
1000
Neoprene
Flexible foam Silicone elastomers
Isoprene
Cork
Mg alloys
Ni alloys Zinc alloys
(10-6/K)
Al alloys
Stainless steel
Ti alloys
Rigid foam
Thermalexpansion
10
Cu alloys
Wood AlN
Bamboo WC
SiC
Thermal
BC
Balsa (l) (ld) Borosilicate glass
1
CFRP
Silica glass