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Embryology: 93 - Molecular and Genetic Basis of The Embryonic Development
Embryology: 93 - Molecular and Genetic Basis of The Embryonic Development
case it continues it *eeps producing hormones for the pregnancy, for at least three months. "n case the fecundation doesn-t happen, there is the menstruation phase in which the clea+age of the e(ternal mucosa layer caused from the crash of the luteic body.
9(-!ertili ation
'ecundation is process in which the two female and male gametes melt together. This process happens in the ampoule of the uterine tube. The spermatozoon, in order to fertilize the egg cell, it has to go through two protecti+e layer of the cell egg1 radiated cro)n and pellucid one. The penetration of these two layers happens than*s to the lytic enzymes that are present in the acrosome6 this process is called acromial reaction. Afterwards, on the cell egg a fertilization membrane is formed that presents the passage to another spermatozoon in the fertilized o+ule. The entrance of the spermatozoon allows the complement of meiosis ; forming the zygote(diploid).
99-*lastocyte !ormation
After the formation of the zygote a segmentation process is +erified which in a fast series of cellular duplications and continue forming a morula that is formed by a totipotent cell called blastomers( they are totipotent because they ha+e the capacity to create all the cells of the embryo li*e the placenta). The duplication of the morula increases 2the cells inside increase3without the increase of its diameter reducing the intercellular space. Afterwards the blastomers di+ide into two groups , the internal cellular mass that will transform in embryo while the e(ternal layer in the e(ternal layer in tropoblasts. The tropoblasts cells will form a fluid that is collected in the blastocele ca+ity that has a cellular mass inside. 8hen the blastocystes arri+es in the nucleus the tropoblast attaches to the endometrium.
+,,- -mplantation
The implantation process is a process in which the fecundated o+ule implants on the endometrium which is the e(ternal part of the uterus. The zygote that is now d oing the segmentation process has become initially morula than blastocyte. "t will go through the o+arian tube and will arri+e to the uterus where than*s to the trombocytes the the most e(ternal cells that together with the internal cellular mass form the blastocytes but the role to implant the blastocyte to the endometrium is than*s to its enzymes. The endometrium before arri+al of the blastocyte does an thic*ening process than*s to the progesterone secreted by the luteic body.
+,3- Placenta
"t-s an organ that has a flat shape is formed by embryonic tissue li*e the chorionic +illi and maternal tissue(endometrium) the functions of the placenta are1 : : : Encourages and allows the passage of the nutrientsfrom the maternal blood to the fetal Allows e(changes between respiratory gases Allows the disposal of waste material through the maternal circulation. The placenta being an endocrine gland produces progesterone( enables the +ascolarization of the uterine mucosa) and the production of se(ual hormones li*e estrogen that secure the thic*ening of the endometrium. "t also releases prolactine which brings to the production of mil*.
"t lin*s the fetus with the placenta and allows the passage of gases and other substances. There are three +essels usually1 umbilical vein and t)o arteries. Th+e e fibers of the umbilical cord are rich in elastic fibers and immerged in mucose connecti+e tissue( 8arton gelatin) that surrounds and protects it.
+,(-Ectoderm and its derivatives Ectoderm is the e(ternal embryonic layer ?it will form hair, nails, cornea. 'rom the ectoderm through the notochord(cells of the mesoderm) will be stimulated to form the neural crest and the neural tube. The neural crest will form the peripherical ner+ous system, while the neural tube will form the brain and the spinal cord. +,9-Endoderm and its derivatives The endoderm is the embryonic layer generated by the epiblast that gi+e origin to digesti+e apparatus :colon, stomach, pancreas and urinary bladder.
"ntermediated mesoderm1 will form *idney and gonads 0ara(ial mesoderm1 formed by mesenchymal cell will form all type of connecti+e tissue &ateral mesoderm1 it will form the circulatory system. =hordal mesoderm1 'rom the cordal of the mesoderm notochord will be formed. +++- 8)ins. Malformation There are two type of twins1 homozygote and eterozygote. 7omozygote comes from a cell egg fecundated by a spermatozoon, the zygote that is formed before doing the segmentation process di+ides in two forming two zygotes gi+ing birth to two embryos. These twins will ha+e the same se( and the same physiognomy for this reason they will ha+e the same /!A. The eterozygotes form from two cell eggs that are fertilized at the same time and will be fecundated by two different spermatozoon. 'or this reason the twins can ha+e different se( and different physiognomy.
The most fre>uent twin malformation is @transfusion syndromeA in which a twin recei+es more blood than the other. 'or this reason one twin will be bigger than the other. Another malformation con<oin twins where the twins are attached to each other. "n this case the twins can be separated only if the internal organs are not connected with each other. ++3- *irth defects. Environmental factors ,irth defects li*e congenital malformation and congenital anomalies mean that there has been malformations since deli+ery. These malformation can classified in genetic or en+ironmental causes. En+ironmental causes are the assumption from the mother of drugs, alcohol, (:ray, hea+y metals that penetrate the placenta and alterate the embryo. ++3- *irth defects. 7enetic factors The genetic malformations are caused by a chromosomial malformation1 anoploid( a lac* or a plus to the chromosome).
The most common case of anaploidie is trisomy. The trisomy is a chromosome triplet. The most fre>uent are1 /own syndrome( trisomy ;5), Edwards syndrome( trisomy 5B), Clinefelter syndrome(((y). These *inds of trisomy cause bone malformation, sterility and mental diseases ++4- 2ifferent types of congenital malformations
Anencephalin Spina bifida /e(traposition /efects in alimentary system Situs +iscerus in+esus alformation of the *idney %mbilical 'istula Genistal sytem1 double uterus, +agina, etc =rystoorchism 7ypospadia) Epispadia Sirenomelia