ESc201:IntroductiontoElectronics

TransientAnalysisofCapacitiveandInductive Circuits

Dr. K D K. V V. S Srivastava i t Dept. of Electrical Engineering IIT Kanpur

1

Capacitance
Two sheets of conductors separated by a layer of insulating material The insulating material is called dielectric. This could be air, polyester, metal

dielectric

metal t l
2

i +

q=C v
Coulombs Farad Volt

v(t)

q(t)

dq i= dt

dv i=C dt

1 v (t ) = C

to

id t + v ( t ) o

1 2 w c (t ) = C vc (t ) 2

For dc or steady state when the voltage does not vary with time A capacitor under dc or steady state acts like an 4 open circuit

i=0

C eq = C 1 + C 2 + C 3

1 1 1 1 = + + C eq C 1 C 2 C 3

Inductance

= Li
A time varying flux causes voltage to appear across the device terminals

d di v = = L dt dt

di v = L dt
Henry For dc or steady state when the current does not vary with time

v=0
An inductor under dc or steady state acts like a short circuit
7

Typical Inductors

L e q = L1 + L 2 + L 3

1 w L (t ) = L i 2 (t ) 2

1 1 1 1 = + + L eq L1 L2 L3
9

Two important concepts

Voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously

d vc ic = C dt
Instant change in voltage implies infinite current! Current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously

di v=L dt
Instant change in current implies infinite voltage! 10

R=5

t= xx L=1H

10V

C=10F

R=5

What is current through the inductor or voltage across the capacitor ? We cant give an answer unless we have some knowledge of the past state of the circuit
Suppose we are told that circuit has been in this state for a very very long time
R R=5 t= xx

i 1A i=1A
R=5

d vc ic = C dt v=L di dt

10V

11

Or suppose we are told that circuit was switched at t= xx

i=0
t=xx R=5 L=1H

R=5

t= xx

L=1H

10V

C=10 C 10F

R R=5

10V

C=10F

R=5

Circuit before switching

R=5

i=0
L=1H

10V

C=10F

R=5

Circuits containing inductors or capacitors have a memory

12

Example

Find voltage and current immediately after closing the switch and in steady state

t = 0+

0 0

Current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously

Voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously 13

t
An inductor under dc or steady state acts like a short circuit A capacitor under dc or steady state acts like an open circuit

iL (t ) = 1 v c (t ) = 5

A V14

Determine the current IX immediately after switch is opened. Circuit for t>0

First find voltage VC Circuit for t<0

(0-)

+ v (0 ) + C = 1m A i X (0 ) = 4K

v C (0 + ) = v C (0 )

2 v C (0 ) = 6 = 415 V 3

Discharge of a capacitor through a Resistor

How long g will it take for capacitor p voltage g to fall to half its initial value?
16

iC

iR
d vc ic = C dt

17

First Order Differential Equation

dy = a y dt

Solution:

y (t ) = K e

at

Constant K is often found from the initial condition

K = y( (0 )

y ( t ) = y (0 ) e

at
18

v C ( t ) = v C (0 ) e
+

t RC

vC (t ) = vC (0 ) e
dy = a y dt

t RC

We know: kno
at

v C (0 ) = V i

y ( t ) = y (0 ) e

Voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously

v C (0 + ) = v C (0 ) = V i

vC (t ) = Vi e

t RC
19

Ti Time V(t)/Vi

0 368 0.368

2 0 135 0.135

3 .05 05

4 0 018 0.018

5 0 0067 0.0067
20

Charging a capacitor
d vc ic = C dt

Application of KCL at the indicated node gives

21

dx = a1 x + a 2 dt

S l ti Solution:

x (t ) = K 1 + K 2 e

a1 t

x ( ) = K 1

x (t ) = x ( ) + K 2 e
Use initial condition:

a1 t

x (0 ) = x ( ) + K 2
a1 t
22

x ( t ) = x ( ) + { x (0 ) x ( )} e

dx = a1 x + a 2 dt

x (t ) = x ( ) + { x ( (0 ) x ( )} e

a1 t

1 a1 = RC
t RC
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v C ( t ) = v C ( ) + { v C ( 0 ) v C ( )} e

t=0

v C ( t ) = v C ( ) + { v C (0 + ) v C ( )} e
+ vC -

t RC

VS

W h a t is v C ( ) ? A capacitor under dc or steady state acts like an open circuit

W h a t is v C (0 + ) ?

vC ( ) = V S
R + + vC(0 ) 24

VS

t=0

v C ( t ) = v C ( ) + { v C (0 + ) v C ( )} e
+ vC -

t RC

VS

v C (0 ) = v C (0 )

We use the fact that voltage across a capacitor cannot change i t tl instantly If the capacitor does not have any initial charge, then

v C (0 ) = v C (0 ) = 0
vC ( ) = V S
t RC

v C ( t ) = V S (1 e

= RC
)
25

Time

2 0.865

3 .95

4 0.982

5 0.993
26

V(t)/Vi 0.632

dx = a1 x + a 2 dt

di v=L dt

x ( t ) = x ( ) + { x (0 ) x ( )} e
R t L

a1 t

i ( t ) = i ( ) + {i ( (0 ) i ( )} e

27

L T im e C o n s ta n t : = R

W h a t is i ( ) ?
Inductor in steady state is like a short circuit
t=0 R + vL -

VS

VS

VS i( ) = R
VS VS i (t ) = + { i (0 ) } e R R
R t L

We also note that inductor current cannot change instantly

28

Current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously

i (0 + ) = i (0 )
t=0 R + vL -

If
L

i (0 ) = i (0 ) = 0
t

VS

VS i (t ) = (1 e R

29

What about voltage across the Inductor?

VS i (t ) = (1 e R

)
t

di L v=L = VS e dt R

30

Electromechanical Relay th current t needed d d to t operate t If the the relay is 50 mA, what is the y delay y time? relay

80 mA iL t

31

RC Circuit

= RC = 2 ms

Input voltage

32

RC Circuit

vc (t ) = vc () + vc (0 ) vc () e

= RC = 2 ms
+

vc () = 1V ; vc (0 ) = 0;
vc (t ) = 1 e
t 2

vc (2) = 1 e

2 2

= 0.63V

33

RC Circuit

= RC = 2 ms
t

v (t ) = v () + [v (0 ) v ()] e
+ c c c c

vc () = 0; vc (0 ) = 0.63V ;
vc (t ) = 0.63e
( t 2 )
2

vc (4) = 0.63 e

2 2

;2 t 4

= 0.23V
time t is in ms
34

RC Circuit t (ms) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 vc(t) (V) 0 0.63 0.23 0.72 0.265 0.73 0.269 0.731 0.269

= RC = 2 ms

35

RC Circuit Steady State

Vmax vc(tB)

vc(tA) Vmin i tA tB

vc(tC) tC
36

vc (t ) = vc () + vc (0 + ) vc () e

vc (t ) = Vmax + [vc (t A ) Vmax ] e

(t t A )

t A t tB
t B t tC

vc (t ) = Vmin + [vc (t B ) Vmin ] e

(t t B )

Vmax

vc(tB)

vc(tA)

vc(tC)

Vmin

tA

tB

tC

37

vc (t B ) = Vmax + [vc (t A ) Vmax ] e vc (tC ) = Vmin + [vc (t B ) Vmin ] e

( t B t A )

(t C t B )

= vc (t A )

T (t B t A ) = (t C t B ) = 2

tA

38 Determine vc(tA) and vc(tB) in terms of Vmax and V min

tB

tC

ESc201: Eexpt_3_RC

vc (t B ) = Vmax + [vc (t A ) Vmax ] e 2.3 = 5 + [ 2.3 5] e = 0.1 ms

0.1 ms

( t B t A )

Determining:
39

How do we solve more complex circuits containing a single inductor or a capacitor?

40

Method for circuits containing a single capacitor or inductor Circuit for t > 0
Linear Circuit C Linear Circuit L

Rt

Rt

Vt

Vt

x ( t ) = x ( ) + { x (0 + ) x ( )} e

Where x is capacitor voltage or inductor current

L = o r R eq C R eq
Req=Rt
41

Circuit

Example-1

Circuit for t > 0

i ( t ) = i ( ) + { i (0 ) i ( )} e
L = R2

Steady y state Solution:

i (t ) = 0

i ( t ) = i (0 ) e

42

Initial condition

Circuit for t < 0

VS i (0 ) = i (0 ) = R1
+

VS i (t ) = e R1

R2 t L
43

Determine the capacitor voltage as a function of time.

Circuit for t < 0

v (0 + ) = 1 0
44

Circuit for t > 0

Determine the Thevenin equivalent, as seen by the capacitor: Equivalent resistance

We next find voltage g long g after closing the switch

R e q = 2 6 = 1 .5

25 V v ( ) = 4

45

Final Solution:

v ( t ) = v ( ) + { v (0 + ) v ( )} e

v (0 ) = 1 0

25 V v ( ) = 4

= C R eq

1 = 1 .5 = 0 .5 s 3

2 5 1 5 2 t V v (t ) = + e 4 4
46

How do we find voltages and currents elsewhere in the circuit?

Linear Circuit

+ vC -

Linear Circuit

iL

Linear Circuit

vC(t)

Linear Circuit

i(t)

47

Find current in 8 resistor as a function of time after the switch is opened

i (t ) = 2 e
i(t)

2 t

8 i (t = 0 ) = 5 A = 2A 12 + 8

No current will flow in 5 resistance for t < 0

For t > 0

R e q = (1 2 + 8 ) || 5 = 4

L = = 0 .5 5 sec R eq
48

i (t ) = 2 e

2 t

i(t) ()

5 i8 = i ( t ) = 0 .4 e 2 t 5 + 20

49

Can we solve this 2 capacitor problem using our present approach?

t=0 R1 R2 + vC2=? C2

VS

C1

R3

Linear Circuit

+ vC Circuit for t > 0

50

Can we solve this 2 capacitor problem using our present approach? t=0
R1 R2 + vC2=? C2

VS

C1

R3

R2
Circuit for t > 0

+ vC2=? -

C2

R3 v c 2 (0 ) = v c 2 (0 )
t

v c 2 ( t ) = v c 2 ( ) + { v c 2 (0 ) v c 2 ( )} e

51

v c 2 (0 ) = v c 2 (0 )
R1 R2 + vC2(0) C2

VS

C1

R3

R1

R2 + vC2(0) -

VS

R3

52

Will our approach work here?

t=0 R1 R2 + vC2=? C2

VS

C1

R3

No, because circuit for t > 0 has two capacitances As long as the circuit has single capacitor or inductor for the time interval for which the analysis is being carried out, out the stated approach will work fine.
53

What happens when there is more than one storage element?

t=0

R1

R2 C2

VS

i1

C1

i2

V S = i1 R 1 + v C 1 ( (1) )

v C 1 = i2 R 2 + v c 2 ( 2 )

d v1 i1 i 2 = C 1 (3) dt

dv2 i2 = C 2 (4) dt

d 2vc 2 d vc 2 R1 R 2 C 1C 2 + ( R1C 1 + R1C 2 + R 2 C 2 ) + vc 2 = 54 V S 2 dt dt