SECT I ON

Pede s t r i an C i r cu l a t i on

Sec t i on Ed i t o r : N i cho l a s T. D i ne s Con t r i bu t o r : Ga ry M . F i shbeck Techn i ca l W r i t e r : J e f f r e y D . B l ankensh i p R e v i e we r : * Roge r B . Ma r t i n Ma r t i n - P i t z , I nc . M i nneapo l i s , M i nne so t a *Some da t a on S t eps and R a mps we r e comp i l ed by Robe r t LaRocca and S t e v en B r osnan o f Robe r t LaRocca & Assoc i a t e s , San F r anc i s co , Ca l i f o r n i a , and r e v i ewed by Da v i d A r bega s t o f A r bega s t , N ew t on & G r i f f i t h , Be r ke l e y , Ca l i f o r n i a , and R i cha r d V i gno l o , Lands cape A r ch i t ec t , San F r anc i s co , Ca l i f o r n i a .

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CONTENTS
1 . 0 I n t r oduc t i on
1 . 1 Gene r a l 1 . 2 The Pede s t r i an Expe r i ence

C Pede s t r i an Dens i t y C r i t e r i a 2 . 3 V i sua l C r i t e r i a Ey e Le v e l s and Cone o f V i s i on V i sua l Pe r cep t i on 3 . 0 Spa t i a l S t anda r ds 3 . 1 Pa t hwa y W i d t h and S l ope C r i t e r i a Gene r a l Cons i de r a t i ons Ca l cu l a t i on o f Wa l k wa y W i d t h ( by Fo r mu l a ) Wa l k wa y S l ope C r i t e r i a 3 . 2 S t a i r wa ys W i d t hs T r ead - R i s e r Ra t i os He i gh t be t ween Land i ngs 3 . 3 R a mps W i d t hs S l ope C r i t e r i a D i s t ance be t ween Land i ngs 3. 4 Sea t i ng C r i t e r i a 3. 5 Hand r a i l i ngs 3 . 6 Pede s t r i an S i gnage Re f e r ence s

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Conv en i ence Amen i t i e s Spa t i a l Cons i de r a t i ons Senso ry S t i mu l i and Re l a t ed Cons i de r a t i ons 2 . 0 Phys i ca l Cha r ac t e r i s t i c s o f t he Pede s t r i an
2 . 1 D i mens i ona l C r i t e r i a

U r

C i S N P

Human D i mens i ons and Ac t i v i ty Fo r wa r d Spa t i a l Bubb l e s 2 . 2 Mov e men t C r i t e r i a Wa l k i ng Ra t e s Accep t ab l e Wa l k i ng D i s t ance s

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1 . 0 I NTRODUCT I ON ede st r i an c i r cu l a t i on is no t easi ly d iscussed i n spec i f i c t e r ms becaus e o f t he l a r ge d i f f e r ence s i n pu r pos e be t ween va r i ous type s o f syst ems . Mos t u r ban pede st r i an c i r cu l a t i on syst ems a r e typ i ca l ly pe r ce i ved and u t i l i z ed a s a f unc t i ona l de v i ce mo r e t han a s med i a f o r ae st he t i c expe r i ence s , a cha r ac t e r ist i c r ep r e sen t a t i ve o f pa r k syst ems and o t he r r ec r e a t i ona l open space s . Mo r eov e r , becaus e pede st r i an c i r cu l a t i on is an i n t eg r a l pa r t o f any pa r t i cu l a r de s i gn s cheme , it is d i f f i cu l t t o d i scuss t he sub j ec t r emov ed f r om t he con t e xt i n wh i ch i t p l a ys a r o l e . Cons equen t l y , t h is sec t i on is l i m i t ed t o a " gene r a l " d i scuss i on o f va r i ous a spec ts o f pede st r i an c i r cu l a t i on . Spec i f i c s i t ua t i ons ma y r equ i r e r e sea r ch be yond t he s cope o f t h is sec t i on and dec i s i ons ba s ed on p r o f essi ona l j udgmen t . 1 . 1 Gene r a l F i gu r e 340 - 1 . Spa t i a l modu l a t i on . Modu l a t i on o f space can occu r bo t h ve r t i ca l l y and ho r i z on t a l l y i n an i n f o r ma l , pa st o r a l con t ext o r an u r ban con t e xt . Pede st r i an c i r cu l a t i on syst ems f a l l i n t o t wo b r oad ca t ego r i e s : ( 1 ) t hose whe r e t he bas i c st r uc t u r e o f a syst em a l r eady exists and ( 2 ) t hose whe r e no c i r cu l a t i on cu r r en t l y exists . W i t h exist i ng syst ems , p r o j ec ts typ i ca l ly i nvo l ve ae st he t i c enhancemen t o f t he syst em by p r ov i s i on o f va r i ous amen i t i e s, i mp r ov ed v i ews, conven i ence s , and i mage ab i l i ty. Th i s type o f wo r k i nvo l ve s i mp r ov e men t o f t he " pede st r i an expe r i ence " a s much a s it i nvo l ve s i mp r ov emen t o f t he f unc t i ona l a spec ts o f t he syst em . I n t he ca se o f new syst ems, c i r cu l a t i on must f i rst be l a i d ou t acco r d i ng t o p r opos ed o r i g i n and de st i na t i on po i n ts and mus t ha v e adequa t e w i d t h t o accommoda t e e xpec t ed l oads o f pede st r i an t r a f f i c du r i ng peak pe r i ods o f use . Pa r t o f t h is p r oce ss i nc l ude s st udy i ng aest he t i c a spec ts wh i ch w i l l be ca r e f u l ly i n t eg r a t ed w i t h t he f unc t i ona l a spec ts o f t he p r opos ed syst em . Add i t i ona l i n f o r ma t i on on va r i ous a spec ts o f pede st r i an c i r cu l a t i on can be f ound i n o t he r sec t i ons o f t h is handbook , i nc l ud i ng 210 : Spa t i a l S t anda r ds ; 240 : Ou t doo r Accessi b i l i ty ; 510 : S i t e Fu r n i t u r e and Fea t u r e s ; and 540 : Ou t doo r L i gh t i ng . 1 . 2 The Pede s t r i an Expe r i ence Conv en i ence : The f unc t i ona l a spec t o f a pede st r i an syst em is o f p r i ma ry i mpo r t ance , and t he qua l i ty o f t h is f unc t i ona l a spec t is mea su r ed i n t e r ms o f t he " conv en i ence " o f f e r ed by t he syst em . I n add i t i on t o t he obv i ous r equ i r e men t o f connec t i ng a l l o r i g i n and de st i na -

t i on po i n ts w i t h wa l kwa ys o f adequa t e w i d t h , t he t wo f ac t o rs o f o r i en t a t i on and nego t i a t i on p l a y an i mpo r t an t r o l e . I n t e r ms o f o r i en t a t i on , l andma r k f ea t u r e s and visua l cue s can sugge st pu r pos e and e xpec t ed beha v i o r t o t he pede st r i ans us i ng t he syst em . The s e ma y i nc l ude wa l k wa y w i d t h ( e . g ., w i de r wa l kwa ys sugge st i ng g r ea t e r i mpo r t ance ) , f o r ma l i ty ( e . g ., cu rv i - l i nea r wa l kwa ys sugge st i ng a mo r e r e l ax i ng expe r i ence ) , pa v i ng ma t e r i a l ( e . g ., e xpens i v e o r h i gh l y a r t i cu l a t ed ma t e r i a l s sugge st i ng g r ea t e r i mpo r t ance ) , and t he p r e s ence and qua l i ty o f anc i l l a ry f ea t u r e s ( t he na t u r e o f wh i ch ma y sugge st t he p r e dom i nan t pu r pos e o f t he wa l kwa y) . Ca r e f u l l y de s i gned visua l cue s ( i nc l ud i ng s i gnage ) can a i d t he pede st r i an i n wa yf i nd i ng and i n gene r a l o r i en t a t i on w i t h i n a l a r ge r env i r onmen t a l con t e xt . Th i s is e spe c i a l ly i mpo r t an t i n comp l e x env i r onmen ts . Nego t i a t i on r e f e rs t o t he r e l a t ive ea se o f mov i ng f r om one de st i na t i on t o ano t he r. Pede st r i an densi ty, i nc l ud i ng con f l i c ts a t i n t e rsec t i ons and po t en t i a l ga t he r i ng spo ts, p l ays an i mpo r t an t r o l e i n t h is r ega r d . Bu t o t he r a spec ts a lso con t r i bu t e t o d i f f i cu l ty o f nego t i a t i on . The s e i nc l ude phys i ca l ob st r uc t i ons ( e . g ., t r ash r ecep t ac l es, l i gh t f ixt u r es, f l ag po l es, pa r k i ng me t e rs , wa t e r hyd r an ts, t e l ephone s , benche s , e t c .) ; t he p r e s ence o f wa t e r o r i ce on t he wa l kwa y ; t he nu i s ance o f exce ss i ve l i t t e r ; s eed and f r u i t d r opp i ngs f r om ov e r hang i ng v ege t a t i on ; and exce ss i ve w i nd p r ob l ems . Pa t hwa ys shou l d be acce ss i b l e t o a l l type s o f pede st r i ans, and some t i me s on a se l ec t ive basis, t o eme r genc y veh i c l e s such a s po l i ce ca rs, ambu l ance s , and f i r e f i gh t i ng equ i pmen t . Amen i t i e s: The pu r pos e o f any pede st r i an c i r cu l a t i on syst em is t he connec t i on it o f f e rs be t ween va r i ous na t u r a l o r cu l t u r a l amen i t i e s , i nc l ud i ng t he a t t r ac t i on o f human ac t ivi ty . Soc i a l i n t e r ac t i on , bo t h pa ss i ve and ac t ive , is ext r eme l y i mpo r t an t and i n many ca se s is t he p r i ma ry de t e r m i nan t r ega r d i ng en j oymen t o f a p l ace . Becaus e t he ac t ivi ty o f wa t ch i ng o t he r peop l e is appea l i ng t o many , space s t o ga t he r w i t h amp l e oppo r t un i t i e s t o si t a r e c r uc i a l t o t he succe ss o f most p l aces, e spe c i a l ly t hos e i n u r ban con t exts . I t ha s been obs e rv ed t ha t t he ava i l ab i l i ty o f f ood and t he ac t ivi ty o f ea t i ng is a st r ong st i mu l us wh i ch a t t r ac ts si gn i f i can t numbe rs o f peop l e t o a p l ace . Fo r t h is r ea son , v en T i me - Sa ve r S t anda r ds f o r Lands cape A r ch i t ec t u r e

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n F i gu r e 340 - 2 . H i e r a r ch i ca l o r de r i ng a o f ou t doo r space . No t e t he r e l a t i onsh i ps r i be t ween ( a ) p r i ma ry, ( b ) seconda ry , and ( c ) S t e r t i a ry spaces. e e P

0 3

340 - 3
Tab l e 340 - 1 . COMMON SENSORY ST I MUL I I N PEDESTR I AN ENV I RONMENTS Senso ry ca t ego ry Ex amp l e s o f common st i mu l i Tac t i l e Tempe r a t u r e Hum i d i ty W i nd and b r ee z e s P r ec i p i t a t i on Benche s and sea t wa l l s S i t t ab l e g r ound su r f ace s Ba rs, knobs , and hand l e s Hand r a i l i ngs and a r m r e sts Te l ephone s , v end i ng and bank i ng mach i ne s Te xt u r e s unde r f oo t Vege t a t i on w i t h i n r each Wa t e r A r ch i t ec t u r a l f acade s Food and d r i nk Human con t ac t Aud i t o ry No r ma l t r a f f i c no i se Exce ss i ve t r uck t r a f f i c Unde r g r ound r umb l i ngs A i r t ra f f i c D i st an t h i ghwa y no i se Echo Conv e rs a t i on P l ay ac t ivi ty Mus i c and song do rs a r e o f t en encou r aged t o ope r a t e i n pede s t r i an env i r onmen t s . Spa t i a l Cons i de r a t i ons: The mos t com f o r t ab l e human env i r on men t s a r e t hos e cha r ac t e r i z ed by a r e l a t i v e l y s t r ong deg r ee o f spa t i a l enc l osu r e . I t is i mpo r t an t t o r ema i n cogn i z an t no t on l y o f weak spa t i a l s t r uc t u r e s i n ou t doo r env i r on men t s bu t a l so o f t he d i f f e r ence s be t ween t r ans i t i ona l space and noda l space Becaus e mov e men t t h r ough an env i r on men t is a v i sua l -spa t i a l s equen t i a l ( k i ne st he t i c ) e xpe r i ence , t he " modu l a t i on " o f t r ans i t i ona l space and t he " h i e r a r ch i ca l o r de r i ng " o f noda l space a r e i mpo r t an t de s i gn p r i nc i pa l s . F i gu r e s 340 - 1 and 340 - 2 i l l ust r a t e t he s e t wo p r i nc i p l e s i n gene r a l t e r ms . Senso ry S t i mu l i and Re l a t ed Cons i de r a t i ons: Ae s t he t i c a spec t s o f pede s t r i an c i r cu l a t i on r e f e r t o t he myr i ad o f s enso ry and i n t e l l ec t ua l " e xpe r i ence s " en j oy ed by pede s t r i ans when mov i ng t h r ough v a r i ous env i r onmen t s . De s i gne rs shou l d r ema i n awa r e o f t he many env i r onmen t a l f ac t o rs t ha t con t r i bu t e t o t he en j oymen t o f ou t doo r p l ace s , p r ov i d i ng a r i chne ss o f e xpe r i ence and a dep t h o f mean i ng t o a l l who P r o f e ss i ona l and ama t eu r en t e r t a i nmen t W i nd Wa t e r Wi ldl i fe Be l ls, ch i me s , and wh i st l e s W i nd - b l own f l ags and f ab r i cs Mov ab l e f u r n i t u r e Vendo rs Mach i ne ry Hea t i ng , ven t i l a t i on , and coo l i ng syst ems Foo t t r a f f i c on va r i ous pa v emen t s v i sua l Spa t i a l pe r cep t i on ( f o r m , sca l e , e t c .) Fo r m o f ob j ec ts P r opo r t i on and sca l e o f ob j ec ts Soc i a l ac t ivi ty Veh i cu l a r ac t ivi ty P r om i nen t l and f o r ms Vege t a t i on Wa t e r f ea t u r e s M i s ce l l aneous na t u r a l f ea t u r e s Sun and shadow Ra i n , snow , f og , m i st Smoke L i t ter S i gnage S t o r e f r on t adv e r t i s emen ts W i ndow d i sp l ays Post ed b i l ls B i l l boa r ds ma y en j oy pa r t i c i pa t i on i n de s i gned o r managed env i r onmen t s . Tab l e 340 - 1 is a check l i st o f v a r i ous s en so ry st i mu l i , some o f wh i ch a r e r e l a t ed t o p l ea s an t e xpe r i ence s and o t he rs wh i ch a r e unp l ea s an t , and t he r e f o r e , a r e no r ma l l y a vo i ded o r m i t i ga t ed . Obv i ous l y , a check l i st o f t h i s so r t canno t be comp r ehens i v e , bu t i t doe s p r ov i de a st a r t i ng po i n t f o r s enso ry a ss e ssmen t o f e x i st i ng o r p r opos ed pede st r i an env i r onmen t s . 2 . 0 PHYS I CAL CHARACTER I ST I CS O F THE PEDESTR I AN Ba s i c i n f o r ma t i on on t he pede s t r i an is us e f u l i n i ns t ance s whe r e spa t i a l s t anda r ds do no t e x i st o r whe r e e x i st i ng spa t i a l s t anda r ds a r e i napp l i cab l e . Re f e r ence can be made t o phys i ca l cha r ac t e r i st i c s o f t he human f i gu r e i tse l f i n o r de r t o make r a t i ona l dec i s i ons abou t r equ i r ed spa t i a l d i mens i ons and o t he r de t a i l s o f a p r opos ed pede s t r i an env i r onmen t . 2 . 1 D i mens i ona l C r i t e r i a Human D i mens i ons and Ac t i v i t y . F i gu r e 340 - 3 i l l ust r a t e s app r ox i ma t e d i mens i ons o f human f i gu r e s i n v a r i ous ac t i v i ty pos i t i ons (s ee Sec t i on 210 : Spa t i a l S t anda r ds , f o r mo r e da t a ) . Spa t i a l r equ i r e P Wa l l s and f ence s S t r ee t f u r n i t u r e and f ea t u r e s Ov e r head w i r e s and cab l e s A r ch i t ec t u r e Vege t a t i on Wi ldl i fe Ove r a l l cha r ac t e r o f a p l ace S i t es unde r const r uc t i on Su r f ace t ext u r e s Co l o r compos i t i ons Tona l con t r a sts D i u r na l change Sea sona l change Moon l i gh t N i gh t - l i gh t i ng G l a r e and a l bedo V i ewsheds f r om i mpo r t an t v an t age po i n ts Gene r a l o r de r Ove r a l l cong r uenc i e s O l f ac t o ry Veh i cu l a r em i ss i ons Odo r ous smoke F r e sh a i r F r ag r an t v ege t a t i on Re st au r an t doo r wa ys Ou t doo r ca f e s Odo r ous l i t t e r and deb r i s Re f us e a r ea s Exhaust f ans

men t s d i f f e r i n v a r i ous r eg i ons and be t ween d i f f e r en t cu l t u r e s a s a f unc t i on o f accus t omed dens i t i e s o f peop l e , he r i t age , and soc i a l and env i r onmen t a l v a l ue s . Fo r wa r d Spa t i a l Bubb l e s: Fo r wa r d spa t i a l bubb l e s , a s i l l ust r a t ed i n F i gu r e 340 - 4 , r e f e r t o t he e x t en t o f unob s t r uc t ed f o r wa r d v i s i on he l d t o be psy cho l og i ca l l y com f o r t ab l e f o r t he a v e r age pede s t r i an unde r v a r i ous c i r cums t ance s . As men t i oned p r e v i ous l y , t he spa t i a l r equ i r e men t s f o r psy cho l og i ca l com f o r t w i l l d i f f e r ac r oss r eg i ons and cu l t u r e s . Th i s i n f o r ma t i on is us e f u l when ca l cu l a t i ng t he a moun t o f c l ea r space nece ss a ry t o accommoda t e e xpec t ed numbe r s o f peop l e when t he i n t en t is t o ma i n t a i n a r ea sonab l e deg r ee o f psy cho l og i ca l com f o r t . Us e o f a ma t hema t i ca l f o r mu l a t o de t e r m i ne m i n i mum wa l k wa y w i d t hs r equ i r e s t ha t a dec i s i on be made on an accep t ab l e spa t i a l bubb l e f o r each wa l kwa y be i ng con s i de r ed . Re f e r t o 3 . 1 i n t h i s s ec t i on f o r us e o f t h i s f o r mu l a . n C i -ri a _ c r

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pede s t r i ans i n pa r k i ng l o ts , o r on t r i ps w i t h i n t he i r commun i t i e s. Pede s t r i an D ens i t y C r i t e r i a : F i gu r e s 340 - 6 and 340 - 7 show pede s t r i an f l ow vo l ume , speed , and dens i t y f o r wa l k wa ys and s t a i r wa ys . Th i s i n f o r ma t i on can be us ed a s a v i sua l gu i de f o r e s t i ma t i ng e x i s t i ng o r p r opos ed pede s t r i an t r a f f i c vo l ume s and speed , and f o r de t e r m i n i ng m i n i mum wa l k wa y w i d t hs by us e o f t he ma t h ema t i ca l f o r mu l a g i v en i n 3 . 1 o f t h i s s ec t i on . 2 . 3 V i sua l C r i t e r i a Ey e Le v e l s and Cone o f V i s i on : The e y e l e v e l o f an a v e r age adu l t i n a s t and i ng pos i t i on and a s i t t i ng pos i t i on is i l l us t r a t ed i n F i gu r e 340 - 8 . Pede s t r i ans w i l l f ocus mos t o f t he i r a t t en t i on a t e y e l e v e l and be l ow du r i ng no r ma l t he i r su r r ound i ngs . pe r cep t i on o f V i sua l Pe r cep t i on : Sens e o f Spa t i a l Enc l osu r e : An e x t e r na l

enc l osu r e is mos t com f o r t ab l e when i ts v e r t i ca l p l ane s a r e one - ha l f t o one - t h i r d a s h i gh a s t he w i d t h o f t he space enc l os ed . I f t he r a t i o f a l l s be l ow one - f ou r t h , t he space beg i ns t o l ack a s ens e o f enc l osu r e ( F i gu r e 340 - 10 ) . Soc i a l Commun i ca t i on : Fo r a v a r i e t y o f r ea sons , t he s ca l e and f o r m o f a space w i l l i n f l uence pede s t r i an beha v i o r and t he t ype o f soc i a l commun i ca t i on t ha t ma y occu r w i t h i n t ha t space . Phys i ca l d i s t ance s t ha t b r i ng peop l e i n t o c l os e p r ox i m i t y , o r s epa r a t e t he m , a r e i mpo r t an t de s i gn cons i de r a t i ons . Se t t i ngs mean t t o be conduc i v e t o ac t i v e soc i a l commun i ca t i on , o r t hos e mean t t o a l l ow a ce r t a i n deg r ee o f p r i v ac y , r equ i r e ca r e f u l t hough t a s t o t he deg r ee o f e y e con t ac t poss i b l e , and p r obab l e , w i t h i n t he s ca l e and l a you t o f t he s e t t i ng. I t is he l p f u l t o poss e ss a gene r a l unde r s t and i ng o f t he capab i l i t i e s and l i m i t a t i ons o f no r ma l human v i s i on i n t e r ms o f soc i a l commun i ca t i on . Se v e r a l e x a mp l e s a r e i l l ust r a t ed i n F i gu r e 340 - 11 .

F i gu r e 340 - 3 . Human d i mens i ons i n v a r i ous ac t i v i t y pos i t i ons . The s e d i mens i ons a r e app r ox i ma t e a v e r age spa t i a l r equ i r e men t s wh i ch a r e us ed p r i ma r i l y a s an a i d t o p r o f e ss i ona l j udgmen t , r a t he r t han a s s t anda r d c r i t e r i a .

The human cone o f v i s i on (i . e . , t he f i x ed e y e ) i s app r ox i ma t e l y 30 deg r ee s v e r t i ca l l y and 60 deg r ee s ho r i z on t a l l y , w i t h ang l e s o f acu t e v i s i on some wha t l e ss t han t h i s , a s i l l us t r a t ed i n F i gu r e 340 - 9 . Ey e l e v e l s and cone s o f v i s i on a r e e spe c i a l l y i mpo r t an t i n t e r ms o f t he p l ace men t and o r i en t a t i on o f pede s t r i an s i gnage .

Tab l e 340 - 2 . 2 . 2 Mo v e men t C r i t e r i a Wa l k i ng R a t e s: Tab l e 340 - 2 shows a v e r age wa l k i ng r a t e s o f adu l t pede s t r i ans . The a v e r age wa l k i ng r a t e o f a pede s t r i an w i l l dec r ea s e a s pede s t r i an dens i t y on a wa l k wa y i nc r ea s e s and / o r t he c l ea r space ahead o f t he pede s t r i an become s l e ss t han app r ox i ma t e l y 4 500 mm ( 15 f t ) . Pede s t r i an wa l k i ng r a t e s a r e no t s i gn i f i can t l y a f f ec t ed by g r ade O la r nchange s o f 6 pe r cen t o r l e ss , bu t i n t e rs ec t i ons , s t a i r wa ys , e s ca l a t o rs , and t u r ns t i l e s w i l l s l ow down mov e men t . Re f e r t o 3 . 1 i n t h i s s ec t i on f o r i n f o r ma Type Av e r age adu l t E l de r l y ( 75 yrs) Bunch i ng

AVERAGE WALK I NG RATES O F ADULT PEDESTR I ANS mm / m i n 78 000 64 500 60000 45600 33 900 f t /min 260 215 200 152 113 km / h r 4. 3 4 3 .7 2 .8 2

S t a i r wa ys ( go i ng down ) S t a i r wa ys ( go i ng up )

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t i on on ca l cu l a t i ng m i n i mum wa l k wa y w i d t hs ba s ed on pede s t r i an wa l k i ng r a t e s . Accep t ab l e Wa l k i ng D i s t ance s : F i gu r e 340 - 5 i l l us t r a t e s t he a v e r age r ange o f wa l k i ng d i s t ance s t ha t peop l e ( i n t he Un i t ed S t a t e s) a r e t yp i ca l l y w i l l i ng t o wa l k . Accep t ab l e d i s t ance s w i l l v a r y f r om t he s e a v e r age s depend i ng on t he pu r pos e o f t he t r i p , cu l t u r a l d i f f e r ence s , c l i mac t i c cond i t i ons , e t c . , bu t t he s e a v e r age s g i v e a r ough i dea o f t he k i nd o f beha v i o r t o e xpec t f r om

1 . Spa t i a l bubb l e s a r e nece ss a ry i n ca l cu l a t i ng accommoda t i ons f o r an e xpec t ed num be r o f peop l e i n v a r i ous s i t ua t i ons , w i t h t he i n t en t o f ma i n t a i n i ng psy cho l og i ca l com f o r t ( F i gu r e 340 - 4 ) . 2 . The a v e r age r ange o f wa l k i ng d i s t ance s t ha t peop l e ( i n t he Un i t ed S t a t e s) a r e t yp i ca l l y w i l l i ng t o wa l k be t ween ac t i v i t i e s o r f r om pa r k i ng a r ea s a r e sub j ec t t o v a r i a t i on depend i ng on pu r pos e o f t he t r i p , c l i mac t i c cond i t i ons , o r cu l t u r a l d i f f e r ence s Mos t peop l e a r e no t w i l l i ng t o wa l k d i s t ance s g r ea t e r t han abou t 220 m ( 700 f t .) . ( F i gu r e 340 - 5 ) . 3 . The human cone o f v i s i on ha s app r ox i ma t e l y a 30 deg r ee v e r t i ca l r ange and a 60 deg r ee ho r i z on t a l r ange . The e y e l e v e l ( F i gu r e 340 - 8 ) o f an a v e r age adu l t is 1 525 mm ( 5 ' - 2 " ) s t and i ng and 1 125 mm ( 3 ' - 9 " ) s i t t i ng . Cone s o f v i s i on and e y e l e v e l s a r e i mpo r t an t i n t e r ms o f p l ace men t and o r i en t a t i on o f pede s t r i an s i gnage . 4 . An e x t e r na l enc l osu r e is t he mos t com f o r t ab l e when t he r a t i o o f v e r t i ca l p l ane t o ho r i z on t a l p l ane is 1 : 4 . I f t he r a t i o f a l l s be l ow 1 : 4 , t he space beg i ns t o l ack a s ens e o f enc l osu r e ( F i gu r e 340 - 10 ) .

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r a t e o f mov e men t . The numbe r o f pede st r i ans (vo l ume ) pa ss i ng a s t a t i ona ry po i n t on a pa t hwa y is e xp r e ss ed by un i t mea su r e men t s o f t i me , such a s " pede s t r i ans pe r m i nu t e " o r " pede s t r i ans pe r hou r . " Dens i t y r e f e rs t o pe rsona l bu f f e r z one s , e xp r e ss ed i n t e r ms o f squa r e me t e r (squa r e f ee t ) pe r pede s t r i an . G i v en t he s e c r i t e r i a , pa t hwa y w i d t hs can be ca l cu l a t ed us i ng t he s t anda r d f l ow t heo ry shown be l ow . I n t h i s f o r mu l a , pede s t r i an vo l ume ( V ) r e f e rs t o t he numbe r o f pede s t r i ans t ha t a r e e xpec t ed t o pa ss any one po i n t on t he pa t hwa y each m i nu t e . ( Re f e r t o F i gu r e s 340 - 6 and 340 - 7 f o r i n f o r ma t i on on pede st r i an f l ow vo l ume s . ) Space modu l e s ( M ) typ i ca l l y r ange f r om a m i n i mum o f 0 . 46 m2 ( 5 f t 2 ) pe r pe rson t o 3 . 22 m2 ( 35 f t 2 ) o r g r ea t e r . ( Re f e r t o F i gu r e 340 - 4 f o r i n f o r ma t i on on space modu l e s .) Wa l k i ng speed ( S ) typ i ca l l y a v e r age s abou t 78 000 mm / m i n ( 260 f t / m i n ) , bu t o f cou rs e can v a ry s i gn i f i can t l y depend i ng on t he p r edom i nan t ac t i v i t i e s i n t he a r ea , t he t ype s o f pede s t r i ans , e t c . ( Re f e r t o Tab l e 340 - 2 f o r i n f o r ma t i on on wa l k i ng speeds .) Expec t ed l oads o f pede s t r i an t r a f f i c a r e de t e r m i ned t h r ough obs e rv a t i on o f s i m i l a r p r o j ec ts i n o t he r a r ea s , f o r ma l st ud i e s , and p r o f e ss i ona l j udgmen t . P a t hw a y W i d t h = V M )

F i gu r e 340 - 4 .

Fo r wa r d spa t i a l bubb l e s .

whe r e V =vo l ume , pede s t r i ans / m i nu t e M = S = space modu l e , M2 ( f t 2 ) / pede s t r i an wa l k i ng speed , m ( f t ) / m i nu t e

F i gu r e 340 - 5 . R ange o f accep t ab l e wa l k i ng d i s t ance s ( U . S . c i t i e s) . Mos t peo p l e a r e no t w i l l i ng t o wa l k d i s t ance s g r ea t e r t han abou t 220 m ( 700 f t ) . en t i r e w i d t h o f mos t wa l kwa ys . The edge o f a wa l k wa y ad j acen t t o a cu r bed r oadwa y (i . e ., 750 mm ( 30 i n ) f r om t he st r ee t edge ) is a vo i ded by pede s t r i ans , a s is t he edge o f a wa l kwa y a l ong a bu i l d i ng f acade (i . e ., 450 t o 750 mm ( 18 t o 30 i n ) . The s e edge s a r e us ed on l y unde r cond i t i ons o f h i gh pede s t r i an dens i t y. The p r e s ence o f st r ee t f u r n i t u r e and f ea t u r e s such a s f i r e hyd r an t s , t r ee s , pa r k i ng me t e rs , t e l ephone s , t r a sh r ecep t ac l e s , f oun t a i ns , s cu l p t u r e , and k i os k s a l so r educe s t he e f f ec t i v e w i d t h o f a pa t hwa y. Ca l cu l a t i on o f Wa l k wa y W i d t h ( by Fo r mu l a ) : M i n i mum w i d t h f o r a pede s t r i an pa t hwa y can be de t e r m i ned by ma t hema t i ca l ca l cu l a t i on a s a f unc t i on o f e xpec t ed pede s t r i an vo l ume , accep t ab l e dens i ty , and de s i r ab l e

STANDARDS 3 . 1 Pa t hwa y W i d t h and S l ope Cr i t e r i a Gene r a l Cons i de r a t i ons : W i d t hs o f pede s t r i an pa t hwa ys v a ry depend i ng on t he pu r pos e and t he e x i st i ng o r e xpec t ed i n t ens i ty o f us e . I n gene r a l , a 600 mm ( 24 i n ) w i d t h f o r each pede s t r i an is nece ss a ry , wh i ch sugge s t s a m i n i mum pa t hwa y w i d t h o f 1 200 mm ( 4 f t ) f o r pub l i c wa l kwa ys . When pede s t r i an f l ows a r e s i gn i f i can t and g r ea t e r p r ec i s i on r equ i r ed i n t he de t e r m i na t i on o f wa l k wa y w i d t h , m i n i mum accep t ab l e w i d t hs o f a pa t hwa y can be ca l cu l a t ed us i ng t he f o r mu l a g i v en be l ow . I t is i mpo r t an t t o r e me mbe r t ha t pede st r i ans a s a g r oup typ i ca l l y do no t us e t he T i me - Sa v e r S t anda r ds f o r Lands cape A r ch i t ec t u r e

Ex amp l e ca l cu l a t i on : G i v en vo l ume o f pede s t r i ans=200 / m i nu t e , m i n i mum space modu l e de s i r ed = 1 . 67 m2 / pede s t r i an ( 18 f t 2 ), pede s t r i an wa l k i ng speed ( no r ma l ) _ 79 . 25 m / m i n ( 260 f t / m i nu t e ) 200 X 1 . 67 79 . 25 = 334 79 . 25 = 4 . 22 m n O C

I n t h i s e x amp l e , t he wa l k wa y w i d t h wou l d ha v e t o be a t l ea st 4 200 mm ( 13 . 3 f t ) w i de t o accommoda t e t he g i v en f l ow o f pede s t r i ans . No t e t ha t t h i s f o r mu l a can y i e l d answe rs sugge s t i ng v e ry na r r ow wa l k wa y w i d t hs when l i gh t pede s t r i an t r a f f i c l oads a r e ca l cu l a t ed . Such answe rs i mp l y t ha t a com mon wa l kwa y w i d t h o f 1 200 mm o r 1 500 mm ( 4 o r 5 f t ) wou l d be adequa t e t o accommoda t e t he e xpec t ed t r a f f i c l oad .

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Av e r age F I owVo l ume : 23 PMM ' o r l e ss ( 7 PF M o r l e ss) Av e r age Speed : 79 m / m i n ( 260 f t / m i n ) Av e r age Pede s t r i an A r ea Occupanc y: 3. 3 m? / pe r son o r g r ea t e r ( 36 f t 2 / pe rson o r g r ea t e r )

Av e r age F I owVo l ume : 33 - 49 PMM ( 10 - 15 PF M ) Av e r age Speed: 70 - 76 m / m i n ( 230 - 250 f t / m i n ) Av e r age Pede s t r i an A r ea Occupanc y: 1 . 4 - 2 . 3 m2 / pe rson ( 15 - 25 f t 2 / pe rson )

Av e r age F l ow Vo l ume : 66 - 82 PMM ( 20 - 25 PFM ) Av e r age Speed : 34 - 61 m / m i n ( 110 - 200 f t / m i n ) Av e r age Pede s t r i an A r ea Occupanc y: . 5 - . 9 m2 / pe rson ( 5 - 10 f t 2 / pe rson )

De s c r i p t i on: Wa l k i ng speeds r e s t r i c t ed and f r equen t l y r educed t o De s c r i p t i on : Wa l k i ng speeds pa r t i a l l y r e s t r i c t ed ; pa ss i ng r e s t r i c t ed De s c r i p t i on: V i r t ua l l y un r e s t r i c t ed cho i ce o f speed ; m i n i mum shu f f l i ng; f r equen t ad j us t men t o f ga i t r equ i r ed ; pa ss i ng i mposs i b l e bu t poss i b l e w i t h maneuv e r i ng ; c r oss i ng and r e v e rs e mov e men t s maneuv e r i ng t o pa ss: c r oss i ng and r e v e rs e mov e men t s un r e s t r i c t ed : f l ow app r ox i ma t e l y 257 , o f ma x i mum capac i t y . r e s t r i c t ed and r equ i r e s i gn i f i can t maneuv e r i ng t o a vo i d con f l i c t ; f l ow w i t hou t con f l i c t ; c r oss i ngs and r e v e rs e mov emen t s s e v e r e l y r e s t r i c t ed w i t h una vo i dab l e con f l i c t s ; f l ows a t t a i n ma x i mum capac i t y unde r r ea sonab l y f l u i d and abou t 40 - 657 , o f ma x i mum capac i t y. p r e ssu r e , bu t w i t h f r equen t s t oppage s and i n t e r r up t i ons o f f l ow.

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Av e r age F l ow Vo l ume : 82 PMM o r mo r e ( 25 PF M o r mo r e ) Av e r age Speed : 0 - 34 m / m i n ( 0 - 110 f t / m i n ) Av e r age Pede s t r i an A r ea Occupanc y: . 5 m2 / pe rson o r l e ss ( 5 f t 2 / pe rson o r l e ss) De s c r i p t i on : Wa l k i ng speed r educed t o shu f f l i ng; pa ss i ng i mposs i b l e; c r oss i ng and r e v e rs e mov e men t s i mposs i b l e ; phys i ca l con t ac t f r e quen t and una vo i dab l e: f l ow spo r ad i c and on t he v e r ge o f comp l e t e b r eakdown and s t oppage . ' PMM=pede s t r i ans pe r me t e r w i d t h o f wa l kwa y , pe r m i nu t e . ( PFM=pede s t r i ans pe r f oo t w i d t h o f wa l kwa y , pe r m i nu t e . )

Av e r age F l ow Vo l ume : 23 - 33 PMM ( 7 - 10 PF M ) Av e r age Speed : 76 - 79 m / m i n ( 250 - 260 f t / m i n ) Av e r age Pede s t r i an A r ea Occupanc y: 2. 3 - 3 . 2 m2 / pe rson ( 25 - 35 f t 2 / pe rson ) De s c r i p t i on: No r ma l wa l k i ng speeds on l y occa s i ona l l y r e s t r i c t ed : some occa s i ona l i n t e r f e r ence i n pa ss i ng : c r oss i ng and r e v e rs e mov e men t s poss i b l e w i t h occa s i ona l con f l i c t ; f l ow app r ox i ma t e l y 35 l o f ma x i mum capac i t y.

Av e r age F l ow Vo l ume : 49 - 66 PMM ( 15 - 20 PF M ) Av e r age Speed: 61 - 70 m / m i n ( 200 - 230 k / m i n ) Av e r age Pede s t r i an A r ea Occupanc y : . 9 - 1 . 4 m2 / pe rson ( 10 - 15 f t 2 / pe rson ) De s c r i p t i on Wa l k i ng speeds r e s t r i c t ed and r educed : pa ss i ng r a r e l y poss i b l e w i t hou t con f l i c t ; c r oss i ng and r e v e rs e mov e men t s s e v e r e l y r e s t r i c t ed w i t h mu l t i p l e con f l i c t s; some p r obab i l i ty o f momen t a r y f l ow s t oppage s when c r i t i ca l dens i t i e s m i gh t be i n t e r m i t t en t l y r eached ; f l ow app r ox i ma t e l y 65 - 801 o f ma x i mum capac i t y.

F i gu r e 340 - 6 . Av e r age f l ow vo l ume , speed , and dens i t y ( wa l k wa ys ) . I t is i mpo r t an t t o no t e t ha t t h i s f o r mu l a doe s no t t ake i n t o accoun t t he spa t i a l r equ i r emen t s o f s t r ee t f u r n i t u r e , soc i a l ga t he r i ng p l ace s , o r m i n i ma l us e o f wa l k wa y edge s . I f such f ea t u r e s o r c i r cum s t ance s a r e i nvo l v ed , t hen ad j us t men t s ha v e t o be made t o t he ov e r a l l w i d t h o f t he pa t hwa y . Mo r eov e r , t h i s f o r mu l a y i e l ds m i n i mum ( f unc t i ona l ) wa l k wa y w i d t hs , no t op t i ma l w i d t hs ba s ed on ae s t he t i c c r i t e r i a . O f t en wa l kwa y w i d t hs a r e de s i gned t o be much g r ea t e r t han nece ss a ry f o r r ea sons o f s ca l e , p r opo r t i on , e t c . Cons equen t l y , t h i s f o r mu l a is mo r e o f t en us ed a s a check aga i ns t a p r opos ed de s i gn s che me r a t he r t han a s a r i g i d me t hod f o r de t e r m i n i ng wa l kwa y w i d t hs . Wa l k wa y S l ope C r i t e r i a : F i gu r e 340 - 12 p r ov i de s l ong i t ud i na l and c r oss-s l ope c r i t e r i a f o r wa l kwa ys unde r v a r i ous c i r cums t ance s . Long i t ud i na l s l ope c r i t e r i a a r e ba s ed on us e r ab i l i t i e s and de s i gn ob j ec t i v e s , and c r oss-s l ope c r i t e r i a a r e ba s ed on t he need f o r pos i t i v e d r a i nage , depend i ng on pa v i ng ma t e r i a l . Po r ous pa v i ng , f o r i ns t ance , doe s no t r equ i r e a s much o f a c r oss-s l ope f o r d r a i nage a s a nonpo r ous pa v i ng ma t e r i a l . s t a i r wa ys bu i l t ob l i que l y i n t o a s l ope ) , bu t t he s e a r e ha z a r dous and shou l d be a vo i ded whene v e r poss i b l e . On v e ry gen t l e s l ope s o f 0 . 5 t o 2 . 0 pe r cen t , a s t a i r wa y can be bu i l t t o s l ope w i t h t he g r ade r a t he r t han r ema i n l e ve l , i n o r de r t o keep t he bo t t om r i se r a t a cons t an t d i mens i on . I n add i t i on , o r a s an a l t e r na t i v e , t he bo t t om o f s t a i r wa y g r ade ( B . S .) can be wa r ped t o ma i n t a i n a cons t an t a l ong t he edge o f t he bo t t om t r ead . Occa s i ona l l y , t r ead w i d t hs a l so v a ry f o r ae s t he t i c r ea sons and t h i s is gene r a l l y f ound t o be accep t ab l e a s l ong a s i t is unde rs t ood t ha t a s cend i ng o r de s cend i ng such s t a i r wa ys , typ i ca l l y r e f e r r ed t o a s t e r r aced p l a z a s , is o f t en cumbe r some . Th i s is gene r a l l y accep t ab l e becaus e t e r r aced p l a z a s a r e typ i ca l l y us ed a s i n f o r ma l ga t he r i ng p l ace s r a t he r t han pu r e l y u t i l i t a r i an t r ans i t i ona l space s .

n O u r n a
L

3 . 2 S t a i r wa ys
W i d t hs: M i n i mum w i d t h f o r pub l i c s t a i r wa ys shou l d be 1 500 mm ( 60 i n ) . M i n i mum w i d t h f o r p r i v a t e s t a i r wa ys shou l d be 1 050 mm ( 42 i n) . T r ead - R i s e r Ra t i os : T r ead - r i s e r r a t i os a r e a l wa ys he l d cons t an t w i t h i n any pa r t i cu l a r s t a i r wa y o r s e t o f s t a i r wa ys , f o r ea s e o f a s cen t o r de s cen t , and f o r s a f e t y r ea sons . On r a r e occa s i ons r i se r he i gh t s i n s t a i r wa ys w i l l v a ry ( e . g .,

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F i gu r e 340 - 7 . Av e r age f l ow vo l ume , speed , and dens i t y (s t a i r wa ys) .

n O N O ( r

F i gu r e 340 - 8 . Ey e l e v e l s o f an a v e r age adu l t .

S e e P

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F i gu r e 340 - 9 . No r ma l cone o f v i s i on .

F i gu r e 340 - 10 . Sens e o f spa t i a l enc l osu r e ou t doo r s .

I n d i mens i ona l l y uncons t r a i ned s i t ua t i ons , emp l oy i ng a t r ead - r i s e r r a t i o is up t o t he d i s c r e t i on o f t he de s i gne r . Cho i ce o f a r a t i o w i l l depend on t he de s i r ed appea r ance and k i ne st he t i c e xpe r i ence . I n d i mens i ona l l y cons t r a i ned s i t ua t i ons ( i . e ., whe r e t he e l e v a t i ons o f bo t h t he t op and t he bo t t om o f a s t a i r wa y , o r a s e t o f s t a i r wa ys , a r e g i v en ) an app r op r i a t e t r ead r i se r r a t i o ha s t o be de t e r m i ned t ha t w i l l a l l ow a g i v en numbe r o f s t eps ( i nc l ud i ng l and i ngs i f nece ss a ry) t o " f i t " i n t o t he space .

n O la

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a 3

F i gu r e 340 - 13 is a qu i ck - r e f e r ence cha r t o f typ i ca l t r ead - r i s e r r a t i os f o r ou t doo r s t a i r wa ys . As an a l t e r na t i v e t o t r ead - r i s e r cha r ts , t he f o l l ow i ng f o r mu l a is common l y us ed t o de t e r m i ne accep t ab l e t r ead - r i s e r r a t i os f o r ou t doo r s t a i r wa ys , e spec i a l l y when f r ac t i ons o f an i nch a r e i nvo l v ed . 2R + T = 650 t o 675 mm ( 26 t o 27 i n ) whe r e R = r i se r T = t r ead

Add i t i ona l Cons i de r a t i ons : Ou t doo r s t a i r wa ys shou l d be made ea si e r t o a s cend and de s cend t han i n t e r i o r s t a i r wa ys . Peop l e t end t o mov e a t g r ea t e r r a t e s ou t doo rs t han t he y do i ndoo rs . 2 . I nhe r en t t o a pa r t i cu l a r t r ead - r i s e r r a t i o is t he ea s e a t wh i ch t he s t a i r wa y can be a s cended o r de s cended , and cons e quen t l y , t he s ens e o f r hy t hm t o be e xpe r i enced by t he pede s t r i an . I dea l l y, t he k i ne st he t i c cha r ac t e r o f a s t a i r wa y shou l d be cong r uen t w i t h t he cha r ac t e r o f t he env i r onmen t i n wh i ch t he st a i r wa y is a pa r t . 3 . S i ng l e st eps i n a wa l kwa y a r e v e ry dan ge r ous and shou l d ne v e r be spec i f i ed . A t l ea st t wo st eps , bu t p r e f e r ab l y t h r ee , shou l d be spec i f i ed , and t he i r p r e s ence shou l d be announced consp i cuous l y w i t h r a i l i ngs, p l an t i ngs , o r l i gh t i ng . 4 . R i s e rs f o r ou t doo r s t a i r wa ys shou l d be a m i n i mum o f 115 mm ( 4 . 5 i n ) and a ma x i mum o f 150 mm ( 6 i n ) . Unde r u t i l i t a r i an c i r cums t ance s a 175 ( 7 i n ) r i se r 1.

ma y be cons i de r ed . 5 . T r eads shou l d be p i t ched downg r ade 2 pe r cen t f o r d r a i nage . Nos i ng and Shadow L i ne P r o f i l e s : Shadow l i ne s a r e o f t en i nc l uded i n st eps f o r ae s t he t i c r ea sons , us ed ma i n l y t o g i v e a " r e f i ned " l ook t o a s t a i r wa y . The y can , howe v e r , be ha z a r dous i f l a r ge enough t o ca t ch t he t oe s o f pede s t r i ans . Nos i ngs can a l so ca t ch t oe s un l e ss t he y a r e r ounded . F i gu r e 340 - 14 shows v a r i ous nos i ng and shadow l i ne p r o f i l e s , some o f wh i ch a r e po t en t i a l l y ha z a r dous and t he r e f o r e no t r ecommended , pa r t i cu l a r l y i n pub l i c a r ea s . ( Re f e r t o Sec t i on 240 : Ou t doo r Acce ssi b i l i ty, f o r mo r e i n f o r ma t i on .) He i gh t be t ween Land i ngs: He i gh t be t ween s t a i r wa y l and i ngs is an i mpo r t an t c r i t e r i on f o r psy cho l og i ca l r ea sons a s we l l a s f o r r ea sons o f human endu r ance . A l t hough many bu i l d i ng code s st a t e ma x i mum he i gh t s o f 3 600 mm ( 12 f t ) , l e ss e r he i gh t s a r e r ecommended . T i me - Sa v e r S t anda r ds f o r Lands cape A r ch i t ec t u r e

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3 . 3 R a mp s
W i d t hs :

R a mp w i d t hs a r e de t e r m i ned acco r d i ng t o t he t ype and i n t ens i ty o f us e . One - wa y t r a v e l r equ i r e s a m i n i mum w i d t h o f 900 mm ( 3 f t ) c l ea r , whe r ea s t wo - wa y t r a v e l r equ i r e s a c l ea r m i n i mum w i d t h o f 1 500 mm ( 5 f t ) ( F i gu r e 340 - 16 ) . I f t u r ns occu r a t l and i ngs , adequa t e space f o r maneuv e r i ng whee l cha i rs mus t be p r ov i ded . ( Re f e r t o t he Ame r i cans w i t h D i s ab i l i t i e s Ac t Acce ss i b i l i ty Gu i de l i ne s ( ADAAG ) f o r a comp r ehens i v e comp i l a t i on o f d i mens i ona l c r i t e r i a and t o st a t e and l oca l code s .)
S l ope C r i t e r i a :

R a mp s l ope s shou l d be no g r ea t e r t han 1 : 12 o r 8 . 33 pe r cen t ( F i gu r e 340 - 12 ) . Cu r b cu ts a r e an e x cep t i on , 1 : 8 o r 12 pe r cen t be i ng accep t ab l e i f t he r unn i ng d i s t ance is l ess t han 900 mm ( 3 f t ) .
D i s t ance be t ween Land i ngs :

Land i ngs shou l d be p r ov i ded w i t h i n e v e ry 9 000 mm ( 30 f t ) o r l e ss o f r a mp l eng t h ( F i gu r e 340 - 16 ) . 3 . 4 Sea t i ng C r i t e r i a Benche s shou l d be de s i gned t o ensu r e g r ea t e s t com f o r t f o r t he i nd i v i dua l . F i gu r e 340 - 17 i l l ust r a t e s p r e f e r r ed he i gh t and s ea t i ng ang l e f o r ou t doo r benche s . ( Re f e r t o Sec t i on 510 : S i t e Fu r n i t u r e .) Sea t wa l l s a r e typ i ca l l y 400 t o 450 mm ( 16 t o 18 i n ) w i de and be t ween 400 t o 450

F i gu r e 340 - 11 . I nhe r en t capab i l i t i e s o f human v i s i on i n t e r ms o f soc i a l com mun i ca t i on ( no t t o s ca l e ) . I n t e r ms o f env i r onmen t a l psy cho l ogy , i t is known t ha t ab r up t change s i n g r ound l e ve l s , e v en a s l i t t l e a s 300 t o 500 mm ( 1 t o 1 - 1 / 2 f t ) can dec r ea s e i ncen t i v e t o p r o ceed . Change s o f 1 800 mm ( 6 f t ) o r mo r e a r e f ound t o be s t r ong l y d i s cou r ag i ng . Fo r t h i s r ea son , he i gh t s be t ween st a i r l and i ngs a r e be s t de s i gned so an adu l t o f a v e r age he i gh t s t and i ng on one l and i ng can s ee t he g r ound p l ane o f t he ne x t h i ghe r l and i ng ( i . e ., 1 500 mm ( 5 f t ) o r l ess ( F i gu r e 340 15 ) . Conv e rs e l y , he i gh t be t ween l and i ngs is some t i me s made t o be g r ea t e r t han 1 500 mm ( 5 f t ) t o e f f ec t i v e l y con t r o l s i gh t l i ne s i n con j unc t i on w i t h o t he r de s i gn e l emen t s . I n t e r ms o f human endu r ance , i t shou l d be r e me mbe r ed t ha t e l de r l y and hand i capped i nd i v i dua l s us e st a i r wa ys , and t he i r ab i l i t i e s a r e mo r e l i m i t ed t han t he a v e r age , phys i ca l l y hea l t hy adu l t . Fo r t h i s r ea son , a l l change s i n e l e v a t i on shou l d be de s i gned w i t h an unde rs t and i ng o f t he d i v e rs i ty o f human ab i l i ty t ha t e x i sts a mong me mbe r s o f t he popu l a t i on . ( Re f e r t o Sec t i on 240 : Ou t doo r Acce ss i b i l i ty , f o r mo r e i n f o r ma t i on on t he ab i l i t i e s o f e l de r l y and hand i capped i nd i v i dua l s.) F i gu r e 340 - 15 summa r i z e s s e v e r a l i mpo r t an t cons i de r a t i ons f o r t he de s i gn o f ou t doo r s t a i r wa ys and l and i ngs . F i gu r e 340 - 12 . Wa l k wa y s l ope c r i t e r i a . n O

uc l r

n ri e e

M
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R I SER
100 (4 " ) 106. 25 ( 4 . 25 " ) 112. 5 (4 . 5" ) 118. 75 ( 4 . 75 " ) 125 ( 5 ") 131 . 25 ( 5 . 25 " ) 137. 5 437. 5 - 462 . 5 ( 17. 5 - 18 . 5 " ) 425 - 450 ( 17 - 18 " ) 412 . 5 - 437. 5 ( 16 . 5 - 17 . 5 " ) 400 - 425 ( 16 - 17 ' ) 387 . 5 - 412. 5 ( 15 . 5 - 16 . 5 " ) 375 - 400 ( 15 - 16 " ) 143. 75 ( 5 . 75 " ) 150 ( 6 .) 156. 25 ( 6 . 25 " ) 162. 5 (6 .5" ) 168. 75 ( 6 . 75 " ) 175 (7) 181 . 25 ( 7 . 25 " ) 362. 5 - 387 . 5 ( 14. 5 - 15 . 5 " ) 350 - 375 ( 14 - 15 " ) 337. 5 - 362 . 5 ( 13 . 5 - 14. 5 " ) 325 - 350 ( 13 - 14 " ) 312. 5 - 337. 5 ( 12 . 5 - 13. 5 " ) 330 - 325 ( 12 - 13 " ) 287. 5 - 312 . 5 ( 11 . 5 " - 12 . 5 " )

TREAD
450 - 475

ed o f f o r t u r ned unde r f o r s a f e ty r ea sons . Th i s de t a i l is e spec i a l l y i mpo r t an t f o r i nd i v i dua l s w i t h i mpa i r ed v i s i on . ( Re f e r t o ADAAG f o r mo r e i n f o r ma t i on .) Add i t i ona l Cons i de r a t i ons : 1 . Hand r a i l i ngs on bo t h s i de s o f a st a i r wa y o r r amp a r e i mpo r t an t becaus e some peop l e ha v e one -s i ded st r eng t h . 2 . Ext r a - w i de st a i r wa ys shou l d ha v e cen t e r r a i l i ngs f o r g r ea t e r conv en i ence . Hand r a i l i ngs shou l d be no mo r e t han 6 000 mm ( 20 f t ) apa r t. 3 . Ra i l i ngs shou l d con t i nue ac r oss i n t e r me d i a t e l and i ngs . 4 . Ra i l i ngs shou l d be capab l e o f suppo r t i ng 114 kg ( 250 I bs) o f we i gh t . 5 . Hand r a i l i ngs f o r ch i l d r en , a t a l owe r he i gh t t han t ha t spec i f i ed f o r adu l ts, a r e some t i me s adv i s ab l e and a r e a l so use f u l on r amps f o r i nd i v i dua l s who us e whee l cha i rs .
3 . 6 Pede s t r i an S i gnage

De s i gne rs and Env i r onmen t a l P l anne rs ( MAUDEP ) , I nc., N e w Yo r k , 1971 . Kagan , L . S ., A Pede st r i an P l ann i ng P r o cedu r e Manua l , vo l . II , Repo r t no . F HWA RD - 79 - 46 , Depa r t men t o f T r anspo r t a t i on , Fede r a l H i ghwa y Adm i n i st r a t i on , O f f i ce o f Re s ea r ch and De v e l opmen t , Env i r on men t a l De s i gn and Con t r o l D i v i s i on , Na t i ona l Techn i ca l I n f o r ma t i on Se rv i ce , Sp r i ng f i e l d , V i r g i n i a , 1978. Lynch , Ke v i n . The I mage o f t he C i ty, Ha rv a r d Un i v e rs i ty P r e ss , Camb r i dge , 1960 . Lynch , Ke v i n and Ga ry Hack . S i t e P l ann i ng , 3d ed . , The M I T P r e ss, Camb r i dge , 1984. Pushka r e v , Bo r i s, w i t h Je f f r e y M . Zupan. U r ban Space f o r Pede st r i ans , The M I T P r e ss, Camb r i dge , 1975. Rams e y , C. G . and H . R . S l eepe r. A r ch i t ec t u r a l G r aph i c S t anda r ds , 8 t h ed ., John Ra y Hoke Jr., ed ., W i l e y , N e w Yo r k , 1994 . Rudo f s k y , Be r na r d . S t r ee ts f o r Peop l e , Doub l eda y , N e w Yo r k , 1969 . Un t e r mann , R. K . Pede st r i an C i r cu l a t i on , The Ame r i can Soc i e t y o f Lands cape A r ch i t ec ts , Wa sh i ng t on , D . C ., 1974 . Why t e , W i l l i am H. The Soc i a l L i f e o f Sma l l U r ban P l ace s , The Cons e rv a t i on Founda t i on , Wa sh i ng t on , D . C ., 1980.

o f s i gns f o r us e by pede st r i ans i nvo l v e s cons i de r a t i on o f v i sua l f i e l d , s ca l e o f l e t t e rs, p r opo r t i on o f l e t t e rs, and con t r a st be t ween l e t t e rs and back g r ound ( F i gu r e s 340 - 20 and 340 - 21 ) .
De s i gn and p l ace men t REFERENCES

Cu l l en , Go r don . The Cu pus, Towns cape , Van Nos t r and Re i nho l d , N e w Yo r k , 1971 . F r om , J. l. Pede st r i an P l ann i ng and De s i gn , Me t r opo l i t an Assoc i a t i on o f U r ban

F i gu r e 340 - 13 . Qu i ck r e f e r ence cha r t o f t yp i ca l t r ead - r i s e rs r a t i os f o r ou t doo r s t a i r wa ys i n mm ( f t ) . Check s t a t e code s whe r e app l i cab l e .

n O

and 18 i n ) i n he i gh t , 400 mm ( 16 i n ) be i ng mos t p r e f e r r ed . Re f e r t o Sec t i on 931 : Sea t i ng Wa l l s , i n t h is handbook f o r e x amp l e s o f s ea t i ng wa l l de t a i l s.

mm ( 14 3 . 5 H and r a i l i ngs

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Hand r a i l i ngs a r e i mpo r t an t on a l l st a i r wa ys and r amps , and shou l d a l l ow a s ecu r e and com f o r t ab l e g r i p f o r ma x i mum suppo r t . ( F i gu r e 340 - 18 ) . Hand r a i l i ng he i gh ts f o r ou t doo r st a i rr ange f r om 750 ( F i gu r e 340 - 19 ) . Mun i c i pa l code s shou l d a l wa ys be checked t o ensu r e con f o r mance o f p r opos ed he i gh ts . The ends o f r a i l i ngs shou l d e xt end be yond t he t op and bo t t om st ep by 300 t o 450 mm ( 12 t o 18 i n ) and shou l d be r ound wa ys and r a mps typ i ca l l y t o 850 mm ( 30 t o 34 i n )

a 3

app l i cab l e .

F i gu r e 340 - 14 . Typ i ca l nos i ng and shadow l i ne p r o f i l e s .

Check st a t e code s whe r e

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1 . M i n i mum w i d t h f o r a pede st r i an pa t hwa y can be de t e r m i ned by ma t hema t i ca l ca l cu l a t i on a s a f unc t i on o f e xpec t ed pede s t r i an vo l ume ( V ) , accep t ab l e dens i t y( M ) , and de s i r ab l e r a t e o f mov emen t ( S ) . The r e f o r e , pa t hwa y w i d t h = V(M) / S . 2 . M i n i mum w i d t h f o r s t a i r wa ys shou l d be 1 500 mm ( 60 i n ) f o r pub l i c space s and 1 050 mm ( 42 i n ) f o r p r i v a t e space s . 3 . R ecommended t r ead - r i s e r r a t i os f o r ou t doo r s t a i r wa ys can be ca l cu l a t ed us i ng t he f o r mu l a 2R ( r i s e r ) + T ( t r ead ) = 650 t o 675 mm ( 26 t o 27 i n ) . R i s e rs f o r ou t doo r s t a i r wa ys shou l d be a m i n i mum o f 115 mm ( 4 . 5 i n ) and a ma x i mum o f 150 mm ( 6 i n ) . Unde r u t i l i t a r i an c i r cum st ance s a ma x i mum 175 ( 7 i n ) r ise r ma y be cons i de r ed . 4 . Land i ngs shou l d be p r ov i ded e v e ry 9 000 mm ( 30 f t ) o r l ess o f r amp l eng t h . He i gh t s be t ween st a i r l and i ngs shou l d be a ma x i mum o f 1 500 mm ( 5 f t ) t o a l l ow an a v e r age adu l t s t and i ng on one l and i ng t o s ee t he g r ound p l ane o f t he ne x t h i ghe r l and i ng . 5 . R a mp s l ope s shou l d be no g r ea t e r t han 1 : 12 o r 8 . 33% ( F i gu r e 340 12 ) . Cu r b cu ts ma y be 1 : 8 o r 12% i f t he r un is l ess t han 900 mm ( 3 f t ) . 6 . Sea t wa l l s a r e typ i ca l l y 400 t o 450 mm ( 16 t o 18 i n ) w i de and be t ween 350 and 450 mm ( 14 and 18 i n ) i n he i gh t . 7 . Hand r a i l i ng he i gh t s f o r ou t doo r s t a i r wa y and r amps typ i ca l l y r ange f r om 750 t o 850 mm ( 30 t o 34 i n ) . The r a i l i ng ends shou l d e x t end be yond t he t op and bo t t om s t ep by 300 t o 450 mm ( 12 t o 18 i n ) .

!,

F i gu r e 340 - 15 . whe r e app l i cab l e .

S t a i r wa y he i gh t and l and i ng p r opo r t i ons. Check st a t e code s

O r C
n s e

F i gu r e 340 - 16 . D i mens i ona l c r i t e r i a f o r t wo - wa y hand i cap r a mp . M i n i mum c l ea r w i d t h f o r one - wa y t r a v e l is 900 mm ( 36 i n .) . Check st a t e code s whe r e app l i cab l e .

3
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F i gu r e 340 - 17 .

P r e f e r r ed he i gh t and s ea t i ng ang l e f o r ou t doo r benche s .

D i mens i ons shown a r e f o r op t i ona l doub l e - and s i ng l e - bench con t ou r.

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la

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P
a

0 3

F i gu r e 340 - 18 . P r e f e r r ed hand r a i l i ng p r o f i l e s .

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HANDRA I L I NG HE I GHTS
825 mm ( 2 ' - 9 " ) 850 mm ( 2 ' - 10 " )

R I SER / TREAD RAT I 0S

150 / 350 mm ( 6 " / 14 " ) TO 175 / 325 ( 7 / 13 " ) 125 / 800 mm ( 5 " / 16 " ) TO 150 / 337 ( 6 " 113 . 5 " )

HANDRA I L I NG HE I GHTS FOR RAMPS : 800 t o 850 mm ( 2 ' - 8 " t o 2 ' - 10 " )

F i gu r e 340 - 19 . Hand r a i l i ng he i gh t s f o r e x t e r i o r st a i rs and r a mps.

F i gu r e 340 - 21 . M i n i mum l eg i b i l i ty f o r cap i t a l l e t t e r he i gh t f o r pede s t r i an s i gnage . Unde r no r ma l da y l i gh t cond i t i ons w i t h an angu l a r d i s t o r t i on o f 0 deg r ee s , app r ox i ma t e l y 15m / 25m o f cap i t a l l e t t e r he i gh t can be t aken a s a gu i de l i ne f o r m i n i ma l l eg i b i l i t y.

u r C .a ri

n ti

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a.

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