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Bolted, Riveted Connections
Bolted, Riveted Connections
Bolted, Riveted Connections
=
i
i
bi
y
y M
T
2
'
Or
Total tensile force in bolts
= =
i
i
bi
y
y M
T T
2
'
For equilibrium,
Total tensile force = total compressive force
= =
i
i
y
y M
C T
2
'
Taking moment about neutral axis,
7 3
2
'
h
C M M + =
(
(
+ =
i
i
y
y
h
M
2
21
2
1 '
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 26
(
(
+
=
i
i
y
y
h
M
2
21
2
1
1
'
Tensile force T
dh
in extreme bolt can be found.
This equation gives the moment resisted by the bolts in tension from which the maximum tensile
force in the extreme bolt T
b
can be calculated. Then the design required is
0 . 1
2 2
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
dh
b
dh
sb
T
T
V
V
Steps to be followed in the design
Step 1: Select nominal diameter d of bolts.
Step 2: Adopt a pitch(p) of 2.5d to 3.5d for bolts.
Step 3: Bolts are to be provided in two vertical rows. Number of bolts necessary in each row is
computed from the expression.
( )P V
M
n
2
6
=
Where M is the moment on the joint and V is the design strength of bolt.
Step 4: Find the direct shear and tensile forces acting on the extreme bolt. If it is HSFG bolted
connection adds prying force [Ref. Fig. 3.28] to direct tension. Check whether the interaction
formula is satisfied.
Example 3.11
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 27
Design a suitable bolted bracket connection of a ISHT-75 section attached to the flange of a
ISHB 300 at 577N/m to carry a vertical factored load of 600 kN at an eccentricity of 300 mm.
Use M24 bolts of grade 4.6
Solution:
For M24 bolts of grade 4.6,
D=24mm, d
o
=27mm, f
ub
=400N/mm
2
Thickness of flange of ISHT 75 (from steel table) = 9mm
For ISHB 300 @ 577 N/m, thickness of flange = 10.6mm
Therefore, thickness of thinner member = 9mm
Design strength of bolt in single shear = |
\
|
+
2
24
4
78 . 0 0
3
400
25 . 1
1
X X
= 65192 N
Design strength of bolts in bearing:
Minimum edge distance e = 1.5xd
o
=1.5x24 = 40.5 mm
Minimum pitch p =2.5d =2.5x24 = 60 mm
Provide e = 50 mm and p =70mm
K
b
is minimum of
0 . 1 , 25 . 0
3
,
3
0 0
and
f
f
d
p
d
e
u
ub
i.e., minimum of
0 . 1
410
400
, 25 . 0
27 3
70
,
27 3
50
and
X X
. . K
b
=
0.6412
Design strength of bolts in bearing against 9 mm thick web of Tee section
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 28
u b
XdtXf Xk X 25 . 2
25 . 1
1
=
410 9 24 6142 . 0 25 . 2
25 . 1
1
X X X X X =
N N 65192 109333 > =
.. Design strength of bolts V=V
db
= 65192 N
Design tension capacity of bolts
10 . 1 25 . 1
90 . 0
sb yb
n ub
bi
A f
XA Xf
T < =
10 . 1
24
4
240
24
4
78 . 0
25 . 1
400 90 . 0
2
2
X X
X X X
X
T
bi
< =
= 98703N
Using two rows of bolting, approximately number of bolts required in each row
( ) ( )
87 . 10
70 65192 2
300 1000 600 6
2
6
= = =
X X
X X X
P V
M
n
Provide 11 bolts in each row as show in Fig
h = 50+70x10=750mm
h/7 = 107.14mm
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 29
i.e. neutral axis lies between 1
st
and 2
nd
bolts.
.. y of second bolt = (50+70)-107.14=12.86mm
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 30
= mm X y 6 . 3278 2 .'.
2
2
1479142 2 .'.
= mm X y
Total moment resisted by bolts in tension
(
+
=
(
(
+
=
1479142 2
6 . 3278 2
21
750 2
1
300 1000 600
21
2
1
1
'
2
X
X X
X X
y
y
h
M
i
i
=155397179N-mm
Tensile force in extreme bolt due to bending moment
N X
X y
y M
T
i
i
b
33769 86 . 642
1479142 2
155397179 '
2
= = =
Direct shear force
N
X
X
V
sb
27273
11 2
1000 600
= =
Check by interaction formula =
2 2
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
db
b
db
sb
T
T
V
V
2 2
98703
33769
65192
27273
|
\
|
+
|
\
|
=
= 0.292 < 1.0
Hence the bots are safe. Provide bots as shown in Fig. 3.29.
SHEAR CAPACITY OF HSFG BOLTS
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 31
As stated in Fig, these are the bolts made of high tensile steel which are pretensioned and then
provided with nuts. The nuts are clamped also. Hence resistance to shear force is mainly by
friction.
There are two types of HSFG bolts. They are parallel shank and waisted shank type. Parallel
shank type HSFG bolts are designed for no-slip at serviceability loads. Hence they slip at higher
loads and slip into bearing at ultimate loads. Hence such bolts are checked for their bearing
strength at ultimate load. Waisted shank HSFG bolts are designed for no slip even at ultimate
load and hence there is no need to check for their bearing strength.
V
nsf
=
f
n
e
K
h
F
0
Where,
f
= Co-efficient of friction (Called slip factor) as specified in Table 3.1.
n
e
= number of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance to this slip.
[Note: n
e
= 1 for lap joints and 2 for double cover butt joints]
K
h
= 1.0 for fasteners in clearance holes
= 0.85 for fasteners in oversized and short slotted holes and for long slotted holes located
perpendicular to the slot.
=0.70 for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded parallel to the slot.
F
0
= Minimum bolt tension at installation and may be taken as A
nb
f
0
A
nb
= net area of the bolt at threads |
\
|
=
2
4
78 . 0 d
f
0
= Proof stress = 0.70 f
ub
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 32
The slip resistance should be taken as
V
sf
= V
nsf
/1.10
Where,
=1.10, if the slip resistance is designed at service load (Parallel shank HSFG)
=1.25, if the slip resistance is designed at ultimate load (Waisted shank HSFG).
It may be noted that the reduction factors specified (Fig. 3.11) for bearing bolts hold good for
HSFG bolts also.
For commonly used HSFG bolts (Grade 8.8), yield stress f
yb
=640 Mpa and ultimate stress f
ub
=800 N/mm
2
Example 3.12
Determine the shear capacity of bolts used in connecting two plates as shown in Fig.3.30
1. Slip resistance is designated at service load
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 33
2. Slip resistance is designated at ultimate load
Given:
HSFG bolts of grade 8.8 are used.
Fasteners are in clearance holes
Coefficient of friction = 0.3
Solution:
For HSFG bolts of grade 8.8,
For fasteners in clearance holes K
h
= 1.0
Coefficient of friction
f
=0.3
.. Nominal shear capacity of a bolt
V
nsf
=
f
n
c
K
h
F
0
Where F
0
= 0.7 f
ub
A
nb
|
\
|
=
2
20
4
78 . 0 800 7 . 0 X X X X
n
e
=2, since it is double cover butt joint
(i) Design capacity of one bolt, if slip resistance is designated at service load
V
nsf
= 0.3 x 2 x1.0 x137225
= 82335 N
= 82335/1.1 =74850 N
Therefore design capacity of joint = 6 x 74850, since 6 bolts are used
= 449099 N
= 449.099 kN
(ii) Design capacity of one bolt, if the slip resistance is designated at ultimate load
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 34
= 82335/1.25 =65868 N
Therefore design capacity of joint = 6 x 65868, since 6 bolts are used
= 395208 N
= 395.208 kN
In case (i), bearing strength at ultimate load should be checked. If it is low that will be the
governing factor.
TENSION RESISTANCE OF HSFG BOLTS
The expression for nominal tension strength of HSFG bolts is also as that for bearing bolts. i.e,
m
mb
sb yb n ub nf
A f XA Xf T
= 9 . 0
m
sb yb
mb
n ub
df
A f
A f
T
=
9 . 0
Where
A
n
= net tensile area as specified in various parts of IS 1367, it may be taken as the area at the
root of the thread
|
\
|
=
2
4
78 . 0 d
A
sb
= shanke area.
mb
= 1.25,
m
= 1.1
f
ub
for bolts of grade 8.8 is 800 MPa and f
yb
= 640 MPa.
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 35
INTERACTION FORMULA FOR COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION
If bolts are under combined action of shear and axial tension, the interaction formula to be
satisfied is
0 . 1
2 2
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
df
f
df
sf
T
T
V
V
PRYING FORCES
In the design of HSFG bolts subjected to tensile forces, an additional force, called as prying force
Q is to be considered. These additional forces are mainly due to flexibility of connected plates.
Consider the connection of a T-section to a plate as shown in Fig 3.31, subject to tensile force
2T
e.
As tensile force acts, the flange of T-section bends in the middle portion and presses connecting
plates near bolts. It gives rise to additional contact forces known as prying forces. During late
80s and early 90s lot of research works were published regarding assessing prying force. IS 800-
2007 has accepted the following expression
|
|
\
|
=
y
c
e
e
c
y
l l
t b f
T
l
l
Q
2
4
0
27 2
Where
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 36
Q = prying force
2T
e
= total applied tensile force
l
y
= distance from the bolt centre line to the toe of the fillet weld or to half the root radius for a
rolled section.
l
c
= distance between prying forces and bolt centre line and is the minimum of either the end
distance or the value given by:
y
c
f
f
t l
0
1 . 1
=
= 2 for non-pretensioned bolts and for pretensioned bolts
= 1.5
b
e
= effective width of flange per pair of bolts.
f
0
= Proof stress in consistent units
t = thickness of end plate.
Note that prying forces do not develop in case of ordinary bolts, since when bolt failure takes
place contact between the two connecting plates is lost (Ref. Fig. 3.32).
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 37
Example
The joint shown in fig has to carry a factored load of 180kN. End plate used is of size 160 mm x
40 mm x 16 mm. The bolts used are M20 HSFG of grade 8.8. Check whether the design is safe.
Solution:
Assuming 8 mm weld and edge distance 40mm,
l
y
= 160/2 8-8-40 = 24 mm
y
c
f
f
t l
0
1 . 1
=
For plates, f
0
= 0.7 f
u
, f
u
=410 MPa and f
y
=250 MPa
< = = 86 . 18
250
410 7 . 0 1
16 1 . 1
X X
X l
c
< Edge distance
l
c
= 18.86 mm
Prying force is given by,
|
|
\
|
=
y
c
e
e
c
y
l l
t b f
T
l
l
Q
2
4
0
27 2
DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES 38
= 1.0, for pretensioned bolts.
= 1.5
b
e
= 140mm, t = 16mm.
f
0
= 0.7 x 800 = 560MPa
|
|
\
|
=
2
4
24 86 . 18 27
16 140 560 5 . 1 1
90000
86 . 18 2
24
X X
X X X X
X
Q
= 40545 N
Therefore tension to be resisted by the bolt
T = T+Q = 90000 + 40545 =130545 N
Tension capacity of the bolt
25 . 1
9 . 0
ub ub
A f
=
25 . 1
20
4
78 . 0 800 9 . 0
2
X X X X
=
=141145 N > 130545 N
Hence the design is safe.