Durability

Resistance Cracking Internal

to freezing and thawing

Problems Rebar Corrosion

Resistance to freezing and thawing-Major factors

Air Entrainment w/c, low water -cement ratio/ water content volume stability, stiff aggregates with low coefficient of thermal expansion

Air Entrainment

Water gains 9% in volume upon freezing nighttime freezing followed by daytime thawing, approximately 40 cycles per year, average. max of 200 cycles per year. fatigue loading of ice formation within pores Air Entraining Admixture (AEA) Must provide:

Pore size Pore spacing Pore specific surface area

Internal voids

Durability-Cracking
path

for harmful material to get into concrete sulfates- soils

cause

severe expansion, and deterioration

chlorides
initiate

-deicing salts

corrosion

Excessive

shrinkage

Durability-internal problems
Alkali-silica

reaction excessive sulfates

Rebar corrosion
NaCl

+ -

Mechanism of corrosion

Corrosion Protection
Proper

cover of at least 2 lower w/c denser concrete avoid using chlorides

Review
Strength Durability Water

Tightness

water

cement ratio Permeability

Volume

Stability

shrinkage

deformation with no load applied creep deformation under sustained loading

Load Induced Volume Changes

Instantaneous,

1D

Tangent modulus

Secant modulus

Econcrete 33

1.5

f 'c

unit weight of concrete, lbs / cubic ft

f 'c compressiv e strength , psi

Load Induced Volume Changes

Time

dependant
Deformation

Creep deformation

Time

Creep in Concrete

Creep in Concrete
water

Creep

Consequences of creep
Loss

in pre-stress possibility of excessive deflection stressing of non load bearing members

Economy
Cement

Content

50-60$/ton

Aggregates
5-6

$/ton

minimum

cement required at the minimum water cement ratio, with the maximum strength and durability