Ngô Thị Miên

Bo co kha lun tt nghip
SVTH: Ng Th Min Trang 1

B GIO DC & O TO
I HC NNG
Tn ti:
NGHIN CU TCH CHIT V NG DNG
DCH CHIT V QU CAM, QUT LM CHT
C CH N MN KIM LOI
Ngi thc hin : Ng Th Min
Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS.TS. L T Hi.
M U
1. L DO CHN TI
Hng nm, trn th gii phi chi ph hng t la cho vic thay th bo
dng cc thit b my mc cng nghip, cc cng trnh bng kim loi b n mn.
V vy, vic chng n mn kim loi l vn cp bch v mt kinh t ln cng
ngh. C nhiu phng php chng n mn kim loi, trong phng php s
dng cht c ch xanh thn thin vi mi trng ang c cc nh khoa hc
quan tm . Vn t ra l chn ngun nguyn liu thin nhin d tm, gi thnh
sn phm thp nghin cu d i vo thc tin.
Nh chng ta bit, mi nm nc ta sn xut v tiu th hng triu tn
qu cy h Cam nh: cam, qut, chanh, thanh yn, bi Ch tnh ring sn lng
cam sn xut ti cc vng trong c nc t trn 600.000 tn/nm. Hin nay,
nc ta ch mt lng nh v chanh c s dng tch chit tinh du chanh cn
phn ln v ca cc loi qu cy h ny b b i tr thnh ph thi. Trong khi ,
v qu ca chng c cha mt lng ln limonene vi nhiu ng dng nh: lm
hng liu trong thc phm, m phm; lm thuc kch thch tiu ha; l cht c
ch s pht trin khi u ca ung th v v c bit c trin vng lm cht c ch
n mn kim loi thn thin vi mi trng. Chnh v vy, chng ti chn ti
Nghin cu tch chit v ng dng dch chit v qu cam, qut lm cht c
ch n mn kim loi .
2. MC CH NGHIN CU
- Xy dng quy trnh tch chit v nghin cu cc yu t nh hng n qu
trnh tch chit tinh du t v qu cam, qut.
- Kho st kh nng chng n mn kim loi ca dch chit v qu cam, qut.
3. I TNG V PHM VI NGHIN CU
V qu cam snh v qut ng.

4. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
4.1. Phng php nghin cu l thuyt
- Tng quan cc phng php nghin cu v c im thc vt, thnh phn
ha hc v cng dng ca v qu cam, qut.
- Phng php tch chit hp cht hu c.
- Nghin cu s n mn v bo v kim loi.
4.2. Phng php nghin cu thc nghim
- Phng php chng ct li cun hi nc.
- Phng php phn tch sc k kh gn kt khi ph GC-MS.
- Phng php xc nh dng n mn, chp SEM.
- Phng php x l s liu.
5. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti:
5.1. ngha khoa hc
- Xc nh cc iu kin ti u ca qu trnh tch chit tinh du t v qu
cam, qut.
- Kho st ng dng chng n mn kim loi ca dch chit thu c.
5.2. ngha thc tin
- Tm hiu cc ng dng quan trng ca dch chit v qu cam, qut.
- Nng cao gi tr s dng ca v qu cam, qut ph thi trong i sng.
6. CU TRC LUN VN
Chng 1: Tng quan l thuyt
Chng 2: Ni dung v phng php nghin cu
Chng 3: Kt qu v tho lun

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN L THUYT
1.1. TNG QUAN V CY CAM, QUT
1.1.1. Gii thiu s lc v chi Citrus
Gii: Plantae
B: Sapindales
H: Rutaceae
Chi: Citrus
Chi Cam chanh (Citrus) l mt chi thc vt c hoa trong h Cu l hng
(Rutaceae), c ngun gc t khu vc nhit i v cn nhit i ng nam chu .
Cc loi cy trong chi ny l cc cy bi ln hay cy thn g nh, cao ti 5-15 m
ty loi, vi thn cy c gai v cc l thng xanh mc so le c mp nhn.Qu l
loi qu c mi, mt dng qu mng c bit, hnh cu hay cu thun di, chiu di
4-30 cm v ng knh 4-20 cm, bn trong qu khi bc lp v v ci s thy lp v
mng, dai, mu trng bao quanh cc mi bn trong cha nhiu tp mng nc.V
qu gm ba phn l v ngoi, v gia v v trong.
- V ngoi: gm c biu b vi lp cutin dy. Bn di lp biu b l lp t bo nhu
m vch mng, giu lc lp nn c th quang hp c khi qu cn xanh.Cc ti
tinh du nm trong cc m, c gi li di sc trng ca t bo xung quanh
[6],[10].
- V gia: l phn pha trong k lp v ngoi, y l mt lp gm nhiu tng t
bo hp thnh, c mu trng, dy ca lp v ny ty thuc vo mi loi cy.
Khi qu cng ln th lp v ny cng tr nn xp.
- V trong: gm cc vch mng trong sut bao quanh cc mi. V trong bao bc
phn n c ca qu (tht qu) vi dch nc cha ng, khong cht, axit hu
c v mt s cht khc.

Cam snh
Cam snh c tn khoa hc l Citrus nobilis (reticulata x sinensis). Cy cao
2-3m, phn cnh thp, l c tai nh, qu dng trn dp, v qu dy t 3 n
5mm, b mt v sn. Qu khi chn mu vng
, nng trung bnh 200-250g, tht qu c
mu vng cam m, nhiu nc, v ngt
chua, mi thm, t ht, ht c mu nu
lc.c im chung nht ca hai loi ny l
loi cy a sng, a ni t cao, thot nc v
c pH t trung tnh n hi chua.
Cy rng l vo ma ng, n ma xun cy ra l non v bc u c hoa.
Cn trng l tc nhn th phn ch yu cho cy. Cam c kh nng ti sinh v tnh
v hu tnh. Ma v thu hoch chnh vo thng 8 n thng 12, chu k khai thc t
10 n 15 nm [6],[10].
Qut ng
Qut ng c tn khoa hc l Citrus
reticulate, c trng lu i cc tnh pha Nam.
Cy c c tnh sinh trng trung bnh, dng tn
hnh trn. L c phin hnh elp, mng, mu xanh
m. Cy c kh nng cho tri sau 3 nm trng (cy
ghp), nht l ghp trn gc chanh volkameriana.
Ma v thu hoch ri rc trong nm, thng tp
trung t thng 10 n thng 1 nm sau. Thi gian t ra hoa n thu hoch khong 8-
9 thng. Nng sut trung bnh (80kg/cy/nm, cy khong t 10 nm tui) v kh n
nh [7],[10].
Qu dng hnh cu, c trng lng trung bnh 130 gam/qu. V qu mu
xanh n xanh vng khi chn, d lt v lp v gia rt mng. Tp mu vng cam,
nhiu nc, v ngt khng chua ( brix 9,5- 10,5 %), mi thm v c ht trung
bnh (8-10 ht/qu).
1.1.2. Cng dng ca cy cam, qut
Qu cam v ngt, chua, tnh mt, cha mt lng ln vitamin C cho nn c
tc dng gii kht, mt phi, thanh nhit, tiu m v li tiu. Dch qu c tc dng
gii nhit, tr st, cm cm, ho.
L cam: nc hm l cam b d dy (kin v), cha st, kh tiu, nn.
Dch l non cha tai chy nc vng hoc chy ra mu, m.
Hoa: nc hm ung du thn kinh, nc ct t hoa bo ho tinh du gi
l nc ct hoa cam dng pha ch thuc theo n.
Theo ng y, v qu cam, qut c v cay, mi thm, tnh m, c tc dng
tiu m, gip tiu ho, h kh y, iu ho t v. Nc hm v qu cam, qut
kch thch n ngon ming, lm du cn au d dy, y bng, chua v chng to
bn.Tinh du v qu cam c tc dng khng khun mnh.Trong tinh du hoa c
tc dng bng hoc km hn tinh du v qu; c tc dng va trn Klebsiella,
candida albicans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis v tc dng yu trn B.
pyocyaneus.Tinh du cam v dch chit cn v cam ti c vi cn trng.
1.1.3. Thnh phn trong v qu cam, qut
Trong v xanh qu cam c cha cc cht nh 1-stachhydrin, hesperidin,
aurantin, acid aurantinic, tinh du cam
Trong v qu qut ti c cha tinh du, nc, cc loi hp cht phenyl
propanoid glucosid, limonoid glucosid, adenosineTrong c mt s hp cht c
tc dng dc liu nh citrusin A, hesperidin (C
50
H
60
O
27
), vitamin A, B [21],[22].
Thnh phn chnh trong tinh du v qu cam, qut l limonene. Limonene l
mt hydrocarbon (monoterpene) lng, khng mu. Tn ca n xut pht t chanh,
bi v v chanh c cha mt lng ng k cc hp cht ny. Limonene gm hai
ng phn l D-limonene ((+)-;(4R)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexene),
c mi cam v L-limonene( (4S)-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl) cyclohexene), vi
mi nha thng [2],[3],[16].
Trong tinh du v qu cam, qut c hn 90% l limonene v ch yu l d-
limonene vi cc tnh cht vt l sau:
Cng thc phn t: C
10
H
16
Khi lng phn t: 136,24 g/mol
Khi lng ring : 0,841 g/ml (20 C)
Nhit nng chy: -95,5
o
C
Nhit si: 176 C
Chit sut: 1,4720
tan trong nc: 13,8 mg/l (25
o
C).
Tnh cht ha hc c bn ca limonene l d tham gia phn ng cng v d
dng b oxi ha. V d, n tham gia phn ng cng nc trong mi trng axit to
terpineol, phn ng oxy ha trong khng kh m to limonene oxit, carveol,
carvone [16].

Limonene c s dng trong thc phm v mt s loi thuc che du
mi v cay ng ca mt s alkaloid. Ngy nay n cng c s dng nh l mt
dung mi cho cc mc ch lm sch nh loi b du m t cc b phn my. c
bit c s dng lm dung mi sn cng nghip, lm sch trong nn cng nghip
in t vi li th khng c hi v d phn hy sinh hc to thnh C, CO
2
v
H
2
O [24].
1.1.4. Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc v th gii
n nay, c mt s nghin cu s dng v cam, qut lm nguyn liu
sn xut thuc v nhin liu.
Vit Nam nhm nghin cu ti trung tm ha dc, Vin Ha hc Cng
nghip Vit Nam nghin cu tch chit, phn lp hesperidin t v cam ph
thi.Hesperidin c tc dng khng vim, chng xy ha, chng d ng, chng ung
th, khng vi sinh vt (vi khun, nm, vi rt..), gim au, h st, chng c, chng
long xng v c bit khi dng phi hp vi vitamin C c tc dng cng hng
v h tr hp th vitamin C rt tt.
Nghin cu v hp cht PMS trong v qu cam, qut: tin s Elzbieta
Kurowska lm vic cho mt cng ty dc ca Canada ti M c tn l KGK
Synergize nghin cu kh nng lm gim cholesterol ca PMS. Hp cht t v
cam, qut c tn khoa hc l polymethoxylated flavones (PMF) l yu t chng
oxy ha tch cc thuc nhm flavonoid. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, ch 1% PMF
trong khu phn n hng ngy cng lm gim ti 40% lng cholesterol LDL trong
c th. Vy, PMF khng ch kh nng phn tit cholesterol LDL ca gan [23].
Nghin cu v kh nng phng bnh hen suyn ca limonene. Cc chuyn
gia ti Vin Cng ngh Technion (Israel) tin hnh nghin cu v tc ng ca
limonene t v cc tri cy h cam qut trn i tng l mt s con chut b hen
suyn. Nhm nghin cu p v chanh v cam ly nc ri cho chut ngi loi nc
ny. ng thi, h cng cho mt s con chut khc ngi limonene hoc eucalyptol,
thnh phn ch yu ca du bch n v khuynh dip. Kt qu cho thy limonene
c th bo v c th chut khi hen suyn cn eucalyptol th khng. Nguyn nhn
ca qu trnh ny l do limonene phn ng vi ozon trong ng h hp v chn
ng tc hi gy bnh hen suyn ca n [22].
Bin v cam thnh nhin liu v cht khng khun. Mohammad Taherzadeh
v nhm nghin cu ti khoa k thut, i hc Boras, Thy in nghin cu
sn xut ethanol v kh sinh hc (biogas) t v cam, qut. Cc nh khoa hc
pht trin mt phng php sn xut bn sn phm t cht thi cam qut, gm:
limon - mt tc nhn khng khun, pectin - mt tc nhn keo c s dng lm mt
v thch, biogas - kh t nhin c th nn, chy ng c v etanol - mt cht t
c lch s rt lu i.
1.2. I CNG V N MN V BO V KIM LOI
1.2.1. nh ngha v phn loi cc qu trnh n mn kim loi
n mn kim loi l qu trnh ph hy kim loi dn t ngoi vo trong khi
kim loi tip xc vi mi trng xung quanh. Lc kim loi b oxi ha thnh ion
ca n.
Phn loi theo c ch ca qu trnh: gm 3 loi
- n mn sinh hc: l s n mn kim loi gy ra do tc ng ca mt s vi sinh vt
c trong mi trng xm thc (t, nc, ).
- n mn ha hc: l qu trnh ph hu kim loi do tc dng ca n vi mi trng
xung quanh nh kh kh hoc cht lng khng phi l cht in gii. n mn kh
kh nhit thng t gp, qu trnh n mn kh ph bin l khi kim loi tip xc
vi kh nhit cao: xMe
(r)
+
2
y
O
2

C t
0
Me
x
O
y
.
- n mn in ha: n mn in ho kim loi l s ph hy kim loi do tc dng
in ha ca mi trng cht in gii v xy ra hai vng khc nhau trn b mt
kim loi v lm xut hin dng in. n mn in ho ca kim loi gm ba qu
trnh km theo nhau sau y:
+ Qu trnh anot: kim loi b n mn theo phn ng:
Me
n+
.ne
+ O mH
2
Me
n+
.mH
2
O.ne
+ Qu trnh catot: cc cht oxi ho nhn electron do kim loi gii phng:
Ox + ne Red (Red l cht kh) hay: D + ne [D.ne]
+ Qu trnh dn in: cc electron do kim loi b n mn gii phng s di
chuyn t anot sang catot, trong dung dch in li cng c s dch chuyn ca
cation v anion tng ng [4],[5].

Hnh 1.1: S n mn in ha.
1.2.2. C s nhit ng hc ca n mn in ha hc
- iu kin kim loi b n mn:
nghin cu nhit ng hc ca n mn in ha, ngi ta xy dng cc
gin Pourbaix (gin m t mi tng quan gia th v pH ca dung dch).

Hnh 1.2: Gin th - pH ca cc in cc hidro v oxi.

Trn gin ta thy:
ng (1) biu din th cn bng ca in cc hidro p sut 1atm:
2H
+
+ 2e H
2

Nu th in cc no nm thp hn ng (1) th trn in cc xut hin
phn ng kh: 2H
+
+ 2e H
2

cc th cao hn ng (1) xy ra phn ng: H
2
2H
+
+ 2e.
O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e 4OH
-

(2)
(1)
2H
+
+ 2e H
2
pH
E (V)
1,23
0,00
Nh vy, iu kin cn thit kim loi b n mn in ha km theo vic
gii phng H
2
25
0
C l: ) 059 , 0 (
2 2
/ 2 / 2 /
pH
H H H H Me Me
n
= <
+ + +
.
S n mn in ha km theo s kh ion H
+
gi l s n mn c hin tng kh
phn cc hidro.
ng (2) m t th cn bng ca in cc oxi p sut 1atm:
O
2
+ 4e + 2H
2
O 4OH
-

Nu th ca mt in cc no nm thp hn ng (2) th trn in cc xy
ra phn ng: O
2
+ 4e + 2H
2
O 4OH
-

cc th cao hn ng (2) th xy ra phn ng:
4OH
-
O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e
Nh vy, khi
+ +
< <
OH O Me Me H H
n
/ / / 2
2 2
= 1,23 0,059pH th kim loi
bn nhit ng vi n mn in ho bi s phn cc H
2
, nhng khng bn vi s
kh phn cc ca O
2
.
Tm li, trong qu trnh n mn in ha th Me s chuyn thnh Me
n+
, trong
khi H
+
s chuyn thnh H
2
hoc O
2
chuyn thnh OH
-
. Lc ta c nguyn t
Galvani: Me
n+
/ Me l anot, in cc hidro (oxi) l catot. Khi pH ca dung dch
tng ln th tc n mn in ha km theo vic gii phng hiro cng gim
[5],[13].
- Dng n mn:
Kho st qu trnh xy ra khi ngm Fe trong dung dch axit c pH < 2. Cc
phn ng in cc xy ra nh sau:
Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e (1.1)
H
2
2H
+
+ 2e (1.2)
O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e 2H
2
O (1.3)
Gi thit rng O
2
c ui sch. Khi ta ch xt cc cn bng (1.1) v (1.2) v
phng trnh ca dng n mn l: | | 2 1
1
.
0
| o
o
+
+
= H i i
s s
(1.4)

k
2

k
4

Trong : +
1 1
, | o : h s chuyn ca phn ng kim loi.
+
2 2
, | o : h s chuyn ca phn ng hiro.
Vy dng n mn ph thuc vo ch s pH ca dung dch. Ngoi ra dng n
mn cn c m t bi s ph thuc vo th gi l ng cong phn cc.

Hnh 1.3: ng cong phn cc.
- Tc n mn:
Qu trnh n mn in ho l do kt qu ca qu trnh xy ra vng catot
v anot. ng thi vi cc qu trnh l s chuyn dch in t t anot sang catot.
Vy, tc n mn kim loi c tnh bng khi lng kim loi b n mn trn
mt n v din tch b mt trong mt n v thi gian:

A m
i
nF
A
t S F n
t I A
t S
m
t S
m m
K = =
A
=
=
. . .
. .
. .
2 1
(1.5)
Trong :
S : din tch b mt in cc anot (m
2
, cm
2
).
i
A
: mt dng in anot (A/m
2
, A/cm
2
).
K
m
: tc n mn ca kim loi (g/m
2
.s, g/cm
2
.s).
T tc n mn, chng ta c th xc nh thm nhp (K
tn
) tnh theo
chiu su kim loi b n mn trong mt nm theo biu thc sau:
0365 , 0
0365 , 0 .
tn
m
m
tn
K
K
K
K = =
(1.6)
: trng lng ring ca kim loi (g/cm
2
)
Ngoi ra, theo (1.5) tc n mn c th o bng mt dng in n mn
hoc th tch kh H
2
thot ra v n ph thuc vo dng ng cong phn cc catot
v anot. Do vy, khng nhng tnh cht nhit ng (th cn bng) m ngay c tnh
cht ng hc ca phn ng cng rt quan trng [13].
1.2.3. Cc yu t nh hng ti s n mn in ha
Oxi (trong khng kh) v nc (khng kh m) l nhng tc nhn khng th
thiu gy nn s n mn kim loi.
- Cc tp cht trong kim loi nh cacbon, cc kim loi km hot ng, cc
oxit, cc mui sunfua lm tng s n mn.
- S c mt ca cc cht in li, mi trng c cc kh SO
2
, NO
2

- S gia cng kim loi, v ngi ta bit rng trong thanh kim loi, ni no
chu mt sc cng (chng hn chu dp, un cong) th y cc nguyn t kim
loi hot ng hn v hnh thnh vng anot, kim loi b n mn trc
[5],[13]
1.2.4. C ch n mn thp, ng trong nc bin
1.2.4.1. Thnh phn ca nc bin
Bng 1.1: Thnh phn cc mui ha tan trong nc bin.
Mui
Thnh phn (%) Mui Thnh phn (%)
NaCl 77,8 K
2
SO
4
2,5
MgCl
2
10,9 CaCO
3
0,3
MgSO
4
4,7 MgBr
2
0,2
CaSO
4
3,6
dn in ca nc bin rt cao, hm lng Cl
-
kh ln. V vy, qu trnh
n mn xy ra trong nc bin rt mnh lit.
1.2.4.2. S lc v thp CT3, ng

Thp CT3 thuc nhm thp cht lng thng, C l cacbon, T l thp, con s
tip theo ch gii hn bn chu ko ti thiu (kg/mm
2
).
Bng 1.2: Thnh phn (%) cc nguyn t ca thp CT3.
Thnh phn
Fe C Mn Si P S Ni Cu
% 98,88 0,06 0,25 0,12 0,04 0,05 0,3 0,3
Thp CT3 ngoi thnh phn chnh l hp kim st - cacbon cn cha mt
lng nh cc nguyn t nh: Mn, Si, P, S.. Ngoi ra cn c mt lng nh cc
nguyn t Cr, Ni, Cu gi l hp cht ngu nhin nng cao c tnh ca thp.
Thp CT3 c u im l: c c tnh nht nh,c tnh cng ngh tt nh d
c, hn, cn, rn, dp, ko si, gia cng ct gt,c gi thnh r.
ng l mt kim loi mu vng nh , c dn nhit v dn in cao
(trong s cc kim loi nguyn cht nhit phng ch c bc c dn in cao
hn). ng l mt trong s kim loi quan trng bc nht ca cng nghip.
ng c nhiu tnh nng u vit: dn in v dn nhit cao, t b oxi ha,
c bn cao v chng n mn tt.
1.2.4.3. C ch n mn thp, ng trong nc
- Phn ng n mn thp trong nc:
Trong khng kh m cng nh trong mi trng nc lun ha tan kh O
2
v
kh CO
2
trong kh quyn to thnh mt dung dch cht in li. Thp l mt hp kim
ca Fe vi nhiu kim loi v phi kim. n mn thp trong dung dch nc l kt qu ca
hai hay nhiu phn ng xy ra trn b mt cc kim loi. Trong c mt phn ng anot
(oxi ha kim loi thnh ion ca n di dng oxit hay hiroxit) v mt hoc nhiu phn
ng catot (kh cc cu t oxi ho c mt trong dung dch).
Cc phn ng xy ra nh sau:
Phn ng catot:
2H
2
O + O
2
+ 4e 4OH
-
(1.7)

| |
4
0
2 / 2 /
2
2 2
lg
4
059 , 0
+ =

OH
P
O
OH O
cb
OH O

Vi pH = 7,
2
O
P = 0,2atm, T = 298K, ta c:
cb
OH O

2 /
2
= 0,81V
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-
(1.8)

| |
2
0
/ 2 / 2
2
2 2
1
lg
2
059 , 0
+ =
+ +
OH P
H
H H
cb
H H

Vi pH = 7,
2
H
P =1atm, T = 298K, ta c:
cb
H H
2
/ 2
+
= 0,413V
Phn ng anot: Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e
cb
Fe Fe /
2+
= -0,44V (1.9)
Vy thp rt d b n mn trong nc. Ngoi ra cc kim loi khc c trong
thp c th cn bng ln hn
cb
H H
2
/ 2
+
nhng vn c th b n mn trong dung dch c
cha oxi ho tan [5],[14].
Trong mi trng axit, tc n mn ph phuc vo nhng phn ng catot:
2H
+
+ 2e H
2
(1.10)
O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e 2H
2
O (1.11)
pH thp th phn ng (1.11) xy ra nhanh nn tc n mn ln.
Bn cnh , ti catot cn xy ra cc phn ng khc dn n n mn [18],[19].
V d: 2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2HCO
3
-
(1.12)
Thc t trong t nhin, nc sng v nc bin c tc n mn ph thuc
phn ln vo lng oxi ho tan, hm lng Cl
-
, Br
-
trong nc.
- Phn ng n mn ng trong nc:
Kim loi ng thng khng b n mn trong khng kh hoc mi trng
axit (H
+
) nhng khi trong nc c axit v oxi ha tan hoc trong mi trng nc
bin th ng c th b n mn.
Trong mi trng nc bin c ion Cl
-
c th to phc vi ion Cu
2+
lm
cho
cb
Cu Cu /
2+
<
cb
H H
2
/ 2
+
v qu trnh n mn s xy ra.
Cu + 2Cl
-
CuCl
2
+ 2e
| |
| |
2
2
/
059 , 0 194 , 0
2

+ =
Cl
CuCl
cb
Cu CuCl
(1.13)
V d: vi [Cl
-
] = 1M, [CuCl
2
] = 10
-6
M th
cb
Cu CuCl /
2
= -0,16V. Nh vy, ng s b
n mn ti pH xc nh.
Trong mi trng axit c cha oxi ha tan th phn ng xy ra nh sau:
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
Cu Cu /
0
2+
= 0,34V (1.14 )
O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e 2H
2
O
0
/
2 2
O H O
= 1,23V (1. 15)
Vy, phn ng oxy ha ng c th xy ra trong mi trng axit c cha oxi.
1.2.5. Cc phng php bo v kim loi
1.2.5.1. Bo v bng cch ngn cch kim loi vi mi trng xm thc
C nhiu cch x l, bo v theo kiu ny:
* Ph mt lp khng phi l kim loi: men, sn, vecni, mng cht do
* Ph mt lp kim loi khc chng n mn tt hn. Vic ph ny c th thc
hin bng in phn (m crom, m niken, m bc, m km ) hoc nhng trong
kim loi nu chy.
* To thnh mt lp b mt bo v da vo mt phn ng ha hc
1.2.5.2. Bo v bng cc phng php in ha
a. C s ca phng php bo v in ha

Hnh1.4: Gin th - pH cc vng n mn v bo v kim loi.
Thc cht ca phng php bo v in ho l lm cho th kim loi cn
c bo v thay i theo hng a kim loi vo vng c bo v (phng php
bo v catot) hoc vo vng th ng (phng php bo v anot).
Da vo hnh 1.4 th trong iu kin no ta c th chuyn th in cc v
pha dng hn hay m hn so vi th n mn th dng n mn s gim. Nh vy,
bo v in ha l phn cc th in cc. C 2 phng php bo v kim loi chng
n mn: bo v catot v bo v anot.
b. Phng php bo v catot
* Bo v bng dng in ngoi: nh dng in mt chiu bn ngoi, ngi ta gim
th in cc xung trong vng khng b n mn, hay trong gin Evans ta gim
th catot n gi tr th cn bng; do dng n mn hng v s 0
* Bo v bng anot hi sinh (bo v bng protect):
gim th in cc n th bo v (bng kim loi khng b n mn hay th ng
hon ton), ta c th cho Fe tip xc vi kim loi c th thp hn th ca Fe v c
tc dng nh l mt anot hi sinh (anot hi sinh thng dng l Zn, Al, hp kim Al -
Zn).
c. Phng php bo v anot
Trong phng php ny kim loi cn c bo v c phn cc bng dng
in anot, khi th ca kim loi s ri vo trng thi th ng. ng cong phn
cc trong s th ng ha c th hin hnh v.

Hnh 1.6: ng cong phn cc trong phng php bo v anot.
Kim loi cng c th chuyn vo trng thi th ng khi c x l bng
dung dch c cha cc cht oxi ha nh H
2
SO
4
c ngui, HNO
3
c ngui. Hin
tng th ng gn lin vi s hnh thnh trn b mt kim loi mt mng hp ph
oxit hoc mng mui [5],[13].
1.2.5.3. Bo v bng cht c ch (cht lm chm qu trnh n mn)
Cht c ch n mn l cht m khi thm mt lng nh vo mi trng th
tc n mn in ho ca kim loi v hp kim gim i rt ln. Tc dng ca cht
i

i
t
i
am
Vng n mn
Vng th ng
c ch l ngn cn qu trnh anot, catot hay to mng do s hp ph phn t cht
hu c ln b mt, to lp kt ta mui trn b mt hoc loi b tc nhn n mn
nh gi hiu qu ca cht c ch, ngi ta thng da vo 2 ch s sau:
- H s tc dng bo v (k hiu: Z): . (1.16)
K
0
: tc n mn ca kim loi trong dung dch khi cha c cht c ch (g/m
2
.h)
K
1
: tc n mn ca kim loi khi c cht c ch (g/m
2
.h)
- Hiu qu bo v (k hiu: ): . (1.17)
Z cng gn 100% th cng tt v cng ln cng tt [18] [19].
Cht c ch hu c
Tc dng ca cht c ch hu c l hp ph ln b mt kim loi v lm gim
hoc ngn chn phn ng ca kim loi vi mi trng bn ngoi.
S hp ph hp cht hu c ln b mt kim loi c thc hin bng cch
thay cc phn t nc trn b mt kim loi v to thnh mt lp mng ro cn. S
c mt ca electron cha lin kt v electron pi trong phn t cht c ch to iu
kin thun li cho s chuyn in t t cht c ch n kim loi v lin kt c
hnh thnh. Lc lin kt ph thuc vo mt in t trn nguyn t cho. S lin
kt ny lm cho mt in t trn kim loi ti cc im ht electron thay i
dn n lm chm phn ng n mn in anot.
Cng c kin cho rng cht hu c hp ph ln b mt kim loi, u tin l
hp ph vt l do lc tnh in v lc Vander Waals, sau l hp ph ha hc: cc
nguyn t N, O, S hoc cc lin kt i c trong thnh phn ca cht c ch s
tng tc vi cc electron d hoc obitan d trng ca kim loi to thnh lp mng
trn b mt kim loi [17],[18],[19].
Nh vy, nhng hp cht hu c c kh nng c ch n mn kim loi khi
trong phn t ca chng c cc cp electron t do ca cc d t nh N, S, O hoc l
hp cht c cha lin kt pi hoc chng l cc hp cht d vng.
% 100
0
1 0
=
K
K K
Z
1
0
K
K
=
1.3. CC PHNG PHP CHIT TCH HP CHT HU C
chit tch cc hp cht hu c t ngun nguyn liu thin nhin ngi ta
thng s dng cc phng php chng ct, chit, kt tinh v tch bng sc k.
1.3.1. Phng php chng ct
Chng ct l s tch ri cc cu phn ca mt hn hp nhiu cht lng da
trn s khc bit v p sut hi ca chng.Vi mt p sut,nhit si tng ng
ca hn hp lun lun thp hn nhit si ca tng hp cht.
Chnh v c tnh lm gim nhit si ny m t lu phng php chng
ct hi nc l phng php u tin dng tch tinh du ra khi nguyn liu thc
vt.
1.3.1.1. Chng ct thng
Khi cn tch ly mt cht lng c nhit si khng cao lm ra khi cc cht
c nhit si khc bit so vi n, ngi ta dng phng php chng ct thng.
1.3.1.2. Chng ct li cun hi nc
Phng php ny da trn s thm thu, ha tan, khuch tn v li cun
theo hi nc ca nhng hp cht hu c trong tinh du cha trong cc m khi tip
xc vi hi nc nhit cao. S khuch tn s d dng khi t bo cha tinh du
trng phng do nguyn liu tip xc vi hi nc bo ha trong mt thi gian nht
nh. Trng hp m thc vt c cha sp, nha, acid bo th khi chng ct phi
c thc hin trong mt thi gian di v nhng hp cht ny lm gim p sut hi
chung ca h thng v lm cho s khuch tn tr nn kh khn.
Nhng hp cht hu c khng tan hoc rt t tan trong nc, mc d c nhit
si cao nhng khi trn vi nc s to ra hn hp si nhit xp x 100
0
C (
p sut thng). Khi pha hi s mol cht hu c (n
chc
) v s mol nc (n
n
) s t
l thun vi p sut ring phn ca chng nhit si ca hn hp (n
chc
: n
n
=
P
chc
: P
n
).
Lm lnh pha hi s thu c pha hu c (lng hoc rn) cng vi nc
lng. Sau khi chit hoc lc s thu c pha hu c [9].
Nhng nh hng chnh trong s chng ct hi nc l s khuch tn, s
thy gii v nhit .
- S khuch tn: ngay khi nguyn liu c lm v vn th ch c mt s m
cha tinh du b v v cho tinh du thot t do ra ngoi theo hi nc li cun i.
Phn ln tinh du cn li trong cc m thc vt s tin dn ra ngoi b mt nguyn
liu bng s ha tan v thm thu. Von Rechenberg m t qu trnh chng ct
hi nc nh sau: nhit nc si, mt phn tinh du ha tan vo trong nc
c sn trong t bo thc vt. Dung dch ny s thm thu dn ra b mt nguyn liu
v b hi nc cun i. Cn nc i vo nguyn liu theo chiu ngc li v tinh
du li tip tc b ha tan vo lng nc ny. Quy trnh ny lp i lp li cho n
khi tinh du trong cc m thot ra ngoi ht. Lng nc cng nhiu th cng c li
cho qu trnh khuch tn nhng n li ha tan cc cu t phn cc trong tinh du v
th lng tinh du gim i.
- S thy gii: nhng cu phn ester trong tinh du thng d b thy gii
cho ra acid v alcol khi un nng trong mt thi gian di vi nc. Do , hn
ch hin tng ny, s chng ct hi nc phi c thc hin trong mt thi gian
cng ngn cng tt.
- Nhit cao lm phn hy tinh du. Do , khi cn thit phi dng hi
nc qu nhit (trn 100
o
C) nn thc hin vic ny trong giai on cui cng ca s
chng ct, sau khi cc cu phn d bay hi li cun i ht. Thc ra, hu ht cc
tinh du u km bn di tc dng ca nhit nn vn l lm sao cho thi gian
chu nhit cao ca tinh du cng ngn cng tt.
Tm li, ba yu t trn c xem xt c lp nhng thc t th chng c lin
quan vi nhau v quy v nh hng ca nhit . Khi tng nhit , s khuch tn
thm thu v ha tan tinh du trong nc s tng nhng s phn hy tinh du cng
tng theo [9],[11].
1.3.2. Phng php chit
Chit l phng php dng mt dung mi thch hp ha tan cht cn tch
thnh mt pha lng (gi l dch chit) phn chia khi pha lng (hoc pha rn)
cha hn hp cc cht cn li. Tch ly dch chit, gii phng dung mi s thu c
cht cn tch .
1.3.3. Phng php sc k
Sc k l mt k thut tch trong cc cu t cn tch trong mt hn hp
mu c vn chuyn bi pha ng i qua pha tnh. Mu i vo tng ng c
mang theo dc h thng sc k c cha pha tnh phn b u khp [15].
Qu trnh sc k xy ra trong ct chnh l qu trnh tng tc gia cht phn
tch vi pha tnh trong ct. Qu trnh tng tc c th xy ra theo cc tnh cht
ha l nht nh: l s hp ph, trao i ion, phn b, ry phn t.
1.4. CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH HP CHT HU C
1.4.1. Phng php sc k kh
Phng php sc k kh l k thut tch v phn tch cc cht trong hn hp
cht hu c d bay hi v khi bay hi khng b phn hy.Vi mt cht phn tch s
c mt thi gian lu xc nh c trng cho cht nn dung phn tch nh
tnh. ln ca pic c c trng bng din tch hay chiu cao ca pic ; hai i
lng ny t l vi nng ca cht phn tch trong mt khong xc nh no .
Do vy, phng php sc k kh c s dng phn tch nh lng cc cht d
bay hi bng phng php lp ng chun hay so snh vi cht chun bit
chnh xc hm lng [15].
1.4.2. Phng php khi ph
1.4.2.1. Nguyn tc
Nguyn tc ca phng php khi ph l da vo cht nghin cu c ion
ha trong pha kh hoc pha ngng t di chn khng cao bng nhng phng
php thch hp thnh nhng ion (ion phn t, ion mnh,...) c s khi khc nhau.
Sau , nhng ion ny c phn tch thnh nhng dy ion theo cng t s s khi
trn in tch ion m/e v xc sut c mt ca mi dy ion c cng t s m/e c ghi
li trn th c trc tung l xc sut c mt (hay cng vch), v trc honh l
t s m/e gi l khi ph [8].Ph khi lng cho php xc nh chnh xc phn t
khi v cu trc phn t.
1.5. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU B MT
nghin cu b mt in cc chng ta c th s dng phng php knh hin vi
in t qut (Scaning electron microscopy- SEM)
Nguyn tc c bn ca phng php SEM l s dng tia in t to nh
mu nghin cu, nh khi n mn nh quan c th t phng i yu cu.

CHNG 2: NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
2.1. NGHIN CU CC YU T NH HNG N QU TRNH CHIT
TCH TINH DU T V QU CAM, QUT
2.1.1. Nguyn liu
Cam snh v qut ng em ra sch, gt ly v. i vi cam ch gt ly
phn v xanh, qut co b lp v trng ri xay nh, ngm trong nc mui trong
thi gian 120 pht. Sau thc hin qu trnh chng ct li cun hi nc thu
tinh du v nc chng.
2.1.2. Quy trnh

V cam, qut
X l nguyn liu
Chng ct li
cun hi nc
Phn ly
Tinh du th
Lng, lmkhan
Tinh du
Nc chng
Kho st tnh cht c
ch n mn kimloi
Phn tch GC-MS

- Thuyt minh quy trnh:
Nguyn liu sau khi x l, tin hnh chng ct tinh du trong thi gian 60
pht. ngui, lng, phn ly tch ly phn tinh du th.
Sau lm khan tinh du th bng Na
2
SO
4
khan. Dng natrisunfat khan
vi hm lng 2,5 - 5,5% ty theo hm lng nc c trong tinh du. Sau lc
natrisunfat thu c tinh du. Cn xc nh lng tinh du ly trch c. Ghi
nhn kt qu [9],[11].
- Gii thch quy trnh:
Nguyn tc ca qu trnh chng ct li cun hi nc l s thm thu,
khuch tn v ha tan. Ban u nc t bn ngoi thm thu vo trong t bo, sau
xy ra s khuch tn, ha tan. Di tc dng ca nhit, hi nc li cun tinh
du bc hi, tip theo l s ngng t bnh hng. Khi xay nh nguyn liu, cc t
bo cha tinh du b v, s thm thu v khuch tn xy ra nhanh hn nn thi gian
chng ct ngn hn.
Lng mui n thm vo ng vai tr l lm tng t trng ca nc, ph v
h nh tng tinh du-nc, lm cho tinh du d tch lp trong qu trnh chng ct.
Do n rt ngn thi gian chng ct.
X l tinh du th sau khi chng ct v tinh du ra khi thit b phn ly l
tinh du th, cn cha nhiu tp cht nh: nc, mt s cc hp cht hu c nh
cht mu, nha, sp ha tan. nng cao cht lng tinh du v to iu kin thun
li trong qu trnh bo qun, nghin cu tinh du phi lng, gn, lm khan [7],[9].
2.1.3. Nghin cu cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chit tch tinh du
Tin hnh nghin cu s nh hng ca ba yu t sau:
- Thi gian chng ct.
- Nng mui.
- T l nguyn liu rn/dung mi lng (nc):g/ml l t l khi lng g/g.

2.2. NGHIN CU TNH CHT C CH N MN KIM LOI CA DCH
CHIT V QU CAM, QUT
2.2.1. Thit b o
S dng thit b o PGS HH3 tin hnh nghin cu nh hng ca thi
gian ngm kim loi trong dch chit v qu cam, qut v t l tinh du trong h tinh
du-ancol n kh nng c ch n mn thp CT3 v ng trong mi trng mui v
axit.Trong qu trnh ny, chng ti s dng chng trnh Potentiondyamic
nghin cu.

Hnh 2.1: S thit b o ng cong phn cc.
Trong :
(1) Bnh o in ha
(2) Potentiostat
(3) B bin i tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s (ADC: Analog Digital Converter)
v tn hiu s sang tn hiu tng t (DAC: Digital Analog Converter).
(4) My vi tnh
(5) Lu tr thng tin
CE: in cc i
RE: in cc so snh
WE: in cc lm vic
Ch o: - Tc qut th l 30Mv/s
- Khong qut th:
(1)

WE
RE
CE

I
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
o
S
t
a
t

(
2
)

ADC
DAC
(3)
PC
(4)

Lu
tr
(5)
+ T -1.2V n -0.5V i vi in cc thp
+ T -1.5V n 0.5 V i vi in cc ng
2.2.2. in cc v ha cht
2.2.2.1. in cc
in cc lm vic c ch to t thp CT3 v in cc ng c din tch b
mt l 4cm
2
, phn cn li c bc bi nha epoxy. mng nh epoxy cch li
tt, tin hnh qut nhiu lp ln nhau.
in cc Ag/AgCl c dng lm in cc so snh v in cc i l in
cc Platin (Pt).
2.2.2.2. Ha cht
- Dung dch NaCl 3,5%, Na
2
CO
3
30 mg/l, H
2
SO
4
20%.
- Dung dch HCl vi cc nng 0,1M; 0,2M; 0,3M; 0,5M .
- Ancol etylic 96
0
.
- Tinh du cam, tinh du qut, nc chng cam v nc chng qut.
2.2.3. Phng php chun b b mt
Trc khi tin hnh nghin cu, in cc thp CT3 v ng c gia cng
c b mt phng v ty sch cc lp g v cc lp du m bm trn b mt.
2.2.3.1. Mi nhn v nh bng
Cc in cc lm vic c din tch b mt l 4cm
2
. Trc khi tin hnh
nghin cu,ta dng giy nhm ch xt ln b mt kim loi b mt nhn ,bong.
2.2.3.2. Phng php ty g
ty g cho b mt in cc lm vic chng ti dng axit H
2
SO
4
vi nng
18% - 20%, nhit tin hnh 25
0
C lm gim s ho tan kim loi v kh H
2

thot ra.
2.2.3.3. Ty du m
Dng dung dch Na
2
CO
3
c nng 30mg/l ty m b mt in cc lm
vic trc khi tin hnh nghin cu.
2.2.4. Phng php nghin cu bng cch xy dng ng cong phn cc
Qu trnh n mn thp CT3, ng trong dung dch NaCl 3,5% v trong dung
dch axit l cc qu trnh n mn in ha. Cc phn ng n mn c th c
nghin cu bng phng php in ha, tc n mn tng ng vi mt
dng in. V vy, chng ti xc nh tc n mn bng phng php xy dng
ng cong phn cc.
2.2.4.1. Phng php xy dng ng cong phn cc
Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti tin hnh xy dng ng cong phn cc
bng chng trnh o Potentiondynamic. Mi lin h gia dng v th biu th bng
h thc I=F(U). Khi qut th trong mt khong t U
1
n U
2
ngi ta xc nh cc
dng tng ng th hin c cc qu trnh in ha xy ra trn b mt in cc.
Mi quan h gia dng v th ca phng php th l ng cong phn cc.
2.2.4.2. Phng php xc nh in tr phn cc
Vic xc nh in tr phn cc R
p
ca h n mn l xc nh dc ca
ng cong phn cc ti in th n nh (trng thi khng c dng in).
xc nh in tr phn cc, phi o mt on ca ng cong phn cc
ti th t -30Mv n +30Mv so vi E
c
v ly tg ti in th n mn.
Ta c:
U
I
tg = o . Theo nh lut Ohm:
o tg
R
I
U
p
1
R
p
= =
dc ca ng cong phn cc () cng cao th in tr phn cc cng nh
hay tc n mn cng ln v ngc li.
2.2.4.3. Phng php xc nh dng n mn
Trng thi t nhin ca mt h n mn l khng c dng in. o tc
n mn thng phi a h ra khi trng thi t nhin ca n (tc l phn cc). Ri
sau ngoi suy n tr v trng thi khng c dng in.

Hnh 2.3: Phng php xc nh dng n mn.
Quy trnh ca php o dng n mn:
- Phn cc anot hay catot hoc c hai, xy dng ng cong U lgI.
- Chn trn mi nhnh mt on thng nht c di t 50Mv n 100Mv
(nhnh anot, nhnh catot).
- Mi ng thng c nh du bng hai im, sau tin hnh v ng
thng i qua hai im v ct nhau ti mt im.
- Chiu im ln trc lgI, xc nh c dng n mn.
2.3. PHNG PHP CHP SEM XC NH B MT
Chun b 2 mu thp, 2 mu ng kch thc 2 2 cm c lm sch b mt
bng cc phng php nu. Mu 1 oxi ha t nhin trong khng kh trong
thi gian 72 gi. Mu 2 ngm trong h tinh du cam-ancol trong 60 pht, sau li
oxi ha tip trong khng kh trong thi gian 72 gi nh mu i chng. Tin
hnh chp nh b mt SEM xc nh nh hng ca lp ph cht c ch n
s oxi ha thp CT3 v ng trong khng kh.

U(V)
-0.45 -0.5 -0.55 -0.6 -0.65 -0.7 -0.75 -0.8 -0.85 -0.9 -0.95
j

(
m
A
/
c
m
^
2
)
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
I

U U

CHNG 3: KT QU V THO LUN
3.1. NGHIN CU CC YU T NH HNG N QU TRNH TCH
CHIT TINH DU

Nguyn liu: cam snh v qut
ng, em ra sch, gt ly v v co b
phn v gia. Mt kilogam qu cam thu
c khong 160g v xanh; mt kilogam
qu qut thu c khong 120g v qut
sch. Tinh du v qu cam, qut c
chit tch bng phng php chng ct li
cun hi nc. Hiu sut tinh du c
tnh theo khi lng tinh du thu c trn
khi lng nguyn liu ti qua x l.

3.1.1. Kho st nng mui
Chn t l khi lng nguyn liu ti/khi lng nc l 1:3. Thay i
nng mui NaCl t 0% n 12% ngm nguyn liu trong thi gian 120 pht.
Sau chng ct bng phng php li cun hi nc trong thi gian 60 pht,
theo di th tch tinh du thu c vi 100 gam nguyn liu qua x l. Kt qu
c trnh by trong bng 3.1.
Hnh 3.1: V qu cam snh, qut ng.

Hnh 3.2: B dng c chng ct li cun
hi nc.
ct li cun hi nc

Bng 3.1: Th tch tinh du cam, qut thay i theo nng mui.
Nng
mui(%)
0 5 8 10 12
Th tch tinh
du cam (ml)
2,95 3,40 3,73 3,58 3,55
Th tch tinh
du qut (ml)
3,85

4,65 5,10 4,98 4,83
Qua bng 3.1 cho thy, nng mui thch hp cho qu trnh tch chit c
hai loi tinh du v qu cam v qut u l 8%. nng mui thp hn qu trnh
tch lp cha tt nn lng tinh du thp hn. nng mui cao hn s hn ch
qu trnh khuych tn, ph v ti tinh du nn lng tinh du thu c cng thp.
3.1.2. Kho st lng nc chng thch hp
Thay i lng nc chng ct t 150ml n 350ml i vi 100g nguyn
liu. Ngm nguyn liu trong nc vi nng mui l 8%, thi gian ngm l 120
pht, thi gian chng ct l 60 pht. Kho st s thay i th tch tinh du theo t l
khi lng nguyn liu/nc chng. Kt qu c trnh by trong bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2: Th tch tinh du thay i theo t l khi lng nguyn liu/nc.

Kt qu trong bng 3.2 cho thy t l khi lng gia nguyn liu v nc
thch hp chng ct tinh du t v cam l 1:2,5. Vi v qut t l ny l 1:3.
Nu lng nc t hn th khng khuch tn tinh du trong cc ti, nu lng
nc nhiu hn th s mt mt lng tinh du ha tan trong nc.
T l
1:1,5 1:2 1:2,5 1:3 1:3,5
V
td
cam(ml) 3,50 3,63 3,78 3,72 3,55
V
td
qut(ml) 4,70 4,85 4,98 5,13 4,73
3.1.3. Kho st thi gian chng ct thch hp
Chn t l khi lng nguyn liu/nc v nng mui thch hp vi tng
loi nguyn liu nh trn.Hiu sut tinh du c tnh theo t l khi lng tinh du
trn khi lng nguyn liu qua x l. Kt qu kho st hiu sut tinh du theo
thi gian chng ct c trnh by trong bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3: Hiu sut tinh du cam, qut thay i theo thi gian chng ct.
Thi gian
(pht)
Hiu sut (%) tinh
du cam
Hiu sut (%) tinh
du qut
10 1,789 1,613
20 2,419 2,620
30 2,811 3,265
40 2,965 3,563
50 3,088 3,855
60 3,187 4,000
70 3,264 4,128
80 3,305 4,266
90 3,305 4,295
100 3,307 4,295

Nh vy, thi gian thch hp chng ct tinh du v qu cam l 80 pht,
vi v qu qut l 90 pht. Nu tip tc chng ct sau khong thi gian ny th
lng tinh du thay i khng ng k. Khong thi gian chng ct nh trn l
tng i ngn do nguyn liu c loi b lp v trng, xay nh v ngm trong
nc mui gip tinh du nhanh thot ra khi cc ti trong lp v ngoi v d tch
lp. Vy, cc bc x l nguyn liu rt ngn c thi gian chng ct v tit
kim nhin liu.
3.2. NH DANH CC HP CHT TRONG TINH DU
Xc nh thnh phn ca tinh du bng phng php sc k kh gn kt khi
ph (GC-MS) trn my Fisons Instrument ti trung tm dch v phn tch th
nghim s 2 Nguyn Vn Th, thnh ph H Ch Minh. Kt qu phn tch c
trnh by hnh 3.3 v 3.4:

Hnh 3.3: Kt qu phn tch sc k kh ca tinh du cam.


Hnh 3.4: Kt qu phn tch sc k kh ca tinh du qut
Sau y l ph khi MS ca mt s cu t trong tinh du cam v qut:

--pinene

-Octanal

-Limonene

Bng 3.4: Cc hp cht c trong tinh du v qu cam.
STT
Tn Hm lng (%)
1 - cis-ocimene 1,45
2 Beta-pinene 0,30
3 Beta-myrcene 5,31
4 Octanal 0,26
5 Limonene 91,65
6 -linalool 0,33
7 p-menth-1-en-8-ol,(S)-(-)- 0,1
8 Decanal 0,6
Tng cng 100
Vy, tinh du v qu cam chng ct theo phng php li cun hi nc
gm c 8 cu t, trong cu t chnh l limonene, cu t c hm lng ln th hai
l beta-myrcene.
Bng 3.5: Cc hp cht c trong tinh du v qu qut.
STT
Tn Hm lng (%)
1 - cis-ocimene 1,32
2 Beta-pinene 0,43
3 2(10)-pinene,(1S,5S)-(-)- 1,18
4 Beta-myrcene 0,33
5 Octanal 0,33
6 Limonene 94,14
7 -linalool
0,80
8 1,8-nonadiene-3-ol 0,42
9 p-menth-1-en-8-ol,(S)-(-)- 0,18
10 Decanal 0,66
11 Cyclohexan,2,4-diisopropennyl-1-
methyl-1-vinyl-,(1S,2R,4R)-
0,20
Tng cng 100

T kt qu phn tch GC-MS cho thy, tinh du cam v qut c chit tch
theo phng php chng ct li cun hi nc c mt s cu t ging nhau. Trong
tinh du cam pht hin c t cu t hn trong tinh du qut v thnh phn chnh
trong c hai loi l limonene.
3.3. TNH CHT C CH N MN KIM LOI CA DCH CHIT V
QU CAM, QUT
3.3.1. Kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca tinh du v qu cam
3.3.1.1. nh hng ca t l tinh du trong h tinh du-ancol
- in cc thp CT3:
Tin hnh o ng cong phn cc ca in cc thp CT3 (khng ngm
trong tinh du cam) trong mi trng NaCl 3,5%. Sau ngm in cc thp CT3
trong h tinh du-ancol vi t l v th tch tinh du t 20% n 100%, thi gian
ngm l 60 pht. o ng cong phn cc ca in cc ny trong trong mi
trng NaCl 3,5%. Kt qu c th hin cc hnh t 3.5 n 3.8.

.

Hnh 3.6. ng cong phn cc ca
thp ngm trong h tinh du cam-
ancol vi t l tinh du 20%.
Corr.density: 9,3972E-0002 mA/cm
2
Equal to 2,7270E-0005 mg/cm
2
.s

2
2
.s

thp ngm trong h tinh du cam-ancol
vi t l tinh du 50%.
2
2
.s

thp ngm trong h tinh du cam-ancol
vi t l tinh du 60%.
2
2
.s

in cc thp ngm trong mi trng
NaCl 3,5%.
Bng 3.6. Gi tr dng n mn (I
corr
) v h s tc dng bo v Z (%) ca in cc
thp theo t l tinh du cam trong h tinh du-ancol vi thi gian ngm 60 pht.
STT
T l tinh du (% v) I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z%
1 0 1,8146E-0001 0
2 20 9,3972E-0002 48,21
3 30 7,9839E-0002 56,01
4 40 5,5845E-0002 69,22
5 50 4,6696E-0002 74,26
6 60 4,7041E-0002 74,11
7 80 4,6758E-0002 74,23
8 100 4,7414E-0002 73,87
Kt qu t bng 3.6 cho thy khi tng t l tinh du cam trong h th kh nng
c ch cng tng do to ra lp ph trn b mt kim loi cng bn, cch li kim loi
vi mi trng xung quanh cng tt. V t l tinh du trong h tinh du cam-ancol
thch hp ngm thp l 50%, nu tng thm t l tinh du th h s tc dng bo
v khng tng na.
- in cc ng:
Tin hnh o ng cong phn cc ca in cc ng (khng ngm trong
tinh du cam) trong mi trng NaCl 3,5%. Sau o dng cong phn cc ca
in cc ng ngm 60 pht trong h tinh du-ancol vi t l th tch tinh du thay
i. Kt qu c biu din lot hnh t 3.8 n 3.9.

Bng 3.7: Gi tr dng n mn (i
corr
) v hiu qu c ch Z (%) theo t l tinh du
cam trong h tinh du-ancol etylic (in cc ng) vi thi gian ngm 60 pht.
STT T l tinh du (% v) I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z%
1 0 1,5457E-0002 0
2 20 8,9334E-0003 42,20
3 30 7,124E-0003 53,94
4 40 4,2614E-0003 72,43
5 50 3,4365E-0003 77,77
6 60 3,6752E-0003 76,17
T bng 3.6 v bng 3.7 cho thy: ng t b n mn hn thp, h s tc dng
bo v ca tinh du cam i vi in cc ng ln hn in cc thp. Vi in cc
ng th t l th tch tinh du cam trong h vn l 50% th kt qu bo v l tt
nht. iu ny c th l do ng vi t l tinh du 50% th tc to mng n nh
v bn ca lp mng t mc cc i.
2
2
.s

in cc ng trong dung dch NaCl
3,5%.
2
2
.s

Hnh 3.9: ng cong phn cc ca
in cc ng ngm trong h tinh du
cam-ancol vi t l tinh du 50%.
3.3.1.2. nh hng ca thi gian ngm
- in cc thp:
Tin hnh o ng cong phn cc ca in cc thp ngm trong h tinh
du-ancol vi t l th tch tinh du 50%, theo thi gian ngm t 30 pht n 80
pht. Kt qu c by cc hnh t 3.10 n 3.11 v bng 3.8.

Bng 3.8: Gi tr dng n mn (I
corr
) v h s tc dng bo v Z (%) theo thi gian
ngm thp trong h tinh du cam-ancol etylic vi t l tinh du 50%.
STT
Thi gian
(pht)
I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z%
1 0 1,8146E-0001 0
2 30 1,2457E-0001 31,34
3 40 8,2479E-0002 54,51
4 50 6,6413E-0002 63,39
5 60 4,6442E-0002 74,40
6 70 3,9466E-0002 78,25
7 80 4,3742E-0002 76,14
2
2
.s

thp trong dung dch NaCl 3,5% vi
thi gian ngm trong h tinh du cam-
ancol 70 pht.
thp trong dung dch NaCl 3,5% vi
ancol 80 pht.
2
Equal to 1,1452-0005 mg/cm
2
.s

T kt qu bng 3.8 cho thy hiu qu c ch tng dn theo thi gian ngm
thp trong tinh du v hp ph tng theo thi gian tip xc. Khi ngm n 70
pht th hiu qu c ch khng tng thm do hp ph tinh du ln b mt kim
loi t n mc cc i v ng vi h s tc dng bo v l 78,25%.
-in cc ng:
Tin hnh o ng cong phn cc ca in cc ng khi khng ngm v
ngm in cc ny trong h tinh du cam-ancol vi t l tinh du 50% theo thi
gian ngm t 10 pht n 70 pht. Kho st s nh hng ca thi gian ngm in
cc trong tinh du n kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca tinh du cam. Kt qu
c by cc hnh t 3.12 n 3.13.

corr
) v hiu qu c ch Z (%) theo thi gian ngm
ng trong h tinh du cam-ancol etylic vi t l tinh du 50%.
STT Thi gian (pht) I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z%
2
2
.s

2
2
.s

ng trong dung dch NaCl 3,5% vi
ancol 50 pht.
ng trong dung dch NaCl 3,5% vi
ancol 60 pht.
1 0 1,5457E-0002 0
2 10 9,7794E-0003 36,73
3 20 8,4055E-0003 45,62
4 30 7,4472E-0003 51,82
5 40 5,1188E-0003 66,88
6 50 4,2614E-0003 72,43
7 60 3,1704E-0003 79,06
8 70 3,5465E-0003 77,10
Qua bng 3.9, ta thy thi gian ngm ng trong h tinh du cam-ancol
thch hp l 60 pht tng ng vi hiu qu c ch l 79,06%. Thi gian thch hp
ngm ng trong tinh du cam ngn hn thp chng t kh nng hp ph
limonene ca ng cao hn thp.
3.3.2. Kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca tinh du v qu qut
3.3.2.1. nh hng ca t l tinh du trong h tinh du-ancol
-in cc thp:
trong tinh du qut) trong mi trng NaCl 3,5%. Sau ngm in cc thp CT3
trong h tinh du qut-ancol vi t l th tch tinh du t 20% n 60%, thi gian
ngm l 60 pht. o ng cong phn cc ca in cc trong trong mi trng
NaCl 3,5%. Kt qu c th hin cc hnh t 3.14 n 3.15 v bng 3.10

Bng 3.10: Gi tr dng n mn v h s tc dng bo v ca in cc thp theo t
l tinh du qut trong h tinh du-ancol etylic vi thi gian ngm 60 pht.
STT T l tinh du (% v) I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z%
1 0 1,8461E-0001 0
2 20 9,2487E-0002 49,03
3 30 7,9762E-0002 56,04
4 40 6,11234E-0002 66,31
5 50 4,1462E-0002 77,15
6 60 4,2540E-0002 75,76
Qua bng 3.10 cho thy t l th tch tinh du qut thch hp trong h tinh
du-ancol ngm thp l 50%. T l ny tng t vi tinh du cam v thnh
phn ca hai loi tinh du ny tng t nhau v thnh phn cu t chnh l limonen
c hm lng cng xp x 90% trong c hai loi tinh du. Tuy nhin, cng t l
ny kh nng c ch s n mn thp ca tinh du qut (Z=77,15%) c cao hn
tinh du cam (Z=74,26); iu ny c th l do trong tinh du qut c hm lng
limonene ln hn v n c thm mt s cu t ph gp phn vo s c ch n mn
kim loi


- in cc ng:
tinh du qut) trong mi trng NaCl 3,5%. Sau ngm in cc ng trong h
tinh du qut-ancol vi t l th tch tinh du thay i, thi gian ngm l 60 pht.
o ng cong phn cc ca cc in trn trong mi trng NaCl 3,5%. Kt qu
c th hin cc hnh t 3.16 n 3.17 v bng 3.11.
Bng 3.11: Gi tr dng n mn v h s tc dng bo v Z ca in cc ng
theo t l tinh du qut trong h tinh du-ancol etylic vi thi gian ngm 60 pht.
STT T l tinh du (%v) I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z%
1 0 1,5457E-0002 0
2 20 8,2812E-0003 46,42
2
2
.s

2
2
.s

thp ngm trong h tinh du qut-
Hnh 3.15: ng cong phn cc
ca thp ngm trong h tinh du qut-
3 30 7,1735E-0003 53,59
4 40 4,8139E-0003 68,85
5 50 1,9564E-0003 85,34
6 60 2,0825E-0003 85,06

Qua bng 3.11 ta thy, theo chiu tng ca t l tinh du qut trong h tinh
du-ancol th hiu qu c ch n mn kim loi tng dn v thay i khng ng k
khi t l ny ln hn 50%. H s tc dng bo v cao nht ca tinh du qut l
85,34%. Vy, t l tinh du thch hp ngm in cc thp v ng trong h tinh
du qut -ancol tng t nh tinh du cam v h s tc dng bo v ca tinh
du qut ln hn tinh du cam.


3.3.2.2. nh hng ca thi gian ngm
- in cc thp:
trong tinh du qut) trong mi trng NaCl 3,5%. Sau ngm in cc thp CT3
trong h tinh du qut-ancol vi t l th tch tinh du 50%, thay i thi gian
ngm t 30 pht n 80 pht, o ng cong phn cc ca in cc ny trong
trong mi trng NaCl 3,5%. Kt qu c th hin cc hnh t 3.18 n 3.19 v
bng 3.12.
Qua bng 3.12 cho thy, thi gian thch hp ngm thp trong h tinh du
qut l 70 pht ng vi hiu qu c ch cao nht l 78,08%. Khi tng thm thi
gian ngm th hp ph tinh du ca thp khng tng na v hai l do l hp
ph t cc i v theo thi gian limonene d b oxy ha thnh cht khc lm
gim hiu qu bo v.
Bng 3.12: Gi tr dng n mn (I
corr
) v h s tc dng bo v Z (%) theo thi
gian ngm thp trong h tinh du qut-ancol vi t l tinh du 50%.
2
2
.s

2
2
.s

ng ngm trong h tinh du qut-
ng ngm trong h tinh du qut-
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z%
1 0 1,8146E-0001 0
2 30 1,2636E-0001 30,36
3 40 8,2534E-0002 54,50
4 50 6,5927E-0002 63,66
5 60 4,1462E-0002 77,15
6 70 4,0435E-0002 78,08
7 80 4,1321E-0002 77,34

Hnh 3.18 ng cong phn cc ca
thp ngm trong h tinh du qut-ancol
vi thi gian ngm 70 pht.
2
2
.s

2
2
.s

thp ngm trong h tinh du qut-ancol
- in cc ng:
tinh du qut) trong mi trng NaCl 3,5%. Sau ngm in cc ng trong h
tinh du qut-ancol vi t l th tch tinh du 50%, thay i thi gian ngm t 20
pht n 70 pht, o ng cong phn cc trong trong mi trng NaCl 3,5%.
Kt qu c th hin cc hnh t 3.20 n 3.21 v bng 3.13.
corr
) v hiu qu c ch Z (%) theo thi gian
ngm ng trong h tinh du qut-ancol etylic vi t l tinh du 50%.

STT Thi gian(pht) I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z%
1 0 1,5457E-0002 0
2 20 8,3676E-0003 45,86
3 30 5,0404E-0003 67,39
4 40 4,1423E-0003 73,20
5 50 3,4675E-0003 77,58
6 60 1,9564E-0003 85,34
7 70 2,1982E-0003 84,78

T bng 3.13 cho thy kh nng c ch n mn kim loi (ng) ca tinh du
qut cng tng dn theo thi gian ngm v khi ngm n thi gian sau 60 pht th
kh nng bo v kim loi thay i khng ng k v t kt qu ti a l 85,34%.
Nh vy, thi gian ngm thch hp ca ng trong tinh du cam v qut l nh
nhau.


3.3.3. Kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca nc chng cam
Dch chit ca v qu cam, qut thu c bng phng php chng ct li
cun hi nc gm c hai phn l tinh du v nc chng. T hn hp trong bnh
cu, ngui, b b, ly phn dung dch (nc chng) ngm cc in cc nghin
cu trong mi trng mui natriclorua 3,5% v trong mi trng axit clohydric
trong khong nng t 0,1M n 0,5M.
3.3.3.1. Trong mi trng mui
-in cc thp:
Tin hnh o ng cong phn cc ca in cc thp CT3 trong mi trng
NaCl 3,5% khi ngm in cc ny trong nc chng cam theo thi ngm t 30 pht
n 80 pht. Kt qu c th hin lot hnh t 3.22 n 3.23 v bng 3.14.

2
2
.s

ng ngm trong h tinh du qut-ancol
Hnh3.21: ng cong phn cc ca
ng ngm trong h tinh du qut-ancol
2
2
.s


corr
ngm thp trong nc chng cam.
STT Thi gian(pht) I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z%
1 0 1,8146E-0001 0
2 30 1,6226E-0001 10,57
3 40 1,4746E-0001 18,73
4 50 1,2667E-0001 30,19
5 60 9,6526E-0002 46,80
6 70 8,8905E-0002 51,18
7 80 9,1960E-0002 49,32
Kt qu trong bng 3.14 cho thy nc chng cam cng c tc dng c ch
s n mn kim loi v hiu qu c ch tng dn theo thi gian ngm t 30 pht n
2
2
.s

thp ngm trong nc chng cam 70
pht, trong mi trng mui.
2
2
.s

thp ngm trong nc chng cam 80
70 pht. Tuy nhin h s tc dng bo v ca nc chng cam thp hn tinh du
cam, hiu qu c ch cao nht i vi thp l 51,18% ng vi thi gian ngm 70
pht. Nh vy, trong nc chng cam c cha mt lng tinh du nht nh v
mt s thnh phn khc c kh nng hp ph ln b mt thp to ra ro cn ngn
kim loi tip xc vi mi trng n mn bn ngoi.
- in cc ng:
Tin hnh o ng cong phn cc ca in cc ng trong mi trng
NaCl 3,5% khi khng ngm v ngm in cc ny trong nc chng cam theo
thi gian ngm t 30 pht n 80 pht. Kt qu c th hin lot hnh t 3.24
n 3.25 v bng 3.15.

corr
) v hiu qu c ch Z (%) theo thi
gian ngm ng trong nc chng cam.
2
2
.s

ng ngm trong nc chng cam 70
2
2
.s

ca ng ngm trong nc chng
cam 80 pht, trong mi trng mui.
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z%
1 0 1,5457E-0002 0
2 30 1,1029E-0002 28,64
3 40 9,1518E-0003 39,91
4 50 8,3489E-0003 46,55
5 60 6,9524E-0003 53,13
6 70 6,5204E-0003 57,81
7 80 6,5989E-0003 56,89
Qua bng 3.15 cho thy, i vi in cc ng th thi gian ngm thch hp
l 70 pht, ging vi thi gian ngm thp. H s tc dng bo v ca nc chng
cam i vi ng cao hn so vi in cc thp.
3.3.3.2. Trong mi trng axit
- in cc thp:
axit HCl t 0,1M n 0,5M. Sau , ngm cc in cc ny trong nc chng cam
70 pht v o ng cong phn cc ca chng trong mi trng axit nh trn.
Kt qu c th hin lot hnh t 3.26 n 3.27 v bng 3.16.


corr
) v hiu qu c ch Z (%) theo nng axit
ca nc chng cam (in cc thp).
STT
Nng HCl
I
corr
nn (mA/cm
2
)
I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z (%)
1
0,1M
3,0196E-0001 2,0923E-0001
29,45
2
0,2M
3,9891E-0001 3,1704E-0001
18,53
3
0,3M
4,7087E-0001 4,1114E-0001
12,68
4
0,4M
5,6179E-0001 5,0020E-0001
10,96
5
0,5M
6,6594E-0001 5,7812E-0001
9,58
Qua bng 3.16 cho thy kh nng c ch n mn thp trong mi trng axit
ca nc chng cam gim i nhiu so vi mi trng mui. Khi nng axit cng
tng th kh nng c ch n mn cng gim. ng vi nng axit 0,1M th h s
tc dng bo v l 29,45%.

2
2
.s

ca thp trong HCl 0,5M.
ca thp- ngm trong nc chng
cam 70 pht- trong HCl 0,5M.
Corr.density:5,7812E-0001 mA/cm
2
2
.s

- in cc ng:
axit HCl t 0,1M n 0,5M. Sau khi ngm in cc ny trong nc chng cam 70
pht, o ng cong phn cc trong mi trng axit. Kt qu c th hin lot
hnh t 3.28 n 3.29 v bng 3.17.
corr
ca nc chng cam (in cc ng).
STT
Nng HCl
I
corr
nn (mA/cm
2
)
I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z (%)
1
0,1M
2,0405E-0002 1,3530E-0002
34,37
2
0,2M
2,7561E-0002 2,1128E-0002
23,34
3
0,3M
3,6115E-0002 2,8868E-0002
20,06
4
0,4M
4,2240E-0002 3,5851E-0002
15,62
5
0,5M
4,9233E-0002 4,1542E-0002
14,85
Qua bng 3.17 cho thy, khi nng axit tng th tc n mn kim loi
ng tng dn. Trong mi trng axit kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca nc
chng cam gim i nhiu so vi mi trng mui. Khi nng axit tng th h s
tc dng bo v kim loi gim dn. Nh vy, c th khng nh rng lp mng bo
v km bn trong mi trng axit.

3.3.4. Kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca nc chng qut
3.3.4.1. Trong mi trng mui
- in cc thp:
NaCl 3,5% khi ngm in cc ny trong nc chng qut theo thi ngm t 30
pht n 80 pht. Kt qu c th hin lot hnh t 3.30 n 3.31 v bng 3.18.
Qua bng 3.18 ta thy, kh nng c ch n mn thp ca nc chng qut
tng dn theo thi gian ngm. Thi gian ngm in cc thp trong nc chng qut
thch hp l 70 pht; ng vi h s tc dng bo v cao nht l 51,59%. Nh vy,
nc chng cam v nc chng qut c tc dng bo v thp khi s n mn vi
kh nng tng t nhau.
corr
ngm thp trong nc chng qut.
STT Thi gian(pht) I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z%
2
2
.s

ng trong HCl 0,1M.
cam 70 pht, trong HCl 0,1M.
2
2
.s

1 0 1,8146E-0001 0
2 30 1,6731E-0001 7,43
3 40 1,4680E-0001 19,09
4 50 1,3056E-0001 28,48
5 60 9,4287E-0002 45,61
6 70 8,7828E-0002 51,59
7 80 8,9147E-0002 50,87

thp ngm trong nc chng qut 70
2
2
.s

2
2
.s

thp ngm trong nc chng qut 80
- in cc ng:
NaCl 3,5% khi ngm in cc ny trong nc chng qut theo thi ngm t 10
pht n 70 pht. Kt qu c th hin lot hnh t 3.32 n 3.33 v bng 3.19.

corr
ngm ng trong nc chng qut.
STT Thi gian(pht) I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z%
1 0 1,5457E-0002 0
2 20 1,2391E-0002 19,83
3 30 1,1560E-0002 25,21
4 40 8,9334E-0003 42,20
2
2
.s

2
2
.s

ng ngm trong nc chng qut 60
qut 70 pht, trong mi trng mui.
5 50 7,4472E-0003 51,82
6 60 6,8027E-0003 55,28
7 70 6,0815E-0003 60,56
8 80 6,1989E-0003 59,89
Vy, kh nng c ch n mn ng ca nc chng qut cao hn nhiu so
vi in cc thp. Thi gian ngm ng trong nc chng qut thch hp l 70 pht
ng vi h s tc dng bo v l 60,56%. H s ny cao hn so vi nc chng
cam trn cng in cc, iu c ngha l kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca
nc chng qut tt hn nc chng cam.
3.3.4.2. Trong mi trng axit
- in cc thp:
axit HCl vi nng t 0,1M n 0,5M khi khng ngm v ngm in cc ny
trong nc chng qut 70 pht. Kt qu c th hin lot hnh t 3.34 n
3.35 v bng 3.20.

2
2
.s

ca thp-ngm trong nc chng
qut- trong HCl 0,1M.
2
2
.s

ca thp-ngm trong nc chng
qut- trong HCl 0,2M.

corr
) v hiu qu c ch Z (%) theo nng
axit ca nc chng qut (in cc thp).
STT Nng HCl I
corr
nn (mA/cm
2
) I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z (%)
1 0,1M 3,0196E-0001 2,1537E-0001 28,67
2 0,2M 3,9891E-0001 3,0964E-0001 19,31
3 0,3M 4,7087E-0001 4,2716E-0001 10,27
4 0,4M 5,6179E-0001 5,1594E-0001 9,39
5 0,5M 6,6594E-0001 5,9827E-0001 9,03
Nh vy, trong mi trng axit hiu qu c ch s n mn kim loi ca nc
chng qut i vi thp nhn chung l tng t so vi nc chng cam. H s tc
dng bo v gim dn theo chiu tng ca nng axit do cc cht c tc dng c
ch hay c th ni lp mng bo v km bn trong mi trng axit.
- in cc ng:
Tin hnh o ng cong phn cc ca in cc ng trong mi trng axit
HCl vi nng t 0,1M n 0,5M. Sau ngm in cc ny trong nc chng
qut 60 pht, tin hnh o trong mi trng axt nh trn. Kt qu c th hin
lot hnh t 3.36 n 3.37 v bng 3.21.

2
2
.s

ng ngm trong nc chng qut,
trong HCl 0,1M.
2
2
.s

qut 60 pht, trong HCl 0,2M.

corr
ca nc chng qut (in cc ng).
STT Nng HCl I
corr
nn (mA/cm
2
) I
corr
(mA/cm
2
) Z (%)
1 0,1M 2,0405E-0002 1,3886E-0002 31,75
2 0,2M 2,7561E-0002 2,1822E-0002 22,93
3 0,3M 3,6115E-0002 2,8902E-0002 19,97
4 0,4M 4,2240E-0002 3,5637E-0002 15,59
5 0,5M 4,9233E-0002 4,3569E-0002 11,50
Qua bng 3.21 cho thy, theo chiu tng ca nng axit th kh nng c
ch s n mn kim loi ng ca nc chng qut gim dn v xp x kh nng c
ch s n mn kim loi ca nc chng cam. Vy c th kt lun rng mi trng
axit, lp mng to thnh gia cht c ch v kim loi km bn hn trong mi
trng mui.
3.3.5. Xc nh s nh hng ca tinh du n s oxi ha kim loi
Ngm mu thp v mu ng trong tinh du qut vi thi gian 60 pht.
trong khng kh cng vi hai mu i chng trong khong thi gian 72 gi. Sau
chp SEM xc nh c s nh hng ca tinh du trn b mt kim loi n
qu trnh oxi ha kim loi trong khng kh.

Hnh 3.38: S oxi ha thp
trong khng kh.
Hnh 3.39: S oxi ha thp c ngm
tinh du qut trong khng kh .

Kt qu chp SEM cho thy hai mu kim loi hp ph tinh du th c b
mt phng hn so vi hai mu i chng. iu c ngha l hai mu kim loi
khng ngm tinh du b oxy ha d dng hn v to ra mt lp oxit kh dy lm
xp, r b mt kim loi. Nh vy tinh du to ra mt lp mng bo v trn b mt
kim loi v chng c tc dng lm gim tc oxi ha kim loi.
Khi ngm kim loi trong tinh du cam v tinh du qut, lp mng bo v
c hnh thnh phn ln l do s kt hp gia electron pi ca phn t limonene v
cc obitan trng ca kim loi. Trong nc chng cam v qut, lp mng c th
c hnh thnh do do s kt hp gia cc phn t limonene ha tan trong nc
chng hoc l cc hp cht hu c c electron t do kt hp vi cc obitan trng
ca kim loi.

Hnh 3.40: S oxi ha ng
trong khng kh.
Hnh 3.41: S oxi ha ng c ngm
tinh du qut trong khng kh.
KT LUN V KIN NGH
* Kt lun
Qua qu trnh nghin cu chng ti rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
1. iu kin thch hp tch chit tinh du v qu cam, qut theo phng
php chng ct li cun hi nc l:
- Nng mui NaCl trong nc chng ct l 8%.
- T l khi lng nguyn liu ti/khi lng nc chng ct i vi v qu
cam l 1 :2,5 ; i vi v qu qut l 1 : 3.
- Thi gian chng ct i vi v qu cam l 80 pht, vi v qu qut l 90
pht.
2. Tinh du v qu cam v qut thu c c mt s cu t ging nhau, thnh
phn chnh l limonene (trn 90%).
3. Tinh du cam v qut c kh nng c ch n mn thp CT3 v ng trong
mi trng NaCl 3,5%. T l v th tch tinh du trong h tinh du-ancol v thi
gian ngm thch hp nh sau :
- T l th tch tinh du cam, qut trong h tinh du-ancol etylic ngm
thp v ng l 50%.
- Thi gian ngm thp thch hp trong tinh du cam, qut u l 70 pht ;
thi gian ngm i vi ng l 60 pht.
Vi thi gian ngm v t l tinh du nh trn, h s tc dng bo v cao nht
ca tinh du cam i vi thp CT3 l 78,25%, i vi ng l 79,06%. Vi tinh
du qut, h s tc dng bo v cao nht i vi thp CT3 v ng ln lt l
78,08%, 85,34%.
4. Nc chng cam, qut c kh nng c ch s n mn kim loi thp hn
tinh du cam, qut. Kh nng c ch ca chng trong mi trng mui NaCl 3,5%
cao hn trong mi trng axit. Thi gian ngm thch hp v hiu qu c ch tng
ng nh sau :
- Thi gian ngm thp thch hp trong nc chng cam, qut u l 70 pht
vi hiu qu c ch trong mi trng NaCl 3,5% gn nh nhau, ln lt l 51,18%
v 51,59%.
- Thi gian ngm ng thch hp trong nc chng cam, qut l 70 pht vi
hiu qu c ch trong mi trng NaCl 3,5% tng ng l 57,81% v 60,56%.
- Trong mi trng axit, hiu qu c ch ca nc chng cam, qut i vi
thp v ng u thp. Kh nng bo v kim loi trong mi trng axit ca ca
nc chng cam, qut gim dn khi nng axit tng t 0,1M n 0,5M.
* Kin ngh
- Tip tc nghin cu kh nng c ch n mn kim loi ca dch chit v qu
cam, qut i vi mt s kim loi khc v hp kim trong cc mi trng khc nhau.
- Nghin cu tch chit dch chit t v qu cam, qut bng cc dung mi
khc nhau, xc nh y cc thnh phn trong dch chit c cc hng ng
dng mi t v qu cam, qut.

TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit
[1] V Vn Chi (1997), T in cy thuc Vit Nam, NXB Y hc.
[2] Trnh nh Chnh, Nguyn Th Bch Tuyt (2010), Gio trnh hp cht t
nhin, i hc S phm Hu.
[3] L Vn ng (2005), Chuyn mt s hp cht t nhin, NXB HQG TP
H Ch Minh.
[4] Trn Hip Hi (2000), Phn ng in ha v ng dng, NXB Gio dc.
[5] L T Hi (2006), Gio trnh in ha hc, i hc S phm Nng.
[6] Nguyn T Huy (2009), Nghin cu tuyn chn cy cam u t ti huyn Hm
Yn tnh Tuyn Quang, Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip, trng i
hc nng lm Thi Nguyn.
[7] V Ngc L v cc tc gi (1996), Nhng cy tinh du Vit Nam, NXB KHKT
H Ni, 101-110.
[8] Nguyn Kim Phi Phng (2004), Khi ph, NXB HQG TPHCM.
[9] L Ngc Thch (2003), Tinh du, NXB HQG TPHCM.
[10] Hong Ngc Thun (2000), K thut chn v trng cy cam, qut
phm cht tt, nng sut cao, NXB nng nghip.
[11] Nguyn Hu Anh Tun (2009), Gio trnh hng dn th nghim cng
ngh hng liu m phm, HNL TP H Ch Minh.
[12] Vin dc liu (2002), Cy thuc v ng vt lm thuc Vit Nam Tp 2,
NXB y hc.
[13] Nguyn Vn Tu (2001), n mn v bo v kim loi, NXB GD.
[14] Nguyn nh Triu (2001), Cc phng php vt l ng dng trong ha
hc, NXB HQG H Ni.
[15] Bi Xun Vng (2009), Gio trnh phng php phn tch cng c,
i hc S phm Nng.

Ting Anh
[16] Horst Surburg and Johannes Panten (2006), Common fragrance and
flavor matterials, Wiley VCH.
[17] M.Znini, L.Bowklah (2011), Chemical composition and inhibitory effect
of metha spicata essentical oil on the corrosion of steel in molar
hydrochloric acid, Int.J.Electrochem.Sci, (6), 691-704.
[18] N.Lahhit (2011), Fennel essentical oil as green corrosion inhibitor of carbon
steel in hydrochloric acid solution, Rortugaliae electronchimica Acta, 29 (2),
127-138.
[19] Rolandoo.Elvina (2005), Orange peel esential oil as component of a
metal Sensor for lead (II) ion determination in aqueous solutions,
J.appl.Sci.Environ.Mgt, 9(2), 23-27.
Internet
[20] http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/limonen (truy cp 6/6/2011).
[21] http://www. vinachem.com.vn/ xuat ban pham/s1-2010/ sn xut hesperin t
v cam ph thi (truy cp 10/7/2011).
[22] http://www. khoahoc.com.vn/doisong/moi-truong/26214/ bin v cam thnh
nhin liu v cht khng khun (truy cp 10/7/2011).
[23] http://www.ykhoanet.com/yhoccotruyen/v cam qut lm gim cholesterol/29-
481.htm (ngy truy cp 20/7/2011).
[24] http:// whq.libdoc.who.int/publiccations/1998/9241530057/limonene (ngy
truy cp 15/9/2011).

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