Bai Giang Moi Truong Xay Dung Giao Thong

TRNG I HC GIAO THNG VN TI
------------ ------------
BI GING
MI TRNG
XY DNG GIAO THNG
TRNH XUN BU
H Ni, 2012
Trnh Xun Bu
Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------MC LC
MC LC
Chng 1: I CNG V MI TRNG
1.1. Mi trng ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1. Khi nim .............................................................................................................. 4
1.1.2. Thnh phn mi trng ......................................................................................... 4
1.1.3. Phn loi mi trng ............................................................................................. 7
1.1.4. Chc nng ca mi trng .................................................................................... 8
1.2. H sinh thi ...................................................................................................................... 12
1.2.1. Khi nim ............................................................................................................ 12
1.2.2. Phn loi h sinh thi .......................................................................................... 12
1.2.3. Cu trc h sinh thi ............................................................................................ 13
1.2.4. Tnh cn bng ca h sinh thi ............................................................................ 17
1.2.5. Tc ng ca con ngi n tnh bn vng ca h sinh thi .......................... 19
1.3. Ti nguyn ....................................................................................................................... 23
1.3.1. Khi nim ............................................................................................................ 23
1.3.2. Phn loi ti nguyn ............................................................................................ 23
1.3.3. Mt s loi ti nguyn chnh ............................................................................... 24
1.4. Mi quan h gia mi trng v pht trin .................................................................... 32
1.4.1. Mi quan h gia mi trng v pht trin kinh t - x hi ........................... 32
1.4.2. Mi quan h gia khai thc ti nguyn v mi trng ....................................... 34
1.4.3. Mi quan h gia dn s, s dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng ............... 36
Chng 2. NHIM MI TRNG
2.1. Khi nim v nhim mi trng .................................................................................. 39
2.2. nhim nc .................................................................................................................. 39
2.2.1. Nc trong t nhin v s nhim nc ............................................................ 39
2.2.2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng nc ........................................................... 41
2.2.3. Cc tc nhn gy nhim ngun nc ............................................................... 43
2.2.4. Cc ngun nuc b nhim ................................................................................. 47
2.3. nhim khng kh .......................................................................................................... 49
2.3.1. Khi nim ............................................................................................................ 49
2.3.2. Cc ngun gy nhim khng kh ...................................................................... 49
2.3.3. Cc cht nhim khng kh v tc hi ca chng .............................................. 53
Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.4. nhim t ..................................................................................................................... 56
2.4.1. c im mi trng t ..................................................................................... 56
2.4.2. Ngun gy nhim mi trng t 59
2.4.3. Cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng t 61
2.4.4. Cc bin php bo v mi trng t .................................................................. 62
2.5. Cc loi nhim khc ..................................................................................................... 69
2.5.1. nhim nhit ...................................................................................................... 69
2.5.2. nhim phng x v bin php gim nhim phng x ................................... 71
2.5.3. nhim ting n . 75
2.6. Hu qu ton cu do nhim mi trng 83
2.6.1. Hiu ng nh knh 83
2.6.2. Ma axt .............................................................................................................. 86
2.6.3. Suy gim tng zn ............................................................................................. 88
Chng 3: QUN L MI TRNG
3.1. Khi nim ........................................................................................................................ 89
3.1.1. Khi nim qun l mi trng (QLMT) ............................................................. 90
3.1.2. Ni dung v nguyn tc QLMT .......................................................................... 90
3.2. Cc cng c QLMT ......................................................................................................... 91
3.2.1. Cng c lut php v chnh sch ......................................................................... 91
3.2.2. Cng c kinh t trong QLMT .............................................................................. 94
3.2.3. Cng c k thut trong QLMT ............................................................................ 98
3.2.4. Cng c gio dc v truyn thng mi trng .................................................... 98
3.3. H thng qun l mi trng v ISO 14000 ................................................................... 99
3.3.1. H thng qun l mi trng (EMS) .................................................................. 99
3.3.2. ISO 14000 ......................................................................................................... 101
3.4. Pht trin bn vng ........................................................................................................ 104
3.4.1. Khi nim .......................................................................................................... 104
3.4.2. Ni dung pht trin bn vng ............................................................................ 105
3.4.3. Cc nguyn tc xy dng x hi pht trin bn vng ....................................... 107
Chng 4: CC TC NG MI TRNG KHI XY DNG CTGT
4.1. Khi nim tc ng mi trng ..................................................................................... 118
4.1.1. Khi nim .......................................................................................................... 118
4.1.2. Phn loi tc ng mi trng .......................................................................... 118
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.1.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) .............................................................. 119
4.2. Cc tc ng mi trng ca d n xy dng ng b v ng st ......................... 123
4.2.1. Tc ng trong giai on gii phng mt bng ................................................. 124
4.2.2. Tc ng trong giai on thi cng cng trnh ................................................... 124
4.2.3. Tc ng trong qu trnh khai thc .................................................................... 130
4.3. Cc tc ng mi trng ca d n xy dng cu cng .............................................. 131
4.3.1. Cc tc ng mi trng khi thi cng cu ln v cu trung ............................. 131
4.3.2. Cc tc ng mi trng khi thi cng cu nh v cng .................................... 132
4.4. Cc tc ng mi trng trong xy dng cng sng v cng bin ............................... 133
4.4.1. Cc tc ng mi trng trc tip ..................................................................... 133
4.4.2. Cc tc ng mi trng tim tng ................................................................... 134
4.5. Cc vn mi trng trong thit k cu cng 135
4.5.1. Cc ch tiu mi trng trong thit k cu - cng ............................................. 135
4.5.2. La chn loi hnh v kch thc ca cng trnh vt sng 138
4.6. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng trong xy dng CTGT 140
4.6.1. Cc bin php chung .. 140
4.6.2. i vi cc d n xy dng ng b v ng st . 141
4.6.3. i vi cc d n xy dng cu cng 146
4.6.4. i vi cc d n xy dng cng sng v cng bin 150
TI LIU THAM KHO
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 1: I CNG V MI TRNG
1.1. Mi trng
1.1.1. Khi nim
Mi trng l mt khi nim rt rng v c nh ngha theo nhiu cch khc
nhau. Tu thuc vo tng i tng v mc ch nghin cu m ngi ta a ra cc
khi nim c th v mi trng. ng mi phng din, chng ta thy rng mi
trng l tp hp tt c cc thnh phn ca th gii (cc yu t v sinh v hu sinh,
cc dng vt cht v phi vt cht) tc ng n s tn ti v pht trin ca sinh vt.
i vi cuc sng ca con ngi, mi trng bao gm ton b cc h thng t
nhin, cc h thng do con ngi to ra v cc iu kin kinh t - x hi tc ng n
s sng v pht trin ca tng c nhn, tng cng ng v ton b loi ngi trn
hnh tinh.
Lut bo v mi trng (2005), khi nim mi trng c nu r:
Mi trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v vt cht nhn to bao quanh con
ngi, c nh hng n i sng, sn xut, s tn ti, pht trin ca con ngi v
sinh vt. (iu 3, chng I).
thng nht v mt nhn thc v ngn t, chng ta s dng khi nim mi
trng c gii thch trong Lut bo v mi trng.
1.1.2. Thnh phn mi trng
Theo gii thch trong Lut bo v mi trng (2005): "Thnh phn mi trng
l yu t vt cht to thnh mi trng nh t, nc, khng kh, m thanh, nh
sng, sinh vt, h sinh thi v cc hnh thi vt cht khc".
Thnh phn mi trng cc k phc tp vi s c mt ca v s cc yu t v
sinh v hu sinh. Da trn cc c trng c bn, cc nh khoa hc chia thnh phn
mi trng lm 5 quyn l kh quyn, thch quyn, thu quyn, sinh quyn v tr
quyn.
a. Kh quyn
Kh quyn l lp kh bao ph quanh b mt Tri t vi chiu cao t 0 n 100
km ng vai tr duy tr, bo v cuc sng ca con ngi v sinh vt. Kh quyn c
chia lm 5 tng phn tch t mt t ln bao gm: tng i lu, tng bnh lu, tng
trung gian, tng nhit v tng in ly (hnh 1.1). tng i lu, thnh phn kh quyn
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------gm Nit, Oxi, kh Cacbonic, hi nc v mt s kh khc nh Acgon, Heli, Hydro
v bi.
Hnh 1.1. Cu trc kh quyn

Kh quyn duy tr s sng bng vic cung cp O2 v CO2 cho qu trnh h hp,
quang hp ca con ngi v sinh vt. Tham gia vo vic gi cn bng nhit lng ca
Tri t thng qua qu trnh hp th tia t ngoi t mt tri v phn x tia nhit t mt
t. Bn cnh , kh quyn cn ngn chn cc tia t ngoi, tia hng ngoi v cc tia
nhn thy khc c nhng tc ng nguy hi vi con ngi v h sinh thi.
b. Thch quyn
Thch quyn (hay cn gi l a quyn) l lp v rn ngoi tri t c dy
thay i theo v tr a l t 0 n 100 km v c cu to hnh thi phc tp. Thch
quyn l c s cho s sng trn Tri t vi vic con ngi ang sng trong mt phn
rt mng manh, c thnh phn phc tp v rt linh ng l mt t.
Hnh 1.2. Thnh phn ca thch quyn
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Thnh phn ca thch quyn gm t v cc khong cht, cht hu c, khng kh
v nc xut hin trong qu trnh phong ho lp v Tri t (hnh 1.2). Lp t l
thnh phn quan trng nht v b bin i t nhin di tc ng ca nc, khng kh,
vi sinh vt v cc iu kin kh hu khc.
c. Thu quyn
Thu quyn bao gm cc dng ngun nc c trn Tri t nh i dng,
bin, sng sui, ao h, bng hai cc Tri t, trong khng kh, trong t v trong cc
c th sinh vt. Tng lng nc trn hnh tinh c tnh 1,38 t km3 (chim khong
0,3% tng khi lng Tri t).
Khong 97% nc ca Tri t l nc bin v i dng (nc mn), 2%
nc tn ti dng bng nm hai cc Tri t v 1% l nc ngt m con ngi c
th s dng c (hnh 1.3). Nc l thnh phn v cng quan trng trong vic duy tr
cuc sng ca con ngi v sinh vt trn Tri t.
Hnh 1.3. Thnh phn thu quyn trn tri t

d. Sinh quyn
Sinh quyn bao gm tt c cc c th sng tn ti trong ba mi trng thch
quyn, thu quyn v kh quyn c quan h cht ch vi nhau v tng tc vi cc
thnh phn v sinh to nn mi trng sng ca cc c th sng.
Khc vi ba quyn trc , sinh quyn khng c gii hn r rt v nm trong c
ba thnh phn mi trng k trn v ch tn ti v pht trin trong nhng iu kin
nht nh. c trng cho cc hot ng ca sinh quyn l cc chu trnh trao i cht
v cc chu trnh nng lng.
d. Tr quyn
T khi xut hin con ngi v x hi loi ngi, cng vi ting ni v ch vit,
con ngi ngy cng pht trin tr tu thng qua s hon thin no b. S pht trin
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ca tri thc nhn loi hnh thnh nhng nn vn minh v sn xut ra nhng lng
ca ci, vt cht to ln lm thay i din mo Tri t.
Chnh v vy, khoa hc hin i tha nhn s tn ti ca mi trng tri thc bao
gm cc b phn trn tri t m ti c tc ng ca tr tu con ngi. Mi trng
tri thc ny c gi l tr quyn.
S phn chia thnh phn ca mi trng thnh cc quyn nh trn cng ch c
tnh cht tng i. Cc yu t, thnh phn trong mi trng lun lin quan n nhau,
tc ng ln nhau v b xung cho nhau mt cch cht ch. Chnh v vy, cc tiu ch
phn loi cn c xc lp cho tng i tng nghin cu trong tng hon cnh c
th. Mi quan h gia cc quyn trong mi trng c khi qut ti hnh 1.4.
Hnh 1.4. Mi quan h gia cc quyn trong mi trng

1.1.3. Phn loi mi trng
Tu theo i tng v mc ch nghin cu c th m c th nu ra mt s
phng cch phn mi trng theo cc du hiu c trng nh sau:
- Theo ngun gc, mi trng c th c chia thnh: Mi trng t nhin; Mi
trng nhn to.
- Theo tnh cht a l, mi trng c th c chia thnh: Mi trng thnh
th; Mi trng nng thn.
- Theo theo thnh phn, mi trng c th c chia thnh: Mi trng khng
kh; Mi trng t; Mi trng nc.
- Theo qui m, mi trng c th c chia thnh: Mi trng quc gia; Mi
trng vng; Mi trng a phng.
Da trn cc cch phn loi trn, c th phn chia mi trng thnh 3 loi da
theo chc nng hot ng ca n, bao gm:
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mi trng t nhin: Bao gm cc yu t t nhin tn ti khch quan bao
quanh con ngi nh: t ai, khng kh, nc, ng thc vt... Mi trng t nhin
cung cp cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cho qu trnh sn xut nhm to ra ca ci,
vt cht cho x hi v tip nhn, ng ho cc loi ph thi pht sinh trong qu trnh
sn xut v tiu th.
- Mi trng x hi: L tng th cc quan h gia con ngi vi con ngi, to
nn s thun li hoc tr ngi cho s pht trin ca cc c nhn hoc tng cng ng
dn c. l cc lut l, th ch, cam kt, qui nh... nhm hng con ngi tun theo
mt khun kh nht nh to ra s pht trin ca x hi v lm cho cuc sng ca con
ngi khc vi cc sinh vt khc.
- Mi trng nhn to: l tp hp cc yu t t nhin v x hi do con ngi
to nn v chu s chi phi ca con ngi nh nh , mi trng th, mi trng,
mi trng nng thn, cng vin, trng hc, khu gii tr...
1.1.4. Chc nng ca mi trng
i vi con ngi v sinh gii, mi trng c nm chc nng c bn sau:
- Mi trng l khng gian sng ca con ngi v th gii sinh vt
Con ngi v th gii sinh vt ch c th tn ti v pht trin trong mt khng
gian mi trng. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca sinh gii, khng gian
sng khng thay i v ln. S xut hin, pht trin hay tuyt chng ca cc loi
u nm trong phm vi khng gian hu hn ca Tri t.
i vi con ngi, khng gian sng c nhng c th ring v con ngi c kh
nng to dng, thay i khng gian sng ca mnh theo nhu cu pht trin. Cng pht
trin, con ngi cng i hi khng gian sng c cht lng cao p ng nhu cu v
tin nghi sinh hot, sc kho, thm m v trng thi tm sinh l ca con ngi. Mi
ngy, con ngi cn ti thiu 4m3 khng kh sch th, 2,5 lt nc ung v mt
lng lng thc tng ng vi 20002500 calo.
Tu thuc nhu cu tn ti v pht trin m khng gian sng ca con ngi c
phn chia thnh cc chc nng nh: xy dng, giao thng vn ti, cc qu trnh sn
xut, khu vc thng mi - dch v, khu vc lu tr v cung cp ti nguyn thin
nhin, ti nguyn tri thc v khu vc sng ca con ngi. Con ngi c th gia tng
khng gian sng cn thit cho mnh bng vic khai thc v chuyn i chc nng s
dng ca cc loi khng gian khc nh khai hoang, ph rng, ci to cc vng t v
nc mi.
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cng nh con ngi, cc loi ng thc vt trn Tri t cng cn nhng khng
gian tn ti v pht trin. Tu thuc vo c im, tnh cht v iu kin sinh l ca
cc loi m cn nhng mi trng v khng gian sng c th.
V d: C ch sng trong mi trng nc, tuy nhin c nc ngt ch sng
trong mi trng nc ngt m khng th sng trong bin, i dng v ngc li;
cc loi cy l kim ch sng trong khu vc c iu kin kh hu lnh gi; s di c ca
cc loi chim tm iu kin kh hu sng ph hp; s khc bit gia nhng khu vc
kh hu dn n cc iu kin sng cng thay i nh cng mt loi gu m sng
nhng iu kin khc nhau t nhit i nng m n nhng vng kh hu n i v c
Nam cc th iu kin v phng thc sng khc nhau
- Mi trng l ni cung cp ti nguyn
Mi trng l ni cung cp cho con ngi v cc sinh vt khc ngun ti nguyn
thin nhin bao gm ti nguyn ti to v ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti to. Bn
cnh , mi trng cn cha ng cc dng thng tin trong t nhin m con ngi
cn khai thc. Cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin c trong kh quyn, thch quyn, a
quyn v sinh quyn, cn ngun ti nguyn tri thc c hnh thnh v pht trin t tr
quyn.
Con ngi khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin phc v cho cc hot ng
sn xut v i sng. Ti nguyn thin nhin l u vo trong h thng sn xut - tiu
dng (h thng kinh t) ca x hi loi ngi (hnh 1.5). T thc tin sinh hot, sn
xut v pht trin, con ngi thm d, pht hin v khai thc ti nguyn trong lng
t, di bin c
MI TRNG
Cht thi trong qu
trnh sn xut v
tiu dng
Ti nguyn
thin nhin
u vo
u ra
H THNG KINH T
Hnh 1.5. Mi quan h gia mi trng v h thng kinh t

Vic khai thc ngun ti nguyn ca con ngi ang c xu hng lm ti nguyn
khng ti to b cn kit, ti nguyn ti to khng phc hi, dn n cn kit ti
nguyn v suy thoi mi trng. Cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca nn kinh t th
gii, con ngi ngy cng tng cng khai thc cc dng ti nguyn mi v gia tng
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------s lng khai thc v tc ng mnh m ti cht lng mi trng sng. Tuy nhin,
s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut cng gip con ngi c nhng thnh tu to ln
trong vic nghin cu nhng vt cht nhn to thay th ti nguyn thin nhin. V d:
con ngi pht minh ra cc loi nguyn vt liu nhn to mi thay th cc vt liu
khai thc trong t nhin, s dng cc dng nng lng mi nhm mc ch thay th
nhng loi ti nguyn khng ti to nh than , du m, kh t v thc hin mc
tiu pht trin bn vng.
Hnh 1.6. Chui thc n - sinh vt sn xut l ti nguyn ca sinh vt tiu th

i vi cc sinh vt khc, ngun ti nguyn c th l thc n, iu kin sng
sinh vt tn ti v pht trin. V d: thc vt cn nh sng mt tri quang hp,
nc v mui khong pht trin. Cc sinh vt sn xut trong chui thc n tr
thnh ngun ti nguyn cho cc sinh vt tiu th (hnh 1.6.).
- Mi trng l ni cha ng cht thi
Bn cnh chc nng cung cp ti nguyn thin nhin, mi trng cn l ni tip
nhn v cha ng nhng cht thi trong qu trnh hot ng ca con ngi v cc
sinh vt khc.
Trong cc hot ng ca con ngi, t vic khai thc ti nguyn cho qu trnh
sn xut n vic tiu dng sn phm u sinh ra ph thi. C nhiu loi hnh cht thi
nhng u tp trung ba dng chnh l cht thi rn, kh thi v cht thi lng. Cc
cht thi do con ngi to ra c a tr li mi trng, ni cung cp ngun ti
nguyn (hnh 1.7).
10
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nh hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt v cc yu t mi trng khc, cht thi s
bin i tr thnh cc dng ban u trong mt chu trnh sinh a ho phc tp. Kh
nng tip nhn v phn hu cht thi ca mi trng (trong iu kin cht lng mi
trng khu vc tip nhn khng thay i) c gi l kh nng nn ca mi trng.
Khi lng cht thi ln hn kh nng nn hoc thnh phn ca cht thi kh phn hu
v xa l, thm ch c hi vi sinh vt, th cht lng mi trng s b suy gim v mi
trng b nhim.
Ti nguyn
Qu trnh sn
xut
Qu trnh tiu
dng
Cht thi
Ti s dng
Mi trng
Hnh 1.7. Mi trng - ni cha ng cc cht thi
i vi cc loi sinh vt khc, cc cht thi trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht
trin nh g, l... ca cc loi thc vt; phn, nc tiu, thc n d tha... ca cc loi
ng vt c thi trc tip vo mi trng v c phn hu trong mi trng. Sn
phm ca qu trnh phn hu ny li l ngun dinh dng cho qu trnh sinh trng
ca nhiu loi ng, thc vt khc. V d: phn ca ng vt va l ngun dinh dng
cho cy ci, mi trng sng ca b hung v gip lm tng xp ca t.
- Mi trng l ni gim nh cc tc ng c hi ca thin nhin ti con
ngi v sinh vt trn Tri t
S pht trin trn Tri t ph thuc vo cc thnh phn mi trng nh kh
quyn, sinh quyn, thch quyn, thu quyn, tr quyn v cc chc nng ca chng.
- Kh quyn gi cho nhit Tri t n nh, trnh khi cc bc x qu cao lm
tng nhit ngoi kh nng chu ng ca con ngi, tng zn ngn cn cc tia
nguy hi n t mt tri.
- Thu quyn thc hin chu trnh tun hon nc, gi cn bng nhit , gim
nh tc ng c hi ca thin nhin.
- Thch quyn cung cp nng lng, vt cht cho cc quyn khc trn Tri t,
gim nh cc tc ng tiu cc ca thin tai ti con ngi v sinh vt.
11
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mi trng l ni lu tr v cung cp thng tin cho con ngi
Mi trng l ni cung cp s ghi chp v lu tr lch s a cht, lch s tin
ho ca vt cht v sinh vt, lch s pht trin v vn ho ca con ngi. Mi trng
cung cp cc ch th khng gian v tm thi mang tnh cht bo ng sm cc nguy
him i vi con ngi v sinh vt sng trn Tri t nh cc tai bin, him ho ca
thin nhin. V d: bo, ng t, ni la,...
Bn cnh . mi trng l ni lu tr v cung cp cho con ngi s a dng cc
ngun gien cc loi ng thc vt, cc h sinh thi t nhin v nhn to, cc v p v
cnh quan c gi tr thm m, tn gio v vn ho khc.
1.2. H sinh thi

1.2.1. Khi nim
H sinh thi l mt h thng bao gm cc qun x sinh vt (thnh phn hu sinh)
cng cc iu kin mi trng bao quanh n (thnh phn v sinh), tng tc vi nhau
v vi mi trng bng cc dng nng lng to nn cu trc dinh dng nht nh,
s a dng v loi v chu trnh tun hon vt cht. Gia chng lun xy ra qu trnh
trao i vt cht, nng lng v thng tin lin tc khng ngng m kt qu ca s tc
ng quyt nh chiu hng pht trin ca qun x v sinh cnh ca ton h.
Hay ni mt cch n gin hn: H sinh thi l t hp cc qun x sinh vt vi
mi trng vt l m qun x tn ti. y, cc sinh vt tng tc vi nhau v vi
mi trng to nn chu trnh vt cht v s chuyn ho nng lng. C th minh
ho h sinh thi bng cng thc n gin sau:
H SINH THI
Qun x
sinh vt
Mi trng
xung quanh
Nng lng
mt tri
Hnh 1.8 di y m t cu trc ca mt h sinh thi vi mi quan h gia cc

yu t trong qun x sinh vt, gia qun x sinh vt vi cc yu t vt l ca mi
trng xung quanh.
1.2.2. Phn loi h sinh thi
C nhiu tiu ch khc nhau phn loi h sinh thi theo mc dch nghin cu,
c im ca i tng khc nhau. Tuy nhin, ng mc v m, h sinh thi c
phn loi gm h t nhin v h nhn to.
- H sinh thi t nhin bao gm h cc sinh thi nguyn sinh nh rng nguyn
sinh, sng, h... hay h sinh thi t nhin c ci to. V d: Mt h sinh thi vng
12
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------h bao gm cc qun th sinh vt: thc vt nc, ng vt ph du, cc ng vt khng
xng sng, cc loi c, cc ng vt lng c, cc h thc vt quanh h...(xem hnh
1.10) Mi trng sng trong h sinh thi h l nc, bn trong h, khu vc t quanh
h, mi trng khng kh bao quanh khu vc h, nh sng mt tri, thc n... hnh
thnh nn cc hot ng sng ca cc qun x sinh vt trong h sinh thi h.
- H sinh thi nhn to: l h sinh thi do con ngi to ra v phc v cc hot
ng sng ca con ngi v bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin. V d: Mt h sinh thi
th bao gm nh ca, nh my, khu vui chi gii tr, trung hc, bnh vin... v cc
hot ng sn xut, dch v, du lch i cng s pht trin hoc suy thoi cu th .
H SINH THI
Mt
tri
Sinh vt sn xut
(sinh vt t dng):
Cy xanh, to...
Sinh vt tiu th
(sinh vt d dng):
ng vt, vt k sinh...
Sinh vt phn hu:

Vi sinh vt, t,
nm
Qun x sinh
- Cc cht v c: (C, N, CO2,

H2O, O2) tham gia vo chu
trnh tun hon vt cht
- Cc cht hu c: (Protein, Lipid,
Glucid) lin kt gii v sinh vi
gii hu sinh
- Ch kh hu: (nh
sng, nhit , m v cc
yu t vt l khc)
Mi trng
vt l
Hnh 1.8. Minh ho cu trc mt h sinh thi

1.2.3. Cu trc h sinh thi
Trong mi h sinh thi u c cc thnh phn sau:
- Sinh vt sn xut (Producer): L nhng sinh vt t dng (autotrophy) bao gm
cc loi thc vt c mu v mt s nm, vi khun c kh nng quang hp hoc ho
tng hp. Chng l thnh phn khng th thiu c trong bt k h sinh thi no, l
ngun thc n ban u c to thnh nui sng chnh nhng sinh vt sn xut sau
nui sng c th gii sinh vt cn li k c con ngi.
- Sinh vt tiu th (Consumer): l nhng sinh vt d dng (heterotrophy) bao
gm cc ng vt v vi sinh vt s dng cc hp cht hu c ly trc tip hay gin
tip t sinh vt sn xut.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sinh vt phn hu (Reducer): bao gm cc vi khun v nm. Chng phn hu
cc ph thi v xc cht ca cc vt sn xut v sinh vt tiu th.
- Mi trng (Environment): Bao gm tt c cc nhn t sinh thi ca sinh cnh
nh t, nc, khng kh, ting n. Mi trng p ng tt c cc yu cu ca sinh vt
trong h sinh thi. Trong mi trng ci cc thnh phn c bn sau:
+ Cc cht v c: C, N, H2O, CO2 ... tham gia vo chu trnh vt cht
+ Cc cht hu c: cht m, bt ng, cht bo, cht mn,... lin kt cc phn
t hu sinh v v sinh
+ Ch kh hu: nh sng, nhit , m,...
Mi lin h gia cc yu t (thnh phn) trong cu trc h sinh thi c m t
ti hnh 1.9 di y:
AS
mt tri
SV sn xut:
Cy xanh, to
O2, CO2, H2O,...
SV tiu th:
ng vt, vt
k sinh...
Cht mn,
khong ...
Mi trng vt l
SV phn hu
Vi khun,
Qun x sinh vt
Hnh 1.9. Mi lin h gia cc yu t (thnh phn) trong cu trc h sinh thi
V d: Xt mt h sinh thi ao h (hnh 1.10). Cc thnh phn c bn trong h
sinh thi ao h nh sau:
- Cc cht v sinh: L cc thnh phn hu c v v c nh H2O, CO2, O2 , mui,
N2, acid amin v cc cht dinh dng khc nh Ca, P, K
- Sinh vt sn xut: Thc vt ln thy sinh v phiu sinh thc vt phn b ni
tng mt ni c nhiu nh sng. Thc vt sng ni nh to hay thc vt ph du thng
gi vai tr quan trng hn thc vt ln trong vic sn xut thc n.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sinh vt tiu th: gm cc ng vt (u trng cn trng, tm, cua, c,...) n trc
tip thc vt hoc xc b thc vt v n tht ln nhau, c chia lm 3 nhm: phiu
sinh ng vt, bi li v trm sinh. Sinh vt tiu th bc I nh phiu sinh ng vt, bc
II nh cn trng n tht, c n tht; bc III nh c ln n cc loi tiu th bc II.
- Sinh vt phn hu: nh vi khun nc, trn ch, nm,... phn b u trong ao,
ni tch ly xc ng vt v thc vt. Cc sinh vt cht c phn hu nhanh nh hot
ng ca cc sinh vt hoi sinh, cc cht dinh dng c gii phng v c thc vt
s dng li.
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn xem xt cu trc h sinh thi ny trn chc nng v hot
ng nh phn b khng gian, pht trin v tin ho...
Hnh 1.10. Cu trc h sinh thi ao h

Ngun nng lng u tin c s dng trong h sinh thi l nng lng mt
tri. Cc cy xanh s dng ngun nng lng mt tri trong qu trnh quang hp v
tch tr di dng ho nng sinh trng v pht trin, ng thi cng l ngun nng
lng cung cp cho cc sinh vt tiu th khc.
Cc cy xanh c gi l sinh vt sn xut hay sinh vt t dng. Cn cc loi
ng vt n cy xanh hoc n cc loi khc c gi l cc sinh vt tiu th hay sinh
vt d dng.
Mi quan h sinh trng v pht trin ca cc sinh vt sn xut v sinh vt tiu
th c thng qua cu trc dinh dng ca h sinh thi v th hin trong chui thc
n v li thc n trong mt h sinh thi.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* Chui thc n: L mt dy cc loi sinh vt c quan h dinh dng vi nhau.
Mi loi l mt mt xch va l sinh vt tiu th mt xch pha trc va l sinh vt b
mt xch pha sau tiu th (hnh 1.6.).
V d: Thc vt --> su n l --> chut --> rn --> vi sinh vt phn hu
hoc
Thc vt --> hu, nai --> h --> vi sinh vt phn hu
hoc
Thc vt --> chut --> rn --> i bng --> vi sinh vt phn hu
Chui thc n lm cho nng lng trong h sinh thi vn chuyn trong h sinh
thi t sinh vt sn xut ( thc vt) n cc nhm sinh vt khc theo th t: Sinh vt
sn xut --> Sinh vt tiu th --> Sinh vt phn hy, vi cc thnh phn sinh hc
trong chui thc n nh sau:
- Sinh vt sn xut l nhng sinh vt t dng trong qun x sinh vt (cy xanh, to).
- Sinh vt tiu th l nhng sinh vt d dng n thc vt v cc loi sinh vt d
dng khc. Sinh vt tiu th c chia ra thnh:
+ Sinh vt tiu th bc 1: n thc vt hoc k sinh thc vt .
+ Sinh vt tiu th bc 2: n thc vt hoc k sinh trn sinh vt tiu th bc 1.
+ Trong chui thc n cn c th c sinh vt tiu thu bc 3, 4
- Sinh vt phn hu: l nhng vi khun d dng, nm c kh nng phn hu cc
cht hu c thnh cc v c.
C 2 cch phn loi chui thc n: Chui thc n bt u bng sinh vt sn xut,
(v d: c --> th --> co --> vi sinh vt phn hu) v chui thc n bt u bng sn
phm phn gii hu c (v d: mn --> giun t --> g --> vi sinh vt phn hu). Trong
thc t, t khi ngi ta th hin sinh vt phn hy trn cc minh ha trong chui thc n,
v chng qu nh v tc ng mi bc dinh dng. Cho nn chui thc n thng
c biu din t sinh vt sn xut v cc sinh vt tiu th bc 1, bc 2, bc 3...
Cc chui thc n trong mt h sinh thi thng an xen nhau, lin kt vi nhau
mt cch cht ch to thnh mng li thc n trong h sinh thi.
* Li thc n: Mi loi sinh vt trong qun x sinh vt thng l mt xch ca
nhiu chui thc n. Cc chui thc n thng c nhiu mt xch chung to nn mt
li thc n.
Trong mi trng, mi sinh vt thng n cc loi thc n khc nhau, n phin
chng li lm thc n cho nhiu nhm sinh vt khc. Chnh v th mng li thc n
trong mt mi trng thng rt phc tp v gp phn to nn s n nh ca h sinh
thi (hnh 1.11).
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Li thc n l mt c im cu mt h sinh thi nht nh. Li thc n c th
c t hoc nhiu chui thc n khc nhau. Cc chui thc n kt hp vi nhau thnh
mng li thc n v mi kiu ng vt v loi u c chui thc n ring ca chng.
Hnh 1.11. Li thc n ca mt h sinh thi rng

Tnh cht phc tp ca li thc n l do kh nng tham gia ca cc loi vo
nhiu bc dinh dng hay nhiu loi c ph thc n rng. Con ngi c th coi l sinh
vt tiu th nm cui cng ca chui thc n, song con ngi c th s dng nhiu
loi thc n khc, bt u t thc vt n cc nhm sinh vt tiu th khc nhau.
1.2.4. Tnh cn bng ca h sinh thi
Cn bng sinh thi l trng thi n nh t nhin ca h sinh thi, hng ti s
thch nghi cao nht vi iu kin sng.
Trong mt h sinh thi, vt cht lun chuyn t thnh phn ny sang thnh phn
khc. y l mt chu trnh tng i khp kn. Trong iu kin bnh thng, tng
quan gia cc thnh phn ca h sinh thi t nhin l cn bng.
V d: Trong mt h sinh thi rng, thc vt ly dinh dng t t tng hp
thnh cht hu c. Cht hu c ny mt phn nui dng pht trin cy, mt
phn nui ng vt n thc vt trong rng, mt phn ri rng, tr li mu cho t.
ng vt n thc vt pht trin va tiu th ht phn thc n thin nhin dnh
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------cho n. Phn, xc ng vt v l rng, cnh ri trn mt t c vi sinh vt phn hu
ht tr li cho t cht dinh dng nui cy. Do vy t rng lun mu m, giu
cht hu c, nhiu vi sinh vt v cn trng, cy rng a dng v ti tt, ng vt
phong ph. chnh l cn bng sinh thi.
H sinh thi t nhin c c trng l kh nng t cn bng, c ngha l mi khi b
nh hng v mt nguyn nhn no th li c th phc hi tr v trng thi ban
u. c trng ny c coi l kh nng thch nghi ca h sinh thi. Kh nng t cn
bng ny ph thuc vo cu trc - chc nng ca h sinh thi trong mi giai on pht
trin. Nhng h sinh thi tr thng t n nh hn h sinh thi trng thnh. Cu
trc ca mt h sinh thi tr bao gi cng gin n, s lng cc loi t v s lng c
th trong mi loi cng khng nhiu.
Cn bng sinh thi khng phi l mt trng thi tnh ca h sinh thi. Khi c mt
nhn t no ca mi trng bn ngoi tc ng ti bt k mt thnh phn no ca
h sinh thi, n s bin i. S bin i ca mt thnh phn trong h sinh thi s ko theo
s bin i ca cc thnh phn k tip, dn n s bin i ca c h sinh thi. Sau mt
thi gian, h sinh thi s thit lp c mt cn bng mi, khc vi tnh trng cn bng
trc khi b tc ng. Bng cch h sinh thi bin i nhng vn cn bng.
V d: Xt mi tng quan gia hai loi:
A
Prey (con mi)
B
Predator (th n mi)
Nu nh dn s ca loi A bt u b gim s gy ra s khan him ngun thc n

cho B v nh vy s lm cho dn c ca loi B gim theo. V do B gim nn A li c
xu th tng ln.
Xt mt mng li thc n phc tp hn:
A
C
B
(con mi)
(th n mi)
C hai loi A v B u l con mi ca loi C trong li thc n, tuy nhin loi A

l thc n yu thch ca loi C. Nu dn c ca loi A gim th C phi tp trung vo
thi quen n B v do s to iu kin cho loi A c phc hi. n mt lc no
dn c ca loi B li b gim dn v C li phi tp trung sang A. Chnh v vy, s
cn bng sinh thi thng qua chui thc n v li thc n lun lun c bo tn.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tuy nhin, kh nng t thit lp cn bng mi ca h sinh thi l c hn. Mi c
th, qun th c mt gii hn sinh thi nht nh i vi tng yu t sinh thi (hnh
1.12.). Gii hn ny ph thuc vo kh nng thch nghi v tin ho ca c th, ca
qun th v cc yu t sinh thi khc. Nu mt thnh phn no ca h sinh thi b
tc ng qu mnh v vt qu gii hn t iu chnh ca h sinh thi, n s khng
khi phc li c, ko theo s suy thoi ca cc thnh phn k tip, lm cho ton h
sinh thi mt cn bng, suy thoi.
Ti
Gii hn n nh
trn
Gii hn n nh
di
Trng thi n nh ca h
sinh thi
Nhng h sinh thi, c bit l cc h sinh thi t nhin thng phc tp v thnh
phn loi, tnh a dng sinh hc cao, c nhiu mc tiu th trong chui thc n, nu c
mt s tc nghn mt khu no dn n lm mt cn bng sinh thi th n s d
dng t iu chnh, gi cho h sinh thi lun lun n nh v khng b e do.
Ranh gii n
Cng tc ng ca cc yu t sinh
Hnh 1.12. Biu n nh ca h sinh thi

V d: trn cc cnh ng c, chut thng xuyn b rn, ch si, co, chim ng, c
mo... sn bt. Bnh thng s lng chim, trn, th, chut... cn bng vi nhau. Khi con
ngi tm cch bt rn v chim th l c hi tt cho chut pht trin. iu ny con ngi
chng ta cn phi hiu r cc h sinh thi v cn nhc k trc khi tc ng ln mt thnh
phn no ca h, khng gy suy thoi, mt cn bng cho h sinh thi.
1.2.5. Tc ng ca con ngi n tnh bn vng ca h sinh thi
Loi ngi l mt sinh vt tiu th, nhng l sinh vt ht sc c bit vi cc nhu
cu nh n, mc, , i li, hc hnh, chm sc sc khe, gii tr... p ng cc nhu
cu ny, con ngi khng ngng khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin. Cc hnh ng ny
v ang gy nhiu bt li cho h sinh thi v e da c s sng trn tri t.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trong cc chui thc n, con ngi thng ng v tr cui ca chui nn
thng tch ly mt lng ln cc cht kh hoc khng b phn hy sinh hc. iu
ny thng dn n nhng vn sc khe ca con ngi nh t bin, ung th v
cc bnh tt khc.
Mt trong nhng c tnh ca con ngi l c mt bin sinh thi ln, kh
nng sng trong cc iu kin khc nhau, k c iu kin khc nghit. Do , con
ngi c tr khp ni, t sa mc kh cn cho n Bc cc bng gi.
Con ngi lun chu nh hng cu cc nhn t sinh thi, nhng ngc li con
ngi tc ng nhiu nht ln cc h sinh thi trn hnh tinh. Ngay t khi xut hin,
con ngi tc ng vo mi trng thin nhin, mc tc ng ngy cng gia
tng theo s pht trin ca x hi loi ngi.
Con ngi thi k nguyn thy l thnh vin hon ton ca h sinh thi v ch l
mt trong v s sinh vt to nn qun lc sinh vt, ho nhp vo chu trnh vt cht v
dng nng lng trong sinh quyn trn Tri t. Nhng t khi con ngi bit khai thc
v s dng la, h bt u tc ng ln mi trng thin nhin bng hnh ng ph
hy khng tng ng vi s lng t i ca h.
Vic dng la sn bt th gy nn mt s xo trn cc qun x thc vt
nhiu vng trn th gii. La to ra nhng m chy khng l tn ph thm thc
vt Trung u vo thi mi. Ha hon tn ph nhiu din tch rng nguyn
sinh v ngn chn s phc hi ti vng nhit i v n i. Cc m chy c cng
to ra cc savanes Ty Phi v ng Nam La gy nn nhiu thm ho
cho cc h sinh thi trn Tri t, lm tuyt chng nhiu loi ng, thc vt trong sut
thi k pht trin ca loi ngi v sinh gii.
Cc hot ng nng nghip ca con ngi cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn
ch yu ca s mt cn bng cc h sinh thi trn hnh tinh ny. Nng nghip to nn
cuc cch mng cng ngh th hai ca nhn loi v chi phi tt c cc cu trc x hi
cho n khi cuc cch mng v cng nghip vi nhng pht minh t ph v k thut
v cng ngh.
S pht trin ca nng nghip gy ra mt s xo trn ln ca sinh quyn. N
y mnh cc bin i h ng vt k trn bng cch gia tng tc tiu dit cc ng
vt ln m cc nh chn th xem nh l cc loi cnh tranh vi gia sc. S m rng
nng nghip c c trng bi s thay th cc h sinh thi c th hin bi s thay
th t h sinh thi rng cao nh bng ng c chn th ri ti t trng trt.
Nng nghip v th c trng bi s tiu dit thm thc vt nguyn thy trn cc
din tch rng ln, nhng ch cho mt s t loi cy trng m con ngi chn la ph
20
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------hp vi nhu cu thc n ca mnh. S m rng nng nghip c nh hng tai ha cho
nhiu h sinh thi t lin. S ph rng t, s s dng t cu th lm kit qu
cc vng t rng. S a dng v loi trong cc h sinh thi nng nghip l thp nht
v con ngi loi b cc vt canh tranh vi cy trng, vt nui do con ngi chon la
phc v cuc sng ca h. Do con ngi lm gia tng khi lng thc phm trn
mt n v din tch v mt lng nng lng c hc cn thit. V hu qu ca s hy
hoi cc qun x thc vt t nhin l khi u cho s kh hn hay s sa mc ha ton
b cc vng t dng cho trng trt hay chn th.
Tuy vy, nn vn minh nng nghip khng lm bin i chu trnh vt cht v
dng nng lng trong sinh quyn. Thm ch ngi ta cn c th ni rng h sinh thi
con ngi trong hnh thi x hi nh vy ho nhp vo ton b cc hin tng sinh
thi hc t nhin. H sinh thi ny gm cc sinh vt sn xut s cp (cy trng hay t
nhin) c con ngi n trc tip hay qua trung gian cc sinh vt sn xut th cp
(th nui, th rng...) hay dng lm nguyn liu (g, si...).
Con ngi l sinh vt tiu th chnh cu h sinh thi. Tt c sn lng tiu th
bi con ngi u c bin thnh cht thi phn hy sinh hc c s dng bi cc
sinh vt phn hy. Cc sinh vt ny phn hy hon ton cc cht thi trn v khong
ho thnh cc hp cht n gin (phosphat, nitrat v cc mui khong khc) c s
dng bi cc sinh vt t dng. Do nc v t c y kh nng t lm sch v
chu trnh vt cht khng b xo trn.
Tm li, s pht trin mnh m ca nn nng nghip hin i ko theo mt
lot nh hng ti h sinh thi t nhin, tc ng mnh m n tnh cn bng ca h
sinh thi. c bit l vai tr ca con ngi vi vic tp trung trng trt v chn nui
c chn lc phc v mc ch sinh sng v pht trin ca loi ngi v ang l l
nguyn nhn chnh pht v tnh cn bng trong h sinh thi nng nghip ni ring v
h sinh thi t nhin trn tri t.
Mt nguyn nhn quan trng khc ph v tnh cn bng ca h sinh thi t nhin
tn ti hng triu nm trn tri t l x hi cng ngh ng i. S th ha v
cng nghip ha bin cc th v khu cng nghip thnh cc trung tm cng ngy
l thuc vo cc vng sn xut nng nghip xung quanh. Hn na, cc cht thi ngy
cng nhiu v a dng, gy nn s xo trn ln cho h sinh thi.
Xem xt h sinh thi con ngi trong x hi cng ngh hin i, ngi ta thy ba
ngun xo trn ch yu gy mt n nh cho h sinh thi t nhin. l s gim thiu
s a dng ca sinh gii, s gin an cc chu trnh vt cht v s bin i hon ton
cc chu trnh vt cht. Mt s hnh ng ch yu gy thay i h sinh thi t nhin do
con ngi nh sau:
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tc ng n cc yu t sinh hc:
+ Gy ra s cnh tranh: Mt v d in hnh nht l s cnh tranh ca th hoang
vi cu ca chu c. Nm 1859 ngi ta em 12 i th t chu u sang chu c.
Sau vi nm, chng pht trin nhanh chng v bt u n qu nhiu c l ra phi dnh
cho cu, lng c do 5 con th tiu th bng lng c cho 1 con cu. Do vy xut
hin s thiu thc n cho by cu nui. Ngoi ra by th cn chim 1 khu vc t rt
rng ln chu c lm cho din tch chn nui cu y b thu hp. Cc nng dn
y phi ngn th xm nhp nng tri ca mnh bng cc hng ro.
+ Lm tng hoc gim s loi n tht: Mt s loi vt n tht nh gu, cp, co
si, chim... va cnh tranh vi con ngi v ngun thc n, va tr thnh thc phm
ca con ngi. Hng lot th n tht b cht trong sut lch s ca con ngi. Mt
v d vo nm 1900, ngi ta git rt nhiu si vng ng c Arizona, Hoa K.
Vic ny khin cho by hu y nhanh chng tng s lng, gn nh chng
gm sch c y, vic ny gy ra s suy thoi mi trng trm trng.
+ em cc c th mang mm bnh n: Cc c th mang mm bnh lun c
trong t nhin. Con ngi v tnh em cc c th mang mm bnh n cc mi
trng khc vn cha c kim sot t nhin v bnh . Ti ni mi ny mm bnh
pht trin nhanh chng v gy ra tc hi trm trng. Vo u nm 1800, ngi ta
v tnh em mt vi cy ht d c mang nm bnh t Trung Quc sang M. Cy ht
d ca Trung Quc quen v sng chung vi loi nm ny, cn cy ht d ca M
khng quen v do chng b mc bnh v cht hng lot. Ngy nay khng cn
cy ht d no sng M.
- Tc ng n cc yu t v sinh: Cc hot ng ca con ngi gy ra
nhim nc, khng kh, t, lm suy gim cc ngun ti nguyn... Cc tc ng ny
khin cho cuc sng ca con ngi cng ngy cng kh khn hn.
+ Gy nhim: nhim nc v khng kh to ra mi trng bt li cho cc vi
sinh vt pht trin. Chlo, thuc tr su, ha cht c hi nhim vo nc s lm cht
c v cc thy sinh vt khc. Ha cht st trng v thuc dit c lm cht cc cn
trng v chim, c n cn trng. Vic s dng CFC lm mng tng zn ca kh quyn
khin cho con ngi d mc bnh ung th hn. R r du trn sng, h, bin trong qu
trnh vn chuyn, khai thc, s dng lm cht c v cc thy sinh vt. Vic tiu dng
cc nhin liu thng thng (du, kh, than, ci...) lm tng nng kh CO2, gy ra
hiu ng nh knh, lm bin i kh hu mt s vng v trn ton cu, nh hng n
s sng ca cc loi trn tri t.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Lm hng cc ngun ti nguyn: Ngun nc ngm c khai thc, s dng
mt cch v thc c th b cn kit, nhim v gy st ln v khng th no khi
phc li c. Cc m du kh, kim loi... do s pht trin ca cng nghip v ang
b khai thc trit . Vic lm thay i dng chy ca sng phc v cho con ngi
cng lm thay i ton b h sinh thi ca lu vc sng.
+ Lm n gin ha h sinh thi: Con ngi do nhu cu ca mnh lm n
gin ha h sinh thi mt s vng thng qua vic lm gim s a dng sinh hc gy
ra s mt cn bng sinh thi v lm hng h sinh thi . C th ly mt v d v qu
trnh lm n gin ha h sinh thi l qu trnh c canh, tc ch trng mt loi cy
trn mt vng t. Qu trnh ny khin cho khu vc b n gin ha v d b tn
thng do su ry, bnh hi, gi, ma v thi tit, kh hu bt thng khc.
1.3. Ti nguyn
1.3.1. Khi nim
Ti nguyn c th hiu bao gm tt c cc ngun nguyn liu, nhin liu - nng
lng, thng tin c trn Tri t m con ngi v sinh vt c th s dng p ng
cc nhu cu tn ti v pht trin.
Ti nguyn thin nhin c phn b trong thnh phn mi trng nh kh
quyn, thch quyn, thu quyn v sinh quyn. Ti nguyn phn b khng ng u
gia cc vng trn Tri t, trn mt vng lnh th hay mt khu vc c nhiu loi hnh
ti nguyn khc nhau. Tu thuc vo nhu cu pht trin ca con ngi m cc ngun
ti nguyn c khai thc cc mc khc nhau. X hi loi ngi cng pht trin,
s loi hnh ti nguyn v s lng mi loi ti nguyn c khai thc ngy cng tng.
Ti nguyn phi vt cht c to ra do con ngi v quay li phc v cuc sng
ca con ngi.
Nh vy, khi nim ti nguyn c khi qut nh sau: "Ti nguyn l tt c
cc dng vt cht, phi vt cht v tri thc c s dng to ra ca ci vt cht cho
con ngi, l c s tn ti v pht trin ca sinh vt trn Tri t".
1.3.2. Phn loi ti nguyn
C nhiu quan im v tiu ch khc nhau phn loi ti nguyn. S phn loi
cng ch c tnh tng i v s a dng ca ti nguyn v tu thuc mc ch khai
thc, s dng ti nguyn ca con ngi. Tu thuc vo bn cht ca ti nguyn c th
phn loi thnh hai dng c bn l ti nguyn thin nhin v ti nguyn con ngi.
23
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ti nguyn thin nhin: l loi hnh ti nguyn gn lin vi cc yu t t nhin.
Ti nguyn thin nhin c phn theo dng vt cht nh ti nguyn t, ti nguyn
nc, ti nguyn bin, ti nguyn rng, ti nguyn sinh hc...
- Ti nguyn con ngi: hay ti nguyn nhn vn gn lin vi cc nhn t con
ngi, x hi v cc gi tr vn ho - lch s (vt th, phi vt th) do con ngi to ra
trong qu trnh tn ti v pht trin. Ti nguyn con ngi c th c phn thnh ti
nguyn lao ng, ti nguyn tri thc, ti nguyn thng tin...
i vi ti nguyn thin nhin c th phn loi theo c tnh ho hc (ti nguyn
v c v ti nguyn hu c) hoc theo mc s dng v bn cht ca ti nguyn (ti
nguyn ti sinh v ti nguyn khng ti sinh). T cc loi ti nguyn ny, tu thuc
vo bn cht, mc ch khai thc s dng... m phn loi thnh cc loi hnh nh hn
(hnh 1.13).
1.3.3. Mt s loi ti nguyn chnh
a. Ti nguyn t
t ai l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v gi, l t liu sn xut khng th
thay th ca con ngi, l mi trng sng quan trng con ngi v cc loi sinh vt
khc trn Tri t.
TI NGUYN THIN NHIN
Ti nguyn khng ti sinh
Khng th ti sinh
Cn kit: du
m, than
Nng lng mt
tri
Khng kh
Nc
Vi sinh vt
Thc vt
ng vt
To tin ti sinh
Ti to: kim loi,

ni lon, thu
tinh
Ti nguyn ti sinh
Hnh 1.13. Phn loi cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin
24
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Theo thng k ca UNEP (1987), din tch t trn th gii vo khong 15.000
triu ha. Trong , t hon ton khng ph bng l 13.251 triu ha. Trong din tch
t khng b ph bng, ch c khong 11% din tch canh tc c, 24% c dng
lm ng c chn nui, 32% l rng v t rng, 33% cn li c s dng vi mc
ch khc nh khu vc dn c (t ), t chuyn dng (t xy dng, giao thng,
thu li...), vng m ly, t ngp mn v cc loi t cha s dng khc. Theo nh
gi ca cc nh khoa hc, din tch t c kh nng khai thc a vo canh tc khong
3.200 triu ha.
V mt cht lng t canh tc th ch c 14% t c nng sut cao, 28% t c
nng sut trung bnh v c ti 58% t c nng sut thp. iu ny cho thy t c
kh nng canh tc nng nghip trn ton th gii c hn, din tch t c nng sut cao
li qu t. Thm vo , mi nm trn th gii c khong 12 triu hecta t trng trt
cho nng sut cao b chuyn thnh t phi nng nghip v khong 100 triu hecta t
trng trt b nhim c do vic s dng phn bn v cc loi thuc bo v thc vt.
Vic s dng t canh tc khng ng u cc khu vc, quc gia v vng lnh
th. Tu thuc vo iu kin a l - kh hu, trnh canh tc v c trng ca cc
tp on cy trng m vic s dng v hiu qu s dng t mi ni khc nhau.
Nh vy, din tch t canh tc c trn th gii ngy cng gim dn trong khi
dn s cng ngy cng tng. V vy, c lng thc v thc phm cung cp cho
nhn loi trong tng lai th vic khai thc s t c kh nng canh tc cn li s
dng l vn rt quan trng. Theo nh gi ca cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc trng
trt th n nm 2075 th con ngi mi c th khai ph ht din tch t c kh nng
canh tc cn li .
i vi nc ta, din tch t t nhin l 33 triu hecta trong t c kh nng
canh tc ch c 6,9 triu hecta (chim 21% din tch t t nhin) v phn b khng
ng u cc vng sinh thi khc nhau. Cc loi t cn li bao gm t lm nghip
(11,8 triu ha), t chuyn dng (1,4 triu ha) v cc loi t cha s dng khc (13
triu ha). Trong din tch t canh tc nng nghip, t trng la c din tch 4,144
triu ha, t trng mu v cy cng nghip ngn ngy c din tch l 1,245 triu ha v
t trng cy n qu v cy lu nm c din tch l 1,3 triu ha.
Mt thc t ng quan tm l vic suy thoi ti nguyn t trn th gii. C nhiu
nguyn nhn khc nhau dn n nhng tn tht v suy thoi t ai trong thi gian
quan nh:
- S mt rng v khai thc rng n cn kit dn n hin tng xi mn t,
ong ho t, lm mt ngun nc ngm trong t...
25
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Qu trnh chn th qu mc lm t b nn cht, gim che ph ca cy c
trn b mt t...
- Cc cht nhim trong hot ng sn xut cng nghip nh s dng t lm
ni cha ng cht thi, x cc cht c hi vo t...
- Vic s dng qu mc phn bn, ho cht, thuc tr su... trong sn xut nng
nghip cng lm cho t b nhim v suy thoi.
Mt s con s di y cho thy mc xi mn t trn th gii v Vit Nam:
Trung Quc, hng nm mt t b bo mn trung bnh 40 tn/ha, trong c nc c
34% din tch t b bo mn khc lit v lm cho cc con sng cha y ph sa.
n , s xi mn t lm sng b lp y bn v ang l mt vn nghim
trng, c tnh khong 25% din tch t b bo mn mnh trn ton n . Hoa
K, c tnh c khong 1/3 tng t mt canh tc b ra tri vo sng, h, bin, t l
xi mn trung bnh l 18 tn/ha. Cn ti Vit Nam, hng nm nc ca cc con sng
mang ph sa vo bin ng khong 200 triu tn, c tnh trung bnh 1m3 nc
cha t 50g - 400g ph sa, ring ng bng sng Hng 1.000g/m3 v c khi t n
2.000g/m3.
Vic bo v v khai thc hp l ti nguyn t trn th gii ni chung v Vit
Nam ni ring l nhim v quan trng ca cc nh qun l, cc nh khoa hc v
nhng ngi canh tc nng nghip. Khng nhng gip cho vic sn xut lng thc,
thc phm p ng nhu cu ca con ngi hin ti m cn gn gi ti nguyn t cho
cc th h tng lai.
b. Ti nguyn nc
Nc l ngun ti nguyn v cng quan trng cho tt c cc sinh vt trn Tri t,
l mt thnh phn c bn cu thnh nn vt cht. Nu khng c nc th s sng cng
khng xut hin v khng tn ti mt th gii pht trin vn minh, hin i ngy nay.
Nhng nn vn minh ln ca nhn loi u xut hin v pht trin trn lu vc
ca cc con sng ln nh nn vn minh Lng H Ty , nn vn minh Ai Cp h
lu sng Nil, nn vn minh sng Hng n , nn vn minh Hong H Trung
Quc, nn vn minh sng Hng Vit Nam ... T xa xa, con ngi bit dng
nc trng trt v nui trng thu sn. Cng vi qu trnh pht trin, con ngi
khm ph thm nhiu kh nng ca nc phc v cc hot ng sn xut v nhu
cu sinh hot ca con ngi.
Nc bao ph 71% din tch ca Tri t, bao gm 97% l nc mn v 3% l
nc ngt vi tr lng c tnh khong 1,4 t km3. Nc c vai tr gi cho kh hu
Tri t tng i n nh v pha long cc yu t gy nhim mi trng. Nc cn
26
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------l thnh phn chnh trong c th sinh vt, chim t 50% - 97% trng lng ca c th
sng. Trong 3% lng nc ngt c trn qu t th c khong hn 3/4 lng nc m
con ngi khng s dng c v n nm qu su trong lng t, b ng bng, dng
hi trong kh quyn v dng tuyt trn lc a... ch c 0, 5% nc ngt hin din
trong sng, sui, ao, h m con ngi v ang s dng.
Theo cc nh khoa hc, c tnh khong 105.000 km3 nc ma mi nm cung
cp nc ngt ri xung b mt Tri t. Khong 1/3 lng nc ny theo sng sui
ra bin, 2/3 cn li quay tr li kh quyn do bc hi b mt v s thot hi nc ca
thc vt. Vng tun hon ca nc trong t nhin c th hin hnh 1.20 di y.
Nhu cu v nc cng ngy cng tng theo qu trnh pht trin ca x hi. Theo
c tnh, bnh qun trn ton th gii c chng khong 40% lng nc cung cp
c s dng cho cng nghip, 50% cho nng nghip v 10%cho sinh hot. Tuy
nhin, nhu cu nc s dng li thay i ty thuc vo s pht trin ca mi quc gia.
V d: Hoa K, khong 44% nc c s dng cho cng nghip, 47% s dng cho
nng nghip v 9% cho sinh hot v gii tr. Trung Quc th 7% nc c dng
cho cng nghip, 87% cho cng nghip, 6% s dng cho sinh hot v gii tr
Do nhu cu nc cho sinh hot v sn xut ca con ngi ngy mt cao, i km
vi vic khai thc lng nc qu mc lm ngun nc cung cp cho con ngi b
suy gim. Bn cnh , vn nhim ngun nc v s l nhng nguyn nhn
gy nn tnh trng thiu nc c bit l nc sch cho con ngi. Nhiu hin tng
thin nhin pht sinh do lng nc ngt cung cp khng p ng nhu cu pht trin
nh hn hn, xm nhp mn t bin, nhim ngun nc do khai thc qu mc nh
nhim Asen trong nc ngm
Vit Nam, do nn cng nghip mi pht trin, s th v cc khu cng nghip
cha nhiu nn lng nc dng cho cng nghip v sinh hot cn qu t so vi tr
lng trong t nhin. Tuy vy, s nhim bn ngun nc bt u xut hin do vic
s dng thuc tr su trong nng nghip, lng nc thi ra mi trng ca cc nh
my luyn kim, nhit in, ha cht, thc phm, cng vi lng nc thi do sinh
hot... tr thnh mt vn cp bch cn phi c quan tm. V d: s nhim cc
b cc lu vc sng ng Nai, sng Si Gn, sng Cu, sng Nhu trong thi gian qua
gy thit hi cho sn xut nng nghip v nh hng n i sng ca ngi dn.
c. Ti nguyn khong sn v nng lng
Khong sn v nng lng l ngun nguyn liu t nhin c ngun gc v c
hoc hu c, phn ln c nm trong lng t, qu trnh hnh thnh c lin quan mt
thit n lch s pht trin ca v tri t trong mt thi gian di. T khi hnh thnh x
27
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------hi loi ngi, con ngi bit khai thc v s dng khong sn v nng lng, ngy
nay s hiu bit v s dng khong sn, nng lng cng nhiu hn v a dng hn.
Ty theo c im v tnh cht ca mi loi khong sn, ngi ta phn chng ra
lm hai loi l khong sn kim loi v khong sn phi kim loi. Mi loi li c phn
thnh nhiu nhm khc nhau ty theo tnh cht v cng dng ca chng.
- Khong sn kim loi: bao gm tt c cc kim loi c bit hin nay, nhng
kim loi thng gp nh nhm, st, mangan, magie, crom... v cc kim loi him nh
ng, ch, km, thic, vng, bc, bch kim, uranium, thy ngn, molypden...
- Khong sn phi kim loi: gm cc loi qung nh photphat, sunphat, clorit,
sodium, cc nguyn liu dng khong nh ct, si, thch anh, vi, cc nhin
liu ho thch nh than , du mo, kh t Cc loi nc cha khong cng c
coi l khong sn phi kim.
Ti nguyn khong sn khng phi l v tn, cng vi s pht trin ca nn cng
nghip hin i th s cn kit ngun ti nguyn khong sn ang l mi e da i
vi nhiu quc gia ni ring v nhn loi ni chung. Theo nh gi v tr lng mt
s loi khong sn cho thy cc loi khong sn nh st, nhm, titan, crom, magie,
platin..., tr lng cn kh nhiu v cha c nguy c cn kit. Cc loi khc nh bc,
thy ngn, ng, ch, km, thic, molypden... cn li khng nhiu v ang bo ng
nguy c cn kit. Cn mt s loi khong sn khc nh fluorit, grafit, barit, mica... tr
lng cn rt t, ang ng trc nguy c cn kit.
Trong qu trnh pht trin ca x hi hin i, khong sn l c s cho s pht
trin cc ngnh cng nghip. cc quc gia c nn cng nghip pht trin, nhu cu v
cc khong sn kim loi chim t l 80% - 90% tng lng kim loi s dng trn th
gii. V d: nhu cu s dng st tng t 900 triu tn nm 1980 ln n 1.400 triu tn
nm 1990 v 2.250 triu tn nm 2000, nhu cu s dng cc kim loi thng dng khc
nh ng, nhm cng tng rt cao. Ngoi ra nhu cu v khong sn phi kim loi
cng tng ln, ch tnh trong th k 20, con ngi khai thc t lng t 130 t tn
than, 35 t tn du v hn 1 t tn hi t.
nc ta, c nhiu loi khong sn vi tr lng ln. Cc loi khong sn kim
loi c st vi tr lng 700 triu tn, ng vi tr lng 0,6 triu tn, nhm vi tr
lng 4 t tn, thic vi tr lng 0,07 triu tn v nhiu loi khc nh crom, vng,
titan, km, nikel, mangan... phn b rng ri nhiu ni theo sut chiu di t nc.
Cc loi khong sn phi kim cng c tr lng di do nh apatit c tr lng trn 1
t tn, cc loi vi vi tr lng ln cung cp nguyn liu cho ngnh xy dng, sn
xut xi mng v cc vt liu khc
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i cng vi ti nguyn khong sn l ti nguyn nng lng, con ngi cn nng
lng cho s tn ti ca bn thn ng thi sn sinh ra cng thc hin cc cng
vic. T xa xa, con ngi bit li dng sc nc, sc gi to ra nng lng. S
xut hin ca la m u cho giai on khai thc nhng ngun nng lng c in
(t g, t than) trong thin nhin.
Cc ngun nng lng c to thnh bao gm nng lng truyn thng khai
thc t cc khong sn (nng lng t du m, than , kh t), nng lng t
nhin (nng lng gi, nc, mt tri) v nng lng ht nhn. Vn an ninh nng
lng tr nn nghim trng i vi cc quc gia trn th gii. Di y l mt s
cht to thnh nng lng ch yu phc v mc ch pht trin kinh t - x hi trong
thi k pht trin cng nghip cao trn th gii.
- Than : c s dng rng ri phc v cng nghip luyn kim, cc nh my
nhit in Tr lng than trn th gii vo khong 23.000 t tn, cc nc c tr
lng than ln nh Lin X c (4.122 t tn), Hoa K (1.100 t tn), Trung Quc
(1.011 t tn), c (70 t tn), Canada (61 t tn), Ba Lan (46 t tn), Nam Phi (26 t
tn), Nht Bn (20 t tn). Vi nhp khai thc nh hin nay th c tnh 250 nm
na, than s khng cn khai thc. Tr lng than ca Vit Nam c xc
nh l t 3 n 3,5 t tn, ch yu tp trung vng Qung Ninh. Hin nay sn lng
khai thc ngy cng nhiu p ng nhu cu trong nc v xut khu.
- Du m: l nng lng ch yu s dng cho nhu cu cng nghip, giao thng
v i sng dn sinh. Tr lng c tnh trn 80 t tn, tp trung ch yu cc nc
khi Rp v khu vc b bin ca nc Nga. Nhu cu v du m ngy cng tng v
lng du khai thc cng tng ln, c tnh vi nhp khai thc hin nay th tr
lng du s cn trong vng 30 -35 nm na.
- Kh t thin nhin: Cng l mt ngun cung cp nng lng quan trng cho
cc hot ng trn tri t, tr lng kh t tnh sau 5.000 m l 86.000 t m3.
Nhu cu v mc khai thc kh t cng khc nhau ty theo nhu cu pht trin kinh
t - x hi ca mi quc gia.
Tr lng ca cc ngun sinh nng lng nh trn l hu hn, vi tc khai
thc nh hin nay th ch trong mt thi gian ngn cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin
ny s b cn kit dn ti s thiu ht nguyn, nhin liu cho qu trnh sn xut. Hin
ti, cc nc pht trin v khoa hc - cng ngh v ang c gng nghin cu s
dng cc loi nng lng thin nhin nh gi, nc, mt tri hay nghin cu nng
lng ht nhn nhm thay th cho cc loi hnh nng lng truyn thng nhm bo v
ngun ti nguyn thin nhin trn th gii v m bo nhu cu nng lng cho qu
trnh pht trin.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------d. Ti nguyn rng
Rng l mt h thng phc tp bao gm cc yu t vt l, ha hc v sinh hc tc
ng qua li vi nhau, l mt tng th ca kh hu, t ai, ng vt, thc vt v vi sinh
vt vi s tham gia ca cc chu trnh Cacbon, Nit, Oxy v nhiu loi khong cht khc.
Ngoi ra rng cn c vai tr quan trng trong vic iu ha kh hu, gi nc chng xi
mn t, chng l lt, chng sa mc ha, chn gi v bo v ma mng...
Rng phn b khng ng u trn cc Chu lc c v din tch cng nh th
loi. Rng trn th gii chim 29% din tch ca cc i lc tng ng vi 3.837 triu
ha bao gm 1.280 triu ha rng thng vng n i v hn i, 2.557 triu ha rng
rm vng nhit i v xch o.
Theo WWF (1998), trong thi gian t nm 1960 n nm 1990, che ph ca
rng trn ton th gii gim i gn 13% (tng ng gn 5 triu km2), tc
gim trung bnh 160.000 km2 mi nm (bng 1.1).
Bng 1.1 Din tch rng t nhin ton th gii 1960 - 1990 (WWF, 1998)
n v tnh: Triu km2
Nm
Stt
Cc khu vc
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1 Chu Phi
5,906
5,720
5,533
5,321
5,110
4,898
4,686
2 Chu /TBD
5,301
5,066
4,830
4,549
4,358
4,140
3,921
Chu M la tinh
9,688
v Carib
9,361
9,034
8,676
8,318
7,934
7,550
4 Bc M
6,705
6,705
6,705
6,705
6,705
6,689
6,673
5 Chu u
1,139
1,171
1,202
1,219
1,236
1,244
1.252
6 Lin bang Nga
7,983
7,983
7,983
7,983
7,983
7,983
7,983
7 Tng s
36,723 36,005 35,287 34,498
32,709
33,887 32,066
Theo ti liu ca Maurand th trc nm 1945, nc ta c 14 triu ha rng chim

hn 42% din tch t nhin ca c nc, nm 1975 din tch rng ch cn 9,5 triu ha
(chim 29% din tch t nhin), nm 1985 cn 7,8 triu ha (23,6%) n nm 1989 ch
cn 6, 5 triu ha (19,7%) (Vin iu tra qui hoch rng, 1989).
Do nc ta tri di t bc xung nam v i hnh vi nhiu cao khc nhau so
vi mc nc bin nn rng phn b trn khp cc dng a hnh, vi nt c o ca
30
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vng nhit i v rt a dng nh c nhiu rng xanh quanh nm, rng gi nguyn
thy, rng cy l rng, rng cy l kim, rng th cp, trung cy bi v c bit l
rng ngp mn...
Rng Vit Nam c ngun ti nguyn sinh vt a dng. C nhiu loi rng vi
nhiu loi ng, thc vt qu him v c o:
- V thc vt: theo s liu thng k gn y th c khong 12.000 loi thc vt,
trong c khong 10% l loi c hu; 800 loi ru; 600 loi nm; khong 2.300 loi
cy c mch; 41 loi cho g qu (nhm 1), 20 loi cho g bn chc (nhm 2), 24 loi
cho g mc v xy dng (nhm 3)...; 25 loi cy tre, trc; khong 1.500 loi c th
s dng lm dc liu...
- V ng vt: cng rt a dng, ngoi cc loi ng vt c hu cn c nhng
loi mang tnh cht tng hp ca khu h ng vt min nam Trung Hoa, n ,
Malaixia, Myanma. Hin ti thng k c khong 774 loi chim, 273 loi th, 180
loi b st, 80 loi lng c, 475 loi c nc ngt v 1.650 loi c rng ngp mn
v c bin; chng phn b trn nhng sinh cnh khc nhau, trong c nhiu loi c
gi tr kinh t cao, c ngha khoa hc. Nhiu loi qu him c tn trong Sch ca
th gii v Vit Nam.
* Suy gim ti nguyn rng trn th gii v Vit Nam:
S tn ph rng trn th gii v ang xy ra mnh m. chu u, do s pht
trin ca cc th, cc ngnh cng nghip, nng nghip v dch v m lng g
tiu th rt ln dn n s khai ph rng lm thu hp din tch rng mt cch ng k.
Trung Cn ng v Bc Phi th rng b tn ph nng n ch yu l do vic chn
nui th d, cu gy nn v cng do tng dn s. Bc M, nguyn nhn tn ph l
do li nhun trong vic xut khu g a sang bn cho chu u, nhp khai thc
tng nhanh k t na sau th k 19 a rng vo tnh trng bo ng.
nc ta, nm 1945 din tch rng l 14 triu ha n hin nay ch cn li
khong 6,5 triu ha, nh vy trung bnh mi nm rng Vit Nam b thu hp t 160.000
n 200.000 ha. Nguyn nhn dn n s gim st nghim trng v din tch l do
khai hoang, do chy rng, do s khai ph rng ba bi ly g ly t canh tc... Ngun
ti nguyn ng vt a dng ca rng Vit Nam cng b gim st nghim trng do s
sn bt th, khai thc cc sn phm ca rng ba bi v bun lu th qu him ra nc
ngoi. Trong 4 thp k qua theo c tnh s b c 200 loi chim b tuyt chng
v 120 loi th b dit vong. Vic tn ph cc rng ngp mn ly cht t v lm
h nui cc loi thy hi sn c gi tr kinh t ti vng ng bng sng Cu long, sng
Hng v mt s cc tnh ven bin gy ra hu qu nghim trng nh ph v s cn
31
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bng h sinh thi rng ngp mn, lm mt i ni sinh sn ca mt s loi tm c nc
ngt v bin, ng thi gy nn hin tng xi mn b bin do sng v do gi.
S tn ph rng cc ni trn th gii gy hu qu nghim trng cho con
ngi mi trng. S bin i kh hu trn tri t, s hoang mc ho v ang
xy ra v e do cuc sng ca Tri t. ng lo ngi nht hin nay l cc khu rng
nhit i, do s gia tng dn s, do vic xut khu g mang li ngun li nhun cao
nn nn khai thc cc khu rng nhit i din ra vi tc rt nhanh. V d rng
Amazone l khu rng nguyn sinh ln nht hnh tinh ang b khai ph nghim trng,
theo cc nh chuyn mn th ch trong vng vi chc nm na th khu rng ny s b
hy dit hon ton v con ngi s nhn nhng hu qu kh lng xy ra do s bin
i v kh hu trn tri t.
Mc d con ngi nhn thc c iu ny, chnh ph cc quc gia c
nhiu bin php tch cc bo v ti nguyn rng nhng cho nn n nay tnh trng
khai ph rng vn cn xy ra nghim trng. Cn phi c nhiu bin php, chnh sch
quyt lit hn bo v v gn gi ngun ti nguyn rng trn hnh tinh chng ta.
1.4. Mi quan h gia mi trng v pht trin

1.4.1. Mi quan h gia mi trng v pht trin kinh t - x hi
Khi nim pht trin c hiu theo nhiu cch khc nhau tu thuc vo i
tng, mc tiu v ng lc i ln ca mt s vt, hin tng.
Trong qu trnh tin ho ca sinh gii, pht trin c hiu nh s thay i
thch ng vi iu kin sng v bo tn, duy tr nhng c im c li cho cc th h
sau. C th xem qu trnh tin ho ca sinh gii trn Tri t l qu trnh pht trin
theo hng c li cho s tn ti v pht trin ca cc loi sinh vt trn hnh tinh ca
chng ta.
i vi con ngi, pht trin l mt xu hng t nhin ng thi l quyn ca
mi mt c nhn, mi mt cng ng hay mi mt quc gia. Con ngi va l i
tng, va l ng lc ca pht trin. Mc tiu ca s pht trin ca con ngi l
khng ngng ci thin cht lng cuc sng vt cht, vn ho, tinh thn ca con
ngi. Qu trnh pht trin to iu kin cho con ngi sinh sng bt k ni u trn
Tri t vi iu kin mi trng sng trong lnh, c hng cc quyn c bn ca
con ngi, c m bo an ninh, an ton, c hng nhng hng ho v dch v tt
nht v c hng cc thnh tu v vn ho, tinh thn... ng thi bo tn nhng g
cho th h sau tn ti v pht trin.
32
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vy gia vn pht trin v mi trng c lin quan nh th no? Mi quan h
gia chng trong x hi hin i ca loi ngi? Chng ta hy xem xt vn gic
pht trin ca x hi ng i.
Trong lch s pht trin ca cc quc gia, c bit l sau cuc cch mng cng
nghip, pht trin kinh t c t ln hng u, ln t cc yu t khc ca qu trnh
pht trin chung nh x hi, vn ho, mi trng, nhn quyn Chnh v vy, pht
trin t pht tr nn thnh hnh, gy ra nhng hu qu ht sc tai hi cho x hi loi
ngi v mi trng sinh thi.
Trong th k 21, khi m cuc chy ua pht trin ca cc quc gia, gia cc khu
vc kinh t trn th gii ang din ra ngy cng gay gt, khc lit th khuynh hng
pht trin bng mi gi vn c cc nc c nn kinh t km pht trin p dng. V
chnh h hy sinh cc vn mi trng v cc yu t khc cho pht trin kinh t.
Hu qu ca s pht trin kinh t nng l mi trng b suy thoi, c s ca s pht
trin b thu hp, ti nguyn thin nhin b gim st c v s lng v cht lng. Mt
khc, dn s ca cc nc km pht trin li tng ln rt nhanh, iu ny chnh l
nguyn nhn gy nn s ngho i ca con ngi, ph v cn bng sinh thi, suy thoi
mi trng v khai thc cn kit ti nguyn. y l tm thm kch v s nhim do
ngho i cc nc km pht trin, tiu biu l mt s nc chu Phi nh Xmali,
tiopia, Uganda...
cc nc pht trin, khuynh hng bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin v bo v mi
trng v ang c u tin trong qu trnh pht trin. Khuynh hng ny ch
trng khng can thip vo cc ngun ti nguyn sinh hc bo v chng. Tuy nhin,
ti nguyn thin nhin l c s, l u vo ca h thng kinh t i vi cc quc gia, l
ngun vn c bn cho mi hot ng pht trin ca con ngi. Do vy, cc nc ny,
cc quan im trn kh lng thc hin c nu khng s dng ti nguyn cho cc hot
ng kinh t. Mt khc, hu qu ca qu trnh khai thc v lm dng ti nguyn qu
mc phc v cho qu trnh pht trin trc y v ang tc ng mnh m theo
hng tiu cc ti i sng kinh t - x hi - con ngi bt buc cc quc gia ny phi
u t vo cng tc bo tn, khi phc li cc h sinh thi trc y.
Tuy nhin, qu trnh pht trin i hi phi c cung cp ti nguyn. Do vy,
cc quc gia ny tm n cc khu vc cn giu c ti nguyn u t v tm kim li
nhun, h qu ca qu trnh ny li quay tr li lm cho cc nc ngho i cn kit
ti nguyn v i mt vi vn nn nhim mi trng. C th ni, cc vn cn kit
ngun ti nguyn v nhim mi trng ca cc nc km hoc ang pht trin mt
phn bt ngun t cc nc pht trin.
33
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C th thy pht trin v mi trng l hai mt ca mt vn thng nht ch
khng mu thun vi nhau. Nu pht trin m khng ch trng n vn mi trng
th s gy nn tnh trng cn kit ti nguyn, suy thoi mi trng do khai thc qu
mc v nhim, cc tc ng n con ngi v h sinh thi. Cn nu ch t mc tiu
bo tn ti nguyn v cc h sinh thi th i ngc li vi quy lut pht trin ca loi
ngi v sinh gii. Do , khng th a ra vn ch trng pht trin hay ch
trng mi trng m phi a ra quan im mi trng v pht trin. Hai vn
ny tn ti song song, b tr cho nhau, khng hy sinh vn ny y mnh vn
kia. Hay ni mt cch khc, cc quc gia trn th gii cn phi t c mc tiu
pht trin bn vng.
1.4.2. Mi quan h gia khai thc ti nguyn v mi trng
Nh phn tch trong mi quan h gia mi trng v pht trin, vic khai thc
ti nguyn c tc ng mnh m n con ngi v cc h sinh thi trn tri t.
Trong x hi hin i, sc sn xut tng ln ng k do s pht trin dn s v do
nhng thnh tu ca cch mng khoa hc k thut lm tng nng sut lao ng . Con
ngi khai thc ti nguyn vi mt cng rt ln lm cho cc ti nguyn cn
kit n mc bo ng. Cc chu trnh vt cht trong t nhin b ph hy, nhiu h sinh
thi t nhin b mt n nh, cu trc vt l sinh quyn b thay i.
Vic khai thc g v cc loi sinh vt ca rng dn n vic tn ph rng, thay
i cu trc thm thc vt, nhiu ng thc vt khng cn ni sinh sng v b tiu
dit, nhiu loi b dit vong. Mt lot hu qu tip theo do vic khai thc rng to
nn i vi mi trng v sinh quyn nh thay i ch v chu trnh cht kh, hm
lng CO2 tng v O2 gim, nhit khng kh cng c xu hng tng theo, hin
tng xi mn v cun tri t lm mu m ca t rng b gim, nc ngun b
nhim bn ph sa, ch dng chy ca sng ngi thay i.Vic khai thc rng
lm mt khong 20 triu ha rng/nm.
Cc ngnh cng nghip khai khong, khai thc du m a mt lng ln ph
thi, cc cht c hi ... t trong lng t vo sinh quyn. Cc loi nc cha axit,
phenol... ca qu trnh khai m x vo ngun nc mt, gy nhim v ph hy s
cn bng sinh thi . Mt khc cu trc a tng v thm thc vt khu khai m thay
i nh hng xu n sc khe v cc hot ng kinh t x hi ca con ngi.
Vic xy dng p h cha khai thc ngun thy nng cng c nhng tc
hi nht nh i vi mi trng nh cn tr di chuyn ca c t h lu v thng lu
trong ma trng, thay i bn vng ca t, gy ngp lt v kh hu vng h
cha...
34
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i vi cc loi ti nguyn khng c kh nng ti sinh, hin ti s dng cng
nhiu th tng lai khan him cng cao. Khi nim sn lng bn vng s khng ph
hp vi ngun ti nguyn ny. Nh vy, cn phi quan tm l sn lng khai thc l
bao nhiu c th va m bo s pht trin ca nn kinh t, va bo v mi trng
v duy tr mt tr lng p ng cho s pht trin ca cc th h tng lai. Tnh cht
gii hn ca ngun ti nguyn ny l khng c kh nng ti sinh, do ngy mt khan
him v kh khai thc. Nh vy, khai thc c cc ngun ti nguyn ny s nh
hng mnh m n mi trng bi tm quan trng ca gii hn mi trng i vi
cc hot ng khai thc ti nguyn ny. tip tc khai thc cc ti nguyn c cht
lng ngy cng thp hn s i hi mt khi lng rt ln nng lng, do s to
ra mt mc nhim khng th chp nhn c v lm tn hi n cnh quan v
hot ng sng ca con ngi.
i vi cc loi ti nguyn c kh nng ti sinh, nu khng c cc bin php
qun l, khai thc bn vng th nguy c c th b cn kit, thm ch b hu dit. V
vy, i vi ti nguyn ti sinh, gia sn lng khai thc v tr lng vn c ca ti
nguyn ny c mi quan h rng buc rt cht ch. Nu chng ta khai thc sn lng
vt qu tr lng vn c ca n th dn n nguy c cn kit ti nguyn. Ngc li,
nu chng ta khai thc sn lng nh hn mc ti sinh th tr lng ti nguyn tip
tc gia tng. C hai phng n u nh hng ti mi trng cha ng ti nguyn,
s cn bng sinh thi v cuc sng ca con ngi. Phng n ti u nht l khai thc
sn lng ng bng mc ti sinh do tr lng vn c ca ti nguyn trong mi
trng to ra nhm khai thc c hiu qu cc ngun ti nguyn c th ti sinh.
1.4.3. Mi quan h gia dn s, s dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng
Dn s c mi quan h trc tip ti mi trng thng qua vic s dng ti
nguyn thin nhin, pht trin kinh t v a cc cht thi sinh hot, sn xut vo mi
trng. Dn s trn th gii ngy mt tng, hin nay t hn 6 t ngi. Trong khi
t ai phc v cho sn xut v khng tng ln, lng ti nguyn khng ti to
ngy cng t i, lng ti nguyn ti to b khai thc nhiu hn kh nng t ti sinh
trong mi trng. X hi pht trin, cc nhu cu ca con ngi cng tng theo, t ni
, khu vc vui chi gii tr, giao thng, trng hc, bnh vin..., nhu cu hng ho vi
cht lng cao hn ngy cng tng. Tiu th trn u ngi tng mnh, trong khi
nhiu loi ti nguyn khong sn khng sinh mi c, nn cn kit dn. Dn s tng,
sn xut pht trin lm tng lng cht thi ra mi trng, lm suy thoi v nhim
mi trng nghim trng.
Khi dn s tng mnh trn th gii, nhng t ai khng tng theo, kh nng sn
xut ca tri t l c hn, kh nng chu ng nhng tc ng ca con ngi i vi
35
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------mi trng cng l c hn. Nu ngy hm nay chng ta khai thc n cn kit ti
nguyn thin nhin v gy nhim mi trng, th khng ch chng ta, m c cc th
h con chu chng ta trong tng lai s khng cn g sng v pht trin.
Theo cc nh khoa hc th chin tranh, i km, dch bnh, suy thoi mi trng,
u bt ngun t vic gia tng dn s. Tht vy, dn s tng d dn n khai thc ti
nguyn cn kit. V khi ti nguyn khng chi dng, ngi ta bt u tm kim
chng ngoi phm vi s hu ca mnh, dn ti tranh ginh v xy ra chin tranh.
Dn s ng dn n kh pht trin dn tr v kinh t, i sng i ngho, lc hu, con
ngi v mu sinh m d dng ph hu mi trng. Ngho i thng i lin vi mt
v sinh v dch bnh... Ngho kh cng dn n hn ch trong vic la chn cc cng
ngh mang tnh bo v mi trng cao, lm cho mi trng d b nhim hn.
Theo Paul Ehrlich v John Holdren (1971), mi quan h ca s gia tng dn s
tc ng n ti nguyn v mi trng c biu din bi cng thc sau:
I=PxF
Trong :
I l tc ng mi trng ca dn s v cc yu t lin quan
P l quy m dn s
F l mc tc ng mi trng tnh bnh qun theo u ngi
F l mt hm s c xc nh bi cc bin s sau:
F = f{P, c, t, g}
Trong :
c l mc tiu dng bnh qun u ngi
t l tc ng mi trng ca cng ngh tnh trn 1 n v ti nguyn

g l lng ti nguyn c s dng (theo t)
Nh vy, s tc ng ca dn s ln mi trng ph thuc vo quy m dn s v
cc yu t lin quan n mc tc ng bnh qun u ngi. Cng thc ca Paul
Ehrlich v John Holdren cho thy khng th c s tip tc gia tng dn s m khng
gy nh hng ti mi trng, khai thc ti nguyn v cuc sng ca con ngi.
Theo Miller (1993), s suy thoi v nhim mi trng cng mt ni ty thuc
vo 3 yu t l s lng ngi s dng, s n v nng lng mi ngi s dng v khi
lng ca s suy thoi v nhim mi trng do mi n v nng lng gy ra.
S ng dn bao gm s lng ngi qu nhiu v khi lng tiu th qu ln.
S lng ngi qu nhiu xy ra nhng ni m s ngi nhiu hn thc n, nc
ung v cc ti nguyn khc. Vic ny thng xy ra cc nc ang pht trin, lm
suy thoi cc ti nguyn ti to v l nguyn nhn ca s ngho i. Khi lng tiu
36
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------th qu ln xy ra cc nc cng nghip, khi mt s t ngi s dng mt lng ln
ti nguyn. y l nguyn nhn chnh lm cn kit ngun ti nguyn khng th phc
hi v lm nhim mi trng.
Cc tc ng tiu cc ca tnh trng gia tng dn s hin nay trn th gii biu
hin cc kha cnh:
- Sc p ln ti ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng do khai thc qu mc cc
ngun ti nguyn phc v cc nhu cu nh , sn xut lng thc, thc phm, sn xut
cng nghip
- To ra cc ngun thi tp trung vt qu kh nng t phn hu ca mi trung
t nhin trong cc khu vc th, khu vc sn xut cng nghip
- S chnh lch v tc pht trin dn s gia cc nc cng nghip ho v
cc nc ang pht trin dn n tnh trng nhim do i ngho cc nc ang
pht trin v nhim do d tha cc nc pht trin, s chnh lch gia khu vc
thnh th v nng thn dn n s di dn di mi hnh thc.
- S gia tng dn s v qu trnh pht trin nng cc th dn n tnh trng
qu ti, lm cho mi trng nhiu khu vc th b suy thoi nghim trng. Ngun
cung cp nc sch, nh , cy xanh khng p ng kp cho s gia tng dn s.
nhim mi trng khng kh, nc, cht thi rn tng ln i km vi s gia tng dn
s. Sc p do gia tng dn s ln mi trng c m t hnh 1.14. di y:
Sc p dn s
Pht trin kinh t
Tng
sn
phm
quc
dn
B tr
c cu
kinh
t
ngnh
v
lnh
th
Tc
tng
trng
kinh
t
Ti nguyn - Mi trng
Thu
hp
khng
gian
c tr
nhim
v suy
thoi
mi
trng
Khai
thc
qu
mc
TN
thin
nhin
Cht lng cuc sng
Cung
cp
lng
thc,
thc
phm
Pht
trin
vn
ho,
y t,
gio
dc
Thu
nhp
bnh
qun
u
ngi
Hnh 1.14. Sc p dn s ln qu trnh khai thc ti nguyn, pht trin kinh t v cc

vn x hi
37
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------M hnh dn s - ti nguyn - mi trng cho thy con ngi s dng ti nguyn
v gy nhim. S ng dn khin ngi ta s dng nhiu ti nguyn hn v lm suy
thoi mi trng nhiu hn. Mi tng quan gia dn s, ti nguyn v mi trng
c Chiras (1991) a ra trong bng 1.2. di y:
Bng 1.2. Bng phn tch cc mi tng quan gia dn s, ti nguyn v mi
trng (Chiras, 1991)
Stt
Lin h
Tm tt cc nh hng
Dn s ln
mi trng
S lng dn xc nh nhu cu ti nguyn, lng tiu dng. Cc nhn t

dn s (trnh x hi, kinh t cu mt nc) c nh hng ln vic s
dng ti nguyn. Cc nc cng nghip c nhu cu v ti nguyn phc
tp v c khuynh hng s dng nhiu ti nguyn khng th ti to. Cc
nc ang pht trin s dng nhiu ti nguyn ti to c. S phn b
dn c cng nh hng ln s cung cp, khai thc v s dng ti nguyn.
Dn s ln
nhim
Dn s gy ra nhim qua vic khai thc v s dng ti nguyn.

nhim c th xy ra t vic s dng mt ti nguyn nh l ni cha rc
thi sinh hot v cng nghip. Ngoi ra khai thc ti nguyn (than ,
du v kh) gy ra s suy thoi mi trng. Khi lng ti nguyn v
cch thc khai thc v s dng chng xc nh khi lng nhim.
Ti nguyn
ln dn s
Tc ng dng: Khm ph v s dng ti nguyn mi (du, than...) lm

tng dn s, cng nh s pht trin x hi, kinh t, cng ngh. Ti
nguyn cho php con ngi di chuyn n cc ni mi cng nh vic
ly v s dng ti nguyn trc y khng c dng. Thm vo s
pht trin ti nguyn to nhiu ni trong cc mi trng kh khn..
Tc ng m: Cn kit ti nguyn lm gim dn s v lm gim s pht
trin x hi, kinh t, cng ngh. Suy thoi mi trng ( nhim nc,
khng kh...) c th lm gim dn s hay tiu dit qun th sinh vt.
Ti nguyn
ln nhim
Khi lng, cch thc khai thc v s dng ti nguyn c th nh hng

ln nhim. Cng khai thc v s dng nhiu ti nguyn th cng gy
nhiu nhim. Cn kit ti nguyn c th lm gim nhim.
nhim ln
dn s
nhim c th lm gim dn s cng nh gim s pht trin x hi, kinh

t v cng ngh. nhim lm gia tng t vong v bnh tt nn nh
hng xu ln kinh t v x hi. nhim c th lm thay i thi ca
con ngi t lm thay i lut l, cch thc khai thc v s dng ti
nguyn.
nhim ln
ti nguyn
nhim mt mi trng c th gy thit hi ln mi trng khc. Cc

lut mi nhm lm gim nhim c th thay i s cung cu, khai thc
v s dng ti nguyn.
38
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 2. NHIM MI TRNG
2.1. Khi nim v nhim mi trng

nhim mi trng v ang l him ho i vi sinh gii v con ngi trn
hnh tinh. Nguyn nhn ca nhim ch yu l do cc hot ng sinh hot v sn xut
ca con ngi, c bit l cc hot ng cng nghip.
C nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v nhim mi trng. nhim mi trng
c hiu l vic chuyn cc cht thi hoc nng lng vo mi trng n mc c
kh nng gy hi n sc kho con ngi, n s pht trin ca cc h sinh thi hoc
lm suy gim cht lng mi trng.
Cc tc nhn nhim bao gm cc cht thi dng kh (kh thi), lng (nc
thi), rn (cht thi rn) cha ho cht hoc tc nhn vt l, sinh hc v cc dng nng
lng nh nhit , nh sng mt tri, bc x...
Tuy nhin, mi trng ch c coi l b nhim nu trong hm lng, nng
hoc cng cc tc nhn trn t n mc c kh nng tc ng xu n con
ngi, sinh vt v mi trng sinh thi.
nc ta, khi nim nhim mi trng c nh ngha ti iu 3, chng 1
Lut bo v mi trng 2005, c th nh sau:
nhim mi trng l trng thi ca thnh phn mi trng b bin i do
cht gy nhim gy ra mc vt tiu chun mi trng.
thng nht v mt nhn thc v ngn t, chng ta s dng khi nim mi
trng c gii thch trong Lut bo v mi trng.
Cc loi hnh nhim mi trng c phn loi tu vo cc tc nhn gy
nhim v ngun tip nhn cc cht nhim nh kh thi gy nhim khng kh, nc
thi gy nhim nc v t. Bn cnh , cn c cc loi hnh nhim khc nh
nhim nhit, phng x, ting n.
2.2. nhim nc
2.2.1. Nc trong t nhin v s nhim nc
Nc trong t nhin bao gm cc dng ngun nc c trn Tri t nh i
dng, bin, sng sui, ao h, bng hai cc Tri t, trong khng kh, trong t v
trong cc c th sinh vt. Khong 97% nc t nhin l nc bin v i dng (nc
mn), 2% nc tn ti dng bng nm hai cc Tri t v 1% l nc ngt m con
39
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ngi c th s dng c. Nc l thnh phn v cng quan trng trong vic duy tr
cuc sng ca con ngi v sinh vt trn Tri t.
Cc ngun nc trong t nhin m con ngi c th s dng c tn ti di
cc dng sau:
- Nc mt: Bao gm nc cc ao h, sng sui, bin v i dng
- Nc ngm: Bao gm cc dng nc tn ti trong lng t, ...
- Nc ma: L ngun nc do qu trnh bay hi nc, tch t thnh nhng m
my v to ma khi c s thay i t ngt v nhit . Nc ma ri xung mt t
c lu gi di dng nc mt khi ri xung cc thu vc nh ao, h, sng, sui,
bin, i dng v di dng nc ngm khi ngm xung lng t. Chu trnh ca
nc trong t nhin c m t ti hnh 2.1. di y.
My
Gi
My
Ma
Ma
Bc hi
X l
nc cp
Tuyt
H, ao
S dng nc
Sng, sui
X l
nc thi
Nc ngm
Bc hi
Bin, i dng
Hnh 2.1. Chu trnh ca nc trong t nhin

Con ngi s dng nc phc v cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Trong qu trnh
sinh hot, sn xut cng nh qu trnh s dng nc em mt lng cht nhim thi
vo ngun nc v gy nhim nc. C th khi qut s nhim ca nc nh sau:
40
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trong qu trnh sn xut v sinh hot ca con ngi v cc hot ng ca t
nhin a mt lng cht thi vo nc qu nhiu lm thay i tnh cht v
thnh phn ca nc, lm nh hng xu n h sinh thi mi trng nc v sc
kho ca i tng s dng nc th c coi l s nhim nc.
Cc khuynh hng thay i cht lng nc do hot ng ca con ngi gm:
- Gim pH ca nc ngt do vic gia tng hm lng SO32-, NO3- trong nc
do nhim H2SO4 v HNO3 t kh quyn v nc thi cng nghip.
- Tng hm lng cc ion Ca, Mg, Si... trong nc ngm v nc sng do nc
ma ho tan, phong ho cc qung Cacbonat...
- Tng hm lng cc kim loi nng trong nc nh Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Zn...
- Tng hm lng cc anion nh PO43-, NO3-, NO2- trong nc t nhin
- Tng hm lng cc mui trong nc mt v nc ngm.
- Tng kh nng nhim ngun nc t nhin do cc nguyn t phng x.
- Gim nng xy ho tan trong nc t nhin do cc qu trnh xy ho lin
quan ti cc qu trnh ph dng cc ngun nc giu cc cht hu c.
- Gim trong ca nc.
Cc c trng ca mc nhim ngun nc c th hin cc ch tiu nh
pH, hm lng cht rn, nhu cu xy sinh hc (BOD), nhu cu xy ho hc (COD),
cc dng nit, phtpho, du m, mi, mu, cc kim loi nng
2.2.2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng nc
a. Sinh hot ca con ngi
Trong hot ng sng ca mnh, con ngi cn mt lng nc rt ln. X hi
cng pht trin nhu cu dng nc cng tng. C dn sng trong iu kin nguyn
thy ch cn 510 lt nc/ngi/ngy. X hi cng hin i th nhu cu s dng nc
tng gp hng chc ln so vi trc y. V d: Tiu chun cp nc ca Singapore l
250400 lt/ngi/ngy, ca Php 200500 lt/ngi/ngy, ca M l 380500
lt/ngi/ngy..., nc ta tiu chun cp nc sinh hot i vi khu th l
150200 lt/ngi/ngy, i vi khu vc nng thn l 50100lt/ngi/ngy.
c im ca nc thi sinh hot l hm lng cc cht hu c khng bn vng
(d b phn hu) cao nh hydrat cacbon, protein, cht bo, cc cht khong dinh
dng (photphat, nit, magie), cc cht rn huyn ph v cc vi sinh vt. Nc thi
sinh hot c ngun gc t nhng khu vc sau:
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Khu vc dn c: bao gm c th v nng thn
- Khu vc thng mi: nh ch, bn xe, trung tm bun bn
- Khu vc c quan: nh cng s, trng hc, bnh vin
- Khu vc vui chi gii tr: nh qun c ph, cu lc b, b bi
b. Cc hot ng cng nghip
Cc hot ng sn xut cng nghip c mt nh hng r rt n qu trnh gy
nhim nc. S pht trin ngy mt mnh m nn cng nghip hin i lm tng nhu
cu v nc, nht l cc ngnh sn xut nh ch bin thc phm, giy, ha cht, luyn
kim, du m... V do , lng nc thi nhim v cc cht nhim trong hot ng
cng nghip ang ngy mt nhiu v nguy him.
Nc thi cng nghip bao gm nc thi trong qu trnh sn xut, nc thi t
qu trnh v sinh my mc thit b, nc thi t qu trnh sinh hot ca cn b cng
nhn trong nh my, x nghip. Nc thi sn xut trong cc nh my, x nghip cng
nghip thng chia lm hai loi nc thi bn v nc thi qui c sch.
- Nc thi qui c sch ch yu l nc lm ngui my mc thit b. Cc loi
nc ny c th dng li trong h thng cp nc tun hon cho nh my .
- Nc thi bn thng c to thnh trong qu trnh sn xut.
Tu thuc vo loi hnh sn xut cng nghip, dy chuyn cng ngh, thnh phn
nguyn vt liu, cht lng sn phm... m c im v thnh phn ca nc thi sn
xut ca cc nh my, x nghip rt a dng, phc tp v c thnh phn khc nhau.
C th k n cc c trng ch yu ca nc thi do hot ng cng nghip
nh: Cc loi cn l lng, cc hp cht hu c (acid, este, phenol, du m, cc cht
hot ng b mt...), cc cht c (xianua, arsen, thy ngn, mui ng...), cc cht
gy mi, cc ion kim loi nng, du m, cc mui khong v mt s ng v phng x.
c. Cc hot ng nng nghip
Vic s dng nc cho cc hot ng nng nghip c tc ng to ln n s thay
i ch v s cn bng nc lc a. Sn xut nng nghip i hi mt lng nc
ln, phn ln nc s dng trong nng nghip b tiu hao m khng c hon li. S
dng nc trong nng nghip dn n vic suy gim cht lng nc ngun.
Cc hot ng nng nghip gy nhim ngun nc bao gm ch ti tiu
nng nghip, cht thi t qu trnh chn nui v vic s dng phn ho hc, thuc bo
v thc vt trong canh tc. Cc cht thi ny ho tan trong nc v gy nhim mi
trng nc.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c im ca nc thi t cc hot ng nng nghip l hm lng cc cht
mn, cc cht l lng cao, hm lng cc cht dinh dng v c cao nh cc gc ca
nit, photpho Trong nc thi nng nghip c mt lng ln cc cht hu c kh
phn hu v c c tnh cao. Cc hp cht hu c c cha Chlor nh cc loi thuc
tr su DDT, Andrin, Endosunphan, cc loi thuc dit c nh Acid phenoxiaxetic,
cc loi thuc dit nm nh Hexaclorobenzen... l cc cht bn vng, tc phn hy
trong nc rt chm. Chng c th tch t trong bn, trong c th sinh vt, tan trong
m ng vt nc... theo chui thc n gy c i vi con ngi v sinh vt khc.
d. Nc chy trn
Nc chy trn trn mt t do nc ma, nc ra ng x... gy nhim cc
ngun nc mt. Nng cht bn trong nc ma ph thuc vo hng lot yu t
nh cng ma, thi gian ma, thi gian khng ma, c im mt ph, bn
th v khng kh... Nc ma ca trn u tin trong ma ma thng c nng cht
bn rt cao. Hm lng cn l lng c th t 4001800 mg/l, BOD5 t 40120 mg/l.
e. Hot ng ca tu thuyn
Do hot ng ca tu thuyn trn sng bin a mt lng du m vo nc
v gy nhim nc. Nguyn nhn l do va chm khi tham gia giao thng, do ra tu,
bm du v ri vi, cc s c m tu ch du... nhim nc do du m v sn
phm ca chng lm gim tnh cht ha l ca nc (thay i mu, mi, v), to lp
vng mng ph u mt nc, ngn cch nc v kh quyn, ngn cn s trao i xy
gia nc v kh quyn, ngn cn s trao i nhit cng nh s to lp cn .
V d: ch mt tn du th c kh nng loang ph trn mt din tch 12 km2
mt nc, ch mt gam du m c th gy bn 2 tn nc hoc mt git du cng c
kh nng to ra mt mng du dy 0,001 mm trn din tch 20 m2.
2.2.3. Cc tc nhn gy nhim ngun nc
a. Cc hp cht hu c
Theo kh nng chu tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng: nh sng, m, nhit
v cc nhn t vi sinh vt c th phn loi cc hp cht hu c thnh hai loi chnh
sau y:
- Cc cht hu c khng bn vng:
Bao gm cc loi cacbonhydrat, protein, cht bo... y l cc cht nhim ph
bin nht trong nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip ch bin thc phm.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Cc cacbonhyrat: cc cht ng c cha cc nguyn t C, N v O, mt s
ng n v ng kp. Ring Polysacharit c chia lm hai loi d b phn hy
sinh hc nh tinh bt v kh b phn hy sinh hc nh Celluloz...
+ Cc loi protein: acid amin mch di.
+ Cc cht bo: kh nng phn hy vi sinh chm.
Nhn chung cc hp cht hu c c phn t ln khng th thm qua cc mng t
bo do cn c giai on thy phn s b (phn r) thnh cc mch ngn hn (qu
trnh phn hy ym kh).
S s phn hy sinh hc cc hp cht hu c :
* Tc ng ca s nhim cc cht hu c khng bn vng:

Khi cc cht hu c khng bn vng xm nhp vo mi trng nc, di tc
ng ca cc yu t vt l ca mi trng v cc tc nhn vi sinh vt, cc hp cht
hu c khng bn vng s b phn hy. Qu trnh phn hu lm suy gim nng xy
ha tan, tn tr v lu ng trong cc lu vc t xo trn s to iu kin cho cc vi
sinh vt ym kh pht trin gy mi kh chu lm gim gi tr s dng ca ngun
nc.
Nu nng cao s lm cn kit nng xy ha tan gy nh hng xu n s
pht trin ca h thy sinh v gy ra hin tng ph dng, qu trnh ny to iu kin
cho h thc vt nc pht trin mnh gy nh hng xu n s pht trin ca h
ng, thc vt nc...
- Cc cht hu c bn vng:
Cc cht hu c bn vng thng l cc hp cht hu c c c tnh sinh hc
cao, kh b phn hy bi cc tc nhn vi sinh vt. Mt s c tc dng tch ly v tn
lu lu di trong mi trng v trong c th cc loi thy sinh vt. Cc cht ny gy
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------nhim lu di, ng thi c nhng tc ng xu n h sinh thi nc v thm ch n
sc khe ca con ngi. Cc cht Polyclorophenol (PCP), Polyclorinad Biphenyl
(PCB), cc loi hyrocacbon a vng ngng t, hp cht d vng N hoc O l cc cht
thuc loi ny.
Di tc ng ca cc yu t ca mi trng vt l v mi trng sinh hc c
th phn loi thnh cc dng c c tnh sinh thi cao v t c. Cc hp cht hu c
loi ny nh du m, cc cht hot ng b mt, cc loi thuc tr su v dit c...
Cc cht ny tc ng mnh n h thy sinh, nng cao c th gy hy dit
cc sinh vt trong mi trng. Cc hp cht hu c bn vng tch t thng qua mi
quan h dinh dng gy ng c i vi con ngi hoc dit chng mt s loi nh
c, chim v cc loi cn trng... Di y l mt s hp cht hu c bn vng c c
tnh sinh thi cao:
+ Cc hp cht phenol: phenol v cc dn xut ca phenol.
+ Cc loi ha cht bo v thc vt hu c: bao gm cc loi photpho hu c,
chlo hu c, cacbonat, phenoxyaxetic, pyrethroid tng hp.
+ Tanin v lignin: cc ha cht c ngun gc t thc vt .
+ Cc hyrocacbon a vng v ngng t.
b. Cc ion
Trong nc thi c cc ion kim loi v mui, cc ion trong mi trng nc c
vai tr quan trng trong vic cung cp cc cht dinh dng cho qu trnh sinh trng
v pht trin ca h sinh thi mi trng nc. Khi nng cc ion ny cao hn
ngng chp nhn ca sinh vt trong mi trng nc th cc ion ny s gy nhim
mi trng nc. Di y l mt s ion c trng trong mi trng nc.
- Amon (NH4+): Trong t nhin, nng ca amon vo nh hn 0,05ppm. i
vi cc ngun nc b nhim amon, nng thng cao hn trong t nhin rt
nhiu. V d trong nc thi sinh hot, nc thi ch bin thc phm, hm lng
amon ln ti 10100 mg/l.
- Nitrat (NO3-): C vai tr quan trng trong vic nh gi ngun nc. Nu
trong nc hm lng nitrat cao s gy ra hin tng ph dng, nu nc ung b
nhim nitrat s nh hng xu n mu. Theo WHO, nc ung nn c hm lng
nitrat nh hn 10 mg/l.
- Phosphat (PO43-): C nhiu trong phn ngi, sc vt, ni c cc nh my sn
xut phn ln. Nc khng b nhim phosphat nu nng PO43- trong nc nh
hn 0,01 mg/l.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sunfat (SO42-): Nu ngun nc c nng cc ion sunfat cao s gy n mn,
ph hu cc cng trnh, hi cy ci, ma mng
- Clorua (Cl-): To ra mn trong nc gy tc hi n cy trng, n mn
cng trnh
c. Cc kim loi nng
Cc kim loi nng cng l nhng tc nhn gy nhim nc, gy nguy hi n
sc kho ca i tng s dng nc. Di y l mt s kim loi nng gy nhim
nc in hnh:
- Ch (Pb): l kim loi c c tnh rt mnh i vi no, c th gy cht ngi
nu b nhim c nng. Ch c kh nng tch ly lu di trong c th. Trong nc sng
h c lng vt ch ( 0,05-40 mg/l), nc bin c lng vt ch 0,03 mg/l.
- Thy ngn (Hg): rt c i vi ngi v thy sinh. Nng cho php ca thy
ngn trong nc ung l 0,001 mg/l. Thy ngn gy ri lon thn kinh, gim tr nh,
vim rng li, ri lon tiu ha. i vi n gy ri lon kinh nguyt, nu mang thai d
b sy thai.
- Asen (As): c trong ngun nc thi cng nghip khai thc qung m, sn xut
thuc tr su, thuc da v t qu trnh xi mn t. Asen rt c, d dng hp th vo
c th qua n ung, h hp, qua da. Asen c kh nng gy ung th da, phi, xng v
lm sai lch nhim sc th gy t bin gen...
Ngoi cc kim loi nng k trn cn c cc nguyn t khc c c tnh rt cao
nh Cadimi, Selen, Crm, Niken... l cc tc nhn gy hi cho ngi v thy sinh
ngay nng thp.
d. Cc cht rn
Cc cht rn c trong nc t nhin l do qu trnh xi mn, do nc chy trn
t ng rung, do nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip. Cht rn c th gy tr ngi cho
vic nui trng thy sn, cp nc sinh hot...
e. Cc cht mu
Mu nc trong t nhin v nc thi thng c ngun gc t cc cht hu c d
phn hy bi cc tc nhn vi sinh vt, s pht trin ca mt s loi thc vt nc nh
to, rong ru, cc hp cht st, mangan dng keo gy mu v cc tc nhn gy mu
khc nh kim loi (Cr, Fe,...), cc hp cht hu c nh tanin, lignin...
Mu thc ca nc l mu do cc cht ha tan hoc cc cht dng keo, mu
bn ngoi (mu biu kin) do cc cht l lng ca nc to nn.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------f. Mi
Mi c trong nc thi l do cc nguyn nhn sau:
- Qu trnh ln men v sinh mi t cc cht hu c trong nc thi ti cc cng
rnh khu dn c, cc x nghip ch bin thc phm
- Mi sinh ra t s phn hy cc xc cht ng, thc vt trong nc thi.
- Mi c trong nc thi cng nghip ha cht, ch bin du m...
- Mi to thnh do cc vi sinh vt gy mi c trong nc thi.
g. Cc vi sinh vt
Cc vi sinh vt trong nc cng l nhng tc nhn gy nhim ngun nc.
Qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca cc chng h vi sinh vt trong nc gy ra cc
hin tng thiu ht lng xy ho tan trong nc, qu trnh sinh tng hp ca vi sinh
vt gy nn hin tng tha dinh dng trong nc. Ngoi ra, mt s vi sinh vt cn
gy mi trong nc, lm gim trong ca nc C th k tn mt s loi hnh vi
sinh vt trong nc:
- Vi khun d dng: S dng cc cht hu c lm ngun c cht cacbon v
nng lng trong qu trnh sinh tng hp. Nhm ny bao gm vi khun hiu kh hot
ng trong mi trng c xy v vi khun k kh hot ng trong mi trng khng
c xy.
- Vi khun t dng: C kh nng xy ho cht v c thu nng lng v s
dng CO2 lm ngun cacbon cho qu trnh sinh tng hp.
- Ngoi ra cn c cc loi nm, nm mc, nm men, virut
2.2.4. Cc ngun nuc b nhim
a. nhim cc thu vc nc ngt
Cc thu vc nc mt bao gm nc ma, ao h, ng rung v nc cc sng
sui, knh mng. Trong , cc sng v knh ti nc thi, cc h th v t trng
la nc l cc i tng thng c mc nhim trm trng.
Mt trong nhng tc ng ch yu ca nc thi ln h sinh thi thu vc nc
ngt l lm thay i nng xy trong nc. Khi x vo sng h, cc loi nc thi
c cha cc cht hu c d b vi sinh vt xy ho, qu trnh ny tiu th mt lng
xy rt ln, lm cho hm lng xy ho tan trong sng h gim mnh.
Do s thiu ht xy trong ngun nc, nhiu loi thu sinh nh c, tm, ng vt
nguyn sinh,... khng sng c. Trong nc v trong lp cn lng y s din ra
47
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------qu trnh phn hu ym kh cht hu c, gii phng nhiu kh c hi nh H2S, CH4...
gy nhim cho ngun nc v mi trng khng kh.
Cc thu vc gn cc khu cng nghip, cc thnh ph ln v cc khu vc khai
thc khong sn thng b nhim kim loi nng v cc ho cht c hi. Nguyn
nhn ch yu do x nc thi cng nghip, sinh hot, dch v khng c x l
hoc x l cha t yu cu vo mi trng. Cc cht c hi ny tc ng xu n
cc sinh vt v mi trng, tch lu theo chui thc n xm nhp vo c th con ngi
gy cc bnh nh ung th...
nhim vi sinh vt ngun nc mt thng gp trong cc thu vc tip nhn
nc thi sinh hot, nc thi ngnh cng nghip ch bin thc phm, c bit l nc
thi bnh vin. Cc loi vi sinh vt lan truyn trong mi trng nc, gy ra cc loi
dch bnh cho dn c s dng ngun nc trong sinh hot.
Cc loi thuc bo v thc vt v phn bn ho hc s dng trong nng nghip
cng l nguyn nhn gy nhim cc thu vc nc ngt. Chng lan truyn trong t,
nc v cc sn phm nng nghip di dng d lng thuc bo v thc vt, nitrat
(NO3-)... gy suy thoi cht lng mi trng t canh tc nng nghip, gim tnh a
dng sinh hc ca khu vc nng thn...
hn ch cc tc ng tiu cc ca nhim cn phi tng cng bin php x
l nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot, qun l tt thc phm nui trng trong mi
trng c nguy c b nhim, ng thi ci thin tnh trng mi trng sng ca dn
c, t chc tt hot ng y t v dch v cng cng...
b. nhim nc ngm
Nc ngm l ngun cung cp nc sinh hot ch yu cho dn c trn th gii.
Do vy nhim nc ngm c nh hng rt ln n cht lng mi trng sng ca
con ngi. Cc tc nhn gy nhim v suy thoi nc ngm gm:
- Cc tc nhn t nhin nh nhim mn, nhim phn, hm lng st, mangan v
mt s kim loi cao.
- Cc tc nhn nhn to nh nng kim loi nng cao, hm lng NO3-, NO2-,
NH4+ , PO43-,... vt tiu chun cho php, nhim bi vi sinh vt.
Suy thoi tr lng nc ngm biu hin bi gim cng sut khai thc, h thp
mc nc ngm, ln t. hn ch tc ng nhim v suy thoi nc ngm cn
phi tin hnh ng b cc cng tc iu tra, thm d tr lng v cht lng ngun
nc ngm, x l nc thi v chng nhim cc ngun nc mt, quan trc thng
xuyn tr lng v cht lng nc ngm.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c. nhim bin v i dng
Bin v i dng l ni tip nhn phn ln cc cht thi t lc a theo cc dng
chy sng sui, cc cht thi t cc hot ng ca con ngi trn bin nh khai thc
khong sn, giao thng vn ti bin. Trong nhiu nm, bin v i dng cn l ni
cc cht thi phng x ca nhiu nc trn tr gii. Cc biu hin ca s nhim bin
v i dng kh a dng, c th chia ra thnh mt s dng sau:
- Gia tng nng cc cht nhim trong nc bin nh: du, kim loi nng, cc
ho cht c hi.
- Gia tng nng cc cht nhim tch t trong trm tch bin ven b.
- Suy thoi cc h sinh thi bin nh san h, h sinh thi rng ngp mn...
- Suy gim tr lng cc loi sinh vt bin v gim tnh a dng sinh hc bin.
- Xut hin cc hin tng nh thu triu , tch t cc cht nhim trong thc
phm ly t bin.
nhim khng kh cng c tc ng mnh m ti nhim bin. Nng CO2
cao trong khng kh s lm cho lng CO2 ho tan trong nc bin tng. Nhiu cc
cht c hi v bi kim loi nng c khng kh mang ra bin. S gia tng nhit
ca kh quyn Tri t do hiu ng nh knh s ko theo s dng cao mc nc bin
v thay i mi trng sinh thi bin. Bn cnh cc ngun nhim nhn to trn, bin
c th b nhim bi cc qu trnh t nhin nh ni la phun, tai bin bo lt, s c r
r du t nhin,...
2.3. nhim khng kh

2.3.1. Khi nim
nhim khng kh l hin tng lm cho khng kh sch thay i thnh phn
v tnh cht do nhiu nguyn nhn, c nguy c gy tc hi ti thc vt v ng vt,
n mi trng xung quanh, n sc khe con ngi.
nhim khng kh l s c mt mt cht l hoc mt s bin i quan trng
trong thnh phn khng kh, lm cho khng kh khng sch hoc gy ra s to mi, c
mi kh chu, gim tm nhn xa...
2.3.2. Cc ngun gy nhim khng kh
Ngun gy nhim khng kh c th phn thnh hai loi: ngun nhim t
nhin v ngun nhim nhn to.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------a. Ngun nhim t nhin
Cc ngun t nhin gy nhim mi trng khng kh gm:
- nhim do hot ng ca ni la: Ni la phun ra nhng nham thch nng v
nhiu cht nhim nh tro bi, cc kh sunfua (SO2, H2S...), mtan (CH4) v nhng
loi kh khc. Cc cht ny lan to i rt xa v tc ng mnh m n mi trng.
- nhim do chy rng: Cc m chy rng v ng c bi cc qu trnh t
nhin xy ra do sm chp, s c st gia thm thc vt kh... Cc m chy ny
thng lan truyn rng, vt khi tm kim sot ca con ngi v pht thi nhiu kh
c hi nh khi, tro bi, hydrocacbon (HC), cacbon dioxit (CO2), cacbon monoxit
(CO), sunfua dioxit (SO2) v nit oxit (NOx).
- nhim do bo ct: Hin tng bo ct thng xy ra nhng vng t kh,
khng c che ph bi thm thc vt, c bit l cc sa mc. Gi bo cun ct bi
bay ln v gy nhim khng kh trong mt khu vc rng ln.
- nhim do i dng: Nc bin bc hi v bi nc do va p t bin mang
theo bi mui (NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2...), lan truyn vo khng kh gy nhim.
- nhim do thc vt: Cc cht nhim do thc vt sn sinh v pht tn vo
khng kh gy nhim nh cc hp cht hu c d bay hi (VOCs), hydrocacbon, cc
bo t nm v thc vt, phn hoa...
- nhim do vi khun - vi sinh vt: Trong khng kh c rt nhiu vi khun, vi
sinhh vt bm vo cc ht bi, sol kh c gi l bi vi sinh vt. Bn cnh chng
cn tham gia qu trnh phn hu cc cht hu c to ra cc kh c mi gy nhim
nh NH3, CO2, CH4, SO2
- nhim do cc cht phng x: Trong lng t c mt s khong sn v kim
loi c kh nng phng x gy nhim mi trng khng kh xung quanh.
- nhim c ngun gc t v tr: Trong qu trnh vn ng ca v tr c mt
lng ln cc ht vt cht nh b thm nhp vo Tri t gy nhim mi trng
khng kh c gi l bi v tr. Ngun gc ca loi bi ny l t cc thin thch, cc
m my ng sc, mt tri...
b. Ngun nhim nhn to
Cc ngun nhn to gy nhim mi trng khng kh bao gm:
- Ngun nhim di ng t cc hot ng giao thng vn ti bao gm giao thng
ng b, ng st, ng thu v hng khng.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cc ngun thi c nh t cc hot ng cng nghip t nhin liu nh than
, du m, kh t...
- Cc qu trnh sn xut cng nghip nh sn xut ho cht, sn xut vt liu xy
dng, luyn kim v khai thc m...
- Cc ngun nhim khc nh cht t trong sinh hot ca con ngi (ci, rm
r, du, gas...), t cht thi, sn xut nng nghip, bc hi t nhim nc mt, xy
dng cng trnh, gy ra chy rng...
Cc ngun nhim nhn to ln nht l do qu trnh t nhin liu sinh ra v
thng tp trung cc khu th, khu cng nghip...
Hnh 2.2. Cc ngun nhn to gy nhim mi trng khng kh

Ngun nhim do cc hot ng cng nghip: Sn xut cng nghip hng
ngy thi ra mt lng ln v a dng cc kh c hi v bi do t nhin liu, bc
hi, r r, tn hao trn dy chuyn sn xut, trn cc phng tin dn ti... gy nhim
mi trng khng kh.
c im ca ngun thi ny l nng cht c hi rt cao v tp trung trong
khong khng gian nh di dng hn hp kh v hi c hi. mi ngnh cng
nghip, tu theo qui trnh cng ngh, loi nhin liu s dng, c im sn xut, qui
m sn xut, loi nguyn liu v sn phm to thnh... m thnh phn, nng cc
cht thi ra mi trng khc nhau.
i vi ngnh cng nghip nng lng, cc nh my nhit in thng s dng
nhin liu l than hoc du. Cc ng khi, bi than, bng ti trong nh my u l
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ngun gy nhim nng cho mi trng khng kh. V d: nm 1993 lng than s
dng cho 3 nh my nhit in ca min Bc ca nc ta l 479.520 tn, nh vy s
thi ra kh quyn 6.713 tn kh SO2, 2.724 tn NOx, 2.779.000 tn CO2, 1.490,8 tn bi
v 203.500 tn x.
Ngnh cng nghip luyn kim thng thi ra nhiu bi v cc cht kh c hi.
Bi thng c cc cng on khai thc qung, tuyn qung, nghin qung, trong l
nhit luyn, cc bng chuyn... Qu trnh t nhin liu, luyn gang thp, luyn ng
km... sinh ra cc cht c hi nh CO, SO2, NOx, CuO, As v cc loi bi bn khc.
Ngnh cng nghip ho cht thng thi ra nhiu cht c hi th kh, y l
ngnh cng nghip li nhiu hu qu xu ti mi trng hin nay. Cc ho cht c
hi b r r, bay hi, ri vi trong qu trnh sn xut, vn chuyn gy nhim mi
trng, cc nh my sn xut phn bn (ur, phn ln) thi ra cc loi kh c hi nh
CO, CO2, NH3, SO2, hi axit, bi...
Ngnh cng nghip vt liu xy dng sn xut xi mng, vi, gch, ngi, thu
tinh... l ngun gy nhim nghim trng cho mi trng khng kh. Khi, bi, CO2,
CO, SO2, NOx l cc kh thi ch yu ca ngnh ny. c tnh hng nm, lng kh
thi pht thi: 24.103 tn SO2; 3,5.106 tn CO2; 3,87.103 tn CO; 9,026.103 tn NOx;
125.103 tn bi.
Ngnh cng nghip ch bin thc phm vi c trng nhim l cc cht hu
c, hi cc cht ty ra, ho cht c hi... gy nhim mi trng khng kh.
Ngnh c kh cng gy nhim mi trng khng kh nghim trng vi cc kh
thi c hi t sn v c kim loi. Bn cnh , nhim nhit v cc kh c hi
khc do qu trnh nhit luyn, gia cng c kh, hn, c... cng gy nhim khng kh
trong phn xng lm vic v mi trng xung quanh.
Ngun nhim do giao thng vn ti: nhim do giao thng vn ti gy ra
cng l mt ngun ln. y l ngun nhim rt thp, di ng ph thuc vo cng
giao thng v a hnh ng i. Bn cnh vic t chy nhin liu (xng, du
madt, than ...) v sn sinh cc kh c hi nh CO, SO2, NOx, hi ch, tn khi...
Bng 2.1. cho thy lng kh c hi do t thi ra trong qu trinh vn hnh.
Qu trnh vn hnh cc phng tin giao thng ng b ( t, xe my, my xy
dng) cn gy nhim bi t i vi mi trng khng kh. Tu ho, tu thu
s dng nhin liu bng than hay xng du cng gy nhim tng t nh t. Giao
thng hng khng (my bay) cng l ngun gy ra nhim bi, hi c hi v ting
n cho mi trng khng kh.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 2.1. Lng kh c hi do t thi ra qui cho 1 tn nhin liu tiu th
Lng kh c hi (kg/tn nhin liu)
Kh c hi
ng c my n chy xng
ng c diezen
Cacbon dioxit CO
465,59
20,81
Hydrocacbon HC
23,28
4,16
Nit oxit NOx
15,83
13,01
Sunfua dioxit SO2
1,86
7,80
Aldehyt
0,93
0,78
507,49
46,56
Tng cng
Ngun nhim do sinh hot ca con ngi: Ngun nhim do sinh hot ca
con ngi ch yu l qu trnh t nhin liu (ci, rm r, du ho, than , gas...)
phc v sinh hot. Ngun nhim ny khng ln nhng li xy ra lin tc v c th
gy nhim cc b trong mt khng gian hp. Vic s dng than trong un nu pht
sinh kh CO c th gy ng c i vi con ngi.
Mi trng nc mt quanh khu vc dn c v th b nhim s sinh ra cc
kh c hi, s phn hu cc cht hu c trong cc khu vc chn lp rc thi sinh hot
cng l ngun gy nhim mi trng khng kh. Cc kh nhim sinh ra t cc hot
ng trn ch yu l CO2, CO, CH4, H2S, ur v mi hi thi. Ngoi ra, nh v sinh v
vic s dng cht thi ca ngi v ng vt trong trng trt, chn nui cng gp phn
gy nhim mi trng khng kh.
2.3.3. Cc cht nhim khng kh v tc hi ca chng
Cc cht gy nhim khng kh thng ch cc phn t b thi vo khng kh
do kt qu hot ng ca con ngi v gy tc hi n sc kho ti con ngi, cc h
sinh thi v cc vt liu khc nhau.
Cc cht nhim nhn to chnh trong mi trng khng kh bao gm:
- Cc loi oxit nh: nit oxit (NO, NO2, NO2), SO2, CO, H2S v cc loi kh
halogen (clo, brom, it)
- Cc hp cht flo.
- Cc cht tng hp (ete, benzen, acetic).
- Cc cht l lng (bi rn, bi lng, bi vi sinh vt), nitrat, sunfat, cc phn t
cacbon, sol kh, mui, khi, sng m, phn hoa...
- Cc loi bi nng, bi t, , bi kim loi nh ng, ch, st, km, niken,...
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Kh quang ho nh ozn, FAN, FB2N, NOX, andehyt, etylen...
- Cc cht nhim phng x, nhim nhit, nhim ting n.
Cc cht nhim sinh ra ch yu do qu trnh t chy nhin liu v sn xut
cng nghip. Cc tc nhn nhim khng kh c th phn thnh hai dng: dng hi
kh v dng phn t nh. Tuy nhin, phn ln cc tc nhn nhim u gy tc hi i
vi sc khe con ngi (bng 2.2.).
Cc cht nhim mi trng khng kh c chia lm hai loi: nhim s cp
v nhim th cp. V d: Sunfua dioxit sinh ra do t chy than l cht nhim
s cp. N tc ng trc tip ti i tng tip nhn. Khi n lin kt vi xy v nc
ca khng kh sch to thnh axit sunfuric (H2SO4) ri xung t cng vi nc
ma, lm thay i pH ca t v nc, tc ng xu ti nhiu ng thc vt v vi sinh
vt th tr thnh cht nhn nhim th cp.
Bng 2.2. Tc dng bnh l ca mt s cht kh c hi i vi con ngi
Stt Cht kh nhim
1 Andehyt
Ngun pht sinh

Tc dng bnh l i vi con ngi
Phn ly du, m v Gy bun phin, cu gt, lm nh hng
glyxerin bng nhit
n b my h hp
Sn xut phn m, sn Gy vim ty ng h hp
hay thuc n
Amoniac (NH3)
Asen Hydrua (AsH3) Hn hoc sn xut que Lm gim hng cu trong mu, hi thn,
hn c cha asen
gy bnh vng da
4
5
6
Cacbon monoxit
(CO)
Clo (Cl)
Hydro Xyanit
ng x t, xe my, Gim bt kh nng lu chuyn xy trong

khi t than
mu
Ty vi si
Gy nguy hi n h hp v mt
Hydro Florua (HF)
Tinh luyn du kh, sn Gy mt mi ton thn, vim da, gy bnh

xut phn bn, gm, s, v thn v xng
thu tinh
Nit oxit (NOx)
ng x t, xe my, Gy nh hng n phi v b my h

ho than
hp
Hydro sulfua (H2S)
Khi ca l sn xut ho Gy tc hi i vi t bo thn kinh, gy

cht, m kim loi
au u, kh hng, m mt
Cng nghip ho cht v Gy mi trng thi gy bun nn, gy

tinh luyn nhin liu c kch thch mt v hng
nha ng
10 Sunfua dioxyt (SO2) Qu trnh t than v Gy tc ngc, au u, nn ma
du kh
11 Tro, mui, khi
T l t ca cc ngnh au mt v c th gy bnh ung th
cng nghip
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cng c nhng trng hp cc cht khng gy nhim lin kt quang ho vi
nhau to thnh tc nhn nhim th cp mi, gy tc ng xu. C th sinh vt
phn ng i vi cc tc nhn nhim ph thuc vo nng nhim v thi gian
tip xc vi cht nhim. Cc kh nhim nhn to nguy him i vi sc kho con
ngi v kh quyn tri t, di y l mt s cht in hnh:
a. Cacbon dioxit (CO2): vi hm lng 0,03% trong kh quyn l nguyn liu
cho qu trnh quang hp sn xut nng sut sinh hc s cp thc vt. Lng CO2
sn sinh mt cch t nhin cn bng vi lng CO2 c s dng cho quang hp.
Vic t qu nhiu nhin liu ho thch v ph rng lm tng lng CO2 trn tri
t, gy tc ng xu ti kh hu ton cu.
b. Sunfua dioxit (SO2): l cht gy nhim khng kh c nng thp trong kh
quyn, tp trung ch yu tng i lu. SO2 sinh ra do hot ng ca ni la, do t
nhin liu than, du, kh t, sinh khi thc vt, qung sunfua,... SO2 rt c hi i
vi sc kho ca ngi v sinh vt, gy ra cc bnh v phi kh ph qun. SO2 trong
khng kh khi gp oxy v nc to thnh axit, tp trung trong nc ma gy ra hin
tng ma axit. Ma axit c tc ng xu ti h sinh thi rng v cc thm thc vt
khc, n mn kim loi, tc ng xu ti cc vt liu, cng trnh xy dng...
c. Cacbon monoxit (CO): c hnh thnh do vic t chy khng ht nhin liu
ho thch nh than, du, mt s cht hu c v kh thi t cc ng c xe my. Hng
nm trn ton cu sn sinh khong 600 triu tn CO. y l cht kh khng c vi thc
vt nhng li rt c hi vi ngi v ng vt, n tc dng mnh vi Hemoglobin, to
thnh cacboxyhemoglobin v ngn xy kt hp vi Hemoglobin, lm mt kh nng vn
chuyn oxy ca mu. nng thp, thng gy au u, chng mt v ri lon cm
gic, nng khong 250 ppm s gy t vong i vi con ngi.
d. Nit oxit (NOx): pht sinh ch yu t vic t nhin liu than, du, kh t,
sinh khi thc vt. Cc Nit oxit gy cc tc hi i vi h h hp ca con ngi. V
d: nng 500 ppm, NO2 c th gy cht ngi trong vng 48 gi. Cc Nit oxit
cng l nguyn nhn ca cc trn "ma axt", gy ra cc tc hi ti i sng, sinh hot
ca cc ng thc vt v con ngi.
e. Clorofluorocacbon (CFC): l nhng ho cht do con ngi tng hp s
dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip v t xm nhp vo kh quyn. Chng tn ti
c dng sol kh v khng sol kh lm tn hi tng zn bo v tri t. Khi CFC t
ti thng tng kh quyn chng s c cc tia cc tm phn hu. Tc phn hu
CFC s rt nhanh nu tng zn b tn thng v cc bc x cc tm ti c nhng
tng kh quyn thp hn.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------f. Metan (CH4): Metan l mt loi kh gy hiu ng nh knh. N c sinh ra t
cc qu trnh sinh hc nh s men, s phn gii k kh t ngp nc, rung la, chy
rng v t nhin liu ho thch. CH4 thc y s xy ho hi nc tng bnh lu. S
gia tng hi nc gy hiu ng nh knh mnh hn nhiu so vi hiu ng trc tip ca
CH4. Hin nay hng nm kh quyn thu nhn khong t 400 n 765x1012g CH4.
g. Cc cht hu c bay hi (VOCs): gm nhiu hp cht hu c trong ch yu
l hp cht ca hydrocacbon, c hi cho sc kho (nhim c, kch thch, gy ung th
hay t bin). Khi c nh sng mt tri chiu, hp cht hu c bay hi vi cc Nit
oxit to thnh zn hoc nhng cht xy ho mnh khc. nhim loi ny c tc hi
vi sc kho (gy ri lon h hp, au u, nhc mt), vi cy ci v c vi vt liu
cng u b nh hng.
h. Cc ht l lng (bi, khi en, hi, m, sng,...): cc ht nh l dng nhim
kh quyn d nhn thy nht. Cc ht nh gy d ng, ung th, nhim trng, x phi v
nhim c chung,...
2.4. nhim t
2.4.1. c im mi trng t
a. S hnh thnh mi trng t
t l vt th thin nhin cu to c lp lu i do kt qu ca qu trnh hot
ng tng hp ca 5 yu t hnh thnh gm: , thc vt, ng vt, kh hu a hnh v
thi gian (Docutraiep,1879). Sau ny nhiu nh nghin cu cho rng cn b sung thm
mt s yu t khc cho nh ngha v t, c bit l con ngi. Chnh do tc ng ca
con ngi, nhiu tnh cht ca t b thay i, to nn nhng c tnh mi.
S hnh thnh t l mt qu trnh phc tp, bin i bi cc yu t nu trn.
l nn mng ca t, do b ph hu v vn nn thnh phn khong ca t chim
ti 95% trng lng kh. Nu cha nhiu ct th t s nhiu ct, nhiu kali th
t giu kali...
Cha c sinh vt th cha to thnh t. Nh c vng tun hon sinh hc
vn mi bin thnh t. Sinh vt cht i, li cht hu c, gi l cht mn to ph
cho t. Chnh nh cht mn ny m cc th h thc vt k tip nhau ly cht dinh
dng, tn ti pht trin. Vi sinh vt ng vai tr quan trng trong vng tun hon
sinh hc ny.
C t hng trm triu n hng t vi sinh vt cc loi trong mi gam t. Chng
tch lu mt lng ln cc nguyn t dinh dng ho tan trong qu trnh phong ho,
56
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c bit l a vo t nit phn t (N2) t khng kh dng cht hu c cha nit.
Mt khc chnh chng li phn gii cht hu c t thc vt a vo t ri tng hp
nn cht hu c c bit - cht mn trong t. Cng vi vi sinh vt, ng vt nguyn
sinh v cc ng vt khng xng sng khc trong t cng gp phn quan trng
trong vic hnh thnh t.
Kh hu, c bit l tr s nhit m, nh hng ln n s hnh thnh t, tc
ng n sinh vt v s ph hu ca . Nh c nng lng dng nhit v c vai tr
ca nc, sinh vt mi sinh trng, pht trin v mi b ph hu.
Nc trong t v nc ngm c nh hng n s hnh thnh t. Nc l dung
mi ho tan cc cht dinh dng. V ngc li nu nc ra khi t, n s mang theo
nhiu cht khc nhau, trong c cht khong cn thit cho cy trng.
a hnh ng vai tr ti phn phi li nhng nng lng m thin nhin cung
cp cho mt t. Cng mt lng nhit mt tri cho nh nhau nhng ni cao th
lnh, di t th nng. Cng mt lng ma nh nhau, vng trng b lt, vng cao
li hn...
Thi gian l mt yu t c bit. Mi yu t ngoi cnh tc ng, mi qu trnh
din ra trong t u i hi mt thi gian nht nh. V li bn thn chng cng bin
i theo thi gian, kh hu thi k ny nng, thi k sau lnh, rng thi k ny m u
thi k sau l hoang mc... V vy t cng bin i, tin ho theo thi gian.
Vai tr ca con ngi khc hn cc yu t k trn. Qua hot ng sng, nh cc
thnh tu khoa hc, con ngi tc ng vo thin nhin v t ai mt cch mnh m.
Tc ng ny c th l tch cc, ph hp vi quy lut t nhin, em li li ch cho con
ngi nh ti nc, tiu nc, bn phn cho t xu, trng rng cho i trc..., hoc
tiu cc nh lm nhim t bi cc cht c hi, ph rng gy xi mn t...
b. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca t
t c cha khng kh, nc v cht rn. Cc cht v c l thnh phn ch yu
ca t, chim 97 98% trng lng kh. Cc nguyn t Oxy v Silc chim ti 82%
trng lng t. Ngoi ra cn c nhm, st v mt s nguyn t khc. Cc nguyn t
cn thit cho cy trng nh H, C, S, P, N ch chim 0,5% trng lng t. Cc cht
kh ho tan trong t nh Si02, Al203 to nn b xng, phn ch yu ca t.
Cht hu c chim vi phn trm trng lng kh nhng li l b phn quan
trng nht ca t. Ngun gc cht hu c trong t do xc cht ca sinh vt to nn.
Trong cc loi ny, cy xanh c sinh khi ln nht, chng ly thc n v cc nc t
t, nh CO2 trong kh quyn v nng lng mt tri to nn cht hu c.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cc cht hu c trong t b bin i theo 2 qu trnh: Qu trnh mn ho - to nn
cht mn t xc sinh vt v tng hp mt s cht hu c t cht v c nh vi khun v
qu trnh khong ho - phn hu cht hu c thnh cc cht v c nh mui khong,
NH3, H2O, CO2..., trong c nhng cht khong ho tan, cn thit cho cy trng.
t c tnh hp th cao nh cc ht nh ng knh < 0,001mm c din tch b
mt ln v mang mt lp ion tch in quanh ht. Quan h gia tnh hp th ca t v
nng cc ion ngoi dung dch t l mt quan h trao i. Kh nng hp th ca t
l kh nng gi nc, gi cht dinh dng v iu ho dinh dng cho cy trng.
Thng thng t no c nhiu mn nhiu st th kh nng hp th cao.
chua ca t (kim, a xt hay trung tnh) nh hng ln n hot ng sng
ca vi sinh vt, cy trng v nhiu tnh cht khc ca t. Khi pH< 7 l t chua. t
chua do nhiu nguyn nhn nh do ma cun tri cc cht kim th Ca, Mg... ch cn
li cc cht gy chua H+, Al3+..., do bn nhiu phn ho hc (NH4)2SO4. Cy ht NH4
cn li SO42- do ma gy nn, lm chua t...
Thnh phn c gii ca t - ct (d 0,02 2 mm), bi (d = 0,002 2 mm) v
st (d < 0,002 mm) c nh hng nhiu n cy trng v cc tnh cht khc nh
thm nc, kh nng hp ph, thong ... ca t.
c. Vai tr ca t i vi con ngi
Con ngi v cc sinh vt cn u sng trn hoc trong t. V vy t m
t hay kh ro, t tt hay t xu, t bn hay t sch u nh hng trc tip hay
gin tip n i sng con ngi.
t l nn mng cho ton b cng trnh xy dng ca con ngi. X hi loi
ngi cng vn minh nhu cu xy dng cng ln. ng x, cu cng, p nc, nh
ca, vv ngy cng nhiu v u phi xy dng trn t.
t cung cp cho con ngi, trc tip hay gin tip, hu ht cc nhu cu thit yu
cho cuc sng nh khong sn, vt liu xy dng, lng thc, vv... t cn c gi tr
cao v mt lch s, tm l v tinh thn vi con ngi. t l t liu sn xut c bn
nht ca sn xut nng nghip, iu kin khng th thiu c ca s tn ti v ti
sinh ca hng lot th h loi ngi k tip nhau.
d. Ti nguyn t ca Vit Nam
Tng s vn t ai t nhin ca Vit Nam khong 33 triu ha, ng hng th 58
trn th gii. Trong tng s vn t, t vng i ni (c th t t vng) tr xung
chim 70%. Trn vng i ni, t loi tt (t bazan) c din tch 2,4 triu ha chin
7,2% tng din tch. Trn vng ng bng, t ph xa l loi tt chin gn 3 triu ha
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(8,7% tng din tch). Tng din tch t tt cc vng khc nhau ca nc ta l khong
20%, cn li l cc loi t c nhiu tr ngi cho sn xut nh qu dc, kh hn, ng,
mn phn, ngho cht dinh dng,...
Nhn chung, ti nguyn t Vit Nam rt phong ph v a dng. Do trong vng
nhit i m nn t trng c nhiu loi cy, mt s ni c th trng nhiu v.
Cng do kh hu nhit i m t d b xi mn, mn d khong ho, cc cht dinh
dng d b ho tan v ra tri nn t thoi ho nhanh, t xu nhiu hn t tt.
Ti nguyn t Vit Nam l rt c hn, v vy my nm gn y vn khai thc,
s dng, ci to v bo v t tr thnh vn quan tm ln. Do qu trnh th
ho v s pht trin ca nn kinh t th trng, nhng vng t ph nhiu l ni c mt
dn s cao v tc xy dng nh ln.
2.4.2. Ngun gy nhim mi trng t
t c th b bc mu, nhim bn v mt kh nng canh tc do nhng tp qun
mt v sinh ca con ngi, do hot ng nng nghip vi nhng phng thc canh tc
khc nhau v do cch x cht thi rn v lng khng hp l vo t gy nn. nhim
t cn do l lt gy xi mn, do cc cht gy nhim khng kh lng ng li trn
mt t. nhim mi trng t cn lin quan cht ch vi s xut hin cht thi cui
cng trong qu trnh ti tun hon t nhin, cc cht cn bn thi... Ngun gc gy
nhim mi trng t bao gm:
a. Cc hot ng nng nghip
Ch canh tc nguyn thu lc hu vi vic t ph rng, lm nng ry du
canh, trng cy lng thc v cy cng nghip ngn ngy theo phng thc lc hu
trn vng t dc gy khng t tai hi cho vic tn ph t ai. Vi lng ma hng
nm rt ln, tp trung vo mt s thng, l lt lm xi mn cun tri ph sa ca mt
din tch ln vng i ni.
Vic xy dng h thng ti tiu nc khng hp l vng ng bng gy ra
hin tng thoi ho mi trng, to nn mt vng t phn. Hin tng ho phn ca
t c th do mt s nguyn nhn nh khi tiu nc trit , lp t hu c che ph b
gt b, t c phi ra nh sng, cc hp cht lu hunh c sn y b oxy ho to
thnh H2SO4. Axt ny kt hp vi st v nhm c sn trong keo t to thnh sulfat
st hoc sulfat nhm. t phn c pH rt thp, kh canh tc. Vng ng bng sng
Cu Long vi khong mt triu ha t phn tr thnh vng t phn ni ting.
S dng cc loi phn ho hc khng ng quy cch cng nh vic s dng
thuc tr su, thuc dit c cng gp phn lm nhim bn t. Vic s dng phn ho
hc qu nhiu dn n t b chua phn. t chua lm nh hng ti trng thi sinh l
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------cy trng v hiu qua s dng phn ho hc. Cc hp cht bn vng ca thuc tr su,
thuc dit c l cht c, lu li trong t thi gian lu di c th lm t b nhim
c, cn tr cc hot ng sinh ho bnh thng trong t.
b. Cc hot ng cng nghip
Cc hot ng cng nghip x vo mi trng t mt lng ln cc cht thi
ca chng qua cc ng khi, bi tp trung rc, cng thot nc... cc cht thi ny ri
xung t lm thay i thnh phn ca t, pH, qu trnh nitrat ho... H sinh vt
trong t s b nh hng bi cc loi cht thi ny.
Qu trnh khai khong gy nhim v suy thoi mi trng t mc
nghim trng nht. Do khai m, mt lng ln ph thi, qung... t lng t a ln
trn b mt. Mt khc thm thc vt trong khu vc khai khong b hu dit, t c th
b xi mn. Mt lng ln cht thi, x qung theo khi bi bay vo khng kh ri lng
ng xung c th lm nhim bn t quy m rng hn.
Cc loi cht thi rn c to nn t hu ht cc khu cng ngh sn xut v
trong qu tiu dng sn phm.
Cc loi cht thi cng nghip tp trung t nh my, x bng cch ny hay cch
khc quay tr li mi trng t. Theo c tnh l ho, cc cht thi rn cng nghip
gy nhim bn t c chia thnh 4 nhm sau y:
- Cht thi v c t cc nh my, x nghip m in, thu tinh, cng nghip giy,
cn x cc trm x l nc...
- Cht thi kh phn hu nh du m trong nc, si nhn to, cht thi cng
nghip da...
- Cht thi d chy t cc nh my lc du, sa cha xe my, sn xut my lnh,
thc phm...
- Cht thi c bit c hi bao gm cc cht thi tc ng mnh, cht thi ng
v phng x...
c im ca cht thi cng nghip gy nhim mi trng t l a dng v
thnh phn v kch thc, khng tp trung, a ngun gc V vy vic chn phng
php x l chng cng rt phc tp.
Ngoi tc ng trc tip, cc hot ng cng nghip cn gy nhim gin tip
n mi trng t. Vic x cc kh c H2S, SO2 t cc ng khi nh my x
nghip l nguyn nhn gy hin tng ma a xt, lm chua t, km hm s pht trin
ca thm thc vt
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cc hot ng xy dng cng nghip nh xy dng bn bi, cu ng, nh
my s ph hu thm thc vt v cnh quan khu vc, lm thay i a hnh, cn tr
dng chy, to iu kin xi mn t.
d. Sinh hot ca con ngi
t thng dng lm ch tip nhn rc, phn v cc cht thi rn khc trong qu
trnh sinh hot. Hng ngy con ngi x mt lng ln cc cht thi sinh hot rn vo
mi trng. Sau theo cc con ng khc nhau nh vn chuyn rc thi, h thng
thot nc Cc cht thi ny s tp trung trong t.
Lng cht thi rn x vo mi trng theo h thng thot nc tnh theo hm
lng cht l lng l 65 100g/ngi/ngy m. Lng rc thu gom t cc nh ,
cng trnh cng cng, ng ph, ph thuc vo c im thnh ph, khu dn c,
khu cng nghip, tnh hnh xy dng tnh trung bnh l 0,2 3 kg/ngi/ngy, t trng
ca rc thi th l 0,4 n 0,5 tn/m3.. Thnh phn rc v cht thi rn sinh hot
thay i theo ma, mt dn c, mc sng, tn gio, vng, trnh cng ngh ...
Trong rc, phn v cht thi sinh hot th c hm lng cht hu c ln,
m cao. l mi trng cho cc loi vi khun, trong c nhiu loi vi khun gy
bnh pht trin.
Cht thi rn bnh vin l mt dng ca cht thi rn th nhng mc nguy
hi cao hn rt nhiu. Thnh phn gm cc loi rc thi sinh hot, bnh phm, cht
thi rn y t (saranh, kim tim, ti nilon). Cc loi bnh phm, bng bng v cc
loi cht thi y t khc l ngun cha cc loi vi khun gy bnh, d gy nhim lan
truyn v kh x l. Khi lng cht thi rn bnh vin khong 1 1,2 kg/ging
bnh/ngy m.
2.4.3. Cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng t
Mi trng t c th b nhim do cc tc nhn: vi khun gy bnh, cc cht
c hi, cc tp cht rn v c v cht thi bn vng.
t l mi trng cho cc loi vi khun pht trin. H vi sinh vt t rt a dng,
phong ph v s lng v chng loi. Cc loi vi khun gy bnh c th tn ti pht
trin trong t b nhim bn cc cht thi hu c nh phn, rc, cht thi cng nghip
thc phm vv t c th b nhim bi cc loi trc khun l, thng hn, phy
khun t hoc amp. Hin nay ngi ta thng dng cc loi vi khun Coli aerogennes
v Bact perfrigens, pht trin trong mi trng phn ti, lm vi sinh vt ch ch cho
nhim bn phn ca t
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cc cht c hi i vi mi trng t c ngun gc t cc loi thuc tr su,
dit c v t cht thi cng nghip. Cc cht thi rn, c hi chim ti 15% tng
lng cht thi rn cng nghip. Trong thin nhin nhng cht ny c th c tch
ng li v bng nhng c ch khc nhau gy nhim cho mt lin chui thc phm.
Cc cht c hi nh DDT, Endrin, vv... thng tch t trong t v nc, c sinh
vt hp th ri gy nhim thc phm. Vic s dng rng ri vi quy m ln thuc
tr su v dit c lm ri lon phn no cn bng sinh thi, tiu dit nhiu loi sinh vt
khng phi l i tng gy nh hng xu n sc kho con ngi.
Cc cht ho hc mang tnh c hi cao i vi mi trng t l Asen, Flo v
ch. Sau khi c hp th, cc cht ny qua chui thc n v i vo c th con ngi.
Hm lng cc cht ny trong t khu vc nh my thng cao gp 5 6 ln so vi
vng t xa cch 500 m.
Cc cht phng x xut pht t nhng v n bom ht nhn hoc nhng cht thi
phng x lng hay rn t cc trung tm cng nghip hay nghin cu khoa hc c th
lng xung mt t v tch t . Cc cht phng x ny xm nhp vo c th ng
vt v vo t. V d C14 tham gia vo chuyn ho Cacbon cy c Mt s thc vt
trn t nh nm, a y tch c C3 gy nguy hi cho ng vt n phi thc vt .
Cc cht rn v c kch thc ln nh vt liu xy dng, ph liu st thp,
hoc cc cht nha tng hp PE, PVC bn vng trong t. Chng kh b phn hu
v khi thi vo t s ngn cn s pht trin ca thm thc vt, thay i cu trc t v
a hnh. V th ngi ta thng tn dng cc loi ny san nn hoc ti s dng.
Ngun pht sinh cht thi t cc hot ng ca con ngi v ng, thc vt gy
nhim mi trng t c m t ti hnh 2.3.
2.4.4. Cc bin php bo v mi trng t
a. Chng xi mn t.
Xi mn t l hin tng lp t mt mu m nht b mt i do gi vng kh
hu kh v do nc chy vng kh hu m. Vit Nam, xi mn ch yu xy ra do
nc v lng ma rt ln (nhiu vng ni lng ma ti 3.000 mm/nm), rng i b
ph nhiu v rt dc. Hng nm trn nhng vng i trc b xi mn mt 200 tn
(trong c 6 tn mn) trn mi ha t. Cng xi mn cn ph thuc d dc,
che ph ca cy, vv...
Cc bin php ch yu chng xi mn t hin nay l lm gim dc v chiu
di sn dc v trng li cy, phc hi rng.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sinh hot, dch v, thng
mi, nng nghip
Sn xut
cng nghip
Hot ng ca
ng, thc vt
t, thi
- Cht thi sinh hot
- Cht thi dch v
- Cht thi thng mi
- Cht thi nng nghip
Ti ch
Khai thc
qung
Qung ui
Lm giu
qung
Sn xut,
ch bin
Cht thi
rn sx
Sn phm
Tiu dng
Sn xut
ph
Cht thi
Thi b
MI TRNG T
CHT THI
Hnh 2.3. Ngun gc pht sinh cc cht thi gy nhim mi trng t

- Lm gim dc v chiu di sn dc: Bng cc bin php nh san rung bc
thang, o mng, p b, trng cc hng cy ngn chiu di dc ra nhiu on
ngn hn.
Cc bin php thy li nh xy dng p, h thng ti tiu theo cc ng
ng mc ngn nc, xy cc p v ging tiu nng ti nhng v tr qu dc l
mt trong nhng bin php chng xi mn c hiu qu cao.
- Trng li cy phc hi rng: Rng cy c vai tr rt ln trong vic bo v t,
nht l t c ln, chng li hin tng xi mn.
Vic phc hi v trng li rng c tin hnh trn cc vng i tng b ph do
khai hoang, khai thc g v ti cc vng khai m. Bin php lm nghip che ph kn
mt t c th l:
+ Gieo trng theo hng ngang vi sn dc;
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Lm lung ngang vi sn dc;
+ Nu l cy hng tha th gia hng cy phi c di cy nng nghip ngn ngy;
+ Ch trng gi rng u ngun v chm i.
+ Chn cy trng ph hp vi t nng cao nng sut cy trng.
b. X l cc cht thi rn do sinh hot
X l cc cht thi rn do sinh hot l giai on cui cng ca cng tc v sinh mi
trng th. y l mt qu trnh tng hp bao gm thu gom, vn chuyn, tp trung v
x l ch bin rc v cht thi rn. Trong cht thi rn th, thnh phn hu c chim
40% 60%, cc loi vt liu xy dng, thu tinh, snh s.. chim 25 35%, cc loi cht
thi c kh nng ti ch nh giy, ba, g, v hp kim loi chim 8 15%.
chng nhim mi trng t, khng kh v cc ngun nc mt, nc
ngm, cn phi x l rc v cht thi rn, tiu dit vi khun gy bnh, chuyn ho cc
cht hu c d phn hu thnh dng khng gy bnh hi thi, d s dng l rt cn
thit. Cc loi cht thi rn cng c ch bin d s dng lm phn bn cho nng
nghip v lm nguyn liu th cp cho cng nghip.
Theo nguyn tc cng ngh cc phng php x l cht thi ny c chia ra:
X l s b (tch, phn loi, gim th tch cht thi), phng php sinh hc ( hiu kh
x l cc phn hu c ca cht thi rn nh vi sinh vt), phng php nhit (t
rc), phng php ho hc (thy phn, chng khng c khng kh cht thi) v c hc
(p, nn cht thi d s dng v vn chuyn). Chn bin php x l cht thi rn do
sinh hot da trn cc iu kin c th ca a phng v cc ch tiu kinh t k thut
khc. S chung t chc x l cht thi rn th c nu trong hnh 2.6.
Bi chn lp
Cht thi rn
th
X l
s b
Chuyn ho ho hc
hoc sinh hc
Vt cht thu hi
Chuyn ho thnh
nng lng
Nng lng
Hnh 2.4. S nguyn tc x l cht thi rn th
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hin nay ngi ta thng dng cc bin php sinh hc sau y x l ch bin
rc v cht thi sinh hot rn: X l hiu kh trong nh my, hiu kh ti bi tp
trung rc, tch tr v chn lp rc ti cc bi chn lp v t rc.
* Nh my ch bin rc: Nh my ch bin rc lm vic theo nguyn l hiu
kh nng. Ti y cc cht thi hu c c xy ho hiu kh v sn phm cui cng
l phn bn hu c hoc nhin liu sinh hc.
Qu trnh x l rc v cht thi rn y thc hin theo cc giai on:
- Chun b cht thi: Cn, nh loi, nh lng v thi kh;
- hiu kh nng trong l quay nhit 50 700C;
- Nghin cht thi s l a i s dng;
Cht thi x l c m 48 54%, lng cht hu c chim 60% trng lng
kh, t trng 0,62 0,72%, d s dng lm phn bn nng nghip.
Hnh 2.5 di y l s dy chuyn sn xut phn Compost trong mt nh
my ch bin rc.
Cht thi rn kh
Phn loi
Nghin gim kch thc
Phn
Trn v o
Sc kh
Sng phn loi
Phn
Trn ph gia
Vo vin ng bao
Nhp kho bn
Hnh 2.5. S dy chuyn sn xut phn Compost
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* hiu kh ti bi rc tp trung: i vi cc th c dn s t 50.000 n
500.000 ngi, khi c din tch t trng gn thnh ph c th dng bin php hiu
kh ti cc bi tp trung rc. Thi gian c th ko di vi thng. Ti y, rc v cht
thi rn c x l tp trung cng vi bn cn nc thi thnh ph.
Qu trnh hiu kh trn bi c thc hin theo cc giai on sau:
- Chun b cht thi rn: cn, nh loi v nh lng,...;
- Trn cht thi chun b x l vi bn cn nc thi;
- Vun p hn hp cht thi rn v bn cn thnh lung v qut kh vo lung;
- Nghin, sy bn cn v ph thi x l a i s dng;
Nhit thng t 30 400C, m cht thi sau x l l 45 50%. Phng
php kh trn bi n gin, song ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin kh hu v cn din
tch s dng ln.
* Bi chn lp rc: y l phng php thng dng nht. Cht thi tp trung v
phi p ng cc iu kin v sinh mi trng, khng gy nhim t, nc mt,
nc ngm v khng kh. Bi chn lp rc phi cch khu nh trn 500m, cch sn
bay trn 10km, cch ng t trn 500m. t nn ce bi khng c thm nc
(t st, t st...), mc nc ngm trong khu vc phi cch mt t trn 2m.
Bi chn lp phi c tnh ton tp trung v rc trong thi gian t 15 n
20 nm. gim din tch, bi cht thi rn c thnh nhiu lp. Khu cht thi cao
2m th cn p t v xung quanh v trn b mt nn trng cy c... Xung quanh
bi b tr rnh thot nc. Nc thot c a v trm x l nc thi hoc c s
dng ti rung.
Din tch t s dng lm bi chn lp ph thuc vo dn s thnh ph v chiu
cao cht rc. Nu chiu cao cht rc trung bnh 1m/nm th din tch t l 0,4 0,9
m2/ngi.
Sau khi lp t , cht thi rn v rc b phn hu ym kh. Kh sinh hc to
thnh c th s dng lm nhin liu.
Hnh 2.6 di y l cc loi bi chn lp rc thng hay s dng.
c. X l cc cht thi rn cng nghip
Cc loi cht thi rn to nn trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip c th s dng
lm nguyn liu th cp cho qu trnh sn xut hoc mt qu trnh khc. Cc cht
thi khng s dng li c, tu thuc vo mc gy nhim bn v c hi i vi
mi trng v con ngi. C nhiu phng php x l khc nhau tu thuc vo bn
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------cht v tnh c hi ca rc thi cng nghip (bng 2.3). Cc cht thi rn cng nghip
sau khi x l tr nn khng c hi, c th em i chn lp cng vi rc thi sinh
hot.
a. Bi chn lp ni
b. Bi chn lp chm
c. Bi chn lp kt hp chm - ni
d. Bi chn lp cc khe ni
Hnh 2.6. Cc loi bi chn lp rc
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 2.3. Cc phng php x l cht thi rn cng nghip
Mc c
hi
I
II
III
IV
V
c im cht thi
Khng bn v khng c hi
Cht hu c d xi ho sinh
ho
Cht hu c t c v kh ho
tan trong nc
Cc cht cha du m
c hi vi mi trng khng
kh
Phng php x l
Dng san nn hoc lm lp phn cch
cht thi sinh hot
Tp trung v x l cng cht thi sinh hot
cng cht thi sinh hot
t cng cht thi sinh hot
Tp trung trong cc poligon c bit chn
hoc kh c trong cc thit b c bit.
Hin nay ngoi cc phng php phn hu hiu kh, ym kh nh i vi cc

loi cht thi sinh hot. Ngi ta cn ng dng cc phng php kh c v chn ct
cht thi cng nghip c hi trong cc thit b, hm c bit v t cc cht thi d
chy trong l t.
* Chn ct v kh c cht thi cng nghip c hi: Cc cht c hi ca
cng nghip nh thy ngn t cc ngnh cng nghip ho clo, xianua t cng nghip
c kh, crm t cng nghip crm, ch bin du, ch to my c trung ho x l
hoc kh c trong cc cng trnh thit b c bit t trong phm vi hoc ngoi nh
my. Ngi ta thng t chc cc poligon c bit thnh 2 dng l ring r chn
hu hoc xy ho cht thi c hi v tng hp thu nhn, x l hoc chn nhiu
loi cht thi rn khc nhau.
Cc cht thi c bit c hi, c chn trong thng b tng ct thp t su
di t khng thm nc 10 12 m. Cc cht hot tnh phng x c thu gom ring
vo thng mt nhn v sau vn chuyn xe bng c bit, chng pht x n ch
chn hu. Vn chn ct cc cht ng v phng x trong t hin nay vn cha gii
quyt trit . Ti Hoa K, ngi ta chn n di dng dch xi mng trong lp nham
thch, ti Nga ngi ta chn n di t gia 2 lp cch nc
* t cht thi rn: t cht thi rn trong cc l t khng phi l bin php
u vit v n c th lm nhim bn mi trng khng kh v nng lng nhit to
thnh khng s dng c. Tuy nhin, trong iu kin khng c din tch xy dng
poligon hoc khng vn chuyn c cht thi th phng php ny l mt bin php
hp l.
Nhit trong l t thng 800 1.0000C. kh ht cc mi hi v c hi,
nhit trong l t c th nng ln 1.0000C. Khi t chung cc loi cht thi vi
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------nhau cn phi tnh ton lng nhit n v gii phng, tro, kh nng gy n. Nhit
bt la, nng chy ca tng loi cht thi, cc mnh vn kim loi tch khi tro
bng cc thit b t tnh.
* S dng cht thi rn: S dng li cht thi cng nghip rn l mt vn
thuc chin lc cng ngh sch trong sn xut, to iu kin pht trin bn vng.
Hin nay nc ta nghin cu ra cc bin php s dng li cht thi rn. Vn
ny va mang ngha v sinh va mang ngha kinh t.
Trong qu trnh x l rc ngi ta c th lm ra cc loi nhin liu lng, rn v
than cc. T cc thnh ph cng c th thu c metanol, amonic v ure. T cht
thi cng nghip giy c th ch to c cn etilic v cc loi vt liu xy dng.
Ngi ta cng ng dng nguyn l pin axit thu in nng t cc loi cht thi
cng nghip v sinh hot.
Ti Thu S, t cht thi sinh hot v cng nghip giy ngi ta lm ra vn p
phc v xy dng. Ti Hoa K nghin cu v ng dng cc thit b mi phn loi
rc v cht thi cng nghip. Hng nm trong 134 triu tn cht thi rn ca nc ny
cha ti 11,3 triu tn st, 860 ngn tn nhm, 430 ngn tn kim loi khc, trn 13
triu tn thu tinh v hn 60 triu tn giy. Khi lng rc ny thu c lng nhit
tng ng vi t 20 tn du m.
2.5. Cc loi nhim khc

2.5.1. nhim nhit
Ngun gy nhim nhit ch yu l qu trnh t chy nhin liu: than ci, xng
du, kh trong sn xut cng nghip (c bit cc nh my nhit in, luyn kim),
giao thng vn ti v sinh hot. S hot ng ca con ngi cng sinh ra nhit. Lng
nhit to ra ca cc ngun trn, trc tip hoc gin tip thi vo mi trng khng kh.
Trong cc nh my, khi thit b my mc hot ng to ra nhit, lm mt ta
thng dng nc. V d cc thit b ngng t ca nh my nhit in, thit b
ngng t ca trm lnh, cc thit b my mc khc.
Nc ny ly t sng, h, ging su. Thng cn lu lng ln t c yu
cu lm mt. V d nh my nhit in cn 150 lt nc cho 1 KWh nh my in
nguyn t cn khong 200 lt nc cho 1 KWh. Ngi ta cn dng khng kh lm
mt my v thit b.
Sn xut cng pht trin v dn s cng tng, cng lm cho nhit bu kh
quyn v nhit mt t tng ln. ng thi, mi trng khng kh cng b nhim,
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------lng nhit hp th bc x mt tri cng tng ln, do hin tng nh knh, s lm cho
nhit trung bnh ca tri t tng ln, gy tc hi cho con ngi v cc sinh vt trn
tri t (nhit trung bnh ca tri t tng, mc nc bin s dng cao, gy ra thin
tai nh hn, lt, bo v vng nguy him).
nhim nhit lm thay i kh hu trong vng, nht l nhng th v khu cng
nghip, v mt ngi cao, din tch cy xanh t, sng h t, nhng li c nhiu
ngun nhit ln, Thng nhit khng kh trung bnh vng th cng nghip
cao hn vng nng thn, rng ni t 1 3oC.
Hin nay, lng nhit sinh ra do hot ng ca con ngi cc th trn ton
th gii cao hn 30% nng lng mt tri chiu xung tri t.
nhim nhit gy ra nhiu bin i cc sinh vt di nc, khi nhit ca
nc tng ln n 30 350C s gy tc hi n nhiu loi sinh vt di nc. Khi
nhit tng thm 100C s lm tng cc phn ng ho hc trong nc, lm gim cht
hu c trong nc. Nhit tng ln, t l cc loi mui ho tan trong nc tng ln,
lm cho kim loi b han g mnh hn v lm cht mt s loi sinh vt. V d: Nhit
nc 400C s lm cht c hi , 440C s lm cht c pessa, nhit nc tng
thm 16 170c th c gai cht trong vng 35 giy, c hi cht trong vng 10 giy.
nhim nhit trong mi trng khng kh, mi trng nc u c hi, to iu
kin cho cc loi vi khun, vi trng, nm gy bnh pht trin nhanh.
* Bin php gim nhim nhit: Mun gim nhim nhit, chng ta cn ci
tin k thut sn xut, nng cao hiu qu ca cc nh my, nht l cc nh my pht ra
nhiu nhit, tm cch gim bt lng nhit do my mc thit b thi ra mi trng.
ng thi s dng cc bin php lm mt nhn to nh cc ao h, cc thp lm
mt thng gi t nhin hoc thng gi cng bc, ch , "tn dng" nhit bc hi ca
nc lm mt (thng th 1 kg nc bc hi, thu mt lng nhit khong 600
kcal). Mun tng hiu qu nc bc hi nn phun nc thnh cc ht nh vo trong
khng kh, ht nhit ca khng kh bin thnh hi.
Mt bin php hu hiu na l trng nhiu cy xanh, cy xanh gip ci thin mi
trng sng. Trong qu trnh tng hp dip lc, cy xanh hp th kh CO2, hp th
nhit v thi xy. Cy xanh c kh nng hp th bc x mt tri, thc hin quang
hp, to s rm mt thoi mi cho con ngi v cc sinh vt khc.
Mt bin php gim nhim nhit nn p dng l tn dng lng nhit thi ra
ca cc nh my cho mc ch c li, v d sn xut nc nng phc v sinh hot, cp
nhit si m, cp nhit cc b bi, cc h ao nui c trong ma ng
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.5.2. nhim phng x v bin php gim nhim phng x
a. Khi nim v phng x. Ngun gy nhim phng x
Vic pht minh ra hin tng phng x c nh hng ln n i sng con
ngi v sn xut. Cc cht phng x cp mt nng lng ln, cc nh my nguyn
t trn th gii c cng sut rt ln.
Cc ng v phng x c dng nhiu trong sn xut v gip cho cc ngnh
khoa hc mt phng php nghin cu hu hiu. Trong ngnh y, cc cht ng v
phng x, cc tia Rnghen, tia c ng dng chun on v iu tr nhiu
bnh him ngho. Trong cng nghip, nng nghip, ng nghip, u ng dng
phng x kim nghim, sn xut rt c hiu qu. Bn cnh nhng li ch nu trn,
phng x cn c th gy cho con ngi nhiu him ha.
V vy, phi hn ch nhim cc cht phng x ti mi trng sng trong vic
khai thc cc qung phng x, s dng nng lng nguyn t vo sn xut v nghin
cu khoa hc, hn ch liu chiu x cho nhn loi. Nhng cuc th v kh ht nhn
lm cho mi trng b nhim cc cht phng x. Con ngi phi chu thm lng
chiu x ngoi phng x t nhin. Trong ngnh y chun on v iu tr bng phng
x cng lm tng nhim phng x
Hin tng phng x l hin tng t nguyn chuyn ho ca cc ht nhn
nguyn t ca nguyn t ny sang ht nhn nguyn t khc km theo cc dng bc x
khc nhau.
Bc x chia ra 2 loi: bc x ht nh , , proton, ntron v bc x in t nh ,
Rnghen,
Hai loi bc x ny c kh nng ion ho vt cht nn cn gi bc x ion ho.
Hin nay c hn 50 nguyn t phng x t nhin v trn 1.000 ng v phng x nhn
to. Bng 2.4 nu mt s cht phng x thng gp.
Bng 2.4. Mt s cht phng x v chu k bn phn hu ca chng
Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Cht phng x
Coban Co60
Uran U238
Radi Ra226
Cacbon C14
Bary Ba130
It I131
Lu hunh S36
Pht pho P32
Chu k bn phn hu
5,3 nm
4,5.109 nm
1.620 nm
5.600 nm
13 ngy
8 ngy
87 ngy
14 ngy
Phng tia
, ,
, ,
71
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b. Tc hi ca cht phng x v tia phng x ti con ngi
Tia phng x chiu t ngoi vo c th, gi l tia tc dng "ngoi chiu" cht phng
x xm nhp vo trong c th (qua ng tiu ho, ng h hp) vo trong mu, xng,
cc b phn ca c th v gy tc dng chiu x gi l tc dng "ni chiu".
Chiu x t bn ngoi hay bn trong u nguy him, song chiu x bn trong
nguy him hn v thi gian chiu lu hn, din c chiu rng hn v vic o thi
cht phng x ra ngoi cng kh khn hn. Con ngi mc bnh nhim phng x khi
c th b chiu phng x hoc sng trong mi trng b nhim cht phng x.
c. Bnh nhim phng x cp tnh
Sau vi gi hoc ch vi giy, c th b nhim x vi liu lng trn 300 Rem
ton thn, c th b nhim bnh phng x cp tnh (Rem l liu rn ghen tng ng
sinh vt Roentgen equivalent man). Cc triu chng thng l:
- Ri lon h thn kinh trung ng, c bit v no, nhc u, chng mt, bun
nn, hi hp, cu knh, kh ng, n km, mt mi;
- Da b bng hoc ty ch tia phng x chiu qua;
- C quan to mu b tn thng mnh, cc t bo mu ngoi vi v tu xng
b gim, bch cu v tiu cu gim, hng cu cng gim nhng chm hn, kt qu l
bnh nhn thiu mu, gim kh nng chng bnh nhim trng;
- C th gy yu, st cn, dn dn suy nhc ton b c th hoc b nhim trng
nng ri b cht;
Bnh phng x cp tnh thng xy ra trong nhng v n v kh ht nhn, tai nn
s c cc l phn ng nguyn t.
d. Bnh nhim phng x mn tnh
Triu chng bnh xut hin mun, c khi ti hng nm hoc hng chc nm sau
tnh t khi b chiu tia phng x hoc b nhim cht phng x. Bnh xy ra khi b
nhim mt lc liu phng x khong 200 Rem hoc liu nh hn nhng trong mt thi
gian di.
Bnh nhn lc u b suy nhc thn kinh, suy nhc c th, sau ri lon cc
c quan to mu, ri lon chuyn ho cht ng, lipid, protid, mui khong, cui
cng b thoi ho, bnh nhn b nhim x mn tnh thng b c nhn mt, ung th
da, ung th xng, v.vMc bnh, ph thuc vo nhiu yu t:
- Tng liu chiu x v chiu x mi ln. Tng liu lng cng ln th tc hi
cng mnh. V d nhim 300 Rem cn c th cha c, nhng nhim 600 Rem th
72
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bnh s nng, chc chn b cht. Cng b nhim tng liu lng nh nhau, nhng phn
tn nhiu liu nh gp li th tc hi t hn l b chiu mt ln.
- Din tch c th b tia phng x chiu cng rng cng nguy him, b chiu ton
thn nguy him hn b chiu mt b phn. Trong c th th vng u l vng quan
trng nht, nu b chiu th nguy him hn cc vng khc.
- Cc t bo ung th, t bo ca t chc thai nhi b nhim nhy hn cc t bo gi
trng thnh.
- Khi c th ang b mt mi, i bng, b nhim trng, b nhim c th nh
hng ca tia phng x nhy hn.
- Bn cht vt l ca loi tia phng x v c tnh l ho ca cht phng x.
Chng nhim phng x, nhm hn ch n mc thp nht cc bnh tt do
phng x gy ra, cc ngy bin di truyn, cc bnh bm sinh cho loi ngi trong
nhiu th h.
Cht phng x lun chuyn qua li trong mi trng khng kh, mi trng
nc, mi trng t v gy tai ho cho con ngi, ng vt, v thc vt. V vy, cn
phi c trch nhim phng chng nhim phng x.
e. Cc bin php gim nhim phng x
gim nhim phng x, trc tin l hn ch hoc tin ti cm cc cuc th
v kh ht nhn. Hn ch vic khai thc cc qung phng x, vic x l tinh ch qung
v cc ng v phng x nhn to.
i vi cc x nghip, c quan, phng th nghim dng ng v phng x trong
qu trnh sn xut v nghin cu khoa hc, vic iu tr v chn on cc bnh bng
cc tia Rnghen, gama v cc ng v phng x trong y hc ch nn s dng khi thc
s cn thit, v khi s dng phi ht sc ch ti vn an ton v sinh, tm mi cch
hn ch s nhim.
Di y nu mt s bin php gim nhim phng x trong trng hp tip
xc vi ngun phng x kn v tip xc vi ngun phng x h.
* Trng hp tip xc ngun phng x kn: Ch tip xc vi tia phng x,
khng ng chm ti cc cht phng x. V d: Dng tia Rnghen chn on iu
tr bnh hoc dng tia ca CO60 kim tra vt nt ca kim loi
- Bng pht tia Rnghen phi bc bt li bng v ch, cc cht phng x lc bnh
thng phi trong hp ch kn vi b dy khc nhau, khi dng ch h m cn
thit, khng nn m qu rng.
73
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Trong thao tc cng xa ngun cng t nguy him v cng chiu x t l
nghch vi khong cch t c th n ngun. Khong cch xa gp 2 th cng
chiu gim 4 ln, khong cch xa gp 3 th cng chiu gim 9 ln. Thi gian chiu
x cng ngn cng nguy him.
- Cc bung Rnghen hoc bung s dng tia phng x phi c kch thc
ln, khng c nhiu c trnh cc tia phng x th pht, cc bung ny
phi b tr ring bit, c tng b tng dy.
- Lc lm vic phi s dng trang b bo h lao ng ph hp (gng tay cao su,
ng cao su, eo knh,). Cc thao tc phi chinh xc, nhanh nhn gim thi gian
tip xc vi tia phng x.
* Trng hp tip xc vi ngun phng x h: Ngun phng x h l ngun
m cht phng x trong mt trng thi vt l m cht c th thot ra ngoi. Khi tip
xc vi cc qung phng x, dung dch lng, kh, pin phng x s chu nh hng ca
c tc dng ngoi chiu v ni chiu do cht phng x c c th kh, lng, rn, bi v
xm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp, tiu ho hoc qua da. Cc bin php bo v
bao gm:
- Bo v sinh hc: S dng cc loi vitamin, cc cht khng sinh phc hi khi
nh hng ca phng x. Cc cht ny gip cho t bo tu xng sinh to mu nhanh
chng v c th chng khi bnh.
- Bo v vt l: S dng cc phng tin cn tia ging nh i vi ngun phng
x kn. Ch ngi ca ngi lm vic phi c bc chn bng ch (dy 1,5 2mm) hoc
cc vt chn loi khc (1mm ch 85mm b tng 140mm tng gch). Phi s dng
gng tay ch khi thao tc. Nu c th, cng cch xa ngun th cng gim c liu
chiu v liu chiu t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch.
- Bo v ho hc: S dng axit amin c nhm -SH hoc dng cc dn xut ph
hu nhm cacboxyl ca chng. Tc dng bo v ca cc cht ny da vo c ch vai
tr ca oxy trong chiu x. Cc trng hp tip xc vi ngun phng x h l nhng
phng th nghim phng x v cc khu khai thc, vn chuyn v ch bin qung
phng x. Cc bin php gim thiu bao gm:
+ Phng th nghim phi b tr ring bit (tr nhng phng th nghim dng cht
phng x c hot tnh thp), c chu vi bo v t 50 300m tu theo c tnh v khi
lng cht phng x s dng. Din tch s dng ti thiu l 4,7 m2/1 th nghim vin.
Vt liu, kt cu v trang thit b ca phng th nghim cn ht sc gim bt tnh hp
th phng x, d c ra v ty x, phng cng kn cng tt. Nhn vin tip xc vi
cht phng x phng th nghim phi c trang b cc phng tin phng h c
74
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------nhn cn thit nh gng tay cao su, qun o cng tc, mt n, tt v giy, khu trang
phng bi phng x, Phi c k hoch ty x cho ngi, qun o, bn lm vic,
+ Trong khu khai thc qung phng x phi ht sc ch phng trnh nhim
x. Trong m phi thng gi tt (t nht 5 ln/gi), c ng ng dn khng kh sch
cho ngi lao ng. Cc hm l hng hoc khng khai thc na phi bt kn bng
vt liu khng thm kh. ng ng dn nc thi ca m phi bc kn, cc bi qung
v nc thi ca nh my luyn qung phng x phi c x l nghim ngt. Cc
ph thi phng x khng c x ba bi trn mt t hoc ra mi trng nc m
phi chn hu trong cc hm c bit kin c, ti cc vng cch bit khu dn c.
2.5.3. nhim ting n
a. Khi nim v m thanh v ting n
m thanh l nhng giao ng c hc c lan truyn di hnh thc sng trong
mt mi trng n hi v c thnh gic ca con ngi tip thu. Trong khng kh,
tc ca m thanh l 343m/s, cn trong nc l 1.450 m/s.
Ting n l tp hp nhng m thanh c cng v tn s khc nhau, sp xp
khng c trt t, gy cm gic kh chu cho ngi nghe, cn tr con ngi lm vic v
ngh ngi.
* Cc c tnh ca m thanh
- Tn s m thanh: Mi m thanh c c trng bi mt tn s dao ng ca
sng m. Bnh thng tai ngi cm th c cc m thanh c tn s t 16 20.000Hz.
Trong , cc m thanh c tn s di 300Hz gi l m h tn, t 300Hz n 1.000Hz
l m trung tn v t 1.000Hz n 20.000Hz c gi l m cao tn. Cc m c tn s <
16Hz gi l h m, cc m c tn s >20.000Hz gi l siu m v tai khng nghe c.
- Cng m (I): l s nng lng sng m truyn qua din tch 1cm2 vung
gc vi phng truyn sng trong mt giy (n v l erg/cm2.s hoc w/cm2). Cng
m v p sut m lin h vi nhau theo biu thc:
p2
I
C
trong :
(erg/cm2.s)
- mt ca mi trng, g/cm3;
C - tc m thanh trong mi trng;

Trong khng gian t do cng m t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch r
n ngun m:
75
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I
I r 2
4 .r
trong :
Ir - cng m cch ngun im mt khong r.
Trong k thut, tnh ton mc cng m v mc p sut m, ngi ta

thng dng thang logarit thay cho thang thp phn thu hp phm vi tr s o. Khi
ta c mc cng m o bng xiben (dB).
+ Mc cng m c tnh theo cng thc:
L I 10 lg
trong ,
I
I0
(dB)
I - cng m;
I0 - cng m ngng nghe c, gi l mc m.

+ Mc p sut m c tnh theo cng thc:
L P 20 lg
trong :
P
P0
(dB)
P0 - ngng quy c, P0 = 2.10-5N/m2.
+ Mc cng sut m c tnh theo cng thc:
L W 10 lg
trong :
W
W0
(dB)
W - cng sut ca ngun m;
W0 - ngng khng hay ngng quy c, W0 = 10-12.

- vang ca m thanh: Nhng m thanh c tn s khc nhau, tuy mc nng
lng m bng nhau nhng cm gic nghe r ca tai ngi li khc nhau, tc l m c
vang khc nhau.
tn s 1.000Hz, mi dB tng ng vi 1 phn (n v vang ca m). m
thanh tn s 1.000Hz l m thanh chun v vang ca m. n v vang l phn,
ngoi ra cn c n v sone cho bit m thanh ny to gp bao nhiu ln m thanh khc.
V d: vang ca m 40 phn l 1 sone; vang ca m 50 phn l 2 sone v
vang ca m 60 phn l 4 sone.
Khi vang ca m tng 10 phn, th tr s vang tnh theo sone s tng gp
i. Cc my o n, o mc vang ca m theo n v xiben A (dBA) - l mc
cng m chung ca tt c cc gii cta tn s c quy v tn s 1.000Hz (nh
76
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b phn ca my o). Ta gi m thanh a bng dBA l m thanh ng lng. Khi
dng dBA ch m khng cn ni m thanh c tn s bao nhiu. Tr s dBA gip
ta nh gi s b v mt v sinh, xem ting n c vt qu mc cho php hay khng.
- Gii tn s m thanh: C quan thnh gic ca ngi khng phn ng theo
tng tuyt i ca tn s m, m phn ng theo mc tng tng i ca cc tn s m.
Khi tn s tng gp i th cao ca m tng ln 1 tng, ta gi l mt cta tn s.
Ton b gii tn s m thanh m ngi nghe c chia thnh 11 cta c cc tr
s trung bnh s hc: 16; 32; 63; 125; 250; 500; 1000; 2000; 4000; 8000; 16000. Tiu
chun v sinh v mc cho php ca ting n thng c quy nh 8 cta: 63; 125;
250; 500; 1000; 2000; 4000; 8000Hz.
* Phn loi ting n
* Theo tnh cht vt l: chia ting n 2 loi l ting n n nh v ting n khng
n nh.
- Ting n n nh c mc thay i cng m khng qu 5dB trong c thi
gian c ting n.
- Ting n khng n nh c mc thay i cng m vt qu 5dB trong thi
gian c ting n. C 3 dng ting n khng n nh:
+ Ting n dao ng: mc m thanh thay i khng ngng theo thi gian;
+ Ting n ngt qung: m thanh ngt qung, khng lin tc;
+ Ting n xung: m thanh va p k tip nhau;
* Theo phn b nng lng cc gii cta tn s: chia ting n ra thnh ting n
gii rng v ting n gii hp.
- Ting n gii rng: nng lng m phn b ng u cc tng s.
- Ting n gii hp (cn gi ting n m sc): mt tn s m trong m ph c
cng m cao hn cc tn s cn li trong cta t 6 dB tr ln. Ting n gii hp
c tc dng kch thch mnh hn ting n gii rng.
* Theo c tnh ca ngun n ta chia ra 4 loi:
- Ting n c hc cc my.
- Ting n va chm cc qu trnh sn xut: rn, dp, tn, v.v
- Ting n kh ng my bay, qut gi, v.v
- Ting n hoc xung kch.
77
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b. Ngun n trong i sng v trong sn xut
Ngun ting n pht ra mi ni mi lc do bn thn con ngi, do cc thit b
my mc, my thu thanh, pht thanh, my truyn hnh, cc loi my n, ng c, cc
phng tin sinh hot, cc phng tin giao thng vn ti ( t, xe my, tu ho, tu
thu, my bay), v.vTing sm n, ting bom n n, v.v
* Ting n giao thng
Mi mt xe khi hot ng u gy ra ting n: Ting n t ng c v s rung
ng cc b phn ca xe, ting n qua ng x khi, ting n mi lc ng m ca xe,
ting rt ca phan hm. Mc n ca cc loi phng tin c trnh by ti bng 2.5.
Bng 2.5. Mc n ca cc phng tin giao thng
Xe nh 77 dB
Ting ci tu 75 105 dB
Xe khch nh 79 dB
Ting tu in 85 90 dB
Xe khch va 84 dB
Ting my bay 120 135 dB
Xe th thao 91 dB
Ting cc xe qun s 90 120 dB
Xe my 1 xilanh, ng c 2 th 80 dB
Ting xe rc 82 88 dB
Xe my 2 xilanh, ng c 4 th 94 dB
Ngoi cc phng tin giao thng mt t, cn lu ngun n do my bay gy

ra, nht l my bay phn lc, c bit l khi khi ng, ct cnh, tng tc, ln cao, h
cnh pht ra ting n mnh. My bay siu m ch khch cao 12.000m c th gy
ra p sut cc i mt t 100 N/m2 (127 dB) gy ting n kinh khng, nhim mi
trng, ph tng ozon ca kh quyn.
* Ting n do sn xut
Cc qu trnh chn ng, chuyn ng, va chm cc my mc thit b cc dng
kh dng cht lng chuyn ng u gy ra ting n. Ting n t cc my thng rt
ln. Mc n ca mt s loi my mc, thit b th hin ti bng 2.6.
Bng 2.6. Mc n trong sn xut ca mt s loi my mc, thit b
Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ngun n do
My trn btng chy du
My ba 1,5 tn
My nn diezen
My ca
My p
My khoan
Mc n im cch ngun 15m

75 dB
75 dB
80 dB
82 85 dB
85 dB
87 114 dB
78
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
My i
My tin
My bo
My ba hi
My ko
My nghin xi mng
My khu
My si
Xng dt
Xng rn
Xng g
Xng c
Xng tn riv
My qut gi li tm loi ln
93 dB
93 96 dB
97 dB
100 110 dB
92 112 dB
100 dB
70 dB
80 dB
110 dB
100 120 dB
113 114 dB
112 dB
120 dB
105 dB
Cng m thanh gim theo t l bnh phng ca khong cch t ngun n ti

ngi nghe, do cn t cc ngun n cch xa khu dn c, hoc l c bin php che
chn thch hp.
* Ting n do sinh hot ca con ngi
Trong cuc sng con ngi tr chuyn, ht h, nhy ma, i li, n ung, v.v
u c th gy ra ting n. trong nh c hai dng ting n l ting n va chm v
ting n khng kh.
- Ting n va chm c pht sinh v lan truyn trong vt rn (trong nh ca, n
truyn qua cc kt cu bao che: sn, tng, ca, trn).
- Ting n khng kh truyn ch yu qua cc l trng, nh cc l thng hi, cc
ca s, ca i, v.v
Mc n thp nht cc ng ph t xe c 45 50 dBA. cc ng ph ng
c nhn nhp, mc n c th ln ti 90 95 dBA. Mc n thp nht cc khu nh
tp th l 30 35 dBA. Bng 2.7 cho thy mc n ca mt s hot ng.
Bng 2.7. Mt s mc n trong sinh hot ca con ngi
Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ngun n do
Ting ni nh
Ting ni chuyn bnh thng
Ting ni to
Ting khc ca tr
Ting ht to
Ting ca ct kt
Mc n
30 dBA
60 dBA
80 dBA
80 dBA
110 dBA
78 dBA
79
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c. Tc hi ca ting n i vi sc kho con ngi v sn xut
Ting n l mt trong nhng loi hnh nhim gy tc ng trc tip n sc
kho con ngi. Chng ting n ang l mt trong nhng vn ch yu bo v
sc kho con ngi, nht l nhng ngi sng th, khu cng nghip tip xc vi
ting n mnh.
Vit Nam, ting n thnh ph v khu cng nghip vt qu mc cho
php, t l cng nhn b ic ngh nghip ln ti 21,5%. Cng nhn c tui ngh ln
hn 20 nm t l ic l 34,3%.
Mc ting n t 50 dBA tr ln cc khu nh c th gy ri lon thn kinh v
no. Mc ting n 58 60 63 dBA trong nh lm gim sc nghe, gy bnh huyt
p. mc n 35 dBA tr ln l gy nhng cm gic khng thoi mi, kh ng i
vi con ngi. i vi cng nhn lm vic mi trng ting n mnh, thng mc
phi cc bnh ngh nghip nh b au u dai dng, chng mt, ngi mt mi, cu
knh, gim tr nh, gim kh nng lao ng, ng khng ngon gic, d b suy nhc thn
kinh, bnh v tim mch, nh hng c quan tin nh, run mi mt, run cc u chi, phn
x xng khp gim, v mt s bnh v tuyn gim trng (bng 2.8).
Ting n mc 150 dBA hoc ln hn c th lm rch mng nh, lch v tr cc
xng tai gia, lm tn thng tai trong, lm chy mu tai, gy au nhc d di
tai v ton thn.
Bng 2.8. Tc hi ca ting n cng cao i vi sc kho con ngi
Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mc n (dB)
0
100
110
120
130 135
140
145
150
160
190
Tc ng n ngi nghe
Ngng nghe thy
Bt u lm bin i nhp p ca tim
Kch thch mnh mng nh
Ngng chi tai
Gy bnh thn kinh, nn ma, l yu xc gic v c bp
au chi tai, gy mt tr, in
Gii hn cc i m con ngi c th chu c ting n
Nu nghe lu s thng mng tai
Nu nghe lu s nguy him
Ch cn nghe trong thi gian ngn nguy him
Nhng ngi thng xuyn tip xc vi ting n, tn thng thnh gic din ra
t t qua cc giai on:
- Giai on u: Giai on thnh gic thch nghi, giai on ny ch c gii hn
nht nh, nu ting n qu mnh, thi gian tip xc vi ting n qu lu s dn ti
mi mt c quan thnh gic.
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Giai on hai: Giai on mt mi thnh gic. nhy cm ca tai gim xung
r rt, ngng nghe cao hn ngng nghe bnh thng t 15 dB tr ln, c th ti 30
50 dB tu tng tn s m thanh. Thi gian hi phc v ngng thnh gic lc ban
u rt chm, t 30 pht n hng gi sau khi ra khi ni c ting n th thnh gic
mi dn dn hi phc. Tai gim cm th nht i vi cc m tn s 4.000 Hz, cn
i vi cc m bnh thng, th sc nghe ca tai khng b thay i, cho nn bn thn
ngi khng nhn bit sc nghe ca mnh b gim. Giai on ny l du hiu
ca bnh ic ngh nghip.
- Giai on ba: Giai on ic ngh nghip. B gim vnh vin kh nng tip thu
m thanh cc tn s khc nhau do tc dng lu ca ting n mnh. Ngi bnh b
thoi ho cc t bo thn kinh thnh gic, dn dn cc t bo ny b hu hoi mt kh
nng cm th thnh gic.
d. Bin php chng n
* Quy hoch kin trc xy dng hp l
Hn ch s lan tuyn ting n ngay trong ni b nh my v ra khu vc gn ,
cn c gii php c th chng ting n v chn ng, gia khu nh my v khu dn
c nn c khu m, c gii cy xanh cch ly, hai bn ng ph nn c cy xanh
chng n, chng nhim khng kh.
Cc ngun n nn b tr vo mt vng cui hng gi d x l, xung quanh
vng nn c cy xanh. Cc trung tm iu khin nn t ring v c ngn cch,
cn thit c th lm bung ring cho cng nhn vn hnh.
* Gim ting n v chn ng ti ngun
y l bin php ch yu, cn ch trng lm tt ngay t khu thit k, ch to, lp
t, cho n khu vn hnh s dng, bo dng cc my mc thit b, c th:
- Hin i ho thit b, hon thin qu trnh cng ngh;
- Sp xp t chc thi gian hot ng ca cc ngun n cho hp l, b tr hp l
my mc thit b trong nh my, t ng ho cc khu iu khin v iu chnh, gim
bt s lng cng nhn lm vic trong mi trng n, gim s thi gian lu li lm
vic mi trng n;
* Cch m, cch chn ng: i vi my mc thit b:
- S dng cc gi b my c l xo, hoc cao su c tnh n hi cao;
- S dng cc kt cu treo c l xo n hi;
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* Gim ting n trn ng an truyn
Sau khi vn dng cc bin php trn, m vn cha t, th ta cn gim ting n
trn ng lan truyn, ch yu l ht m v cch m.
- Nguyn l ht m l da vo s bin i nng lng m thnh nng lng
nhit, nng lng c hoc dng nng lng khc. Kh nng ht m ca vt liu v kt
cu nh gi bng h s ht m v ph thuc vo tnh xp ca vt liu, vt liu cng
xp th ht m cng tt.
- Nguyn l cch m: khi sng m ti mt b mt kt cu, kt cu ny b dao ng
cng bc, tr thnh ngun m mi v bc x nng lng sang khng gian bn cnh.
nh gi mc cch m ca kt cu ngn cch, dng khi nim h s xuyn
m. H s xuyn m l t s nng lng m xuyn qua kt cu, c kch thc v hn,
i sang phn khng gian pha bn kia, v nng lng m i ti trn b mt kt cu .
Kh nng cch m ca kt cu ph thuc kch thc, trng lng, cng ca
kt cu, vo lc ma st trong ca vt liu v gii tn s ca ting n.
chng n, thng phi hp c ht m v cch m.
* Chng ting n kh ng: Ting n kh ng chia ra:
- Ting n khng ng nht ca dng kh x vo kh quyn theo chu k (tua bin,
my qut gi);
- Ting n do s to thnh xoy mt gii hn ca dng;
- Ting n chy ri, khi dng kh c tc khc nhau chy ln vi nhau;
Vic gim ting n kh ng ti ngun rt kh khn, cho nn ta phi gim ting
n trn ng lan truyn. Ch yu l dng cc bung tiu m. Tit din ngang ca
bung tiu m ln hn nhiu so vi tit din ngang ca ng dn kh.
m bo c n cho php trong cc cng trnh xy dng, nht l nh
ht, phng hp, nh chiu phim, phng ghi m, bnh vin, cc h thng thng gi,
iu tit khng kh c trang b cc bung tiu m trn ng ht, trn ng thi
khng kh.
* Bin php tuyn truyn v gio dc con ngi
M rng tuyn truyn trong cng ng v tc hi ca ting n, cng nh cc bin
php chng n. S dng cc phng tin thng tin i chng, tranh nh p phch khu
hiu, ph bin cc kin thc i cng trn bo ch, i pht thanh, i truyn hnh
mi ngi hiu c tc hi ca ting n v cch phng chng n.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Khuyn khch mi ngi t gic, c thc tn trng ngi khc. Bo m trt t
yu tnh trong mi ni mi lc nht l nhng ni c nhiu ngi sng chung nhng li
sinh hot v lm vic trong nhng iu kin khc nhau, v nhng lc ngi khc ang
ng hoc ang ngh ngi hoc ang rt cn s yn tnh lm vic.
* Kim tra ting n, kim sot nhim ting n
Cn phi t chc cht ch cng tc kim tra ting n, nht l khu dn c, nh ,
nh ngh, cc bnh vin, trng hc, cng s v nhng ni sn xut.
Cng tc kim tra ting n c ngha quan trng trong cc bin php chng n.
Cc ti liu kim tra ting n l c s khoa hc ra cc bin php chng n, bo
v sc kho cho con ngi v y mnh sn xut. Cn ban hnh lut kim sot
nhim ting n, thit lp cac c quan qun l kim sot nhim ting n, ra cc
quy nh c th, cc tiu chun ting n cho php, bt buc mi ngi, mi ngnh,
mi c quan n v phi chp hnh nghim chnh.
2.6. Hu qu ton cu do nhim mi trng

2.6.1. Hiu ng nh knh
Nhit Tri t c to nn do s cn bng gia nng lng mt tri n b mt
Tri t v nng lng bc x ca Tri t vo khong khng gian gia cc hnh tinh.
Nng lng mt tri: ch yu l nng lng ca cc tia sng ngn, d dng
xuyn qua cc ca s kh quyn ca Tri t.
Bc x t b mt Tri t: l sng di c nng lng thp, d b kh quyn gi li
lm nhit ca kh quyn bao quanh Tri t tng ln v do tng nhit b mt
Tri t. Cc tc nhn gy s hp th bc x sng di ca kh quyn l: CO2, bi, hi
nc, CH4, CFC, N2O. Hin tng kh quyn hp th cc phn x sng di t Tri t
c c ch tng t nh nh knh trng cy xanh. Do vy, gi l hiu ng nh knh.
Nu Tri t khng c lp kh quyn bao quanh (khng c cc tc nhn hp th
bc x sng di) th s cn bng nhit s to cho Tri t nhit trung bnh
khong -180C.
V c lp kh quyn bao quanh hp th cc bc x sng di nn nhit trung
bnh ca Tri t hin nay vo khong 150C, gi l hin tng hiu ng nh knh t
nhin. i vi Tri t, hin tng ny c ngha quan trng l duy tr nhit
thch hp cho s sng v cn bng sinh thi.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cc thnh phn c trong kh quyn c nh hng ti s phn x nhit t Tri t
vo v tr c gi l cc kh nh knh, l cc kh c kh nng hp th cc tia sng
di. Cc kh nh knh t nhin quan trng nht l CO2 v hi nc. i vi Tri t,
hiu ng nh knh ca kh quyn rt c ngha v n duy tr nhit thch hp cho s
sng v cn bng sinh thi.
Tuy nhin, khi nng ca cc kh nh knh tng do cc hot ng t nhin v
nhn to th s cn bng nhit lng gia nng lng t mt tri (nng lng ny
khng thay i) v nng lng phn x t Tri t (c xu hng tng) s lm tng
nhit Tri t trn quy m ton cu ko theo hng lot nhng bin i khc.
Cc nh hng ca hiu ng nh knh rt phc tp v tc ng tng h ln nhau
gy thay i i vi mi trng sinh thi.
Hin tng ton cu m ln l hu qu trc tip ca vic tng nng cc kh
nh knh trong kh quyn. Mc nc bin dng cao ch yu do bng trn cc nh ni
cao v hai cc Tri t tan chy.
Hnh 2.7. Hiu ng nh knh

S gia tng tiu th nhin liu ho thch ca loi ngi ang lm cho nng
kh CO2 ca kh quyn tng ln. S gia tng kh CO2 v cc kh nh knh khc trong
kh quyn tri t lm nhit tri t tng ln. Theo tnh ton ca cc nh khoa hc,
khi nng CO2 trong kh quyn tng gp i, th nhit b mt tri t tng ln
khong 3oC.
Cc s liu nghin cu cho thy nhit tri t tng 0,5oC trong khong thi
gian t 1885 n 1940 do thay i ca nng CO2 trong kh quyn t 0,027% n
0,035%. Nu khng c bin php khc phc hiu ng nh knh, nhit tri t s
tng ln 1,5 - 4,5oC vo nm 2050.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mc gy hiu ng nh knh c sp xp theo th t sau:
CO2
CFC
CH4
O3
NO2
50%
20%
16%
8%
6%
Tc ng tiu cc ca hiu ng nh knh:

- Nhit tng cao lm tan bng hai a cc dn ti mc nc bin dng cao s
lm nhiu vng sn xut lng thc, cc khu dn c, cc vng ng bng, o ln b
nhn chm di nc;
- Nhiu h sinh thi b mt cn bng, lm cho ti nguyn mt i kh nng t iu
chnh vn c ca n;
- Kh hu Tri t s bin i su sc, ton b iu kin sinh sng ca cc quc
gia s b xo ng: hot ng sn xut nng nghip, lm nghip, thu hi sn b nh
hng nghim trng;
- Nhiu loi bnh tt mi xut hin.
Nhng d bo gn y nht ti cuc hi tho Chu u ca cc nh nghin cu
cho rng, nhit Tri t s tng ln 1,5 4,5oC vo nm 2050, nu khng c bin
php khc phc hiu ng nh knh. Trong s cc kh gy hiu ng nh knh, trc
ht l kh CO2, sau n CFC v CH4. Nu xt theo mc tc ng do hot ng
ca con ngi i vi s nng ln ca Tri t, th vic s dng nng lng c tc
ng ln nht, sau l hot ng cng nghip.
Mt s loi kh him c kh nng lm tng nhit ca Tri t. Trong s 16
loi kh him th NH4 c kh nng ln nht, sau l N2O, CF3Cl, CF3Br, CF2Cl2 v
cui cng l SO2.
Tc ng n rng: S nng ln ca Tri t dn n nhng thay i ln cc
loi thc, ng vt. S thay i iu kin sinh trng t nhin c th i hi nhng k
hoch qun l rng, c bit trong dinh dng v cc cng ngh lm sinh khc.
Tc ng n cy trng: Hiu ng nh knh gy tc ng khc nhau i vi cc
loi cy trng. La m v ng c th b cc stress m do tng qu trnh bc hi
nc v thot hi nc. Do nhit tng, c th s tng s ph hoi ca su b n hi
ma mng.
Ngi ta cng thy rng, lng CO2 tng gp i s gy nn hng lot thay i:
ch nhit, iu kin m , s ph hoi ca su b. Nhng thay i ny gy tc
ng trc tip hoc gin tip n cy trng. V d: nhit cao s tng qu trnh c
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------nh nit bi vi sinh vt, nhng do bay hi mnh, m ca t gim s km hm qu
trnh phn gii hu c v do con ngi phi s dng nhiu phn bn v c.
Tc ng n ch nc : Hiu ng nh knh lm thay i ch nhit v vy
ch thy vn cng thay i. Ma h kh nng s ko di v qu trnh ra tri
min kh hu n ha s tng ln. c bit l cng bc hi v thot hi nc tng
lm cho cy trng b thiu nc.
Tc ng n sc kho con ngi: Nhiu loi bnh tt i vi con ngi s xut
hin khi thi tit thay i, v d bnh dch t, bnh cm, bnh vim phi, nhc u,
Ngoi nhit , cc kh nh knh cn gy nh hng ln ti m tng i ca
khng kh lm pht sinh nhiu bnh, c bit l bnh phi v bnh ngoi da.
2.6.2. Ma axt
Cc qu trnh t lm sch ph bin ca kh quyn bao gm: lng ng kh, tuyt
v ma. Qua bi v cc cht kh c kh nng ho tan trong nc c th c a
tr li mt t. Cc git ma cng nh th cng tch c nhiu bi v cc cht kh
khi bu kh quyn.
i vi kh quyn sch: nc ma c pH 5,6 do qu trnh ho tan ca CO2
trong kh quyn vo nc ma.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3Trong bu kh quyn b nhim c cha cc kh nhim mang tnh axt nh
SO2, NO2, HCl, cc kh ny d dng kt hp vi hi nc to thnh cc ht axt
H2SO4, HNO3, theo nc ma ri xung, lm cho nc ma c pH <5,6 gi l hin
tng ma axt.
SO2 +
O2 SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4

NO2 + H2O HNO3
Ma axit c th xut hin rt xa ngun thi ra kh c tnh axit, v qu trnh kt
hp ca cc kh ny vi hi nc hnh thnh ht axit trong khng kh kh di, c th
ti vi ngy, trong thi gian , di tc dng ca gi y chng i xa khi ni pht
thi. Trong cc kh gy ma axit, cc hp cht ca lu hunh chim ti 80%, NOX
chim 12%.
Ma axit c pht hin ra u tin nm 1948 ti Thu in. Nguyn nhn l v
con ngi t nhiu than , du m. Trong than v du m thng cha mt
lng lu hunh, cn trong khng kh li rt nhiu kh nit. Trong qu trnh t c th
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------sinh ra cc kh Sunfua ioxit (SO2), Nit ioxit (NO2). Cc kh ny ho tan vi hi
nc trong khng kh to thnh cc ht axit sunfuaric (H2SO4), axit nitric (HNO3).
Khi tri ma, cc ht axit ny tan ln vo nc ma, lm pH ca nc ma gim.
Nu nc ma c pH di 5,6 c gi l ma axit.
Do c chua kh ln, nc ma c th ho tan c mt s bi kim loi v xit
kim loi c trong khng kh nh xit ch,... lm cho nc ma tr nn c hn i vi
cy ci, vt nui v con ngi.
Ngun pht thi kh gy ma axit:
- t nhin liu ho thch;
- Hot ng giao thng vn ti;
- Kh thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip: sn xut du m, luyn gang,...
- Hot ng ca ni la (HCl, Cl2).
nh hng ca ma axt:
- Ma axit lm gim pH ca nc. S gim pH ca nc lm gim s a dng v
sn lng s cp ca phiu sinh thc vt, nn tng ca chui thc n, nh hng gin
tip n sn lng th cp ca cc loi thu sinh ln (tm, cua, c,...);
Ma axt nh hng xu ti thu vc (ao h): Cc dng chy do ma axit vo
h, ao s lm pH ca h, ao gim i nhanh chng, cc sinh vt trong h, ao suy yu
hoc cht hon ton. H, ao tr thnh cc thu vc cht.
- Lm tng chua ca t dn ti tng kh nng ho tan ca KLN trong t gy
nh hng xu ti h sinh thi di t v nh hng ti s pht trin ca cy trng
(L cy gp ma axit s b "chy" lm chm, mm s cht kh, lm kh nng quang
hp ca cy gim, cho nng sut thp).
- Ph hu vt liu xy dng, kim loi nh st, ng, km,... lm gim tui th
cng trnh xy dng.
Ma acid c bit gy hi nghim trng cc vng chu nh hng ca vic
dng nhin liu ha thch nh than , du m. Chu u, Bc M c cc khu vc
chu thit hi nghim trng nht. Vo ngy 10/4/1974 Pitlochtry, Scotland ngi ta
o pH nc ma l 2,4. K lc th gii ghi nhn c Wheeling, West Virginia,
USA, 1979 vi pH nc ma l 1,7, tc l c pH tng t nh nc qu chanh v
nc axit bnh acquy xe hi (theo Vie le Sege, 1982).
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.6.3. Suy gim tng zn
Mn zn chim khong 2/3 pha trn ca tng bnh lu, tc cch mt t t 20
40km. Tng ny l tm mn che bo v sinh vt khi b gy hi bi tia cc tm (UV,
c bit c th gy ung th v t bin). S sng trn Tri t ny ty thuc vo tc
ng bo v ny ca tng zn, nu khng, s sng khng th tn ti c.
Khi tia cc tm chm cc phn t zn, n s ct cc phn t ny, to ra O v
O2. Cc cht ny mau chng kt hp tr li, ti to zn v sinh nhit. Nh vy tng
zn l tng c th ti to, bin tia cc tm c hi thnh nhit (v hi)
UV + O3 -------> O + O2 -------> O3 + nhit
Qu trnh hnh thnh v phn hu O3 lun din ra song song nn chu k tn ti
ca O3 trong kh quyn rt ngn. O3 tp trung nhiu nht tng bnh lu cao H =
25 km so vi b mt Tri t vi nng 510 ppm.
Tng zn c xem l ci bo v loi ngi v th gii ng vt khi tia t
ngoi v n c kh nng hp th trn 90% tia t ngoi t bc x mt tri. O3 c kh
nng hp th sng ngn t 240320 nm.
Mc d cng bc x ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nhng ngi ta c tnh
rng nu O3 trong tng bnh lu gim 15% th lm tng 2% lng tia t ngoi chiu
xung b mt Tri t.
Tia t ngoi c kh nng hu hoi mt (gy c thu tinh th); tng bnh ung th
da; xc tc mnh cho cc phn ng quang ho tng kh quyn thp, tng sng m
v ma axt; thc vt mt dn kh nng t min dch, cc vi sinh vt di bin b tn
thng v cht dn.
Ngoi ra, suy gim tng ozon cn lm cho tc ng tiu cc ca hiu ng nh
knh v ma axt tr nn trm trng hn.
Nm 1985, pht hin l thng tng zn Nam Cc vi din tch bng din tch
ton nc M, Cng c Vin v bo v tng zn.
Nm 1987, pht hin tng zn Bc Cc c hin tng mng dn. Ngh nh
th Montreal v cc cht lm suy gim tng Ozon.
Nguyn nhn:
- Do s dng cht freon trong dung mi m phm, sn, ty ra, bnh cu ho, nh:
CFC11, CFC12, CFC13; (mt nguyn t Clo c kh nng ph hy 104 - 106 phn t O3).
- Do hot ng ca ni la: sinh ra Cl2, HCl;
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mt s kh khc sinh ra do hot ng ca con ngi: CO, CH4, NOx
- Cc my bay siu m khi bay cao ln: thi ra nhiu NOx
Phn ng phn hu zn c tm tt nh sau: Kh freon b phn gii bi tia cc
tm (UV) trong tng bnh lu, to ra gc chloro t do. Gc chloro t do c th phn
ng vi ozon, lm gim nng mn zn v gim kh nng ngn chn tia cc tm.
C- F2 - Cl2 --------UV-----> C - F2 - Clo + Clo (gc chloro t do)
Clo
O3
------> Cl-O + O2
Mt phn t ca kh freon c th phn hy hng ngn phn t zn, bi v gc

chloro t do c kh nng ti to.
Cl-O + O
---->
Cl
O2
Oxyd chloro cng c th phn ng vi zn:

ClO + O3 --------> ClO2 + O2
Cc my bay phn lc siu thanh bay tng bnh lu cng ph mng zn v
ng c phn lc thi ra oxid nitric. Kh ny phn ng vi zn to ra dioxid
nitrogen v oxygen.
My bay siu thanh -----> NO
O3 -----> NO2 + O2
S n v kh ht nhn cng to ra oxit nit, ph hy mng zn cng nh phn

ng trn. Ngoi ra phn m s dng trong nng nghip cng c th chuyn thnh kh
oxit nit thot ln tng bnh lu phn ng vi phn t zn.
Mng zn b mng s lm tia cc tm gia tng mt t. liu hp l, tia UV
lm sm da v kch thch s to ra vitamin D da. Tuy nhin phi di tia UV mnh
d gy phng nng v dn ti ung th da. Cc nh nghin cu y khoa tin rng khi
mng zn gim 1% c th lm tng 2% ca ung th da.
Thc vt cng chu nh hng ca tia cc tm (UV). Chng thng b cht khi b
chiu liu cao, cn liu thp th l cy b h hi, quang hp b ngn tr, tng
trng chm v b t bin.
Tm li, mng zn v ang b ph hy bi hot ng ca con ngi. iu
ny e do s sng ca tt c sinh vt trn hnh tinh chng ta.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 3: QUN L MI TRNG
3.1. Khi nim

3.1.1. Khi nim qun l mi trng (QLMT)
Qun l mi trng l tng hp cc bin php, lut php, chnh sch kinh t, k
thut, cng ngh v x hi thch hp nhm bo v cht lng mi trng sng v pht
trin bn vng kinh t - x hi Quc gia.
Nh vy, qun l mi trng hng n cc mc tiu:
- Khc phc v phng chng suy thoi, nhim mi trng pht sinh.
- Pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi Quc gia.
- Xy dng cc cng c QLMT hiu qu cho tng Quc gia v tng khu vc, ph
hp vi tng ngnh, tng a phng v cng ng dn c.
3.1.2. Ni dung v nguyn tc QLMT
3.1.2.1. Ni dung qun l nh nc v mi trng
Ni dung qun l Nh nc v mi trng c th hin ti chng XIII, iu
121 v 122 v trch nhim qun l Nh nc v bo v mi trng i vi Chnh ph,
cc B ban ngnh v chnh quyn cc cp ca Lut Bo v Mi trng 2005 c Quc
hi nc Cng ho X hi ch ngha Vit Nam thng qua ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005.
3.2.2. Cc nguyn tc QLMT
Tiu ch chung ca cng tc qun l mi trng l m bo quyn c sng
trong mi trng trong lnh, phc v s pht trin bn vng ca t nc, gp phn
gn gi mi trng chung ca loi ngi trn tri t. Cc nguyn tc ch yu ca
cng qun l mi trng bao gm:
* m bo tnh h thng: Mi trng cn c hiu nh mt h thng ng,
phc tp, bao gm nhiu phn t hp thnh. V th QLMT cn phi c tnh h thng
cht ch da trn c s thu thp, tng hp v x l thng tin trong h thng mi
trng nhm a ra cc quyt nh qun l ph hp, m bo mc tiu, chin lc
pht trin ra.
* m bo tnh tng hp: Nguyn tc ny c xy dng trn c s tc ng
tng hp ca cc hot ng pht trin (sn xut, tiu th, thng mi, dch v, cng
ng, x hi...) ln h thng mi trng.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* m bo tnh lin tc v nht qun: Mi trng l mt h thng lin tc, tn
ti, hot ng v pht trin thng qua chu trnh trao i vt cht, nng lng v thng
tin. Do cc hot ng ca h thng mi trng khng phn ranh gii theo thi gian
v khng gian, iu ny qui nh tnh nht qun v tnh lin tc ca tc ng qun l
ln mi trng.
* m bo tp trung dn ch: Qun l mi trng c thc hin nhiu cp
khc nhau, v th cn m bo mi quan h cht ch v ti u gia tp trung v dn ch
trong qun l mi trng vi s bnh ng cho mi ngnh, mi cp, mi a phng
cng nh gio dc v nng cao nhn thc mi trung cho c nhn v cng ng.
* Kt hp qun l theo ngnh v vng lnh th: Cc thnh phn mi trng
thng do mt ngnh no qun l, nhng thnh phn mi trng ny li c phn
b, khai thc v s dng trn mt a bn c th vi s qun l ca mt cp chnh
quyn a phng tng ng. Do , cn kt hp cht ch gia qun l theo ngnh v
vng lnh th tng hiu qu qun l mi trng v khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin.
* Kt hp hi ho cc li ch: Kt hp hi ho cc li ch gia c nhn, h gia
nh, doanh nghip, ngnh, Nh nc v x hi. Kt hp hi ho cc li ch cn bao
hm kt hp li ch quc gia, li ch khu vc, li ch quc t nhm mc tiu pht trin
bn vng kinh t - x hi - mi trng trn to Th gii.
* Kt hp hi ho, cht ch gia qun l ti nguyn - mi trng vi qun l
kinh t - x hi: t ti mc tiu pht trin bn vng, cn phi kt hp cht ch, hi
ho gia qun l ti nguyn - mi trng vi qun l kinh t - x hi thng qua vic
hoch nh chnh sch, chin lc ng n mi cp qun l ca Nh nc.
3.2. Cc cng c QLMT

3.2.1. Cng c lut php v chnh sch
Cc cng c lut php v chnh sch hay cn gi l cc cng c php l bao gm
cc vn bn v lut quc t, lut quc gia, cc vn bn di lut (php lnh, ngh nh,
qui nh, tiu chun mi trng, giy php mi trng...), cc k hoch, chin lc v
chnh sch mi trng quc gia, ca cc ngnh v chnh quyn cc cp.
Cc cng c ny c s dng rt ph bin, chim u th ngay t thi gian
u thc hin cc chin lc, chnh sch bo v mi trng cc nc pht trin v
hin nay vn c s dng rng ri v c hiu qu tt c cc nc pht trin cng
nh cc nc ang pht trin trn th gii.
* u im:
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p ng c mc tiu ca php lut v chnh sch bo v mi trng
- D on c mc nhim v cht lng mi trng
- D dng gii quyt c nhng tranh chp mi trng
- Xc nh r mc tiu, trch nhim v ngha v ca cc c s sn xut, c nhn,
tp th,
* Nhc im:
- Thiu tnh mm do v trong mt s trng hp qun l thiu hiu qu
- Thiu tnh kch thch vt cht v i mi cng ngh
- i hi phi c b my t chc qun l mi trng cng knh
- Chi ph cng tc qun l tng i ln
Di y l cc cng c ch yu c p dng trong QLMT.
* Lut quc t v mi trng: L tng th cc nguyn tc, qui phm quc t iu
chnh mi quan h gia cc quc gia, gia quc gia v t chc quc t trong vic ngn
chn suy thoi, nhim v bo v mi trng ngai phm vi ca quc gia. Cc cam
kt ca cc quc gia trong iu c quc t, cc vn kin php l ca cc t chc quc
t v Hi ngh quc t v mi trng, theo mt ngha no chnh l s t gii hn
hnh ng ca cc quc gia.
* Lut Mi trng quc gia: l tng hp cc qui phm php lut, cc nguyn tc
php l iu chnh cc quan h pht sinh gia cc ch th trong qu trnh pht trin
nhm bo v c hiu qu mi trng sng ca con ngi. H thng lut bo v mi
trng qucc gia bao gm lut chung v lut s dng hp l cc thnh phn mi
trng hoc bo v mi trng c th mt ngnh, mt a phng.
nc ta, Lut bo v mi trng 2005 c Quc hi nc Cng ho X hi
ch ngha Vit Nam thng qua ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005 l vn bn quan trng nht
v bo v mi trng. Chnh ph cng ban hnh Ngh nh 80/2006/N-CP v vic
quui nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut bo v mi trng 2005
v Ngh nh s 81/2006/N-CP v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc bo v
mi trng.
Nhiu vn bn php lut khc cng cp n vn bo v mi trng ni
chung v cc thnh phn mi trng c th nh Lut khong sn, Lut Pht trin v
bo v rng, Lut Du kh, Lut Hng hi, Lut t ai, Lut Bo v ti nguyn nc,
Php lnh iu, Php lnh bo v ngun li thu sn...
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Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* Qui nh: l cc vn bn di Lut nhm c th ho hoc hng dn thc hin
cc ni dung ca Lut. Qui nh c th do Chnh ph, chnh quyn a phng, c
quan hnh php hay lp php ban hnh.
* Qui ch: l cc qui nh v ch , th l t chc qun l bo v mi trng
nh qui nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn ca cc c quan thuc Chnh ph, chnh
quyn cc cp...
* Tiu chun mi trng: Tiu chun mi trng xc nh mc tiu mi trng
v t ra s lng hay nng cho php ca cc cht c thi vo mi trng hay
c php tn ti trong cc sn phm tiu dng.
Mi loi tiu chun c dng lm quy chiu cho vic nh gi hoc mc tiu
hnh ng v kim sot php l. Vic xy dng tiu chun da trn gi nh trc
rng c c quan gim st cc hot ng ca nhng ngi gy nhim v c quyn
ra lnh pht nhng ngi vi phm.
Mt s loi tiu chun mi trng nh: Cc tiu chun cht lng mi trng
xung quanh (V d: TCVN5937-1995, TCVN 5938-1995); Tiu chun v nc thi (V
d: TCVN5945-1995); Tiu chun kh thi (V d: TCVN5939-1995-gii hn ti a
cho php i vi kh thi CN); Tiu chun i vi cht thi rn; Tiu chun ting n
(V d: TCVN5948-1995, TCVN 5949-1995); Cc tiu chun v sn phm; Cc tiu
chun v quy trnh cng ngh...
* Cc loi giy php v mi trng: Cc loi giy php mi trng u do cc
cp chnh quyn hoc cc c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng cp theo s phn
nh ca php lut. Mt s giy php v mi trng nh: Giy thm nh mi trng;
Giy tho thun mi trng; Giy chng nhn t tiu chun mi trng; Giy php
x thi; Giy php xut nhp khu cht thi,
Li th chnh ca cc loi giy php l chng c th to iu kin thun li cho vic
thc thi cc chng trnh mi trng bng cch ghi vo vn bn tt c cc nhim v kim
sot ca c s sn xut. Li th khc ca vic cp giy l c th rt hoc tm thi treo cc
giy php, tu theo nhu cu ca nn kinh t hay cc li ch x hi khc v thng xuyn
yu cu phi tr l ph trang tri chi ph cho chng trnh kim sot nhim.
* Chnh sch bo v mi trng: Gii quyt nhng vn chung v quan im
qun l v mc tiu bo v mi trng trong mt giai on c th. Chnh sch bo v
mi trng phi c xy dng ng thi vi chnh sch pht trin kinh t - x hi,
to iu kn gn kt cc mc tiu pht trin bn vng vo hot ng pht trin v bo
v mi trng ca tng ngnh v tng a phng c th.
93
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* Chin lc bo v mi trng: l c th ho chnh sch mt mc nht
nh. Chin lc bo v mi trng xem xt chi tit hn mi quan h gia cc mc
tiu do chnh sch xc nh v cc ngun lc thc hin chin lc trn c s la
chn cc mc tiu kh thi v xc nh phng hng, bin php thc hin cc mc
tiu .
Cc cng c php l l cc cng c qun l trc tip (cn gi l cng c mnh
lnh v kim sot - CAC). y l loi cng c c s dng ph bin nhiu Quc
gia trn th gii v l cng c c nhiu nh qun l hnh chnh ng h nhm thc
hin mc tiu QLMT mt cch hiu qu.
3.2.2. Cng c kinh t trong QLMT
Cng c kinh t hay cn gi l cng c da vo th trng l cc cng c c s
dng nhm tc ng n chi ph v li ch trong hot ng ca cc c nhn v t chc
kinh t to ra cc tc ng nh hng n hnh vi ca cc tc nhn kinh t theo
hng c li cho mi trng.
T sau nm 1989, cng c kinh t tr nn ph bin cc nc OECD. Cc nc
ny son tho hng dn p dng cng c kinh t trong bo v mi trng. Cng
c kinh t da trn nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin v nguyn tc
ngi hng li tr tin. Ni cch khc, cng c kinh t da trn c ch th trng
v mi quan h gia chi ph kinh t v hnh ng gy nhim mi trng.
Nhm cc cng c kinh t ngy cng c m rng phm vi p dng v c
xem nh cc cng c hu hiu trong cng tc bo v mi trng. nc ta, cc cng
c kinh t v ang c p dng mnh m trong vic qun l mi trng, gp phn
tng cng nng lc qun l mi trng, hn ch gy nhim v to ra ngun thu b
p vo cng tc khc phc, x l cc vn nhim mi trng pht sinh.
u im chung ca cc cng c kinh t l:
- Khuyn khch s dng cc bin php phn tch chi ph - hiu qu t c
cc mc nhim c th chp nhn c;
- Khuyn khch s pht trin cng ngh v tri thc chuyn su v kim sot
nhim trong khu vc t nhn;
- Cung cp cho Chnh ph ngun thu t cc khon thu/ ph mi trng h tr
cc chng trnh kim sot nhim;
- Tng tnh mm do trong cng tc bo v mi trng, ngi gy nhim c th c
nhiu la chn khc nhau p ng c vi nhng cng c kinh t khc nhau; vv...
Tuy nhin, cc cng c kinh t cng c nhng hn ch nht nh, c th:
94
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Khng th d on trc c cht lng mi trng;
- Nu mc thu ph khng tho ng ngi gy nhim c th chu np ph v
tip tc gy nhim;
- Khng th s dng i ph vi trng hp phi x l khn cp nh cc loi
cht thi c hi;
- i vi mt s cng c kinh t i hi phI c nhng th ch phc tp thc
hin v buc thi hnh; vv...
Mt s cng c kinh t ch yu c cp di y:
a. Thu ti nguyn
Thu ti nguyn l mt khon thu ca ngn sch nh nc i vi c nhn v t
chc kinh t v vic s dg cc dng ti nguyn thin nhin trong qu trnh sn xut.
Thu ti nguyn bao gm mt s sc thu nh thu s dng t, thu s dng nc,
thu rng, thu tiu th nng lng, thu khai thc ti nguyn khong sn... Mc ch
ca thu ti nguyn l:
- Hn ch cc nhu cu khng cp thit trong s dng ti nguyn.
- Hn ch tn tht ti nguyn trong qu trnh khai thc v s dng.
- To ngun thu cho ngn sch nh nc v phn phi li li nhun x hi.
b. Thu/ ph mi trng
Thu/ ph mi trng l cng c kinh t nhm a chi ph mi trng vo gi sn
phm then nguyn tc "ngi gy nhim phi tr tin - PPP". Thu/ ph mi
trng nhm hai m ch ch yu:
- Khuyn khch ngi gy nhim gim lng cht nhim thi ra mi trng.
- Tng ngun thu cho ngn sch Nh nc.
Thu/ ph mi trng c p dng di nhiu dng khc nhau tu thuc mc
tiu v i tng nhim nh:
+ Thu/ ph nh vo ngun nhim: l loi thu/ ph nh vo cc cc cht
nhim c thi ra trong hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, tiu dng nh cc cht gy
nhim nc (BOD, COD, TSS, kim loi nng...), gy nhim khng kh (CO2, CO,
SO2, NOx, bi, CFCs, ting n...).
+ Thu/ ph nh vo sn phm gy nhim: c p dng i vi cc sn phm
gy nhim, tc hi ti mi trng khi s dng chng. Loi thu/ ph ny nh vo
95
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------cc sn phm c tnh c hi nh kim loi nng (As, Hg, Mn...), CFCs, xng pha ch,
cc loi c quy cha ch, thu ngn...
+ Ph nh vo ngi s dng: l tin phi tr cho vic s dng cc dch v cng
cng x l v ci thin cht lng mi trng nh ph v sinh thnh ph, ph thu gom
v x l nc thi, rc thi, ph s dng nc sch, ph s dng danh lam thng cnh,
ph s dng ng v bi xe...
c. Giy php v th trng giy php mi trng
Giy php mi trng thng c p dng cho cc ti nguyn mi trng kh
c th qui nh quyn s hu v thng c s dng ba bi nh khng kh, i
dng... Giy php ny cn c gi l Quota gy nhim: "Quota gy nhim l
mt loi giy php x thi cht thi c th chuyn nhng m thng qua , nh nc
cng nhn quyn cc nh my, x nghip, v.v... c php thi cc cht gy nhim
vo mi trng".
Nh nc xc nh tng lng cht gy nhim ti a c th cho php thi vo
mi trng, sau phn b cho cc ngun thi bng cch pht hnh nhng giy php
thi gi l quota gy nhim v chnh thc cng nhn quyn c thi mt lng cht
gy nhim nht nh vo mi trng trong mt giai on xc nh cho cc ngun thi.
Khi c mc phn b quota gy nhim ban u, ngi gy nhim c quyn
mua v bn quota gy nhim. H c th linh hot chn la gii php gim thiu mc
pht thi cht gy nhim vi chi ph thp nht: Mua quota gy nhim c php
thi cht gy nhim vo mi trng hoc u t x l nhim t tiu chun cho
php. Ngha l nhng ngi gy nhim m chi ph x l nhim thp hn so vi
vic mua quota gy nhim th h s bn li quota gy nhim cho nhng ngi gy
nhim c mc chi ph cho x l nhim cao hn.
d. H thng t cc - hon tr
t cc - hon tr l mt cng c kinh t s dng trong hot ng bo v mi
trng, bng cch quy nh cc i tng tiu dng cc sn phm c kh nng gy
nhim mi trng phi tr thm mt khon tin (t cc) khi mua sn phm , nhm
m bo cam kt sau khi tiu dng s a phn cn li ca sn phm cho cc n v
thu gom ph thi hoc a ti cc a im qui nh. Nu thc hin ng, ngi mua
sn phm s c tr li s tin m h t cc.
Mc ch ca cng c t cc - hon tr l thu gom nhng th m ngi tiu th
dng vo mt khu vc qui nh ti ch hoc tiu hu an ton i vi mi trng.
e. K qu mi trng
96
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------K qu mi trng l cg c kinh t p dng cho cc hot ng kinh t c tim
nng gy nhim v tn tht mi trng.Nguyn l ca cng c k qu mi trng
cng tng t cng c t cc - hon tr. Ni dung ca cng c k qu mi trng l
yu cu cc doanh nghip, cc c s sn xut kinh doanh trc khi tin hnh mt hot
ng u t phi k gi mt khon tin (hoc ti sn khc tng ng) ti ngn hng
hay t chc tn dng nhm m bo s cam kt v thc hin cc bin php hn ch
gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng.
Mc ch ca k qu mi trng l lm cho ngi c kh nng gy nhim, suy
thoi mi trng lun nhn thc c trch nhim ca h, t tm ra cc bin php
thch hp ngn nga nhim v suy thoi mi trng.
f. Tr cp mi trng
Bao gm cc khon tin tr cp, cc khon vay vi li xut thp, khuyn khch
v thu, khuyn khch ngi gy nhim thay i hnh vi hoc gim bt chi ph
trong vic lm gim nhim m nhng ngi gy nhim phi chu. V d: Chnh
ph tr cp cho cc doanh nghip u t, mua sm cc thit b, xy dng h thng x
l nhim, hoc tr cp cho vic o to cn b trong cng tc qun l mi trng.
g. Nhn sinh thi
Nhn sinh thi l mt danh hiu ca Nh nc hoc mt t chc c uy tn cp
cho cc sn phm khng gy nhim mi trng trong qu trnh sn xut v tiu dng
sn phm . Nhn sinh thi thng c xem xt v cp cho cc sn phm ti ch,
cc sn phm thay th cho cc sn phm c kh nng gy tc ng xu n mi trng
hoc nhng sn phm c tc ng tch cc n mi trng.
h. Qu mi trng
Qu mi trng l mt th ch hoc mt c ch c thit k nhn cc ngun
ti tr khc nhau, t phn phi cho cc d n hoc cc hot ng ci thin cht
lng mi trng. Qu mi trng c thnh lp t cc ngun kinh ph bao gm
ngun ng gp ban u ca ngn sch nh nc; ngun ng gp ca cc c s hot
ng sn xut kinh doanh v ngun ng gp t nguyn ca cc t chc cc nhn;
ngun ng gp t ph mi trng v cc loi l ph khc; ngun h tr pht trin
chnh thc nc ngoi (ODA), cc ngun vin tr ca chnh ph nc ngoi, cc t
chc quc t v t chc phi chnh ph.
Qu c thnh lp v do t chc mi trng qun l. Vic chi qu mi trng
c tin hnh theo trnh t nh sau: a phng hoc c s sn xut vit d n chi
qu v trnh ban qun l qu. Sau khi tip nhn h s, t chc qun l qu tin
hnh thm tra d n v quyt nh khon tin cho vay khng c li, li xut thp hoc
97
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------tr cp khng hon li cho d n c thm nh trong khong thi hn do hai bn
quy nh.
Hot ng ca qu c th gim c lng cht thi nhim ra mi trng,
trong khi khng tng kinh ph cp t ngn sch dnh cho cng tc bo v mi trng.
Bn cnh , bin php ny s khuyn khch cc c s sn xut u t kinh ph x
l cht thi gy nhim.
3.2.3. Cng c k thut trong QLMT
Cng c k thut trong QLMT thc hin vai tr kim sot v gim st Nh nc
v cht lng v thnh phn mi trng, v s hnh thnh v phn b cht nhim
trong mi trng.
Cng c ny c th bao gm cc nh gi tc ng mi trng, kim ton mi
trng, quan trc mi trng, x l v ti ch cht thi. cc cng c ny cng ng vai
tr quan trng trong vic h tr tun th cc tiu chun, qui nh v bo v mi trng.
3.2.4. Cng c gio dc v truyn thng mi trng
a. Gio dc mi trng
Gio dc mi trng l mt qu trnh thng qua cc hot ng gio dc chnh qui
v khng chnh qui nhm gip con ngi c nhng hiu bit, k nng v to iu kin
cho h tham gia vo pht trin mt x hi bn vng.
Mc ch ca gio dc mi trng l vn dng nhng kin thc v k nng gn
gi, bo tn mi trng v s dng hp l ti nguyn. Gio dc mi trng gm cc
k nng ch yu nh: a gio dc mi trng vo trng hc; cung cp thng tin v
mi trng cho cng ng v ngi ra quyt nh; o to chuyn gia mi trng...
b. Truyn thng mi trng
Truyn thng mi trng l mt qu trnh tng tc x hi hai chiu nhm gip
cho nhng ngi c lin quan hiu c cc yu t mi trng then cht, mi quan h
ph thuc ln nhau gia cc yu t v cch tc ng vo cc vn lin quan mt
cch thch hp gii quyt cc vn v mi trng.
Mc tiu ca truyn thng mi trng nhm:
- Thng tin cho mi ngi cc vn mi trng v gii php khc phc.
- Huy ng cng ng tham gia bo v mi trng.
- Thng lng, ho gii cc xung t, tranh chp v mi trng.
98
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thay i cc hnh vi ng x vi mi trng v x hi ho cng tc bo v mi
trng.
Truyn thng mi trng c thc hin thng qua cc phng thc nh chuyn
thng tin ti cc c nhn, nhm cc nhn v cng ng qua cc phng tin truyn
thng nh sch, bo, v tuyn truyn hnh, radio... v qua cc bui biu din lu ng,
cc hi din, chin dch mi trng, ngy mi trng...
3.3. H thng qun l mi trng v ISO 14000

3.3.1. H thng qun l mi trng (EMS)
H thng qun l mi trng l mt cng c qun l cc tc ng do cc hot
ng ca mt t chc gy nn vi mi trng. H thng ny cung cp mt tip cn c
t chc trong vic lp k hoch v thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng. H
thng ny c th l bc u tin cho mt t chc thc hin tin ti cc ci thin v
mi trng do h thng qun l mi trng cho php t chc xc nh c hin trng
mi trng ca mnh v nh gi thng xuyn hin trng v ci thin. pht trin
mt EMS, mt t chc cn phi nh gi c cc tc ng mi trng, xc nh c
cc mc tiu gim nhng tc ng v lp k hoch lm th no t c nhng
mc tiu ny.
Nh vy: "EMS l tp hp cc hot ng qun l c k hoch v nh hng v
cc th tc thc hin, lp ti liu, bo co. EMS c trin khai nh mt c cu t
chc ring c chc nng, trch nhim, ngu lc c th ngn nga cc tc ng xu
v mi trng cng nh thc y cc hot ng duy tr v nng cao kt qu hot ng
mi trng". Hay ni cch khc "EMS l mt chu trnh lin tc ca vic lp k hoch,
thc thi, xem xt v ci thin cc qu trnh v cc hot ng m mt c quan m
trch nhm p ng nhng mc tiu kinh doanh v mi trng ca n".
EMS c xy dng theo m hnh PDCA (Plan, Do, Check, Act), m hnh ny
a ti s ci thin khng ngng trn c s sau:
- Lp k hoch: Bao gm qu trnh nhn bit cc kha cnh mi trng v xy
dng mc tiu.
- Thc hin: Bao gn vic o to v iu khin qu trnh hot ng.
- Kim tra: Bao gm vic gim st v iu chnh hot ng.
- Xem xt li: Bao gm xem xt li tin trnh v hot ng nhm tm ra nhng
thay i cn thit i vi EMS.
99
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* S cn thit ca EMS:
EMS cho php cc t chc, c quan qun l mt cch h thng cc vn mi
trng v an ton sc kho con ngi. EMS c th mang n nhng li ch kinh
doanh v mi trng nh sau:
- Ci thin vic thc thi cc vn mi trng.
- Nng cao tnh k lut (tun th).
- Chng nhim v bo tn ti nguyn, gim cc cht thi v s dng hiu qu
ti nguyn thin nhin.
- Gim bt ri ro hay trch nhim v mi trng.
- Hp dn khch hng v th trng mi, to ra hnh nh hp tc tt.
- Tng li nhun, gim gi thnh v ci thin hin trng mi trng thng qua
hot ng c hiu qu hn.
- Xy dng cc mi quan tm v trch nhim i vi mi trng, ci thin nhn
thc ca ngi lao ng i vi cc vn mi trng.
- Nng cao hnh nh trc cng chng, chnh quyn, ngi cho vay, nh u t.
C iu kin i vi cc chng trnh khuyn khch ca Chnh ph.
* Mc ch ca EMS l:
- Nhn bit, kim sot cc tc ng, cc xu th quan trng v mi trng.
- Nhn bit v tn dng c hi v mi trng.
- Xc nh chnh sch v c s cho vic qun l mi trng.
- Kim sot, khng ch v nh gi tnh hiu qu h thng bao gm vic thc y
v ci bin ph hp vi s thay i ca nhu cu v cc iu kin.
Mt EMS khng phi l mt qui nh, n khng ch r mc tiu mi trng cn
phi t c nh th no. Hn na, n yu cu mt t chc phi ch ng trong vic
xem xt thc t ca mnh, v qua xc nh vic qun l cc tc ng ca h nh th
no l tt nht. Tip cn ny h tr cho cc gii php sng to v c ngha cho bn
thn t chc . Mt EMS c th l mt cng c c lc cho mt t chc ci thin
hin trng mi trng, ng thi nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh.
Mc d vic thc hin EMS mang tnh t nguyn, y cng l mt cng c nh
nc c hiu qu bo v mi trng v cng c ny h tr cho cc qui nh. V d
cho cc t chc c th t c cc tiu chun ra, cc h thng qui ch c th
khuyn khch vic thc hin h thng qun l mi trng bng cch a ra nhng ch
100
Trnh Xun Bu
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- khch l vi cc hin trng mi trng tt v tip tc gi nhng qui nh nghim
ngt a vo p dng trong tng lai.
3.3.2. ISO 14000
a. Khi qut v ISO v s ra i ISO 14000
T chc tiu chun quc t ISO l t chc phi chnh ph, c thnh lp nm
1946 ti Genve (Thu S) nhm thc y vic thnh lp v s dng cc tiu chun
quc t, to iu kin cho vic trao i cc ti sn v dch v pht trin mt phong
tro hp tc trong cc lnh vc hot ng tri thc, khoa hc, cng ngh v kinh t. Tr
s chnh ca ISO t ti Genve, ngn ng s dng l ting Anh, Php, Ty Ban Nha.
Trong giai on chun b cho Cng c Lin hp quc v mi trng v pht
trin t chc ti Rio de Rianeiro (Braxin), U ban Kinh t v Pht trin bn vng i
ti kt lun rng gii kinh doanh cn pht trin mt h thng tiu chun Quc t v
mc nh hng ln mi trng nhm m rng cc cng ty hot ng trn th gii
s tun th nhng quy nh v mi trng, qua to nn mt sn chi bnh ng.
V l do , nm 1991, ISO thnh lp nhm C vn chin lc v Mi trng
iu tra tt c cc lnh vc thuc qun l mi trng v nhng tc ng ln mi
trng ti nhng ni m nhng tiu chun Quc t c li cho hot ng kinh doanh.
Nm 1993, ISO thnh lp mt y ban k thut mi c tn l ISO/TC207 qun l
mi trng son tho ra nhng tiu chun m nhm C vn chin lc v Mi
trng ngh ng thi nghin cu kh nng xy dng nhng tiu chun b tr khc.
Nh vy, tiu chun ho quc t v vic qun l mi trng s l mt ng gp
tch cc , quan trng vo mc tiu ngn nga nhim v bi b hng ro thu quan
trong thng mi.
Trn c s , ISO xy dng cc tiu chun quc t cho cng tc qun l mi
trng thng qua mt b tiu chun ISO14000. y l cc tiu chun mang tnh t
nguyn, va cung cp m hnh h tr cho qun l mi trng, va l ti liu hng
dn m bo cc vn mi trng c quan tm n trong qu trnh ra quyt
nh chnh. ISO 14001 (c th ho cho h thng qun l mi trng) l tiu chun u
tin trong b tiu chun ny.
Vic thc hin ISO14001 m c s l h thng qun l mi trng khng nn
thc hin nu nh phn kt qu mong i v cc li ch thy ngay i vi mi trng
hoc c s nn vn cha c xc nh mang tnh thc t. iu ny cng ging nh
vic xc nh ra mt khong rng cc mc ch v mc tiu mi trng ca cc doanh
nghip v cc nc khc nhau. Nu iu ny xy ra th khng th trng ch bn thn
vic p dng ISO 14001 s dn n ci thin hin trng mi trng. Mc d vy, qu
101
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------trnh thc hin h thng qun l mi trng da trn ISO14001 s khuyn khch t
chc xem xt li vic qun l mi trng ca mnh, v quan tm n cc cng c
ci thin hin trng.
Mc d cc tiu chun ISO l tiu chun t nguyn tham gia khng mang tnh
php l, nhng vic p dng n ngy cng tr thnh mt chng ch quan trng trong
cc hot ng trao i v hp tc quc t.
Vit Nam l thnh vin th 72 ca ISO, gia nhp nm 1977 v c bu vo ban
chp hnh ca ISO nm 1996.
b. B tiu chun ISO 14000
ISO 14000 c cng b nm 1993 nhm ci thin hot ng mi trng ca cc
t chc quc t v kt hp hi ho vi cc tiu chun mi trng quc gia d to iu
kin thng mi quc t v BVMT.
B tiu chun ISO 14000 c 5 ni dung chnh, phn lm 2 loi nh sau:
* Loi qun l gm 3 loi tiu chun
- H thng qun l mi trng (EMS)
- Kim ton mi trng - (EA)
- nh gi thc thi mi trng - Environmental Preformance Assessment. (EPA)
* Loi qu trnh/thit k gm 2 loi tiu chun
- Nhn hiu sinh thi (nhn mi trng) - Environmental Label (EL).
- Phn tch chu trnh sng ca sn phm - Life Cycle Assesment (LCA).
Hin nay, b tiu chun ISO 14000 c 24 tiu chun ring bit (chia thnh 6 tiu
ban: h thng qun l mi trng, kim ton mi trng, nhn mi trng, nh gi thc
hin mi trng, nh gi chu trnh sng v cc khi nim v phm tr v nh ngha)
trong ISO 14001 c coi l tiu chun v c th ho h thng qun l mi trng.
Cng vi ISO 14004, ISO 14001 ng vai tr trung tm trong b tiu chun ISO
14000. y l cc tiu chun quc t ca h thng qun l mi trng. ISO 14001
c cng b thng 9 nm 1996 nhm gip cc t chc/ doanh nghip qun l mi
trng c hiu qu.
ISO 14001 quan nim h thng qun l mi trng l mt c cu t chc bao
gm cc th tc, cc qu trnh, cc ngun lc v nhng trch nhim thc hin qun l
mi trng nn h thng qun l mi trng c th c nhiu quy m khc nhau t
quc gia n a phng, doanh nghip, t chc.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nh vy, ISO 14001 c th ho nhng yu cu i vi mt h thng qun l mi
trng theo mt t chc s c mt t chc th 3 khc chng nhn khi n tho
mn tt c cc yu cu sau:
- Xc nh mt chnh sch mi trng v cam kt thc hin chnh sch ny.
- Lp k hoch v thit lp h thng qun l mi trng trn c s cc vn
mi trng d b nh hng, cc yu cu php l v mi trng v cc mc tiu bo
v mi trng ca t chc.
- Thit lp v thc hin cc h thng qun l mi trng .
- Kim tra, nh gi v ra cc bin php sa cha, ngn nga khi khng ph hp.
- Lun xem xt v ci tin h thng cho ph hp vi tnh hnh pht trin.
* Li ch ca ISO 14001
- Thit lp t u cc nguyn tc phng nga v thc y cc t chc tham gia
tch cc vo qu trnh bo v mi trng.
- Cc t chc hiu r cc hot ng ca mnh s gy nh hng n mi trng
nh th no t a ra cc k hoch bo v mi trng.
ISO 14010-12
Kim ton mi
trng
Cc quan h qua
li ca h thng
qun l mi trng
ISO 14031
nh gi thc
thi mi trng
ISO 14001
Nhng yu t c
bn ca qui cch
k thut vi
chng nhn EMS
ISO 14020-24
Nhn mi trng
ISO 14010-12
nh gi chu
trnh sng
Hnh 3.1. Cc quan h ln nhau ca h thng tiu chun ISO 14000

* p dng ISO 14000 t c cc mc tiu sau
- Thc y vic hnh thnh mt phng php chung v qun l mi trng
- m bo vic qun l mi trng tt hn
- Tng cng trch nhim BVMT ca cc t chc v doanh nghip
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lm gim bt cc hng ro thng mi lin quan n mi trng, phc v d
dng cc hot ng thng mi quc t
* Kh nng p dng ISO 14001 Vit Nam
Vit Nam gp nhiu kh khn trong vic thc hin ISO 14001 bi thiu cc h
thng t chc, cc vn bn php lut v mi trng v bo v mi trng, thiu cc
cn b c trnh lm cng tc kim ton mi trng, thiu kinh ph tin hnh
kim ton mi trng v duy tr h thng qun l mi trng. Tng cc Tiu chun
o lng cht lng cng vi Cc bo v mi trng phi hp chp nhn mt s
tiu chun ca ISO 14000 v ban hnh Tiu chun Vit Nam gm c:
TCVN 14001/1997 - EMS quy nh cc hng dn p dng.
TCVN 14004/1997 - EMS hng dn chung v cc nguyn tc h thng v k
thut h tr.
TCVN 14010/1997 - Hng dn nh gi mi trng, cc nguyn tc chung.
TCVN 14011/1997 - Hng dn nh gi mi trng, quy trnh nh gi EMS.
TCVN 14012/1997 - Hng dn nh gi mi trng - tiu chun nng lc i
vi cc nh gi vin v mi trng.
TCVN 14040/1997 - Qun l mi trng, nh gi vng i sn phm
3.4. Pht trin bn vng
3.4.1. Khi nim
Khi nim "pht trin bn vng" xut hin trong phong tro bo v mi trng
t thp nin 70 ca th k 20. Nm 1987, trong bo co "Tng lai chung ca chng
ta" do Hi ng Th gii v Mi trng v Pht trin (WCED) ca Lin hp quc,
pht trin bn vng c nh ngha nh sau:
Pht trin bn vng l s pht trin p ng c nhng yu cu ca hin ti,
nhng khng gy tr ngi cho vic p ng nhu cu ca cc th h mai sau.
Hi ngh Thng nh Tri t v mi trng v pht trin t chc Rio de
Janeiro (Braxin, 1992) v Hi ngh Thng nh Th gii v Pht trin bn vng t
chc Johannesburg (Nam Phi, 2002) xc nh pht trin bn vng l qu trnh
pht trin c s kt hp cht ch, hp l v hi ho gia ba mt ca s pht trin gm:
- Pht trin kinh t: Ch trng vo tng trng kinh t.
- Pht trin x hi: Ch trng vo vic thc hin tin b, cng bng x hi, xo
i gim ngho v gii quyt vic lm.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bo v mi trng: Ch trng vo cng tc x l, khc phc nhim. Phc hi
v ci thin cht lng mi trng, khai thc hp l v s dng tit kim ti nguyn
thin nhin.
3.4.2. Ni dung pht trin bn vng
Pht trin bn vng l mt qu trnh pht trin c tnh h thng v tng hp cao.
Theo quan im tip cn ny, Jacobs v Sadler trnh by mi quan h bin chng gia
pht trin v mi trng theo hnh 3.2 di y:
KINH T
X HI
Pht trin
bn vng
MI TRNG
Hnh 3.2. Mi quan h gia pht trin kinh t, x hi v mi trng

M hnh ny cng c Mohan Munasingle (1993) pht trin theo hng tip
cn cc mc tiu bn vng (hnh 3.3).
KINH T
- Cng bng gia cc th h
- Mc tiu tr gip vic lm
- Gim i ngho
- Xy dng th ch
- Bo tn di sn
vn ho dn tc
X HI
- Tng trng
- Hiu qu
- n nh
- nh gi tc ng mi trng
- Tin t ho tc ng mi trng
MI
- Cng bng gia cc th h

- S tham gia ca qun chng
- DSH v thch nghi

- Bo tn TNTN
- Ngn chn nhim
Hnh 3.3. Tip cn pht trin bn vng

*V kinh t:
- Gim dn mc tiu ph nng lng v cc ti nguyn khc qua vic thay i
cng ngh, s dng tit kim ti nguyn v thay i li sng.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thay i nhu cu tiu th khng gy hi n DSH v Mi trng
- Bnh ng cng th h trong tip cn cc ngun ti nguyn, mc sng, dch v y
t v gio dc.
- Xo i, gim ngho tuyt i
- Cng ngh sch v sinh thi ho cng nghip (ti ch, ti s dng, gim thi.
Ti to nng lng s dng)
* V x hi - nhn vn
- n nh dn s
- Pht trin nng thn gim sc p di dn vo th
- Gim thiu tc ng xu ca mi trng n th ho
- Nng cao hc vn, xo m ch
- Bo v a dng vn ho
- Bnh ng gii, quan tm ti nhu cu v li ch
- Tng cng s tham gia ca ngi dn vo qu trnh ra quyt nh
* V mi trng
- S dng c hiu qu ti nguyn, c bit l ti nguyn khng ti to
- Pht trin khng vt qu ngng chu ti ca h sinh thi
- Bo v a dng sinh hc
- Bo v tng zn
- Kim sot v gim thiu pht thi kh nh knh
- Bo v cht ch cc h sinh thi nhy cm
- Gim thiu x thi, khc phc nhim (nc, kh, t, lng thc thc phm),
ci thin v khi phc mi trng nhng khu vc nhim.
Trong mi tng tc, tho hip gia ba h thng trn, mi h thng li xut hin
cc lnh vc (h thng cp hai) i hi phi p ng c nhng yu cu pht trin
ring nhm t c mc tiu pht trin bn vng:
+ Lnh vc chnh tr: m bo cng dn tham gia c hiu qu vo cc qu
trnh ra quyt nh.
+ Lnh vc kinh t: c kh nng to ra cc gi tr thng d trong mi quan h t
iu chnh.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Lnh vc x hi: c cc giaa php x l cc xung t ny sinh do pht trin
khng hi ho.
+ Lnh vc sn xut: gnvi duy tr v bo tn ti nguyn phc v cho s pht trin.
+ Lnh vc cng ngh: lin tc tm kim cc gii php mi
+ Lnh vc quc t: cng c cc m hnh thng mi v ti chnh bn vng
+ Lnh vc hnh chnh: mm mi v thch ng, c kh nng t iu chnh.
3.4.3. Cc nguyn tc xy dng x hi pht trin bn vng
Nm 1972, Hi ngh Th gii v Mi trng ton cu ti Stockholm (Thy in)
khng nh tm quan trng v tnh cn thit ca vic bo v mi trng khng ch
cc nc pht trin m c cc nc ang pht trin.
Nm 1982, Chin lc bo v mi trng ton cu c cng b. Sau ,
chin lc ny c th nghim bng cch son tho nhng chin lc quc gia v
di quc gia trn 50 nc.
Nm 1987, trong bo co Tng lai chung ca chng ta, y ban Quc t v
mi trng v pht trin nu ra nhng quan nim v s ph thuc ln nhau trn
ton cu, mi quan h gia kinh t v mi trng. Ngh nh th Montreal (Canada)
v cc cht c th gy suy thoi lp ozone l cc hp cht CFC v Brom.
Cng trong nm 1987, Chnh ph cc nc chp nhn Trin vng mi trng
n nm 2000 v sau . Vn bn ny xc nh mt khun mu rng ri hng
dn hnh ng quc gia v hp tc quc t v s pht trin bn vng.
Thng 6/1992, Hi ngh thng nh t chc Rio de Janeiro (Braxin) thng
nht vn bn v cc vn kinh t v mi trng nhng nm cui th k XX v
hng ti s pht trin bn vng (cho th k XXI). Hi ngh ban hnh hai hip c
quan trng l Hip c v a dng sinh hc v Hip c v thay i kh hu. Vn bn
v thay i kh hu c chnh thc thc hin vo 21/3/1994. Mc tiu ca Hip c
l n nh nng cc kh nh knh trong kh quyn mc khng gy hi ti h
sinh thi t nhin v con ngi.
Ngh nh th Kyoto (Nht Bn) v thay i kh hu (1997) a ra k hoch gim
s khuch tn kh nh knh, trong gim khuch tn kh CO2 cc nc pht trin t
nht bng 55% ca nm 1990. im chnh ca Ngh nh th Kyoto l: Gim s khuch
tn kh nh knh c th thay i ty theo nc (di 8% i vi Chu u, 7% vi M
v 6% vi Nht); Xc nh cc kh nh knh ch yu l CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs; K
thut sn xut sch cc nc pht trin s gp phn gim hiu ng nh knh.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hi ngh Tri t v pht trin bn vng ln 2 c t chc ti Johannesburg
(Nam Phi) tp trung tho lun cc vn then cht nh: Ti chnh cho pht trin; Tip
cn th trng cng bng; Bo v mi trng; Tip cn v sinh v nc sch; Phc hi
ngun nng lng.
Trn c s , cc nguyn tc v pht trin bn vng c thit lp vi cc ni
dung chnh nh sau:
* Nguyn tc 1: Tn trng v quan tm n cuc sng cng ng
y l nguyn tc v cng quan trng. Nguyn tc ny ni ln trch nhim phi
quan tm n mi ngi xung quanh v cc hnh thc khc nhau ca cuc sng trong
hin ti cng nh trong tng lai. l mt nguyn tc o c vi li sng. iu
c ngha l, s pht trin ca nc ny khng lm thit hi n nhng nc khc, cng
nh khng gy tn tht n th h mai sau. Chng ta phi chia s cng bng nhng
phc li v chi ph trong vic s dng ti nguyn v bo v mi trng gia cc cng
ng, gia nhng con ngi v gia th h chng ta vi th h mai sau.
Tt c dng sng trn tri t to thnh mt h thng ln l thuc ln nhau, tc
ng tng h ln nhau. V vy, vic lm ri lon mt yu t no trong t nhin s
nh hng n c h thng t t nhin cho n x hi loi ngi. Th h tng lai
phi chu nh hng ca nhng hnh ng ngy nay ca chng ta, cng nh th gii
thin nhin lun b con ngi tc ng. Trong cc mi quan h nh vy, chng ta phi
s dng thin nhin mi trng mt cch khn kho, thn trng m bo s sng
cn ca cc loi khc hoc khng lm mt ni sinh sng ca chng.
Hnh ng u tin:
- Pht trin nn o c th gii v s sng bn vng qua cc t chc tn gio ti
cao, cc nh chnh tr, gii vn ngh s tng quan tm n o c nhn loi.
- y mnh hot ng cp quc gia xy dng nn o c th gii. a vo
h thng php ch nh nc, vo hin php cc nguyn tc o c th gii.
- Thc hin nn o c th gii thng qua hnh ng ca mi thnh vin v t
chc x hi: gia nh, trng hc, on ngh thut, cc nh nghin cu chnh tr, lut,
k s, kinh t, bc s...
- Thnh lp mt t chc quc t gim st vic thc hin o c th gii v s
sng bn vng, ngn chn v u tranh chng nhng v vi phm nghim trng.
* Nguyn tc 2: Ci thin cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi
Mc ch c bn ca s pht trin l ci thin cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi.
Con ngi phi nhn bit kh nng ca mnh, xc lp mt nim tin vo cuc sng. Vic
108
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pht trin kinh t l mt yu t quan trng trong s pht trin bn vng. Mi mt dn
tc c nhng mc tiu khc nhau trong s nghip pht trin, nhng li c mt s im
thng nht. l mc tiu xy dng mt cuc sng lnh mnh, c mt nn gio dc tt,
c ti nguyn m bo cho cuc sng khng nhng cho ring mnh m cn cho c
th h mai sau, c quyn t do bnh ng, c bo m an ton v khng c bo lc,
mi thnh vin trong x hi u mong c cuc sng ngy cng tt hn.
Hnh ng u tin:
- nhng nc c thu nhp thp cn y mnh tng trng kinh t gia tng
s pht trin ton x hi, trong c bo v mi trng. Cn c nhng chnh sch
thch hp ty tnh hnh c th v thin nhin, vn ha, chnh tr.
- cc nc c thu nhp cao, cn iu chnh li cc chnh sch v chin lc
pht trin quc gia nhm m bo tnh bn vng nh: chuyn dng cc nng lng ti
to hoc v tn, trnh lng ph khi sn xut hng tiu dng, pht trin quy trnh cng
ngh kn, tng dng th t, in thoi, fax v nhng phng tin giao dch khc thay
cho i li; gip nhng nc thu nhp thp t c s pht trin cn thit.
- Cung cp nhng dch v ko di tui th v sc khe con ngi: Lin Hip
Quc v cc t chc quc t khc ra cc mc tiu cho nm 2000 l: hon ton
min dch cho tt c tr em, gim mt na s tr s sinh b t vong (tc l khong
70/1000 chu sinh ra), loi tr hn nn suy dinh dng trm trng, gim 50% tnh
trng suy dinh dng bnh thng, c nc sch cho khp ni.
- Gio dc bc tiu hc cho ton th tr em trn th gii v hn ch s ngi m ch.
- Pht trin nhng ch s c th hn na v cht lng cuc sng v gim st
phm vi v nhng ch s t c.
- Chun b phng thin tai v nhng thm ha do con ngi gy ra. Ngn chn
nh c cc vng c s nguy him, quan tm n cc vng ven bin, trnh cc nguy
c do pht trin khng hp l nh: ph rng u ngun, rng ngp mn, bi san h
Gim chi ph qun s, gii quyt ha bnh nhng tranh chp bin gii, bo v quyn
ca cc dn tc thiu s trong mt quc gia.
* Nguyn tc 3 :Bo v sc sng v tnh a dng ca tri t
S pht trin trn c s bo v i hi phi c nhng hnh ng thch hp, thn
trng bo tn chc nng v tnh a dng ca cc h sinh thi. a dng sinh hc tch
lu trong h thng thin nhin ca tri t m loi ngi chng ta u phi l thuc
vo . V vy chng ta phi c trch nhim bo v h thng nui dng s sng. H
thng ny l nhng qu trnh sinh thi m bo s nui dng v pht trin s sng.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chnh h thng ny c vai tr cc k quan trng trong vic iu khin kh hu, cn
bng nc v lm cho khng kh trong lnh, iu ho dng chy, chu chuyn cc yu
t c bn, cu to v ti to t mu v phc hi cc h sinh thi .
Bo v tnh a dng sinh hc c ngha l khng ch bo v tt c cc loi ng,
thc vt trn hnh tinh m bao gm v c gen di truyn c trong mi loi.
Bo v a dng sinh hc l bo v cuc sng cho cc th h chng ta v mai sau,
v a dng sinh hc gi vai tr quan trng trong pht trin nng nghip, thu sn, cng
nghip v du lch cng nh bo v mi trng, ng thi bo v a dng sinh hc l
gp phn vo vic nng cao tr thc, thc y tin ti mt x hi vn minh.
Hnh ng u tin:
- Thc hin bin php ngn nga nhim: qun l nhim v pht trin cng
ngh kn.
- Gim bt vic lm lan ta cc kh SOx, NOx, CO2, CO v CxHy: Chnh ph cc
nc Chu u v Bc M phi cam kt thc hin cc hip c v chng nhim
khng kh lan qua bin gii (gim 90% kh SO2 so vi nm 1980), tt c cc nc phi
bo co hng nm v vic lm gim cc kh thi, cc nc ang b nhim khng kh
e da phi tun th nhng quy c khu vc ngn chn nhim lan qua bin gii,
hn ch n mc cao nht nhim khng kh do t.
- Gim bt kh nh knh (CO2 v CFC): Khuyn khch bin php kinh t v qun
l nhm tng s dng nng lng sch, gia tng trng cy xanh mi ni c th, thc
hin nghim tc Ngh nh th Montreal (1990) v cc cht lm suy gim tng ozone,
khuyn khch s dng phn bn ci tin trong nng nghip (nhm gim thi NO2).
- Chun b i ph vi s bin i kh hu: xem li k hoch pht trin v bo v
cho ph hp vi tnh hnh thay i kh hu v nng cao mc nc bin, iu chnh cc
tiu chun v u t lu di trong phn vng, quy hoch s dng t, chun b ging
cy trng v phng thc canh tc thch hp, p dng bin php nghim ngt bo v
vng b bin thp (o san h, rng ngp mn, n ct).
- p dng mt phng n tng hp v qun l t v nc, coi c lu vc sng
l mt n v qun l thng nht.
- Duy tr cng nhiu cng tt cc h sinh thi t nhin v h sinh thi b bin
ci . H t nhin l nhng h sinh thi m t sau cch mng cng nghip (1750) tc
ng ca con ngi cha nhiu hn tc ng cc loi khc, cha lm thay i cu trc
ca h sinh thi (khng tnh n nhng bin i kh hu). H bin ci l nhng h sinh
thi chu tc ng ca con ngi nhiu hn, nhng khng dng trng trt, v d:
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------nh cc khu rng th sinh, ng c chn th sc vt. Cc chnh ph cn bo v nhng
h sinh thi t nhin cn st li tr khi c l do ht sc cn thit thay i chng.
Cn nhc li mi li hi trc khi bin i vng t t nhin thnh rung ng v
th, sa cha hoc khi phc cc h sinh thi suy thoi.
- Gim nh sc p ln cc h sinh thi t nhin hoc bin ci cch bo v nhng
vng t nng nghip tt nht v qun l chng mt cch ng n trn c s sinh thi
hc, ci to t ai trng lng thc, hoa mu m vn gi c nc v t mu,
trnh b chua mn, bo v ni sinh sng ca cc loi th phn hoa v n su b.
- Chn ng ngay nn ph rng, bo v nhng khu rng gi rng ln v duy tr
lu di nhng khu rng bin ci.
- Hon thnh v duy tr mt h thng ton din cc khu vc bo tn nhm bo v
tnh a dng sinh hc.
- Nng cao hiu bit v nhn thc v cc loi vt v cc h sinh thi.
- Kt hp gia bin php bo v cc chng loi ti cc ni sinh sng t nhin, ti
cc khu nui, vn ng - thc vt quc gia v cc ngun gen.
- S dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin mt cch bn vng: nh gi ngun
d tr v kh nng sinh sn ca cc qun th v h sinh thi, gi vic khai thc trong
kh nng sinh sn , bo v ni sinh sng v cc qu trnh sinh thi ca cc loi.
- Gip cc a phng qun l ngun ti nguyn ti to v tng cng mi
bin php khuyn khch h bo v tnh a dng sinh hc.
* Nguyn tc 4: Hn ch n mc thp nht vic lm suy gim cc ngun ti
nguyn khng ti to
Ti nguyn khng ti to nh qung, du, kh t, than , trong qu trnh s dng
s b bin i, khng th bn vng c. Theo d bo, mt s khong sn ch yu trn
tri t, vi tc khai thc v s dng hin nay s b cn kit trong tng lai gn, v d
kh t khong 30 nm, du m khong 50 nm, than khong 150-200 nm...
Trong khi loi ngi cha tm c cc loi thay th, cn phi s dng ti
nguyn khng ti to mt cch hp l v tit kim bng cc cch nh: quay vng ti
ch cht thi, s dng ti a cc thnh phn c ch cha trong tng loi ti nguyn,
dng ti nguyn ti to khc nu c th c thay th chng... Cc bin php trn l
cn thit tri t c th p ng cho loi ngi ngun ti nguyn khng ti to cn
thit cho tng lai.
* Nguyn tc 5: Gi vng trong kh nng chu ng c ca tri t
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nh chng ta bit, mc chu ng ca tri t ni chung hay ca mt h
sinh thi no , d l t nhin hay nhn to, u c gii hn. Con ngi c th m
rng gii hn bng k thut truyn thng hay p dng cng ngh mi nhm p
ng nhu cu ca mnh. Nhng nu khng da trn quy lut pht trin ni ti ca t
nhin th thng phi tr gi rt t bng s suy thoi, ngho kit a dng sinh hc
hoc suy gim chc nng cung cp. Cc ngun ti nguyn khng phi l v tn m b
gii hn trong kh nng t phc hi c ca mt h sinh thi, hoc kh nng hp th
cc cht thi mt cch an ton.
S bn vng s khng th c c nu mc dn s th gii ngy cng tng.
Do dn s tng, nhu cu s dng cc ngun ti nguyn ngy cng ln vt kh nng
chu ng ca tri t. Mun tm gii php ng n qun l, s dng bn vng cc
ti nguyn, chng ta phi to ra mt di an ton gia cc ton b cc tc ng ca con
ngi vi ranh gii m ta c lng mi trng tri t c th chu ng c. Mun
vy nguyn tc th 5 xut :
- Nhng ngi sng trong cc nc thu nhp thp thng b cc bnh suy dinh
dng, i ngho, khng c iu kin hc tp. V vy h phi c gng pht trin kinh
t nng cao iu kin sng.
- Nhng ngi sng cc nc c thu nhp cao, thch sng xa hoa, tiu th
nhiu ti nguyn cn phi gim bt chi tiu v nn tit kim.
- Cc quc gia giu c phi c trch nhim gip cc nc ngho.
Mun ng vng trong kh nng chu ti ca tri t v m bo iu kin
ci thin cht lng cuc sng ca con ngi, cc dn tc trn th gii khng phn
bit mu da, dn tc, thu nhp cn c nhng hnh ng u tin nh:
- Nng cao nhn thc v n nh dn s v mc tiu th ti nguyn.
- a vn tiu th ti nguyn v vn dn s vo cc chnh sch v k hoch
pht trin ca quc gia.
- Xy dng th nghim v p dng nhng bin php v k thut c hiu qa i
vi ti nguyn: Khuyn khch cc sn phm tt v c hiu qa cao i vi vic bo v
mi trng, gip vn v k thut cho cc nc thu nhp thp trong vic s dng
nng lng sch hn.
- nh thu vo nng lng v cc ngun ti nguyn khc nhng nc c mc
tiu th cao.
- ng vin phong tro Ngi tiu th xanh.
- Ci thin iu kin chm sc sc khe b m v tr em.
- Tng gp i cc dch v k hoch ha gia nh.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* Nguyn tc 6: Thay i tp tc v thi quen c nhn
Trc y v ngay c hin nay nhiu ngi trong chng ta khng bit cch sng
bn vng. S ngho kh buc con ngi phi tm mi cch tn ti nh: ph rng
lm nng ry, sn bn chim th... Nhng hot ng xy ra lin tc gy tc
ng xu n mi trng sinh thi, lm ngho kit qu t, suy gim ti nguyn. Nn
i ngho thng xuyn xy ra vi cc nc c thu nhp thp. Cn nhng nc c thu
nhp cao th nhu cu s dng ti nguyn ngy cng cao, h dng mt cch lng
ph qu mc chu ng ca thin nhin, nn lm nh hng n cc cng ng. V
l con ngi nht thit phi thay i thi v hnh vi ca mnh khng nhng
cho cc cng ng bit s dng bn vng cc ngun ti nguyn m cn thay i
cc chnh sch h tr v kinh t v bun bn trn th gii.
Vic thay i thi v hnh vi ca con ngi i hi phi c mt chin dch
tuyn truyn ng b. Cn c chng trnh gio dc trong cc nh trng, t cp hc
mu gio, ph thng ti i hc mi ngi thc c rng: Nu con ngi c thi
hnh vi ng n vi mi trng thin nhin th tt nhin con ngi s c tn
hng nhng v p ca thin nhin v chnh bn thn thin nhin s phc v li ch
ca con ngi tt hon, lu bn hn. Nhng nu con ngi c thi tn nhn vi
thin nhin, th lc no con ngi s gp phi nhng bt hnh do chnh bn thn
mnh gy ra. V l m bt c k hoh hnh ng no trong cuc sng cng phi da
trn s hiu bit kin thc ng n v mi trng.
Chng trnh hnh ng u tin:
- Trong chin lc quc gia v cuc sng bn vng phi c nhng hnh ng
thc y, gio dc v to iu kin cho mi c nhn c th sng bn vng.
- Xem xt li tnh hnh gio dc mi trng vo h thng gio dc chnh quy tt
c cc cp.
- nh r nhng nhu cu o to cho mt x hi bn vng v k hoch thc hin:
o to nhiu chuyn gia v sinh thi hc, v qun l mi trng, kinh t mi trng
v lut mi trng. Tt c cc ngnh chuyn mn phi c nhng hiu bit su rng v
h sinh thi v x hi, nhng nguyn tc ca mt x hi bn vng.
* Nguyn tc 7 : cho cc cng ng t qun l mi trng ca mnh
Mi trng l ngi nh chung, khng phi ring ca mt c nhn, cng ng
no. V vy, vic cu ly tri t v xy dng mt cuc sng bn vng ph thuc
vo nim tin v s ng gp mi c nhn. Khi no nhn dn bit t mnh t chc cuc
sng bn vng trong cng ng ca mnh, h s c mt sc sng mnh m cho d
cng ng ca h l giu hay ngho, thnh th hay nng thn.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mt cng ng mun c sng bn vng, th trc ht phi quan tm bo v
cuc sng ca mnh v khng lm nh hng n mi trng ca cng ng khc. H
cn bit cch s dng ti nguyn ca mnh mt cch tit kim, bn vng v c thc
v vic thi cc cht ph thi c hi v x l chng mt cch an ton. H phi tm
cch bo v h thng nui dng s sng v tnh a dng ca h sinh thi a
phng. Mun thc hin c mc tiu quan trng , cn phi t chc gio dc,
tuyn truyn v o to, ng thi phi c nhng hnh ng u tin sau y:
- Cho php cng ng c th iu khin ton b cuc sng ca mnh bao gm
vic c hng s dng ngun ti nguyn, ng thi c trch nhim qun l ngun
ti nguyn a phng mnh, cng nh c tham gia bn bc tho lun cc d n
bo v ti nguyn thin nhin v bo v mi trng.
- Cho php cng ng s dng ti nguyn trong vng tho mn mt s nhu cu
trong cuc sng.
- To mi iu kin gip cng ng bo v mi trng sng ca mnh. Nu
mi cng ng t qun l c ngun ti nguyn v phn phi ph hp vi li ch a
s ngi s dng th cng vic s c thun li.
- m bo cho cc cng ng v cc c nhn c bnh ng trong vic hng
th ti nguyn v quyn qun l.
- Li cun s tham gia ca nhiu ngi vo vic bo v v pht trin.
- Cng c chnh quyn a phng: Chnh quyn a phng phi c y
nhng phng tin p ng cc nhu cu ca nhn dn v c s h tng, thc thi k
hoch s dng t v lut chng nhim, cung cp nc sch y , x l nc thi
v rc ph thi.
- H tr ti chnh v k thut cho cc hot ng BVMT ca cng ng.
* Nguyn tc 8: To ra mt khun mu quc gia thng nht, thun li cho vic
pht trin v bo v
Mt x hi mun bn vng phi bit kt hp hi ho gia pht trin v bo v
mi trng, phi xy dng c mt cuc sng bn vng trong cc cng ng. Cc
chnh quyn trung ng cng nh a phng phi c c cu thng nht v qun l
mi trng, bo v cc dng ti nguyn. Hin nay, trn th gii c hn 100 c quan
chuyn trch v cng tc bo v mi trng. Bn cnh h thng quyn lc cng cn
phi c lut bo v mi trng mt cch ton din v lut l cng c quan trng
m bo thc hin nhng chnh sch, m bo cuc sng bn vng, bo v v khuyn
khch mi ngi tun theo lut php.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Khi lut c ban hnh, tt c mi ngi trong x hi phi nhc nh nhau thi
hnh. Tt c cc cp chnh quyn d Trung ng hay a phng phi thc hin
nghim tc. Mun c mt c cu quc gia thng nht, phi thng nht kt hp nhn t
con ngi, sinh thi v kinh t. iu ny rt quan trng i vi vic xy dng cuc
sng tt p v mi mt.
Mun c chng trnh hnh ng thc s c hiu qu, iu quan trng l phi
bit chn la nhng mc tiu v chng trnh u tin nh c ch hot ng thng
nht, chnh sch hu hiu v hp php bo v quyn li con ngi, chnh sch kinh
t k thut hp l.
Hnh ng u tin:
- ng dng mt phng php tng hp khi ra chnh sch v mi trng, vi
mc ch bao trm l tnh bn vng: Kt hp mc tiu v cuc sng bn vng cng
vi nhng phm vi chc trch ca c quan chnh ph v lp php, thnh lp mt n
v quyn lc mnh kh nng phi hp vic pht trin v bo v.
- Son tho v thc hin chin lc v tnh bn vng thng qua cc k hoch ca
tng khu vc v a phng.
- nh gi tc ng mi trng v c lng v kinh t ca cc d n, cc
chng trnh v chnh sch v pht trin.
- a nhng nguyn tc v mt x hi bn vng vo hin php hoc cc lut c
bn khc ca chnh sch quc gia.
- Xy dng mt h thng lut mi trng hon chnh v thc y thc hin b
lut .
- m bo cc chnh sch, cc k hoch pht trin, ngn sch v quyt nh u
t ca quc gia phi quan tm y n nhng hu qu ca vic mnh lm i vi
mi trng.
- S dng cc chnh sch v cng c kinh t t uc tnh bn vng: Chnh
sch gi c, tiu chun cht lng sn phm, nh gi ti nguyn mi trng, k ton
mi trng quc gia. Cc cng c kinh t nh: thu mi trng, giy php chuyn
nhng, v.v
- Nng cao kin thc c s v xt tin vic ph bin rng ri cc thng tin lin
quan n mi trng.
* Nguyn tc 9 : Xy dng mt khi lin minh ton cu
Nh nu trn, mun bo v mi trng bn vng chng ta khng th lm
ring l c m phi c mt s lin minh gia cc nc. Bu kh quyn v cc i
dng tc ng qua li ln nhau to ra kh hu trn tri t, nhiu con sng ln l
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------chung ca nhiu quc gia. V vy, bo v trong sch ca dng sng l trch nhim
chung ca nhiu nc. S bn vng trong mi nc lun lun ph thuc vo cc hip
c quc t qun l cc ngun ti nguyn ch yu. Do , cc quc gia phi nhn
thc c quyn li chung ca mnh trong mi trng chung trn tri t ny. Cc
quc gia cn tch cc tham gia k kt v thc hin cc cng c quc t quan trng v
mi trng nh cng c CITES, cng c bo v tng ozon, cng c RAMSA,
cng c lut bin...
Hnh ng u tin:
- y mnh vic thc hin nhng hip c quc t hin c nhm bo v h nui
dng s sng v tnh a dng sinh hc nh:
+ V kh quyn: c cng c Vin bo v tng ozone v Ngh nh th
Montroreal v nhng tnh cht c lin quan n vic suy gim tng ozone. Cng c
Ginev v nhim khng kh trn mt vng rng qua nhiu bin gii.
+ V i dng: Cng c Lin hip quc v lut bin, mt lot cc vn kin
quc t v khu vc v bo v cc i dng khi b nhim v tu thy, cng c v
i dng IOM ( International Organization for Migration), v vt b ph thi (cng
c Lun n, sl)v.v.
+ V nc ngt: cng c v vng b ca h ln (Canada - Hoa K), hip c
v cc dng sng chung (Ranh, anup).
+ V cht ph thi: cng c Basle v nhng hot ng hn ch cht ph thi
c hi v cch x l. Cng c Bamako cm vic nhp khu cht ph thi c hi
vo Chu Phi v kim sot vic nhp qua bin gii v qun l cht ph thi c hi
Chu Phi.
+ V vic bo v tnh a dng sinh hc: cng c Ramsa v vic bo v nhng
vng t ngp nc c tm quan trng quc t, c bit l nhng vng sinh sng ca
chim nc. Cng c lin quan n bo v di sn thin nhin v vn ha th gii
(UNESCO, Paris), cng c quc t v bun bn cc loi c nguy c b tiu dit
(CITES, Washington), cng c bo v cc loi hoang d di c.
- K kt nhng hip c quc t mi t c tnh bn vng trn th gii: v
s thay i kh hu, bo v an ton cc khu rng th gii.
- Xy dng mt ch bo v tng hp v ton din i vi Chu Nam Cc v
Bin Nam Cc.
- Son tho,thng qua bn cng b chung v Hip c v tnh bn vng.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Xa hn nhng mn n cng, gim n thng mi cho cc nc thu nhp thp
hi phc s tin b v kinh t ca h.
- Nng cao kh nng t cng ca nhng nc c thu nhp thp: bi b hng ro
thng mi cho cc nc ny v cc hng ha khng lin quan n mi trng, h tr
v gip n nh gi c hng ha, khuyn khch u t.
- Tng cng vin tr cho s pht trin, tp trung gip cc nc xy dng mt x
hi v mt nn kinh t bn vng
- Nhn thc c gi tr v y mnh hot ng ca cc t chc phi chnh ph
trong nc v th gii: IUCN , UNEP, WWF l nhng t chc bao gm cc thnh
vin chnh ph v phi chnh ph, c nhng ng gp xut sc trong s nghip bo
v mi trng ton cu; cn m rng phm vi hot ng, cng nh gia tng thm cc
t chc tng t.
- Tng cng h thng Lin hip quc tr thnh mt lc lng mnh m m
bo cho tnh bn vng trn ton cu.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Chng 4: CC TC NG MI TRNG
TRONG XY DNG CNG TRNH GIAO THNG
4.1. Khi nim tc ng mi trng

4.1.1. Khi nim
Cc d n giao thng thng to ra cc tc ng tiu cc, c tnh cc b v mi
trng, kinh t v x hi i vi nhn dn vng b di di v cc h sinh thi ven ng.
Bt c mt d n no trc khi tin hnh cng phi xc nh c kh nng ti
ca mi trng nhm tm ra nhng tc ng c th chu ng c v loi b cc tc
ng gy hu qu nghim trng.
Nh vy, c th hiu tc ng mi trng l s thay i cc iu kin mi trng
hoc to ra cc iu kin mi trng mi v cc iu kin mi ny c th c li, c
hi, sinh ra trc tip hay gin tip t mt hay nhiu hot ng lin quan n vic thc
hin d n.
Tc ng mi trng khng phi l cc hot ng nh hng ti mi trng
(vic o h mng tr cu) m l nhng nh hng mi trng do hot ng gy ra
(lm c dng nc, gy ting n, tng bi).
4.1.2. Phn loi tc ng mi trng
Cc loi tc ng mi trng c th c phn loi nh sau:
* Phn loi theo bn cht ca tc ng:
- Tc ng trc tip: l cc tc ng sinh ra trc tip t mt hay nhiu hot ng
lin quan n d n. V d nh vic no vt lng sng lm thay i ch dng chy;
qu trnh thi cng cu cng: ph b thm thc vt, thay i dng chy ngm, tng
ngp ng, xi mn cc b
- Tc ng gin tip: l cc hot ng (kt qu ca) do cc tc n trc tip ca
d n gy ra. V d nh chuyn i s dng t, suy gim ti nguyn sinh vt. Cc tc
ng gin tip thng kh pht hin nhng gy ra cc hu qa ln hn so vi tc ng
trc tip.
* Phn loi theo tnh cht thi gian ca tc ng:
- Tc ng tm thi: l cc hot ng ch c tnh cht nht thi, xy ra trong thi
gian ngn. V d nh vic thi cng mng tr cu lm dng nc c, gy ra ting n
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Cc tc ng tm thi thng t gy nguy him
hn cc tc ng lu di.
- Tc ng lu di: l cc tc ng xy ra trong thi gian di, t khi thc hin d
n cho n khi d n kt thc v c qu trnh hot ng sau d n. V d nh ting n
v khi bi gy ra bi cc phng tin giao thng vn ti ca mt con ng cao tc.
* Phn loi theo kt qu ca tc ng:
- Tc ng tch cc: l cc tc ng c li cho mi trng, c sinh ra do qu
trnh thc hin d n. Thng l cc tc ng tch cc i vi mi trng nhn vn nh
to cng n vic lm, gim tai nn giao thng, thc y pht trin kinh t x hi, vv...
- Tc ng tiu cc: l cc tc ng c hi, gy bt li cho mi trng; nhim
mi trng, nhim khng kh, ngun nc
4.1.3. nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM)
a. Khi nim TM
nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) l mt cch tip cn mi trong qun l mi
trng c cc nh mi trng trn Th gii a ra trong nhng nm thp k 70 ca
th k trc. n nay, TM c nhng bc pht trin ng k v tr thnh mt
b mn khoa hc ring c nhiu ngi quan tm nghin cu tip tc pht trin
v hon thin. Di cc gc khc nhau, ngi ta a ra cc khi nim, nh
ngha khc nhau v TM.
Ti iu 3, chng I, Lut Bo v mi trng Vit Nam (2005) qui nh r:
"nh gi tc ng mi trng l vic phn tch, d bo cc tc ng n mi
trng ca d n u t c th a ra cc bin php bo v mi trng khi trin
khai d n ".
b. Mc ch, vai tr v ngha ca TM
* Mc ch ca TM
- Gp thm t liu khoa hc cn thit cho vic quyt nh hnh ng pht trin
ca mt d n.
- TM xem xt nhiu phng n thc hin khc nhau ca cc hot ng pht
trin. i chiu, so snh v phn tch nhng thun li hoc kh khn ca hot ng
. T kin ngh la chn phng n ti u.
- TM gip cho cng tc xy dng ng li, chin lc, qui hoch, k hoch
bo v mi trng.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TM theo di cc din bin mi trng b tc ng theo d bo ban u sau khi
d n i vo hot ng. Thng xuyn theo di, kim tra bng cc hot ng quan
trc, gim st mi trng nh k v xut iu chnh kp thi.
* Vai tr ca TM
- Vai tr nh hng: TM c tc dng nh hng cho cc c quan qun l nh
nc, cc ch u t quan im chnh xc v mt d n pht trin v xy dng KCNTT
trn mi mt trong tc ng mi trng nh mt b phn cu thnh ca d n.
- Vai tr h tr: TM c tc dng h tr cho d n trong vic chn a im,
chn quy trnh cng ngh thch hp sao cho pht huy tng cng mt tc ng tch cc
ca d n v hn ch tc ng tiu cc ca d n ti mi trng t nhin v x hi.
- Vai tr d bo: TM gip cho cc nh qun l phng nga trc nhng tc
ng n mi trng s c th xy ra trong tng lai. T c cc bin php hu hiu
c th ngn chn nhng thm ho c th xy ra.
* ngha ca TM
TM l mt cng c kt hp cht ch vi k hoch bo v v nng cao cht
lng mi trng. N chnh l mt d n trong d n, c th nh sau:
- TM ch ra nhng tc ng c th c mt tch cc ln tiu cc ca mt d n.
Khi c thng tin u vo v cc ch tiu hot ng ca mt d n, TM s ch ra
c cc kt qu tc ng v mt mi trng bao gm c mi trng t nhin v mi
trng sng ca con ngi. S tc ng ny bao gm c ngn hn v di hn.
- TM cung cp cho d n trnh by kh nng gim nh hoc b p nhng
tc ng tiu cc ca d n, gim thiu s ph hu mi trng ti mc thp nht. La
chn hoc hiu chnh d n hoc tng cng bo v mi trng bng cc bin php
gim s lng v mc tc ng tiu cc, tng cng v nng cao nhng tc ng
tch cc.
- TM s a ra gii php o mc thc thi d n trn phng din bo v mi
trng. TM s cung cp mt chng trnh quan trc cho vic tc ng ca d n n
mi trng.
- TM chia ra lm hai nhim v kho st mi trng ban u v nh gi tc ng
mi trng. Vic kho st mi trng cung cp cho d n ton b nhng thng tin v mi
trng ca vng d n tc ng ti m trong TM chi tit s phi trnh by. Nhim v
TM l phi nh gi y , chi tit cc thnh phn mi trng ca vng lp d n, d
bo cc nh hng c th c khi d n bt u thi cng hoc i vo vn hnh.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c. Ni dung TM
nh gi tc ng mi trng phi gn lin vi cc d n u t, cc k hoch,
chnh sch pht trin vng hoc khu vc. nh gi tc ng mi trng l mt yu cu
cn phi c khi xt duyt mt d n, ng thi n cng l mt qu trnh lin tc thng
qua chu k d n.
Ni dung TM c th ph thuc vo ni dung v tnh cht ca cc d n pht
trin hay cc cng trnh xy dng. Cc hot ng pht trin tc ng vo cc yu t
mi trng i hi cc yu cu v mc khc nhau. Tu thuc tnh cht ca d n
m chng ta xy dng ni dung TM ph hp. Ni dung chnh thc ca TM l bn
bo co TM. Cc ni dung trong bo co bao gm:
- M t s lc v d n: mc tiu, ni dung hot ng, tin thc hin ca d
n, li ch kinh t - x hi ca d n.
- M t a im ni thc hin d n.
- Xc nh phm vi tc ng (iu kin bin) v nh hng mi trng ca d n.
- M t hin trng ti nguyn v mi trng ni thc hin d n.
- nh gi nhng tc ng ti mi trng (t, nc, khng kh, h sinh thi...)
c th xy ra trong v sau khi thc hin d n.
- D bo nhng bin i cc nhn t mi trng xy ra trong qu trnh thc hin
v i vo hot ng ca d n.
- xut cc gii php gim thiu, phng trnh, iu chnh v x l.
- D bo v nh gi ri ro.
- nh gi tc ng x hi.
- Phn tch li ch, chi ph m rng m d n em li.
- So snh, i chiu cc phng n hot ng khc nhau.
- Kt lun v kin ngh chng trnh qun l v quan trc mi trng t khi d
n bt u thc hin n thi k vn hnh lu di sau ny ca d n.
Ni dung v kt qu ca bo co TM c chuyn ln cp c thm quyn thm
nh v ph duyt.
d. Mi quan h gia TM v chu k d n
Mi quan h ca cc bc d n v TM cng nh s nh gi TM v chu
k d n c m t ti hnh 4.1 di y:
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- d n
Kh thi v
k thut
(Khng cn
xem xt v
mi trng)
Chp nhn c v
mi trng
Xem xt c cn
nh gi v
mi trng?
Kh thi v
kinh t
Chun b d n
Cn (EIA)
(Cn nh gi s b) (IEE)
Nghin cu tin
kh thi
Chun b nh gi s
b (IEE)
Xem xt IEE
(IEE
khng
t)
(IEE t, cn lm tip EIA)
Nghin cu kh thi
Chun b bo co EIA
Thm nh bo
co EIA
(Bo
co EIA
khng
t)
Bo co EIA t yu cu
C quan mi trng tn
thnh
D n c duyt v
mt mi trng
Gim st mi trng
(trong khi thc hin)
Ghi ch:
Thc hin d n (Thit k,

thi cng vn hnh)
IEE - nh gi s b
EIA - nh gi tc ng mi trng
Hnh 4.1. S khi v cc bc ca d n v TM

Qu trnh nghin cu v nh gi cc tc ng mi trng trong cc giai on
v chu k ca d n xy dng cng trnh giao thng u phi thc hin qua 5 giai
on v c trnh by theo s di y (hnh 4.2).
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Giai on
Nghin cu tin kh thi
Xc nh xc ch tiu c bn
Giai on
Nghin cu kh thi
nh gi mi trng s b
Giai on
thit k
nh gi mi trng chi tit
Giai on
Thi cng
Thc hin cc bin php phng

nga, kim tra, gim st mi trng
Giai on Vn hnh, sa
cha, bo dng
Kim tra, gim st mi trng, pht

hin cc tc ng mi
Hnh 4.2. Chu k ca mt da n v cc yu cu thc hin TM
4.2. Cc tc ng mi trng ca d n xy dng ng b v ng st

Cc cng trnh giao thng ng b v ng st thng ko di dc theo mt
vng lnh th rng ln, c th ln ti hng nghn km, i qua nhng vng sinh thi
khc nhau, c mt dn c v mc pht trin kinh t khc nhau. Qu trnh xy
dng ng b v ng st thng ko di nhiu nm tu theo quy m ca d n v
thu ht nhiu t chc, lc lng lao ng ln gm nhiu thnh phn tham gia. Trong
khi s hiu bit v thc bo v mi trng ca mi t chc, mi lc lng lao
ng cng khc nhau.
Nhng nh hng chnh ca hot ng xy dng v khai thc h tng giao
thng vn ti n mi trng cn phi c quan tm l:
- nh hng ti mi trng kinh t - x hi nh: ti nh c, thay i hon cnh
v iu kin sng ca con ngi, xm phm di tch lch s vn ho,...
- nh hng n mi trng sinh thi nh: cht ph rng, thay i cnh quan,
nh hng ti cuc sng ca ng vt hoang d, tc nghn dng chy, ng ngp cc
b, st l t,...
- nh hng n cht lng mi trng khng kh, t, nc do nhim kh
thi, bi, ting n, rung ng,...
Nhng nh hng n mi trng trong qu trnh xy dng thng mang tnh
tm thi, cn nhng nh hng trong qu trnh khai thc thng mang tnh lu di.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cc ngun gy tc ng c kh nng pht sinh cc loi cht thi (rn, lng, kh) cng
nh cc loi cht thi khc trong qu trnh thc hin d n u c trong ba giai on:
Giai on gii phng mt bng, giai on thi cng v giai on vn hnh cng trnh.
4.2.1. Tc ng trong giai on gii phng mt bng
* Tc ng n mi trng khng kh do bi v kh c: Pht sinh kh, bi trong
qu trnh ph d cc cng trnh xy dng v vn chuyn ph thi. Ngun gy ra bi
ln nht l do cc hot ng ph d cng trnh, vn chuyn cc nguyn vt liu, ph
thi. Ngun gy ra kh c hi ch yu do xe ch cht thi.
* Tc ng n ting n v rung ng: Ngun gy ra ting n chnh l do cc hot
ng ph d, do cc phng tin ph d lm vic v xe ch cht thi i li. Tuy nhin
do khi lng cng trnh phi ph d khng nhiu nn tc ng ny khng ln lm.
* Tc ng n mi trng nc: Ch yu l nc thi b mt, do nc ma
cun theo cc cht thi trong khu vc ph d v nc thi b ng, trn trn b mt
do h thng thot nc b ph d.
* Tc ng n mi trng t: Trong qu trnh ph d cc cng trnh xy dng
s gy tc ng n mi trng t trong khu vc nh lm h hi lp t b mt; to
ra mt lng ln cht thi rn xy dng, sinh hot v cc rc thi khc; nc thi b
tc ngm xung t lm nhim t.
* Tc ng n thm thc vt trong khu vc trn ng ch yu l cc khu vc
canh tc nng nghip ca ngi dn dc theo tuyn ng thi cng.
* Cc tc ng khc: Vic di chuyn h thng k thut h tng s lm gin on
vic cp in, gin on thng tin... Ngoi ra trong qu trnh ph d gii phng mt
bng c nguy c xy ra s c t cng tc ph d, lm nh hng n hot ng giao
thng trong khu vc, nh hng n cnh quan khu vc thc hin d n.
* Tc ng n mi trng x hi: Vic n b gii phng mt bng vn gy
xo trn tm thi cuc sng ca cng ng dn c trong khu vc gii to. An ninh trt
t x hi trong qu trnh di di v thu hi t ai cng s gp phi nhng kh khn do
s phn i ca mt s h dn khi phi di di, s khng hi lng vi ch n b.
4.2.2. Tc ng trong giai on thi cng cng trnh
a. nhim mi trng khng kh
* nhim do cc kh c:
- nhim khng kh do hot ng ca cc thit b thi cng v phc v thi cng
bao gm ngun c nh l cc hot ng ca cc xe c gii chuyn ch vt liu gm
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------t, , ximng, nha ng,... v ngun tng i c nh l cc khu m khai thc
vt liu, trm trn b tng, nha, cc my ng cc, my khoan, xe lu... Qu trnh thi
cng lm tng nng thnh phn mt s kh c hi nh CO, SO2, NOx,
Hydrocacbon...
- nhim khng kh do t cc cht thi c cha du m, ho cht;
- nhim khng kh t cc khu vc t nha ng; vv...
* nhim do bi:
Vic vn chuyn vt liu cng pht sinh ra bi, phm vi nh hng c th ln ti
50m t cc a im vn chuyn. Ngun gy bi ch yu l t:
- Cc xe ti ch t ra vo do bi bn dnh trn cc lp xe, bi do ma st gia lp
xe vi mt ng, nguyn vt liu b ri vi;...
- Hot ng ca cc t vn chuyn s lm cc tuyn ng b bi bn vo
nhng ngy nng ro v b bn ly vo nhng ngy ma;
- Bi t hot ng xy dng pht sinh khi: ph d, o p, san lp v s dng
vt liu;
Lng bi do cc phng tin vn chuyn gy ra ph thuc vo loi ng i
(ng xy dng hoc ng tm), ngoi ra n cn ph thuc vo s ln i li, tc
trung bnh ca xe, ti trng xe, s bnh xe cho mi xe, tnh cht mt ng v
m ca ng
i tng chu tc ng chnh l cng ng dn c sng gn khu vc thi cng
tuyn ng v nhng ngi tham gia giao thng.
* nhim ting n:
Trong giai on xy dng, khu vc thi cng v nhng vng ln cn s b tc ng
bi ting n. Theo Cc ng b, mc n pht sinh t cc my mc thit b xy dng
c trnh by theo bng 4.1 di y.
Bng 4.1. Mc n pht sinh t cc my mc, thit b xy dng (dBA)
Loi my mc, thit b
Xe lu
My ng cc
Ba my v my khoan
Xe ti
My cu
Mc n v tr cch
thit b 15m
72 - 88
90 - 104
76 - 99
70 - 99
72 - 96
Quy nh ca C quan dch v

cng cng Hoa K
75
95
75
75
75
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------My san i t
Xe tri b tng nha asphalt
My trn b tng
My pht in
My m rung
77 - 95
88 - 92
71 - 90
70 - 82
70 - 80
75 - 80
80
75
75
75
i tng chu tc ng trc tip ca ting n do hot ng thi cng l cng

ng dn c xung quanh, nhng ngi tham gia giao thng v cng nhn thi cng
cng trnh.
* nhim rung ng:
Ngun gy rung ng trong giai on xy dng ch yu l t cc my mc v xe
ch vt liu v ph thi. Ngoi ra, rung ng cn do cc hot ng thi cng v phc v
thi cng nh n mn, ng p cc, khoan o, san lp,... Bng 4.2. lit k cc ngun
gy rung ng ca mt s loi my mc in hnh.
Vic s dng cc xe ti nng vn chuyn nguyn vt liu xy dng v cc
thit b my mc nu trn s khng ch gy nhim ting n m cn to ra mt
rung ti khu vc thi cng cng nh ti cc khu vc ln cn. Nhng cc tc ng ny
ch yu xy ra trn b mt v tc ln truyn khng cao nn nh hng ca rung n
mi trng l nh v khng ng k.
b. nhim mi trng nc
Trong qu trnh thi cng s lm thay i dng chy b mt, gy hin tng ng
ngp cc b, nh hng trc tip ti cc dng chy ca h thng knh mng trn
tuyn ng thi cng. Tuyn ng tc ng trc tip n dng chy, lm gin on
thm ch lm thay i dng chy trong thi gian thi cng. Vic san lp t s gy ch
tc v lm thay i dng chy. c bit l khi thi cng nn ng vo ma ma bo,
c th gy ngp lt cc b cho tng vng.
Bng 4.2. Mc rung ng ca mt s my mc xy dng in hnh
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
Loi my mc
My o t
My i t
Xe vn chuyn hng nng
Xe ln
My khoan - trt
My nn kh
Mc rung ng tham kho (theo hng

thng ng Z, dB)
Cch ngun gy rung Cch ngun gy rung
ng 10 m
ng 30 m
80
71
79
69
74
64
82
71
63
/
81
71
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
8
9
My o bng hi
My ng cc chy bng
My ng cc bng rung chn
85
98
93
73
83
83
Cc tc nhn gy nhim bao gm:

- Nc ma chy trn gy xi l mang theo t , cht thi cha du, cht thi
sinh hot ca cng nhn... gy hin tng bi lp, nhim cc dng chy mt v lu
vc trong khu vc thi cng;
- t dng p nn ng c th b ln cc ha cht, su bnh... gy nh
hng n cht lng ngun nc v cy trng;
- Cht lng nc b thay i l do tng hm lng cc cht v c nh bi, cht
l lng, gy c;
- Cc hin tng ng ngp cc b l nguyn nhn dn n vic thay i cht
lng nc mt v nc ngm;
Cc tc ng mi trng nc do thi cng cng trnh giao thng:
- Nc thi trong giai on xy dng pht sinh bi cng tc o p t, ra cc
my mc xy dng v t vn chuyn, nc thi sinh hot t cc ln tri cng nhn v
nc thi b mt khc t xi mn t, tch t cht thi xy dng do san i v bi lp.
- Do cng nhn thng trong cc khu nh tm, thiu thn cc iu kin v sinh
cn thit nn nc thi ni ring v cht thi sinh hot ni chung thng c nh hng
rt xu ti mi trng sng v mi trng nc xung quanh.
- Cc hot ng thi cng lm xo trn mt t, bin i a hnh. Vic o p
lm rnh, to taluy u trc tip lm thay i ch dng chy v cht lng nc.
Ti cc dng chy gn ni cng trng thi cng, hm lng cht l lng trong nc
c th tng cao gp 10 ln so vi bnh thng.
- Cht thi cha du m l nguy c ln nht gy nhim ngun nc mt. Vic
tp trung cc loi my mc thi cng v phng tin vn ti l nguyn nhn chnh gy
nhim du m.
- Nc mt b nhim ngm xung t s gy ra nhim nc ngm. Bn cnh
, qu trnh thi cng, o h, khoan... gy thng tng t mt, to ra s trao i trc
tip gia nc mt v nc ngm dn n nhim nc ngm.
Nhn chung, mc nh hng ca hot ng ny ph thuc vo vic tun th
nguyn tc thi cng v s c gim thiu nu cc nguyn tc c thc hin
nghim tc.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c. nhim mi trng t
- Trong thi gian thi cng, di t hai bn tuyn ng b nh hng nh: phn
nn c b bc i lm mi, t o ln c ln c vt liu lm ng s che ph t
canh tc hai bn tuyn ng, v khu vc ln cn.
t canh tc khi b xo trn ln d b bin thnh t si , khng cn trng trt
c na v phi b hoang. Ngoi ra, vt liu lm cu ng nh btng, ct, si hoc
nha ng b ri vi xung hai bn tuyn ng cng gy tc hi ln ti t trng.
- Bn cnh , mi trng t c th b nhim bn, thoi ho bi cht thi sinh
hc, cht thi rn, du m ca my mc thi cng; b xo trn b mt ti khu vc cng
trng xy dng;
- Lng cht thi ln nht l ct, , si, t nhim du,... khng cn s dng
c na. Vic thi ba bi cc ph liu ny thng gy cn tr cho vic i li v
gy lng ph. Do phi c khu vc tp kt phn loi ring cho tng loi. Cc ph thi
cn phi c ti s dng, khng nn dn xung hai bn tuyn ng v d gy
nhim cho t nng nghip.
- Cht thi do sinh hot ca cng nhn xy dng thng gy nhim mi
trng t v nc.
- Loi cht thi ph bin l du m bi trn qua s dng. Khi thay du m
bi trn mi cho cc phng tin vn ti v my mc thi cng th du thi phi c
thu gom a i x l. Nu xung nn ng hoc ra khu vc xung quanh s
gy ra nhim mi trng t v nc nghim trng.
d. Tc ng n h sinh thi khu vc
- Ph hu hoc gy thit hi cho h thc vt, ng vt v h sinh thi khu vc ni
chung. c bit gy nh hng ti cc h sinh thi nhy cm, cc loi ng, thc vt
ang b e do tuyt dit.
- Vic xy dng cc tuyn ng mi s ln chim dn cc khu vc t dnh
trng c, cy xanh v cc bi cy. Cc tuyn ng trng cy xanh s b nh hng
theo nhiu mc khc nhau. c bit, s c mt s lng ln cy b cht i phc v
cho vic m rng ng v xy dng cc tuyn ng mi. iu ny lm thay i h
sinh thi v cnh quan khu vc.
e. Tc ng n i sng kinh t - x hi v sc kho con ngi
- Tc ng n qu trnh s dng ng: Chia ct cc ng giao thng ngang
c sn khi thi cng, gy ch tc, tai nn giao thng.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Tc ng n qu trnh s dng nc: Cn tr s cung cp nc, gy nh
hng ti cht lng nc, lm gin on, suy thoi ngun nc.
- Tc ng n qu trnh ti nh c ca ngi b di chuyn: Vic ly t xy
dng cc tuyn ng mi buc ngi c lin quan phi mt t mt phn hoc ton
b, dn n phi di chuyn khi ch sinh sng c. iu gy mt nh , ti sn, thit
b cng cng, mt cc a im vn ho, thng mi. Do vy cn phi c nhng bin
php n b v khi phc ph hp.
- Tc ng n hot ng nng nghip, thu li: S chuyn i t nng nghip
thnh t xy dng cng trnh giao thng lm thu hp t canh tc ca nng dn (1km
ng t trung bnh chim khong 3 ha t). Cc hot ng thi cng s gy cn tr
cc hot ng trong canh tc nng nghip. Lm thay i, gin on h thng cung cp
nc ti tiu.
- Tc ng n qu trnh khai thc ti nguyn: Khai thc cc ngun nguyn vt
liu phc v thi cng khng hp l gy cn kit ti nguyn, nh hng n cnh quan
mi trng.
- Tc ng n cc gi tr vn ho, lch s: Ln t, gy nh hng n cc
cng trnh vn ho, lch s gn ng giao thng.
- Tc ng n sc kho ngi lao ng v cng ng dn c khu vc thi cng:
Qu trnh thi cng cng trnh s nh hng ti sc kho ca cn b, cng nhn thi
cng trn cng trng v ti dn c a phng do nhim khng kh, nc, ting n
v rung ng (Hin nay, ton ngnh GTVT c khong 30 vn cng nhn, trong c
25% lm vic trong mi trng c hi. Mt s bnh ngh nghip thng gp nh:
bnh bi phi Silic, ic,).
- Qu trnh thi cng tuyn ng cng s gy cn tr tm thi giao thng trong
khu vc gy ra nhng tr ngi cho cc hot ng kinh t a phng. Tuy nhin,
nhng nh hng ny ch xy ra trong thi gian ngn.
- Vic tp trung s lng ln cng nhn tham gia thi cng v sinh hot ca h
cng c th gy nh hng n tnh hnh an ninh x hi ca a phng, lm xo trn
phong tc, tp qun sinh hot hng ngy ca mt b phn dn c trong khu vc thc
hin d n.
- Bn cnh cn c th pht sinh cc t nn x hi nh c bc, ru ch, nh
ln... C th s xut hin mu thun gia nhn dn a phng v i ng cng nhn
trn cng trng. Vic ly lan cc bnh truyn nhim t cng nhn sang ngi dn a
phng v ngc li cng c th xy ra.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.2.3. Tc ng trong qu trnh khai thc
a. Tc ng ti mi trng t nhin
- Mt v tc phng tin giao thng tng ln s gy ra cc vn nh tng
mc n v rung ng; mt an ton giao thng, nhim khng kh, nc v t.
- Vn s dng t: Sau khi tuyn ng c ci to xong, cn phi tr li
khng gian v mt bng hai bn ng. Tuyn ng mi hon tt s to ra gi tr s
dng t bn ng cao ln nhiu ln. Cc din tch ny c th c s dng xy
dng cc cng trnh phc v du lch, sa cha, n ung, xy dng vn phng lm vic
hay nh my mi...
- Tc ng n h thng thu vn: Khi ci to xong tuyn ng, h thng thu
vn chc chn s c ci thin hn, v th vic ng lt cc b ti tng on ng s
c ci thin tt hn. iu ny gy cho ngi dn hai bn ng ch ng hn trong
canh tc nng nghip.
- Tc ng ti cht lng nc: Tuyn ng sau khi thi cng v a vo s dng
s c mt phng tin vn ti cao, iu gy tc ng xu ti mi trng nc mt
hai bn tuyn ng. Cc cht thi (c bit l cc loi xng, du, m...) do s c giao
thng hoc ri vi trn ng s gy nhim cho nc mt, gy nhim t v nc
ngm. Mt vn khc l sau khi tuyn ng hon thnh, cc khu dn c mi cng
hnh thnh v s gy nhim ngun nc bi nc thi v rc thi sinh hot.
- Tc ng n cht lng khng kh, ting n v rung ng: Sau khi tuyn
ng c a vo khai thc, s lng phng tin vn ti s tng ln theo thi gian.
Do , cht lng khng kh, ting n v rung ng ti khu vc d n s xu i so vi
hin ti.
- Tc ng n h ng thc vt: Trong qu trnh khai thc ng b, ng st.
Cc vn nhim, s c mi trng xy ra s tc ng trc tip hoc gin tip n
h ng thc vt hai bn ng v trong khu vc ln cn.
- Xi mn t: cng l mt vn trong khai thc ng b. iu ny c th nh
hng n hiu qu s dng v tc ng n h sinh thi trong vng. c bit l cc
nh hng xi mn do l lt gy ra cho tuyn ng.
b. Tc ng ti mi trng kinh t - x hi
Sau khi tuyn ng mi c a vo khai thc s dng, cht lng giao thng
cng nh cht lng mi trng khu vc c ci thin ng k , ko theo mt lot
cc tc ng tch cc v mt kinh t x hi nh :
- Ci thin mi sinh ti khu vc;
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gi thnh t dc hai bn ng mi c xy dng s tng nhanh do vic
chuyn i mc ch s dng t;
- Giao lu kinh t khu vc tng nhanh;
- Tc th ho c y mnh;
- Vn an ton giao thng: Tuyn ng hon thnh s gp phn lm tng lu
lng dng xe, tc ca xe cng s tng ln do vy vn an tan giao thng cng
cn c ch .
4.3. Cc tc ng mi trng ca d n xy dng cu cng

Qu trnh thi cng v khai thc cc cng trnh vt sng c nh hng ln n mi
trng nc v c th lm o ln cc iu kin t nhin trn a bn. Do khi thi cng
xy dng dng nc c th ri vo tnh trng mt cn bng, lm xut hin nhng bin
i v mt vt l, sinh hc v c th lm bin i c khung cnh sng ca con ngi.
Thng thng cu ln v cu trung c s dng vt qua cc dng nc c lu
lng ln; cu nh v cng c dng vt qua cc dng nc c lu lng nh.
Cc nh hng n mi trng ca vic xy dng cu cng tng t nh khi
xy dng ng b. Ngoi ra, cn mt s tc ng c trng khc, c th:
- e do n s n nh ca sng, sui. iu lm nh hng n cc h sinh
thi thu vc v thc vn gn b;
- Gy xi l b sng do dng chy b thay i;
- Thay i cao trnh ca lng sng do xi mn/bi lp cc vt liu, t lng sng;
- Thay i ch thu vn ca dng chy;
- Gy hin tng lng ng bn ct v tch t rc trong lng sng, sui;
- Lm c v gy nhim nc sng, sui;
Cc tc ng c th i vi cc loi cu cng nh sau:
4.3.1. Cc tc ng mi trng khi thi cng cu ln v cu trung
- My mc thi cng hot ng khu vc st mp nc s gy nhiu lon dng
nc cc b sng;
- Vic ph d lp cy c v lp t mu s lm mt thm thc vt, tri cc trm
tch v cc cht hu c xung nc, gy nhiu lon dng chy, tc nghn dng chy,...
nh hng ti cc loi thu sinh vt;
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Vic n mn di nc s gy mt n nh trong mt ct ngang ca dng nc,
to ra cc mnh vn v cc ht trm tch, gy hi cho cc loi thu sinh vt v h sinh
thi thu vc;
- Vic lm quai c th gy xi l, lng ng;
- Cht thi trong qu trnh thi cng ri xung nc gy tc nghn dng chy,
nhim nc v gy hi ti cc loi thu sinh vt (xi mng, va, xng du,...);
- Trong mt s trng hp thi cng cu, sinh hot ca dn c trong khong cch
10km v pha h lu ca cng trng s b nh hng. Vic nh bt thu sn cng nh
s dng nc sng cho sinh hot s l nhng vn cn xem xt khi xy dng cu;
- Vic o hm xy dng hm cu ng b s gy ra chn ng, nh hng
n nc ngm, gy nhim khng kh trong hm v d xy ra tai nn lao ng.
Trong qu trnh khai thc cu, cc tc ng mi trng c th xy ra nh:
- Qu trnh thi cng cng trnh vt dng nc lm cho lng sng tr thnh
khng n nh. V vy, trong qu trnh khai thc, s xi l lng sng tip tc din ra.
- S xi mn b a trm tch vo dng chy v lm bin i tuyn dng;
- Rc ri, mnh vn tp trung quanh tr, m cu gy cn tr dng chy, nh
hng n ch thu vn;
- Vic sn, co g sn lm ri rt cc cht ho tan, sn ho ch, cht ty g,
sn chng g xung dng nc, gy nhim nc;
4.3.2. Cc tc ng mi trng khi thi cng cu nh v cng
Cc cu nh v cng ch c nh hng cc b mt vng nh quanh khu vc cng
trnh. Tuy nhin, v s lng cu nh v cng chim n 90% tng s cng trnh trn
mt tuyn ng nn nh hng ca cu nh v cng cng l vn ng quan tm.
Cc tc ng cng tng t nh khi xt tuyn ng, cu ni chung. Ngoi ra
cn lu thm mt s tc ng nh sau:
- Cu nh thng khng c tnh ton mt cch chnh xc v y v mt
thy vn v thu lc. Do , nhng thiu st thit k khu thot nc khng hay
sai lm khi thit k m b qua vic gia c lng sui, gia c sn trc v sn sau ca
cc cng, cng nh sai lm khi chn v tr, khi b tr gc cho ca cu nh, ca cng
khng hp l u c th tng thm tc ng xu n mi trng;
- Hin tng dnh thng lu cu nh lm ngp din tch t canh tc nng
nghip (ch yu l t la nc) vn t i ca cc bn lng min ni, nh hng
xu ti mi trng kinh t - x hi trong vng;
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cu nh v cng c th c xy dng bng vt liu a phng, s dng nhn
cng a phng v s em li c hi vic lm cho ngi dn a phng. y l
hng tc ng tch cc n i sng kinh t - x hi ca khu vc thi cng cng trnh;
Nhn chung, cu nh v cng c s dng khi vt qua dng nc c lu lng
nh v c tc ng thng xuyn n hot ng ca cc loi ng vt thu sinh.
Ngc li cu ln v trung c dng vt qua nhng dng nc c lu lng ln
v khng gy nh hng (nh hng rt nh) n cuc sng ca cc loi ng vt thu
sinh v cc h sinh thi thu vc. Do , tu thuc iu kin c th, nn u tin xy
dng cu hn l cng.
Cc cng trnh vt dng nc phi c thit k v thi cng sao cho khng to
thnh h, khng gy ngp lt cc vng t ln cn, khng lm cn tr ngun di c ca
thu sinh vt, do phi tnh n lu lng ca nc.
Khi xy dng cu, cng cn m bo cng trnh c tc ng t nht n mi
trng tip nhn v bo v cho y sng v b sng chng li c xi mn. Trnh
xy dng cng trnh vo ma l, ma cc , c di c, vv... im vt dng nc nn
b tr nhng ni c b n nh, dng nc hp v u tin chn pha h lu, trnh cc
di tch kho c v hn ch im vt.
4.4. Cc tc ng mi trng trong xy dng cng sng v cng bin
4.4.1. Cc tc ng mi trng trc tip
Qu trnh xy dng v khai thc cng sng, cng bin gy ra cc tc ng mi
trng nh sau:
- San lp, ph n to mt bng trong qu trnh xy dng s nh hng n s
dng t, ti nh c, cht lng khng kh, ting n v rung ng,...
- Xy dng bn cng, cu tu, k bo v b, ng ni cng vi trc ng c
v ng ni cng, ng ray ni cng vi ga v ng ray ni cng, kho, xng, cc
vn phng lm vic, h thng cp thot nc v nh v sinh; vn chuyn vt liu xy
dng; bc xp hng ho vo, ra cng,... Cc hot ng ny s gy nh hng n cht
lng khng kh, ting n, rung ng, v cht lng sng ca c dn a phng.
- No vt lung lch dn tu, vng neo tu v vng quay tr tu. Vic no vt
nh k lung dn tu s gy nhim mi trng nc, nh hng n h sinh thi
cng bin v sn lng nh bt thu sn, nh hng n hot ng ng nghip,...
- Hot ng ca cng (bc xp hng ho, vn chuyn hng ho ra vo cng bng
xe ti, tu ho; hot ng ca tu ra vo cng,...), sinh hot ca cn b cng nhn
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------cng, sinh hot ca thu th trong thi gian tu neo u nh hng n np sng x
hi (xu hng cng nghip ho, cng vic, giao tip, bnh ngh nghip,...), nh hng
ti s dng t, phong cnh v du lch, nhim khng kh v nhim nc,...
Trong cc tc ng gy ra bi xy dng v khai thc cng sng v cng bin,
nhim nc v tc ng n h sinh thi nc l vn c bn nht.
4.4.2. Cc tc ng mi trng tim tng
Bn cnh nhng vn mi trng do vic xy dng v khai thc cng sng v
cng bin, vn bi lng cc ca sng v vng ven bin, v c bit cc li vo
cng,... Cc tc ng tim tng n mi trng ca mt d n no vt lung tu v m
tuyn hng hi nh sau:
- Pht trin giao thng thu trong vng mi trng nhy cm ca sng hoc
trong sng c th to ra cc vn mi trng ton vng. Cc tc ng ny ph thuc
vo iu kin a l, a cht, thu vn, sinh thi, mc th ho, cng nghip ho
v phng thc vn chuyn.
- Cc hot ng no vt, b t, bn y c no vt c kh nng gy
nhim mi trng (nc, t, khng kh) cho vng cha bn y. Trong bn y, nht
l vng th, khu cng nghip v vng ca sng hm lng cc tc nhn nhim
c c tnh cao nh kim loi nng, du m, cc hydrocacbon a vng,... thng kh
cao. Do vy, vic no vt v b bn y c kh nng gy nhim mi trng nc,
nh hng n ngun nc s dng cho cp nc sinh hot, thu sn, thu li.
- Hot ng no vt cn lm thay i a hnh y, bc b lp c tr ca ng
vt y, tc ng xu n h sinh thi nc v ngun li thu sn. Ngoi ra vic tng
su, rng ca lung tu c kh nng gy thay i ch thu vn, gia tng xm
nhp mn v c th to iu kin gy bi lng hoc xi l vng xung quanh.
- Vic ci thin tuyn giao thng thu s lm tng mt tu b, t c kh
nng gy nhim ngun nc do cht thi t tu v s c trn du.
Cc tc ng trn (thay i ch thu vn, bi lng, xi l v s c trn du,)
u c th d bo nh lng phng php m hnh ton.
- Vic xy dng v hot ng cng s nh hng n cht lng t v thay i
kh nng s dng t. Vng t bn y s b nhim s lan truyn n vng khc v
n tng nc ngm. Hu qu s l tc ng tiu cc n h sinh thi cn, cy trng,
sc kho con ngi v cht lng nc mt, nc ngm.
- Vic chim dng rng ngp mn hoc bi bi ngp mn xy dng cng s
gy suy thoi h sinh thi ngp mn, gy nhim mi trng v suy gim ngun li
thu sn.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.5. Cc vn mi trng trong thit k cu cng
thit k c mt kt cu c xt ti yu t bo v mi trng cn phi xem
xt mt s tiu ch hn ch cc tc ng. Cc vn mi trng ny c lin quan
ti cc c trng ca kt cu, cc c trng ca dng chy, vic xy dng cng trnh
v cc hu qu khi c s hin din ca cng trnh.
4.5.1. Cc ch tiu mi trng trong thit k cu - cng
a. Tc dng chy ca nc
Cng trnh vt dng nc c th thu hp tit din t, lm gim lu lng nc
chy thng lu, lm tng tc ngay ch vt sng v gy nn nguy c xi mn,
bi lng h lu. Do vy khi thit k phi tun theo cc chun mc sau:
- Vn tc nc ch vt sng phi thp lng sng khng b bo mn, ra
tri v gy ra bi lp h lu;
- ng thi vn tc nc ch vt sng khng b gim qu mc khng gy
ra trm tch ch qua sng;
Tc gy xi mn ph thuc kh nng di y cc vt liu, bng 3.3. di y
cho thy tc di y cc ht trm tch ri khc nhau.
C th hn, mt cng trnh vt dng nc c th to ra mt ro ngn khng cho
c trn dng sng vt qua. khng gy tr ngi cho c qua li, tc d dng chy
trong cng phi tho mn cc iu kin sau:
+ 1,2 m/s vi cng c l < 25m
+ 0,9 m/s vi cng c l > 25 m
+ Nu cng c l > 60m cn phi to nhng ch ngh, c bit l khi tc dng
chy gn vi kh nng bi li ca cc loi c ang xt.
Bng 4.3. Tc di y cc ht trm tch ri khc nhau
Ht trm tch
St
Ct nh
Ct va
Ct th
Si nh
Si va
Si th
nh
ng knh (mm)
0,005
0,25
1
2,5
5
10
15
25
Tc trung bnh (m/s)

0,15
0,3
0,55
0,65
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- va
tng
tng
40
75
100
1,8
2,4
2,7
Ngun: Binesse, 1983

b. dc ca kt cu
dc ln lm tng tc dng chy, cng cng di, dc cng nh. Do vy,
phi dng mt dc cho sut chiu di cng trnh. Cc chun mc chung lm
cng c chp nhn nh sau (khng ph thuc vo ng knh):
- dc ln nht l 0,5% s dng cho dc di trn 25m;
- dc ln nht l 0,5% s dng cho dc di di 25m;
- Nu dc nh hn 0,5%, rt d gy ra cc hin tng lng ng v bi lng,
gy cn tr qu trnh lu thng ca dng nc.
c. Chiu su ca nc
i vi dng chy thng xuyn, chiu su dng nc ch vt lun ln hn
20cm hoc t nht l bng su ca nc ngoi cng trnh. i vi dng chy khng
thng xuyn, chiu su dng nc khng c thp hn tiu chun ny trn ba ngy
lin tip. Do , cn iu tra mc nc thng xuyn, trnh hin tng tr si di
lng sng
d. vi su ca kt cu
Nn vi y cng di cao lng sng cho vt liu d tri vo trong cng
lm tng nhm ca lng sng v gim tc dng chy.
Vi cng trn phi vi 10% chiu cao ca cng di cao dng sng. i vi
cng vung v cng ch nht bng b tng ct thp th phi vi su di lng sng
ti mc 20 30cm. Phi m bo rng, y cng c cao nm di xi ln nht
l 0,5m. Trong trng hp khng m bo vi kt cu th phi c bin php chng
ln, st cng trnh.
e. Kh nng thot nc
Khi thit k cn xc nh chiu di cu m bo thot nc vi tn sut (P)
ln nht sao cho nc thng lu khng b dng ln qu mc cho php.
- Vi P = 1%, ngha l 100 nm xut hin 1 cn l ln;
- Vi P = 2%, ngha l 50 nm xut hin 1 cn l ln;
- Nu P nh, ngha l xut hin l ln nhng trong mt thi gian di;
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Khu thot nc ca cng (L) ph thuc vo lu lng thit k (Q) ng vi
tn sut P. Vit Nam, i vi thit k cu ln yu cu P = 1%, i vi cu trung yu
cu P =2%, i vi cu nh v cng th yu cu P = 4%.
Nu sng c thuyn b i li th phi tnh n mc nc cao nht nc thuyn
khng chm vo y ca kt cu cu. Tnh khng ti thiu l 0,5m. Nu gi cao
y ca kt cu phn trn (dm cu/cng) l H, chng ta c:
- i vi sng thng thuyn: Hy dm > Hthuyn + 0,5m
- i vi sng khng thng thuyn: Hy dm > Hmc nc max + 0,5m, iu ny m
bo cho cc vt ni trn dng nc (cy, rc, vt ni...) tri c.
i vi cng phi thit k theo mc nc v tc thng thuyn khng lm
tr ngi cho c di chuyn. Nn thit k mt cng c nhp ln hn l hai hay nhiu
cng nh trnh nguy c gi li cc vt tri v gim tc ca dng chy.
f. c ca kt cu
c c lin quan ti hm lng cc vt cht l lng trong nc. N c th tc
ng nh vt gy bn v c nh hng n thu sinh vt cng nh gy hi ti h sinh
thi nc. Cc ht l lng khi lng xung s gim lng thc n ca thu sinh vt v
lp i cc bi ca c. Do khi thi cng phi s dng cc bin php, cng ngh thi
cng hin i, hn ch lm bn c cc dng nc.
g. Bi lng trm tch
L s lng cc ht mn (ct v bn) trong lng ca nc. S bi lng ny lm
gim s lu thng nc qua khe h gia cc hn cui. iu ny lm tch t vt liu ti
mt s ch gy tr ngi cho dng chy hoc tch nc ti cc im khng mong mun.
Do phi trnh lm thay i dng chy khng sinh ra cc vng c tc yu c
th sinh ra lng ng.
h. Thu hp dng nc
trnh xi l b sng v lng sng, kt cu mi khng c lm gim chiu
rng hoc lm gim tit din chy. S thu hp dng chy s lm tng tc dng
nc v lm xi mn cc vt liu m trc ang trng thi n nh.
k. Bo v b sng
Khi lm cu cng, iu quan trng l phi bo v cc b sng. phng chng
xi mn v gim lng trm tch a vo dng nc, cn bo v c thm thc vt
v gc cy r trn c ly 20 m dc hai bn b dng nc. Cn hn ch vic nh cy
trong di t dnh cho ng, bi cc cy con s hn ch vic i li ca phng tin
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v thi cc vt liu o c ra b sng. Do , khi phi chn v tr ca cng trnh th
cn xt n kha cnh ny gim thiu xm hi ti hai bn b sng.
l. ng ngm (ng trn)
Nguyn tc chung l cm cc loi phng tin chy trong ng ngm, ng
trn (lng sng, sui) tr khi phc v cho xy dng. Tuy nhin, nu cn phi s dng
hoc a hnh khng cn thit phi xy cu m ch cn xy trn th nn s dng ng
trn tit kim kinh ph u t. Nhng vic xy dng v khai thc phi m bo cc
qui tc sau:
- ng ngm ch s dng trong ma kh v khng thng xuyn;
- Khng c vic nh bt c nhiu pha h lu;
- y dng l gc hoc c cui th;
- ng dn vo ch li qua dng nc c dc rt nh;
- cao mt nc lc phng tin i qua phi tng i thp m bo an
ton cho ngi v phng tin giao thng. Nu mc nc ngp thp hn 0,5 m th cho
thng xe bnh thng. Nu mc nc ngp cao hn 0,5m, phi cm thng xe;
- ng ngm khng c t ch un khc ca dng sng;
Vo ma ma, mc nc dng cao v trn qua ng. Khi , cc phng tin
giao thng khng c i qua ng ngm m phi ch nc rt ht t 8 12 gi mi
cho thng xe. Tn sut thit k ng trn t 8 10%.
Cc ng ngm nn c h thng cc bo phng trng hp nc cao trn
ng th c th nhn bit v tr ca ngm.
m. sng
L ch tiu ch yu ca cng trnh lin quan n vic i li ca c v cc thu
sinh vt khc trong dng nc. Do , khng nn lm cng trnh (cng) qu di v c
ng knh ln v nn ch n v tr t cng.
4.5.2. La chn loi hnh v kch thc ca cng trnh vt sng
Xt v mt mi trng, th t u tin chn cc cng trnh trn ng vt dng
nc nh sau:
1. Cu
2. Cng khng y (vm hoc ch nht)
3. Cng c y (vm hoc ch nht)
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. Cng c tit din elip
5. Cng trn
6. ng ngm qua sng
Khi la chn loi hnh cng trnh vt dng nc, ngoi cc yu t mi trng
cn phi tnh n cc yu t v mt kinh t, k thut v x hi.
a. Cu
Cu c thit k tt s khng to nn nhng thay i v thu lc ca dng nc
v gi c nn t nhin ca dng sng, khng cn tr s hot ng ca ng vt
nc v khng gy xi mn vng ln cn.
Cu c thit k v xy dng khi:
- Dng nc ln;
- B sng dng ng;
- Lng sng c tch t ti ch hay c nhiu lp ;
- C nhiu nguy c b bi lp, dn n ngn dng chy;
Khi thit k cu, cn ch n cc vn sau:
- Cc gi cu phi lm bn trn chu vi t trung bnh trnh b thu hp dng
chy. Trong trng hp c bit, c th thu hp 1/3 chiu rng dng nc nhng phi
thit k cc tng cnh bo v gi v tr.
- Xy dng cu c m nm khu vc t lin trnh b t hoc b xi l phn t
di chn m.
- B mng khng xy qu cao trnh nh hng n vn tc dng nc.
- Nn thit k cu c nhp ln v s tr cu t trnh nh hng n vic i li
ca c v tu thuyn.
- on dn vo cu c dc nh hn 15%.
b. Cng
Khi xy dng cng, phi c gng gim s khc bit v dng chy trong cng v
dng chy t nhin. Cc kiu cng s to ra cc c tnh thu lc v nh hng n
dng chy cng nh hot ng ca ng vt nc.
* Cng khng y (y t nhin)
Cng khng y c tnh cht tng t nh cu (khng c tr) nn khng gy thay
i dng chy v khng lm gim tit din chy.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nu dng nc khng n nh s nh hng n m cng (mt bn b xm nhp
v bo mn, mt bn khng b). Do , khi xy dng cng, nn lm nhng ni c
dng nc n nh v hn ch thay i mt ng trnh hin tng lm cho m cng
b nh hng. Cc yu cu khi xy cng khng y:
- Din tch thot nc ln hn 25km2;
- dc ca dng sng ln hn 5%;
- Ch vt sng cch ca thot nc ca h 500m v pha thng lu hay h lu;
- Thu lc ti ch vt sng khng m bo s i li ca ng vt nc;
* Cng c y
Cng c y lm tng nguy c xi mn v gy cn tr cho vic i li ca c do
vic y cng khc vi nn t t nhin nn lm thay i v tc v chiu su ca
dng chy.
Cng trn lm tng chiu su ca nc trong ma cn v kh nng thot nc
ln nht. Nhng tng tc dng chy vo ma nc ln th d dn n tng nguy c
xi mn. Cng mt mc nc nhng lng nc trong cng vm thp hn, iu
dn n hin tng gim chiu su ca nc trong ma cn. Tuy nhin, iu ny li
khng lm tng tc dng chy ca nc nn t t b xi mn.
Khi nc qu mnh, mun o su ca cng (khng th dng thc) nn s
dng dy c buc mt u vo hn o. Khi lm mt cng trn n, cn vi su
cng thit din chy c dng vm. Nn b tr cng ti cc cao khc nhau khi
mc nc l thp nht th nc trong cng v tr thp hn vn m bo cho c di
chuyn. Khng nn b tr cng ti v tr bng nhau. iu ny dn n nc cn, cng
s khng c nc v c khng di chuyn c. i vi mt s ni cng s b lp bi
rc, t, ..., c th xy ng trn thay th.
4.6. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng trong xy dng CTGT

4.6.1. Cc bin php chung
Cc bin php nhm gim thiu cc tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh xy
dng cc cng trnh giao thng phi p ng c yu cu pht trin kinh t - x hi.
ng thi phi m bo cc vn mi trng khu vc thi cng cng trnh. Hay ni
cch khc, chng ta phi cn nhc khi thc hin mt d n cng trnh giao thng, khi
cng trnh thc hin v i vo khai thc, vn hnh phi m bo hi ho c ba tiu ch
kinh t - x hi - mi trng.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nhng can thip chung nhm gim hoc loi b nhng nh hng tiu cc ci
thin vic ho nhp ca d n h tng giao thng vn ti vo mi trng c xp
theo th t u tin sau:
- Phng trnh: Cc tc ng tiu cc n mi trng cn c phng trnh
mc ti a. Trong nhng trng hp cn thit c th phi thay i tuyn, thay i thit
k, thay i phng php thi cng ...Do vy, vic xc nh sm cc thch thc mi
trng ca tng d n xy dng c s h tng l rt quan trng cho vic xut cc
bin php phng trnh.
- Bin php gim thiu: Nhng tc ng xu n mi trng khng th phng
trnh c cn c gim thiu bng cch p dng nhng bin php thch hp. V d:
trng li rng chng xi mn, ci to khu vc b tc ng, la chn thi im thi
cng ph hp...
- Bin php bi thng: Nhng tc ng xu n mi trng m khng th
phng trnh v gim nh, cn phi tm kim cc bin php bi thng v ti nguyn
thin nhin, v cnh quan phong cnh... Khi d n c nhng tc ng tch cc, c th
khai thc lm cho mi trng sinh li. V d: con ng chy qua khu vc c phong
cnh p, cn u t xy dng tr thnh khu du lch...
4.6.2. i vi cc d n xy dng ng b v ng st
Cc tc ng ca hot ng xy dng cng trnh giao thng n mi trng xut
pht t vic thi cc cht nhim vt qu tiu chun cho php vo mi trng v cc
s c pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng ca d n. Do vy gim thiu cc tc
ng ca d n n mi trng cn phi khng ch nhim t cc ngun thi v hn
ch n mc thp nht kh nng xy ra s c lm nhim mi trng.
Cc bin php gim thiu xut m bo cc nguyn tc sau:
- Cc bin php gim thiu ph hp vi quy m cng trnh v ngun ti chnh
cho php ca d n.
- Cc bin php bo v mi trng c thc thi trong sut qu trnh thit k quy
hoch, trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng h tng k thut v trong qu trnh hot ng d n.
- Cc bin php c bit ch i vi nhng tc ng mi trng kh khc phc
hoc gim nh c.
a. Giai on gii phng mt bng
- Bn thi trong qu trnh gii phng mt bng c vn chuyn n khu vc
thi bng xe c chng. Cc xe vn chuyn cht thi xy dng phi c che chn cn
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------thn nhm hn ch ri vi gy bi, bn dc tuyn ng vn chuyn v trong khu vc
d n.
- Phun nc hng ngy chng bi ti vc khu vc c kh nng pht thi bi cao.
- Hn ch thp nht nhng nh hng ti mi trng xung quanh v sc kho
con ngi trong qu trnh di di, san lp, vn chuyn, vv
b. Giai on thi cng
* V mi trng khng kh:
- Trnh vn chuyn cc loi vt liu xy dng qua cc ng ph trong ni thnh
vo nhng gi cao im.
- Thi gian thi cng phi c la chn (khng vo ma ma) trnh xi mn,
c s c trng trn t mi cng sm cng tt. Xi mn cn c th c gim nh
bng cch gim ti a chiu di, dc v din tch cc mt t l ra. Lp thm thc
vt che ph c chn c tc ln nhanh v l ging c ph hp vi iu kin t
nhin khu vc.
- Trong giai on thi cng, phi b tr cng nhn phun nc trnh gy bi. S
ln ti nc ty thuc vo thi tit. Thng thng vic ti nc c thc hin vo
bui sng (7:008:00), bui tra (12:0013:00) v bui ti (17:3019:00).
- Cc phng tin vn chuyn ph thi, vt liu xy dng phi tun th nghim
ngt theo quy nh. Ph kn xe ti ch t , ti nc nhng b mt ang thi cng.
- Vic trn b tng s c tin hnh cc khu vc cch ly. La chn v tr t
trm trn asphalt khu vc khai thc v cc thit b gy nhim khng kh mt cch
hp l.
- Khng t ngoi tri nhng cht thi c cha du m, ho cht hoc cc cht
hu c.
- Ch n tc v hng gi c bin php trnh cho ct bi v pha cng
trng hay khu nh ca ca dn c.
- S dng thit b kim sot nhim, bo dng v kim tra xe c nh k.
- i vi my mc, thit b thi cng trn cng trng gy bi lm nh hng n
sc kho ngi lao ng, gy tc hi n mi trng xung quanh v ti sn, nht l
i vi mi trng nng thn, nh thu s p dng cc bin php phng trnh cn thit
nh khoanh vng thi cng, ti nc thng xuyn... Cc my trn b tng khng gy
bi c nng tp trung cao hn 50 mg/m3. Khng s dng cc loi my mc, thit b
thi cng lc hu, c, c th gy nhim mi trng khu vc.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bng 4.4. Kh nng lm gim bi ca mt s loi cy
Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
Loi cy
Phng
Du
Liu
Phong
Tn b
Bi cy inh hng
Tng din tch l

86
66
157
171
195
11
Tng lng bi gi trn cy (kg)

4
18
38
20
30
1.3
Trng cy xanh hai bn ng: Kh nng gi bi trn cnh l ca cy l tng

i tt, kh nng ny ph thuc vo c th ca l cy (cng nhm cng bt bi), l to
hay nh, dy hay tha, lm hay tn cy v ph thuc vo thi tit. Cy xanh cng nh
thm c cn c tc dng hn ch ngun bi bay ln t mt t (bng 4.4). Theo tnh
ton, cy xanh c th lm gim nng bi trong khng kh t 20-65%.
* V mi trng nc:
- Gim thiu ngun pht thi, tm hiu mi trng xung quanh, to iu kin cho
sinh vt nc chung sng ho bnh vi d n.
- Dng kt t hoi, tin ti dng thit b x l nc thi, thu hi du m a i
x l, khng c php ra nn hoc xung quanh.
- La chn vt liu t xi mn, gim dc taluy v to thm thc vt, h thng
thot nc hp l.
- Bo v, che ph cc b mt t nhng ni c th b xi mn; trng cy c, lt .
- Khng lm gin on ngun nc, khng lm suy thoi cht lng ngun nc.
- Gim ti a cc tc ng ti ngun nc nh khng ch xi mn, khng ch thi.
- Ci to, no vt h thng thot nc thng xuyn.
- nhng ni c th, cc hot ng xy dng v cc cng trnh nn a xa b
sng to iu kin cho vic lu thng dng chy ti nhng ni him yu, lm nhng
m ngn xi mn bng cc vt liu nh s to ra cc chic by cn v lu di cn
dc tch lu s lm vng chc b sng, em li hiu qu lu di.
- Ph y v thnh rnh bng cc vt liu ht n nh hay bng cy c chng
xi mn.
- Thit k ph hp vi yu cu ca h thng thu li, khi phc h thng ti
tiu sau khi thi cng xong cng trnh nu c yu cu.
* V mi trng t:
- Gim ti a lng cht thi, chn lp cht thi rn.
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thu hi du m a i x l, khng c ra nn hoc mi trng xung quanh.
- Gim ti a vng tc ng.
- B tr v hp l nhng ng v ca thot nc t cc rnh gom nc, dng
hoc btng lt cc rnh nc.
- X l tt vic thot nc trn c s kho st k iu kin ti khu vc cng
trnh. Nn tuyn trnh nhng khu vc a cht khng n nh v dng cc bin
php n nh taluy.
- B tr ni v thu gom, ban hnh v thc hin cc quy nh thu gom, b,
chn lp cht thi rn.
- Cc v tr khai thc ngun nguyn vt liu s dng trong thi cng phi c c
quan qun l ti nguyn cp php.
- Hn ch pht quang lp ph thc vt, trng li cy, phc hi nhanh chng thm
thc vt ti nhng vng t bc chng. Ti to v khi phc cnh quan mt nu
c yu cu.
* V ting n v rung ng:
- Xy dng cc cng trnh gim ting n, bo dng xe c thng xuyn gim
ting n t xe c.
- Gim st ting n v rung ng trn tuyn v ng bin thi cng. S dng cc
phng tin, thit b hon thin m bo tiu chun theo quy nh.
- Cc ngun gy ting n ln c b tr xa ln tri v khu dn c.
- i vi cc thit b v my hng nng c s dng trng thi tt m bo
ting n pht ra l nh nht. Trong trng hp cng trnh phi thi cng vo bui ti
hoc ban m, hn ch nhng cng vic gy ting n ln nh s dng ba hi, my
nn kh, my ng cc.
- B tr hnh thc v thi gian thi cng hp l gim hoc trnh cc hot ng
gy n xy ra vo cc thi im nhy cm nh m, gi hc, gi lm vic v cc hot
ng ti bnh vin khi c th. Nghim cm s dng cc thit b gy ting n ln vo
ban m (22:00~6:00) nh l my ng cc, my nghin, my i, my pht in, my
ca in v my khoan in, xe vt liu, v.v
- S dng thit b c ting n thp hoc cc thit b c trang b b phn gim
m hoc che ph hn ch ting n nh my pht in s dng trn cng trng xy
dng vi b phn gim m hoc hot ng phi ph thuc vo iu kin tnh trng
mi trng khu vc xung quanh.
144
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Khi xy dng cc hng mc cn thi gian thi cng di nh cc kt cu ln, cc
kt cu ln nn c c sn bn ngoi cng trng xy dng v sau chuyn n
cng trng lp rp.
- Sp xp mt bng cng trng xy dng, c gng t cc my mc thit b gy
rung ng xa cc to nh nhy cm.
- Trnh thc hin cc hot ng gy n v rung ng vo ban m;
- C gng s dng cc thit b xy dng gy ting n v rung ng nh trong giai
on xy dng.
- Nu c th, s dng phng php o l v khoan nhi khi xy dng nn mng
cc cu vt v trnh s dng my ng cc khi xy dng nn mng.
- Yu cu cc nh thu phi thng bo cho cng ng thng xuyn trc khi
thc hin cc hot ng gy rung ng ln nhn s thng cm v kin cng ng.
* V kinh t - x hi v sc kho con ngi:
- C cc c ch v bin php c bit gii quyt vn di chuyn dn, m bo
cng bng, hp l v to c iu kin sinh k lu di cho dn.
- Hn ch ti a vic thay th t nng nghip, b tr lch thi cng hp l trnh
cc ma thu hoch.
- Kim tra sc kho nh k v iu tr kp thi cho ngi lao ng ti cng
trng v dn c khu vc d n c kh nng nh hng. Ch trng n cc bnh ngh
nghip ca ngi lao ng. Hun luyn v xy dng cc trm y t ti ch v lu ng
nhm p ng yu cu khm v cha bnh.
- Thit k cc ng r m bo tm nhn, b tr cc im giao ct hp l m
bo an ton giao thng.
c. Giai on vn hnh
- m bo khong khng lu an ton ca tuyn ng.
- Thay th cc nhin liu sch nh gas, in, xng khng ch.
- Lp t cc thit b gim thiu nhim khng kh t ng x ca cc phng
tin giao thng, v d nh h thng hon lu kh x, b cm ng lamda...
- Hn ch s dng cc phng tin qu c khng m bo tiu chun kh thi quy
nh. m bo tc xe chy trn ng nh thit k v nu xe thay i tc v
ng yn th lng kh thi ra cng ln.
- Xy dng v khuyn khch s dng cc phng tin giao thng cng cng.
145
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cm cc phng tin vn chuyn nguyn liu, cht thi, ph thi xy dng chy
qua ng m khng c bin php gim bi.
- Phun nc ra ng hng ngy gim bi.
- Trng cy xanh, thm c dc theo tuyn ng giao thng. y l bin php ti
u v hu hiu nht ti Vit Nam hin nay.
- Hn ch s dng cc phng tin qu c khng m bo tiu chun v ting n
v rung ng.
- Trng cy xanh, thm c dc theo tuyn ng giao thng. Sng m thanh khi
truyn qua cc lm cy s b phn x qua li nhiu ln v nng lng m s gim i r
rt. Di cy xanh dy c rng 10 - 15m c kh nng lm gim ting n t 15 - 18 dB.
4.6.3. i vi cc d n xy dng cu cng
Trong qu trnh xy dng v khai thc cng trnh cu vt sng, vn bo v
v gn gi mi trng l trch nhim ca ngi thit k v nhng ngi xy dng.
gc bo v mi trng, cc d n xy dng cu cn m bo cc yu cu sau:
- m bo vic xy dng kt cu h tng ca cu ct ngang dng nc gy nhiu
lon t nht n mi trng tip nhn v c bit l ni c tr ca cc loi thu sinh;
- m bo y sng v b sng c bo v chng xi mn hn ch ti a s
o ln a bn t nhin ca cc loi thu sinh;
- Trnh xy dng cng trnh vo ma ma l, ma c , ma di c ca c v vo
nhng thi im ny mi trng d b tn thng nht;
- Vic thit k thi cng phi m bo sao cho khng to thnh h, khng gy
ngp lt cho cc vng ln cn, khng to thc hoc chnh cao khng qu ln. Bn
cnh phi trnh lung di c ca c v vy phi tnh n lu lng ma nc;
- im vt dng nc phi b tr nhng ni c b n nh, dng nc hp v
u tin chn v pha h lu so vi bi c v cc ch gy c ging. Phi hn ch ti
a s lng im vt dng v trnh cc di tch lch s hay kho c.
t c cc yu cu trn, cc bin php gim thiu nhim in hnh cho
mt d n xy dng cng trnh vt dng nc bao gm:
* Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng ca my thi cng
- Khng s dng cc loi my thi cng trong phm vi mt ct ngang ca dng nc;
- Khng cho my mc thi cng chy trong khong cch 20m tnh t ng mp
nc gim thiu vic gy nhiu lon cho cc b sng v bo v mi trng nc;
146
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Khi dn quang cc b sng khng n nh v c nguy c xi mn th nn dng
my iu khin bng tay, khng nn dng my c trng lng ln.
* Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh dn cy, pht
quang v no lp t trn mt
- Vic ph cy, dn quang v no lp t trn mt phi lm ngay trc lc bt
u thi cng hn ch thi gian phi t trnh xi mn. Cc cng vic ny phi lm
ngoi ma ma l;
- Khi h cy phi trnh khng cho cy xung nc. Nu b xung th phi
vt ln ngay, khng ko l cy ci trn cc dc ng gn dng nc;
- Cc mnh vn khi cht cy v t phi gom bn ngoi bi bi. Cc vt liu
khi no mt t phi gom mt ch, ni m ma ln v nc thot t nhin khng
to thnh h hoc xi mn vt liu ri mang cc ht trm tch tri xung dng nc.
Khi t cnh cy v vn cy nn thu li thnh ng tro than khng tri xung dng
nc (khong cch ti mp nc phi trn 60m);
* Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh o t
- Cng vic o t xy m v mng cu, phi ngn bng quai cch ly
vi vng thi cng;
- gn khu vc nhy cm v khi iu kin cho php (tnh cht ca nn), dng
cc vn thp tt hn l p nn t hay nn ;
- Khi cn bm ht nc bn trong quai phi x nc vo vng c cy c
gi li cc trm tch trc khi nc chy v dng sng;
- Trong kh nng cho php, cc cht thi hu c v t canh tc b o ra khi thi
cng b sng phi gom li sau ny dng ph li lp mt;
- Khng c o vt liu ht lng sng v bi sng p nn lm quai.
* Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng do qu trnh n mn di nc
- Hn ch n mn di nc. Nn n mn trn mt khong din tch kh quy
bng mt quai;
- bo v mi trng thu sinh khi n mn cn c mt s bin php nhm hn
ch tc ng: Gii hn p lc ca ngun n, trnh thi k quan trng i vi cuc
sng ca c.
* Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh quai, v
knh chuyn dng tm thi
147
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Khi xy dng cu, cng nn cch ly vng xy dng khi dng nc thi cng
kh v trnh lm vn c dng nc. C hai cch to mt bng thi cng kh:
+ quai khng c cng trnh ti dng;
+ Li dng tm thi dng mt con knh;
- u tin dng quai khng li dng trong vic thi cng tr cu v m cu.
- Vic chuyn dng tm thi bng mt con knh c p dng cho vic xy dng
tt c cc loi cng trnh qua dng nc khi a hnh thun li v dng nc khng
ln lm. Vic chuyn dng tm thi c nhiu u im cho vic thc hin cng vic, n
lm gim thiu xi mn v trm tch ko theo, lm d dng cc cng vic thi cng trn
cn m bo s n nh ch lm vic trc khi tho nc tr li v cui cng loi
tr nhng xung t tim n vi nhng ngi s dng mi trng nc. Vic chuyn
dng phi thc hin vo ma nc cn v phi theo ng cc quy phm k thut.
- Cn ch nu phi to mt bng thi cng kh th:
+ Trong mi thi im mt ct dng chy khng c thu hp trn 1/3;
+ Cc vt liu dng xy dng nhng cng trnh tm bng t khng c cha
qu 10% ht mn (lt qua vy 80 microns) bi v chng d l lng trong nc. Tuy
nhin, c th gi li cc vt liu mn bn trong quai bng mt mng vi lc t nhin;
+ Sau khi thi cng xong cc cng trnh ny phi c thu dn trit tr li
cho dng nc tit din ban u theo mt ct dc trng thi t nhin.
* Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng mi trng trong qu trnh lm ho lng,
ging vy, o lng sng mi
- gi li cc vt trm tch khi xy dng c th lm mt ci ho lng hay mt
ci by lng trn ng chy ti h thng rnh ven ng trc khi tin hnh thi cng.
Ho lng nn t gn ni xy dng cng trnh gim chiu di mng dn.
Thng xuyn iu chnh lu lng nc trnh bi lp v khng lm c
dng nc tip nhn, thng xuyn no vt bn, ct v cc loi rc ri b tch t li
trong ho.
- Ging vy mang bn mt cu khi thi cng khng c xm ln qu 1/3 chiu
rng trc ca dng nc. Ging vy bng g phi cho lm kn nc ti a v p
bng mt vt liu ht to trnh xi mn gia cc khc thn cy.
- Nu vic xy dng mt cy cu cn phi o mt lng sng, gim thiu
cc nh hng ca n n mi trng nc, cng vic ny phi tin hnh theo cc
quy tc sau:
148
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Vic o phi tin hnh trn cn hon ton bn ngoi lng ca dng nc
nhm gim thiu xi mn v do s bt trm tch, d tin hnh cc thao tc v m
bo s n nh ca khu vc trc khi tho nc vo.
+ Vic o lng sng phi trnh cc thi k nhy cm ca ng vt thu sinh v
cc im nhy cm ca h sinh thi thu vc.
+ vng c rng, phi ch c bit gi li cc cy v bi cy ven b v chng
c vai tr ht sc quan trng trong vic iu chnh nhit ca nc.
+ nhng khu vc d b xi mn, nh ch sng mi gp dng sng c, ch hp
lu ca dng sng mi vi mt con sui hay mt ci ho phi s dng cc bin php
bo v c hc, nh xp ...
+ ni ho nc vo lng sng va mi o xong th phi c nhng bin
php lc hoc lng t thng lu ca ho (b rm, by lng).
Trng hp c c cn mc li trong khc sng c, s c ny phi bt li ri th
vo khc sng mi o h lu cng trnh. Vic lm ny phi thc hin di s hin
din ca cc i din ca c quan Qun l mi trng.
* Cc bin php qun l vt t tn d
Cc vt t tn d nh cc cht thi rn, cht thi lng cng nh cc mnh vn
khi tho d cng trnh v cc vt liu b i khc cn phi qun l cht khng gy
hi cho mi trng mt cch v ch, phi tun theo mt s quy tc:
- Trong khi thi cng cm vt cc mnh vn xung lng sng, phi c cc bin php
phng nga nh mc li, lm sn hng v tt c cc bin php phng nga khc;
- Cc mnh vn khng s dng trong cng vic ang thi cng phi vo mt
ch theo quy nh;
- Nhng cht gy c cho cc sinh vt di nc nh l ximng, va, xng du
khi s dng phi cn thn trnh lm rt xung dng nc;
- xng v kim tra my mc phi lm cch dng nc trn 15m;
- Kho cha cc vt liu ny phi lm cch dng nc trn 60m.
Bn cnh cc tc ng mi trng c trng, mt d n xy dng cu, cng cn
c cc tc ng ti khng kh, t ai, ting n, rung ng, tng t nh mt d n
xy dng ng b, cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng cng tng t nh trong
d n xy dng ng b.
149
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.6.4. i vi cc d n xy dng cng sng v cng bin
i vi cc d n xy dng cng sng v cng bin, cc bin php gim thiu
cc tc ng n mi trng bao gm:
- i vi v tr d n c kh nng nh hng n h sinh thi nhy cm, ngun
ti nguyn thu sn hoc suy gim cht lng mi trng. Cn thc hin sng lc v
tr cc vng d n, la chn vng d n xa ni c tr, bi chnh ca tm c, c k
hoch gim thiu nh hng n sinh vt hoang d.
- Trong qu trnh thi cng, ting n gy nhim nghim trng. Bin php gim
mc n bng cch gim hot ng no vt vo thi im bui ti.
- Gim c bng cch dng thit b o thch hp, dng mng ngn nc c,
no vt vo thi im dng chy yu.
- C k hoch gim thiu tc ng qua iu tra sinh thi trong giai on quy
hoch d n nhm trnh thay i b mt y gy iu kin khng thch hp cho sinh
vt y.
- Thit k lung ph hp da theo nghin cu thu vn.
- nh gi cc phng n bn, la chn vng t nh hng n i sng sinh vt.
- nh gi mi trng vn ho - x hi, di tch lch s, vv... trong khu vc d n
trc khi no vt.
- Xy dng phng n phng chng s c trn du. o to nhn lc gii quyt
s c.
- Thit k su lung lch ph hp ngn nga xm nhp mn.
i vi cc tc ng mi trng tim tng, cn c bin php thay th nhm trnh
nhng s c v mi trng xy ra khi d n hon thnh. Do cn la chn v tr mi
xy dng cng nhm trnh nhng vn mi trng ng tic xy ra sau khi xy dng
cng. Mt v tr xy dng cng thch hp v mi trng cn t cc tiu ch sau:
+ Cc c trng vt l (gi, thu triu, dng chy, bi lng) m bo vic bo
dng lung tu thun tin;
+ Vng t b bi lng hn ch no nt, duy tu lung tu;
+ Khng nm trong vng bi v ng di tr chnh ca tm c;
+ Yu cu di ri gii to nh ca, cng trnh, ti nh c l ti thiu;
+ Nm ngoi khu vc nui trng, nh bt thu sn, bi tm chnh;
150
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Hot ng ca d n khng gy tc hi xu nghim trng n gi tr ti nguyn
bin v ven b, khng nh hng xu n h sinh thi nhy cm, ni c tr v i
sng ca ng thc vt hoang d;
+ C c s h tng, m bo cp nc, giao thng, trm x l cht thi v c
ngun cung cp nhn lc.
Ngoi ra cn tnh n vic x l () vt liu no vt v y chnh l mt trong
nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy nhim mi trng trong qu trnh thi cng cng. Ph
thuc vo c tnh l, ho v mc nhim, vt liu no vt (bn y, ct si) cn
c x l trc khi a i (nu mc nhim cao). V tr cn xa khu dn c,
vng nui, nh bt thu sn, ngun nc cp. Quan trc thng xuyn qu trnh no
nt v b bn y l yu cu bt buc.
151
Trnh Xun Bu
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TI LIU THAM KHO
1. L Thc Cn (ch bin): nh gi tc ng mi trng - Phng php lun v

kinh nghim thc tin, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, 2000.
2. ng Kim Chi: Ho hc mi trng, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, 2001.
3. Nguyn Th Chinh (ch bin): Gio trnh Kinh t v qun l mi trng, Nh
xut bn thng k, 2003.
4. Hong Kim C (ch bin): K thut mi trng, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k
thut, 2005.
5. Cc Mi trng - UNDP: nh gi tc ng mi trng, ti liu hng dn
ngun nhn lc o to, H Ni, 1997.
6. Dick Hortensius v Mark Barthel: Ni v ISO14001 - gii thiu v b tiu
chun ISO 14000, Bn dch ca Cc Mi trng, 1999.
7. Phm Ngc ng: Mi trng khng kh, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k
thut, 2003.
8. Tng Vn on, Trn c H: K thut mi trng, Nh xut bn gio
dc, 2004.
9. Cao Trng Hin (ch bin): Mi trng Giao thng, Nh xut bn Giao thng
vn ti, 2007.
10. Phm Ngc H - Hong Xun C: nh gi tc ng mi trng, Nh xut
bn i hc Quc gia H Ni, 2004.
11. L Xun Hng: C s nh gi tc ng mi trng, Nh xut bn thng
k, 2006.
12. Hunh Thu Ha - V Vn B: Gio trnh mi trng v con ngi, Trng
i hc Cn Th, 1999.
13. John Glasson, Riki Therivel v Andrew Chadwick: Gii thiu v nh gi tc
ng mi trng, Bn dch ca Cc Mi trng, 1998.
14. L Vn Khoa: Mi trng v nhim, Nh xut bn gio dc, 1997.
15. Trng i hc Giao thng vn ti - Experco International: Bi ging v
nghin cu tc ng mi trng ca cc d n kt cu h tng giao thng vn ti
ng b v ng st, Ti liu o to, 2000.
152

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Bai Giang Moi Truong Xay Dung Giao Thong

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TRNG I HC GIAO THNG VN TI

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

TI LIU THAM KHO

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Hnh 1.1. Cu trc kh quyn

Hnh 1.2. Thnh phn ca thch quyn

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Hnh 1.3. Thnh phn thu quyn trn tri t

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Hnh 1.4. Mi quan h gia cc quyn trong mi trng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Hnh 1.5. Mi quan h gia mi trng v h thng kinh t

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Hnh 1.6. Chui thc n - sinh vt sn xut l ti nguyn ca sinh vt tiu th

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

1.2. H sinh thi

Hnh 1.8 di y m t cu trc ca mt h sinh thi vi mi quan h gia cc

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Sinh vt phn hu:

- Cc cht v c: (C, N, CO2,

Hnh 1.8. Minh ho cu trc mt h sinh thi

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Hnh 1.10. Cu trc h sinh thi ao h

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Thc vt --> hu, nai --> h --> vi sinh vt phn hu

Thc vt --> chut --> rn --> i bng --> vi sinh vt phn hu

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Hnh 1.11. Li thc n ca mt h sinh thi rng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Nu nh dn s ca loi A bt u b gim s gy ra s khan him ngun thc n

C hai loi A v B u l con mi ca loi C trong li thc n, tuy nhin loi A

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Hnh 1.12. Biu n nh ca h sinh thi

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Ti nguyn khng ti sinh

Ti to: kim loi,

Hnh 1.13. Phn loi cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

6 Lin bang Nga

36,723 36,005 35,287 34,498

Theo ti liu ca Maurand th trc nm 1945, nc ta c 14 triu ha rng chim

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

1.4. Mi quan h gia mi trng v pht trin

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

I l tc ng mi trng ca dn s v cc yu t lin quan

c l mc tiu dng bnh qun u ngi

t l tc ng mi trng ca cng ngh tnh trn 1 n v ti nguyn

Bi ging: Mi trng xy dng Giao thng

Pht trin kinh t