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Heat and Mass Transfer PDF
Heat and Mass Transfer PDF
Motivation: In this course, we are primarily interested in heat, which is the form of energy than can be transferred from one system to another as a result of temperature difference. The science that deals with the rates of such energy transfers is called Heat Transfer. Why do we need to undertake a detailed study on heat transfer? After all, we can determine the amount of heat transfer for any system undergoing any process using thermodynamic analysis alone. The reason is that thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another, and it gives no indication about how long the process should take or what is the mode of heat transfer. But engineers are more concerned with the rate of heat transfer than the amount. For example, it is relatively simple to calculate, using principle of thermodynamics, the amount of heat that is transferred when water in a thermos flask cools from 90 C to 60 C. But a typical user is more interested in knowing how quickly the liquid in the thermos bottle cools, and an engineer who designs the thermos tries to understand the mode of heat transfer and then designs the bottle appropriately for low rates of heat transfer. Relevance of heat transfer: In the vernacular of the time, heat transfer is indeed a relevant subject, not to mention an inherently fascinating part of engineering sciences. We will devote much time to acquire an understanding of heat transfer effects and to developing the skills needed to predict heat transfer rates. What is the value of this knowledge and to what kinds of problems may be applied? Heat transfer phenomenon plays an important role in many industrial and environmental problems. As an example, consider the vital area of energy production and conversion. There is not a single application in this area that does not involve heat transfer effects in some way. In the generation of electrical power, whether it is through nuclear fission or fusion, the combustion of fossil fuels, magneto hydrodynamic processes, or the use of geothermal energy sources, there are numerous heat transfer problems that must be solved. These problems involve conduction, convection, and radiation processes and relate to the design of systems such as boilers, condensers, and turbines. One is often confronted with the need to maximize heat transfer rates and to maintain the integrity of material in high temperature environments. On a smaller scale there are many heat transfer problems related to the development of solar energy conversion systems for space heating, as well as for electric power production. Heat transfer processes also affect the performance of propulsion systems, such as the internal combustion, gas turbine, and rocket engines. Heat transfer problem arise in the design of conventional space and water heating systems, in the design of conventional space and water heating systems, in the design of incinerators and cryogenic storage equipment, in the cooling of electronic equipment, in the design of refrigeration and air conditioning systems, and in many manufacturing processes. Heat transfer is also relevant to air and water pollution and strongly influences local and global climate. Highlights: Classification of heat transfer problems: The heat transfer problems typically encountered in practive can be broadly classified into two groups: (1) rating and (2) sizing problems. The rating problems deal with the determination of heat transfer rate for an existing system at a specified temperature difference. The sizing problems deal with the determination of the size
of a system in order to transfer heat at a specified rate for a specified temperature difference. In other words, rating problems deal with an analysis of a given system, while sizing problems deal with the design of a new system for a specified performance. Experimental vs. analytical studies: A heat transfer process or equipment can be studied either experimentally (testing and taking measurements) or analytically (by analysis or calculations). The experimental approach has the advantage that we deal with the actual physical system (or a scaled down model), and the desired quantity is obtained by measurement, within the limits of experimental error. However, this approach is time consuming, expensive and often impossible. For example, the system we are analyzing may not be existing (at the design stage) and hence measurement approach will not be practical at all. The analytical approach (including computational modeling) has the advantage that it is fast and inexpensive, but the results obtained are subject to numerical accuracy and the validity of the assumptions and idealization made in the analysis. Modeling in heat transfer: Over the years, modeling has gradually evolved to become a costeffective alternative to experimentation with respect to engineering design in many cases. The development of advanced computational tools in heat transfer and the increase in computing power which roughly doubles every two years has contributed immensely to the feasibility of solving realistic engineering problems. With modeling approach, the lead time in design and development of equipment can be considerably reduced. How does modeling work? The description of most scientific problems involve expressions that relate the changes in some key variables to each other. Usually, the smaller the increment chosen in the changing variables, the more accurate is the description. In the limiting case of infinitesimal or differential changes in variables, we obtain differential equations that provide precise mathematical formulations for the physical principles and laws by representing the rates of changes as derivatives. Hence, the differential equations are used
A major objective of this learning material is to prepare you to solve engineering problems that involve heat transfer processes. In view of this, several problems are provided and worked out at the end of each module. In working these problems you will gain a deeper appreciation of the fundamentals of the subject, and you will gain confidence in your ability to apply these fundamentals to the solution of engineering problems. It is strongly recommended that the student tries to work out the problems first by himself/herself, before looking at the solutions provided. In solving heat transfer problems, use of a systematic procedure is advocated. Our experience shows that most heat transfer problems can be tackled by a solution procedure characterized by a prescribed format. This procedure has been consistently employed in all the solutions provided, and we require the students to use it in their problem solutions in the future. The general solution procedure consists of the following steps: 1. Known: After carefully reading the problem, state briefly and concisely what is known about the problem. Do not repeat the problem statement verbatim. 2. Find: State briefly and concisely what must be found. 3. Schematic: Draw a schematic of the physical system. If application of the conservation laws is anticipated, represent the required control surface by dashed lines on the schematic. Identify relevant heat transfer processes by appropriately labeled arrows on the schematic. Treat this entire step seriously, as a good picture paints a thousand words! 4. Assumptions: List all pertinent simplifying assumptions. 5. Properties: Compile property values need for calculations, and identify sources from where you obtain the values. Make sure that the source is reliable. 6. Analysis: Begin your analysis by applying appropriate conservation laws, and introduce rate equations as needed. Develop the analysis as completely as possible before substituting numerical values. Check the units before substituting any numerical value. Perform the calculations needed to obtain the desired results. 7. Comments: Discuss your results (even if you are not asked do to so, specifically). Such a discussion may include a summary of key conclusions, a critique of the original assumptions, and an inference of trends obtained. This step will give you additional insights.
Thermodynamics
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