jefri hoskingi

sabWoTa kavSiris istoria

Tqma ar unda, rom XIX s-is Sua wlebisaTvis ruseTi mravali maCvenebliT CamorCenili da ueWvelad TviTmpyrobeluri saxelmwifo iyo. ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, soflis meurneobaSi, vaWrobasa da mrewvelobaSi ruseTi, moyolebuli gviandeli Sua saukuneebidan, dasavleT evropas kudSi misCanCalebda, rac mniSvnelovanwilad aixsneboda monRol-TaTarTa orsaukunovani batonobiT ruseTSi. magram arasworia msjeloba, rom istoria gulisxmobs ganviTarebis mxolod erTaderT gzas. rac Seexeba CamorCenilobas, mas gaaCnda rogorc uaryofiTi, ise dadebiTi maxasiaTeblebi. am CamorCenilobam xalxTa masebi gaxada ufro Semguebeli, sagangebo mdgomareobisadmi ufro ukeTesad Seguebuli da maSasadame, momTmeni. SesaZlebelia, rom swored igi daexmara ruseTis glexobas (Temi) da aseve muSebs (artelebi) erTianobis SegrZnebaSi. meores mxriv, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, ruseTi XIX s-Si SeiZleba CaiTvalos win waweulad Tu am cnebis qveS vigulisxmebT msgavsebas XX s-is dasavleT evropis politikur sistemebTan. es iyo ukiduresad centralizebuli, biurokratizebuli da mravali TvalsazrisiT saero saxelmwifo. misi ierarqiuli sistema mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreboda individuumebis SesaZleblobebiT. misi resursebis mniSvnelovani nawili modioda Tavdacvaze, Tanac gamoiyeneboda mamakacebis sayovelTao savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri, ris gamoc misi roli qveynis ekonomikaSi sul ufro intervencionistuli xdeboda. ufro metic, saxelmwifos oponentebi, radikalebi da revolucionerebi, midiodnen saero utopiis gziTa da altruizmis, gmirobisa da intensiuri TviTmsxverplSewirvis im minarevebiT, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo dasavleT germaniisa da italieli teroristebisaTvis XX s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi. is, rac ruseTSi, bunebrivia, ar iyo, es iyo saparlamento demokratia, Tumca isic Semovida mniSvnelovani doziT da ganviTareba daiwyo 1906 wlidan. rac Seexeba TviTmpyrobelobas, arsebobda sakmaod didi mizezebi, Tu ratom unda darCeniliyo ruseTis mmarTvelobis umTavres politikur normad igi da ratom iyo misaRebi igi ruseTis mosaxleobis udidesi nawilisaTvis. aucilebeli araa ganavrco msjelobebiBbunebiT momdinare rusi xalxis monur mentalitetze, rogorc amas dasavleTSi mravali adamiani akeTebs. pirvel rigSi unda gvaxsovdes ruseTis gaSlili, vake, Ria sazRvrebi, romlebic erTdroulad ruseTis sisustec iyo da siZlierec. siZliere iyo imitom, rom igi rus xalxs aZlevda aRmosavleTiT gavrcelebis saSualebas, ris Sedegadac ruseTma, faqtovrivad, moaxdina mTeli CrdiloeT aziis kolonizacia, moaxdina dedamiwis erTi meeqvsedis okupacia. sisustes warmoadgenda imitom, rom igi xelmisawvdomi iyo TavdasxmebisaTvis aRmosavleTidan, samxreTidan da gansakuTrebiT, gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi, dasavleTidan. am mizeziT yvela rusi mmarTveli umTavres prioritetad ayenebda sakuTari teritoriis dacvas, rac mosaxleobaSi gulmxurvale mxardaWeras poulobda. erovnuli usafrTxoeba marTlacda did rames warmoadgenda, vidre prioriteti, _ es iyo Tavganwirvis grZnoba, romelsac xalxis mxurvale mxardaWeriT yovelive sxva danarCeni msxverplad ewireboda. mocemul viTarebaSi nebismieri sxva xalxic igives moimoqmedebda. magram es imas ar niSnavda, rom ruseTis mmarTvelebi xalxis am usazRvro ndobas borotad ar iyenebdnen; piriqiT, isini saWirod Tvlidnen, rom es kvlavdakvlav moemoqmedebinaT. Zlier xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT, geografiuli da istoriuli mizezebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba aq, praqtikulad, yovelTvis sWarbobda. xalxis mier TviTmpyrobelobasTan TviTgaigivebis sxva mizezi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, ruseTis, rogorc sakuTari TviTSegnebis mqone eris, Camoyalibebis procesi gacilebiT adre daiwyo. XIII s-Si monRol-TaTarTa Semosevebma, rogorc sawinaaRmdego reaqciam, gamoaRviZa Zlieri rusuli erovnuli TviTSegneba, romlis centrsac warmoadgenda rusuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia, erTaderTi erovnuli instituti, romelic katastrofas gadaurCa. ramdenadac religiuri samsaxuri mimdinareobda ara laTinurad, aramed Zvel slavur saeklesio enaze, romelic xalxisaTvis metad axlobeli iyo, amitomac ubralo xalxSi erovnul grZnobebs aq ufro Rrma fesvebi gaaCnda. yovelive aman rusul erovnul xasiaTs SesZina ubralo adamianebis

niSan_Tvisebebi, agreTve TviTSenaxvis instiqti da miwiereba, romelic dRemde iCens Tavs. misi religiuri safuZveli damkvdrda maSinve, rogorc ki ruseTma SesZlo, moskoviis mmarTvelTa wyalobiT, gadaegdoT monRol-TaTarTa uReli. moskovis didma mTavrma Tavisi Tavi gamoacxada mefed (cezarad, aqedanaa rusuli sityva car) da bizantiis imperatoris memkvidred, romelic 1453 w. xelT Cauvarda urwmunoebs. ori romi daeca, mesame Sendeba, meoTxe ki aRar iqnebao. ruseTi gaxda wminda ruseTad, erTaderT WeSmaritad qristianul samefod dedamiwaze. armiis Sesaqmnelad da qveynis dasacavad, rusma mefeebma mTeli mosaxleobisaTvis SemoiRes mkacri samsaxureobrivi ierarqia. Tavadaaznaurebs miecaT miwebi mamulebis an pomesties saxiT, im pirobiT, rom isini Sevidodnen an samoqalaqo an samxedro samsaxurSi, Tanac am ukanasknels unda miniWeboda upiratesoba. maT aseve unda SeegrovebinaT sabrZolo razmi maT qveSevrdomobaSi myofi glexebisagan. amgvarad, TandaTanobiT Camocilebuli iqna Zveli damoukidebeli aristokratia _ boiarebi, xolo glexebi gaxdnen ymebi, romlebic mimagrebulni iyvnen miwaze, romlebic valdebulni iyvnen emsaxuraT Tavisi batonis sasargeblod, exadaT gadasaxadebi da armiisaTvis miewodebinaT rekrutebi. rogorc TavadaaznaurebisaTvis, ise glexebisaTvis maTi sazogadoebrivi statusi da funqciebi sazogadoebaSi ganisazRvreboda saxelmwifo samsaxuriT. sazogadoeba, faqtobrivad, saxelmwifos danamatad iqca. bolos da bolos saxelmwifo samsaxurSi eklesiac iqna Cayenebuli. es procesi daiwyo XVII s-Si, rodesac eklesiis meTaurma, patriarqma nikonma, scada eklesiisaTvis pirvelobis mopoveba RvTismsaxurebaSi im Secdomebis gamosworebis gziT, romlebic saeklesio wignebSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dagrovda da romlebic, misi azriT, akninebda ruseTis marTlmadideblur eklesias sxva eklesiaTa Soris. igi pretenzias acxadebda agreTve masze, rom eklesias saxelmwifoSi ufro mniSvnelovani roli sWeroda. da miuxedavad imisa, rom mefe aleqsi mixeilisZem igi CamoaSora eklesiis xelmZRvanelobas rogorc saSiSi metoqe, reformebi, romlebsac nikoni atarebda, moiwona saeklesio krebam. am reformebma gamoiwvia rigiTi samRvdeloebisa da mrevlis sastiki winaaRmdegoba, romlebic grZnobdnen, rom rusuli rwmenis erTianoba ucxoeTis zegavleniT iSleboda. rusuli erovnuli TviTSegnebis mTeli Zala da gansakuTrebuloba da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli TviTSenarCunebis instiqti gamoamJRavnes e.w. staroverebma, romlebic darCnen Zveli RvTismsaxurebis tradiciebis erTgulni da mzad iyvnen cixisaTvis, gadasaxlebisa da TviT masobrivi TviTmkvlelobebisaTvis, vidre damorCilebodnen sxvis da ucxo tradiciebs. Zvelma rwmenam iarseba 1917 wlis revoluciamde da Semdegac, arTmevda ra oficialur eklesias mis mraval mimdevars, Tanac yvelaze TavgamodebulT. SesaZlebelia am qarizmis yvelaze mniSvnelovani momenti, romlis gadafasebac ruseTis istoriaSi SeuZlebelia, Sedgeba imisagan, rom eklesia gaxda iZulebiT damokidebuli saxelmwifoze am reformebis gatarebaSi. amgvarad gza gaiwminda petre ITvis, romelmac XVIII s-is dasawyisSi gaauqma patriarqati, eklesiis damoukideblobis simbolo da igi Secvala e.w. wminda sinodiT, faqtobrivad saxelmwifo dawesebulebiT, romelsac saTaveSi edga ara samRvdelo, aramed samoqalaqo piri. petrem es gaakeTa imave miznebiT, romliTac xelmZRvanelobda henri VIII inglisSi: Caeyenebina eklesia saxelmwifos mkacri zedamxedvelobis qveS, daemyarebina masSi disciplina da gaexada igi gamosadegi saxelmwifo amocanebis Sesasruleblad, iseTi amocanebisa, rogorebic iyo ganaTleba da ubralo adamianebis socialuri uzrunvelyofa, maTze mamobrivi mzrunveloba. eklesiis mTavari Teoretikosi petres dros, Teofane prokopoviCi, daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom saxelmwifo unda yofiliyo ganuyofeli da eWvmiutaneli umaRlesi xelisufali dedamiwaze, yovelgvari uflebebis mqone, TviT saeklesio RvTiuri kanonebis ganmartebamdec ki. nebismier, naklebad mkafio mowyobas, igi Tvlida saSiSad, vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi ubralo da mimndob adamianebs SeiZleboda gasCenodaT iluzia, rom eklesia maT uWers mxars ajanyebebsa da antisaxelmwifoebriv gamosvlebSi. aseTi saero midgoma saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris urTierTobebis sakiTxisadmi, samoqalaqo areulobis akviatebuli idea, uaRresad axlos iyo imdroindeli mravali evropeli protestanti moazrovnis ideebTan, gansakuTrebiT Tomas hobsTan. dawyebuli am droidan leviaTanis aCrdili gadaefara ruseTs. petre I-ma sxva mravali rusuli tradicia daamsxvria. man sataxto qalaqi moskovidan baltiis zRvis Waobian sanapiroze gadaitana ubralod imitom, rom zRva uzrunvelyofda evropis navsadgurebTan pirdapir kavSirs, romlis progresuli

cxovrebis wesebis gamoyenebasac lamobda petre ruseTis gadasarCenad. axal qalaqSi, sankt-peterburgSi, man sakuTar Tavad-aznaurobas mosTxova mihyolodnen evropul modas yvelaferSi _ ganaTlebidan Cacmulobamde. rodesac zogierTma kariskacebma samefo sasaxleSi uari ganacxades wveris gaparsvaze, romelic rusuli adaT-wesebiT simamacis maCvenebeli iyo, petrem aiRo makrateli da TviTon gakriWa isini. siaxleebi da maTi cxovrebaSi gatarebis uxeSi manerebi, iwvevda Zlier opozicias. staroverebi petres antiqristesac ki uwodebdnen. ekaterine II-m daasrula eklesiis saxelmwifosadmi damorCileba, CamoarTva ra uzarmazari miwis farTobebi, ramac gamoiwvia samRvdeloebis gaRatakeba da maTi damokidebulebis zrda mrevlisagan. samRvdeloeba marTlac gadaiqca daqvemdebarebul wodebad, romelsac ar gaaCnda ganaTleba, arc finansuri damoukidebloba imisaTvis, rom SeenarCunebina gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba, Tundac sulierebis sferoSi. is iyo metnaklebad Caketili socialuri jgufi, ramdenadac mRvdlebis Svilebs ar hqondaT sxva arCevani, garda sasuliero saswavlebelSi swavlis gagrZelebisa da gahyolodnen mamiseul kvals. im drois maRali kultura da politika mniSvnelovanwilad sekularizebuli iyo, inteleqtualuri elita samRvdeloebas naklebad ganaTlebulad Tvlida da brals sdebda crurwmenebis gavrcelebaSi plebsisaTvis saxmarad. eklesiis saxelmwifosadmi damorCileba metad mniSvnelovani movlena iyo. es niSnavda imas, rom wminda ruseTs, romelic aqamde Tavis Tavs acxadebda marTlmadideblobis erTaderT damcvelad, marTavdnen absoluturad saero wesebiT, raSic mraval protestantul saxelmwifosac ki aWarbebdnen. yovelive amis Sedegad ki Camoyalibda TiTqmis agresiuli saero kultura. XIX s-Si rusuli mmarTvelobis xerxebs xSirad uwodebdnen reaqciuls, magram es Sexedulebebi efuZneboda dasavleTevropul politikur sistemebTan zedapirul Sedarebebs. sinamdvileSi, dawyebuli petre I-is droidan, rusuli mTavrobebi iyvnen saSiSad radikalurni gardaqmnebisadmi TavianT miswrafebebSi. es aixsneboda imiT, rom isini ganuwyvetliv grZnobdnen potenciur samxedro safrTxes dasavleT evropis qveynebis mxridan, romlebic mTlianobaSi ukeTesad iyvnen aRWurvilni teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT. pasuxobda ra am gamowvevas, petre pirvelma mravali ram gaiRo msxverplad, rom Seeqmna Zlieri armia da floti, agreTve Tanamedrove samxedro mrewveloba, romelic win uswrebda evropuls, Secvala saxelmwifo administraciuli mowyoba, sagadasaxado sistema, ganaTleba da sxva sazogadoebrivi wesebi. igi Tvlida, rom qveynis mTeli resursebi _ materialuri, kulturuli da sulieri _ saboloo jamSi unda momsaxureboda saxelmwifos sazogadoebis sakeTildReod. misma memkvidreebma gaagrZeles es samuSao, magram gadaawydnen rogorc upiratesobebs, ise sazogadoebrivi institutebis sisusteebsa da naklovanebebs. upiratesobebi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom arc Wirveul Tavadaznaurobas da arc qalaqis aristokratias ar gaaCnda sakmarisi damoukidebloba, raTa win aRdgomodnen monarqis survilebs. naklovanebebi ki imaSi mdgomareobda, rom arsebuli Tavadaznauruli da saqalaqo institutebi (qalaqisa da qveynis elita) xSirad ar iyo sakmaod Zlieri imisaTvis, rom yofiliyo zemodan qvemoT brZanebulebebis gadamcemi rgoli, rogorc es evropis sxva qveynebSi iyo. amgvari meqanizmis ararsebobis gamo mTavrobis RonisZiebebi xSirad ver tardeboda ruseTis uzarmazari sivrceebis gamo. amis gamo, zogierTi rusi TviTmpyrobeli, saxeldobr ekaterine II me-18 s-is dasasrulsa da aleqsandre II me-19 s-is 60-ian wlebSi, Seecadnen sinamdvileSi SeeqmnaT da ganemtkicebinaT is, rasac monteskie Sualedur arsebiTobas uwodebda, e.i. SeeqmnaT TavadaznaurTa da moqalaqeTa TviTmmarTveli krebebi, romlebic pasuxismgebelni iqnebodnen adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaze. sxvebi, magaliTad, pavle I da nikoloz I Tvlidnen, rom es krebebi imoqmedebdnen sakuTari Tavis sasargeblod da gamoiwvevda qveynis daqucmacebulobas da cdilobdnen maTi saqmianobis Seferxebas, maT marTvas saxelmwifo moxeleebis saSualebiT, romlebsac centri akontrolebda. ruseTis imperiis mmarTvelobis istoria, dawyebuli petre I-dan TiTqmis 1917 wlis revoluciamde, aixsneba amgvari meryeobiT adgilobriv avtonomiasa da mkacr centralizebul mmarTvelobas Soris, adgilobrivi elitis mxardaWerasa da misadmi undoblobas Soris. radikaluri inteligenciis gamoCena XIX s-Si garkveulwilad warmoadgenda am daukmayofilebeli urTierTobebis Sedegs. radikalTa umravlesoba warmodgeboda im socialuri fenebisagan, romlisganac mefis mTavroba moxeleebiT avsebda centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis aparats. eseni iyvnen wvrili Tavadaznauroba, RvTismsaxurebi,

samxedro oficrebi da specialistebi. yvela isini, rogorc wesi, gadiodnen im saganmanaTleblo sistemas, rasac saxelmwifo mosamsaxureni. isini aRiarebdnen igive idealebs, rasac biurokratiis nawili, romelsac surda gardaqmnebi: progresi, Tanasworuflebianoba, materialuri keTildReoba yvelasaTvis, privilegiebis gauqmeba. magram iyvnen ra gulgatexilni saxelmwifo samsaxuris ierarqiulobisa da avtoritarulobis gamo, agreTve imiT, rom realoba sruliadac ar Seesabameboda idealebs, isini, rogorc wesi, jer kidev studentobis wlebSi icvlidnen msoflmxedvelobas da iaraRdebodnen revoluciuri ideologiiT. WeSmaritad konservatoruli politikuri Teoriis ararsebobis da damoukidebeli eklesiis mxridan mxardaWeris arqonis pirobebSi ruseTis imperiuli saxelmwifo xSirad aRmoCndeboda-xolme gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi revoluciuri moZraobis aqtivistebTan Sejaxebisas. arsebiTad, saxelmwifos sakuTari idealebi miTvisebul iqna misi oponentebis mier, ris gamoc xelisufleba aRmoCnda imaT mier mitovebuli, romlebsac normalur pirobebSi igi unda dayrdnoboda. TviT dostoevskimac ki, konservatoruli Sexedulebebis mweralma, erTxel SeniSna, rom mas rom scodnoda revolucionerebis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb zamTris sasaxlis afeTqebis Taobaze, igi ar acnobebda am SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb policias imis SiSiT, rom mas CamSvebad CaTvlidnen. sruliadac ar iyo saWiro mogewonebina TviT terorizmi, Tavadaznaurebi da Tavisufali profesiis adamianebi TanaugrZnobdnen teroristebis Sexedulebebs. magaliTad, kadetebis WeSmaritad liberalurma partiam 1906 w. uari ganacxada sajarod daegmo terorizmi, eSinoda ra sazogadoebrivi azris TvalSi sakuTari Tavis diskreditaciisa. amgvarad, revolucionerebma Seqmnes Taviseburi alternatiuli sazogadoebrivi struqtura. es faqtori odnavadac ar aadvilebda praqtikulad im problemebis gadawyvetas, romlebic radikalebis winaSe idga. absoluturad gaugebari iyo, Tu rogor unda mieRwiaT maT TavianTi miznebisaTvis. aleqsandre gerceni, pirveli rusi ukompromiso socialisti, varaudobda, rom axali rusuli sazogadoebis birTvi unda iyos glexuri Temi, magram misi mosazrebebi imis Taobaze Tu rogori unda iyos revolucia da saerTod, saWiro kia amisaTvis revolucia, gamoirCeoda winaaRmdegobebiT. mixeil bakunini moiTxovda, rom erTaderT mniSvnelovan amocanas warmoadgenda xalxis masebis ajanyeba da rom is TavisTavad mospobs borotebas da gaasufTavebs mocemul sazogadoebas da xalxs improvizaciis saSualebas miscems. petre lavrovi, piriqiT, imedovnebda, rom revolucia saerTod ar iqneboda saWiro. igi grZnobda, rom sazogadoebis ganaTlebuli nawili valSia xalxis winaSe, radgan Tavis ganaTlebas igi xalxis mZime Sromas unda umadlodes. man unda gadauxados es vali xalxs imiT, rom unda gavidnen xalxSi da gadascen mas ganaTlebis nayofi, aswavlon xalxs, Tu rogor unda aaSenon maT WeSmaritad humanuri sazogadoeba ori sakuTari struqturis _ mSvidobisa da artelis safuZvelze. XIX s-is 70-ian wlebSi ramdenime aseulma studentma scada praqtikulad xorci Seesxa lavrovis ideebisaTvis, Seiswavles xelobebi da glexurad Cacmulebi gavidnen xalxSi, raTa ecxovrad soflad, emuSavaT, evaWraT da gaevrcelebinaT WeSmariti moZRvreba. umravlesobam, maT Soris glexobam, maT ver gaugo da eWvis TvaliT dauwyo yureba: im dros maTi rwmena mama-mefisadmi jer kidev uryevi iyo, amitomac mravalma studentma-idealistma, romelic xalxSi gavida, Tavisi cxovreba cixeSi daamTavra. maTma warumateblobam da imaTma rwmenam, vinc amtkicebda, rom saWiroa xalxis ajanyeba da Zaladobis gamoyeneba saxelisuflo aparatis dasamxobad, Zala da sakuTari Tavis rwmena Semata maT, visac teroris gamoyeneba surda xelisuflebis xelSi asaRebad. am amocanebis Sesasruleblad aRmocenda organizacia narodnaia volia: 1881 w. man marTlac ganaxorcila warmatebuli Tavdasxma imperator aleqsandre II-ze, magram sxva reJimis damyareba, an Tundac aleqsandres memkvidreebze efeqturi zemoqmedebis moxdena, man ver SeZlo. faqtobrivad es iyo pirosis gamarjveba, romelsac mxolod represiebis gaZliereba moyva. erTi SexedviT ise Canda, TiTqos XIX s-is 80-iani wlebis bolosaTvis revoluciuri moZraoba ruseTSi CixSi Sevida, radgan ar SeeZlo dasaxuli miznebis ganxorcieleba arc mSvidobiani propagandis gziT da arc teroris saSualebiT. swored aseT dros gamoCnda marqsizmi rogorc am rTuli drois panacea. misi pirveli rusi warmomadgeneli giorgi plexanovi saTaveSi Caudga imaT, vinc uari ganacxada brZolis im meTodebze, romlebsac narodnaia volia iyenebda. plexanovi miesalma marqsizms, radgan igi adasturebda mis simarTles gadatrialebis miuReblobaSi: revolucia araviTar

SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo ruseTSi, ubralod imitom, rom iq jer kidev ar iyo momwifebuli revoluciisaTvis obieqturi socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebi. amgvarad, plexanoviseuli interpretacia xazs usvamda marqsizmis deterministuli maxasiaTeblebis mniSvnelobas: igi amtkicebda, rom kapitalizmi jer kidev ar iyo ruseTSi ganviTarebuli, ase rom socialisturi revolucia, aRmocenebuli kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobebis gamo, aq ar SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo. misi azriT, ruseTs jer unda gaevlo kapitalizmis ganviTarebis gza misi Tanmxlebi glexuri Temebis moSliT da msxvili mrewvelobis SeqmniT, radgan swored am procesebs SeuZliaT Seqmnan WeSmaritad revoluciuri klasi _ safabrikosaqarxno proletariati, romelic ar umtyunebs radikalur inteligencias ise, rogorc es glexobam gaakeTa. plexanovma miiRo marqsizmi enTuziazmiT, radgan masSi dainaxa istoriuli procesebis mecnieruli axsna da imis garantiebi, rom revolucionerebi, Tu ki isini mis gzas daadgebodnen, amaod aRar gaflangavdnen TavianT imedebs da maT cxovrebaSi gaatarebdnen. adrindel revolucionrebs ki man dacinviT populistebi uwoda. ruseTis istorikosebi xSirad ganixilaven marqsizms ise, TiTqos igi am qveyanaSi Semovida sabolood Camoyalibebuli, Sinaganad Tanmimdevruli mecnierebis saxiT. sinamdvileSi saqme gvaqvs sul sxva suraTTan. TviT marqsizmi warmoadgens evropuli gamocdilebis nayofs, romelic sakmaod Sors idga yovelive imisagan, rasac ganicdidnen rusi revolucionerebi XIX s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi, kerZod igi Seiqmna 1848-49 ww. safrangeTis revoluciis da sxva evropul amboxebaTa damarcxebebis Sedegad warmoSobili gulacruebis safuZvelze. ufskruli revoluciur molodinsa da momdevno realobas Soris iyo uzarmazari. marqsma ganacxada, rom es imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom revolucionerebi arasaTanado yuradRebas aqcevdnen obieqtur socialur-ekonomikur pirobebs: arsebiTad yvela isini iyvnen socialist-utopistebi. amitomac man socializmis sakuTar nairsaxeobas uwoda mecnieruli. igi amtkicebda, rom proletariati, romelic imJamad ukontrolod swrafad izrdeboda kapitalisturi warmoebis gafarToebasTan erTad, gadalaxavs ufskruls idealsa da realobas Soris. gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli iyo amisaTvis safabriko-saqarxno muSis mdgomareoba, radgan igi erTdroulad iyo istoriis subieqtic da obieqtic: obieqti imitom, rom iyo ekonomikuri kanonebis msxverpli, xolo subieqti imitom, rom esmoda, rom mas araferi ar hqonda dasakargi garda sakuTari borkilebisa da imyofeboda ufro samarTliani da ayvavebuli sazogadoebis warmodgenebis STabeWdilebebis qveS, romelic SeiZleboda aRmocenebuliyo ajanyebis Sedegad. ramdenadac kapitalizmis ucilobeli winaaRmdegobebi sul ufro mZimed awveboda mSromelebs mxrebze, isini aucileblad aRsdgebodnen da daamxobdnen TavianT mCagvrelebs da Seqmnidnen Tavisi gasaWirisagan Tavisufal, ufro samarTlian da humanur sazogadoebas. amgvarad, marqsma gadalaxa, sakuTari Tavisa da Tavisi mimdevrebis gulis gasaxarad, is ufskruli, romelic SemaSfoTeblad ido idealsa da mis ganxorcielebas Soris. ubedureba mxolod imaSi mdgomareobda, rom ar iyo da arc arsebobda aucilebeli kavSiri marqsiseul warmodgenas Soris social-ekonomikuri krizisis gaRrmavebis Sesaxeb, romlis drosac TviToeuls amoZravebs sakuTari materialuri interesebi da harmoniisa da Zmobis im samyaros Soris, romelic unda aRmocenebuliyo revoluciis Sedegad. logikurad rom vimsjeloT, Tu muSebi marTla axdenen revolucias Tavisi ekonomikuri interesebis gavleniT, maSin yvelaze ueWveli Sedegi aseTi revoluciisa unda yofiliyo Semdgomi ekonomikuri brZola, magram axali mepatroneebis winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad amisa, ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom muSaTa revolucia raRac magiuri saSualebebiT mospobda sazogadoebaSi yovelgvar konfliqtebs, didi mowonebiT sargeblobda. igi moCanda rogorc realisturi, ise imavdroulad optimisturic. igi Tavis TavSi aerTianebda erTdroulad mecnierebisa da religiis mimzidvelobas. ai ra qmnida mas esoden momxiblavad ruseTisaTvis, sadac inteligencia didad iyo gawvalebuli Tavisi saeroO saxelmwifosagan, romelmac religiuri prerogativebic ikisra. ueWvelia, rom axalgazrda vladimir ulianovi, anu lenini (saxeli, romliTac igi cnobili gaxda) gaitaca swored marqsizmis am ormagma bunebam. igi imyofeboda Tavisi ufrosi Zmis aleqsandres sikvdiliT dasjis Zlieri STabeWdilebis qveS, 1887 wels imperatoris mosaklavad SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisaTvis. lenins izidavda misi Zmis idealizmi da Tavganwirva, magram, imave dros, mas ar surda Tavisi sicocxle tyuil-

ubralod gaewira. igi ueWvelia, apirebda Zmis kvalis gayolas, romlis mizansac sazogadoebis revoluciuri gardaqmna warmoadgenda. amitomac marqsizmis mecnieruli mxare misTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo. marqsis kapitalis kiTxva, rogorc TviTon mogvianebiT aRiarebda, axali aRmoCena iyo misTvis, radgan eCveneboda, rom iq axsnili iyo revoluciis aucilebloba sazogadoebis evoluciur ganviTarebaSi, Tu ki geyofoda Seupovroba da moTmineba, rom dalodebodi Sesaferis moments. Tavis adrindel naSromebSi leninma gaakeTa sakuTriv ruseTis socialur-ekonomikuri struqturis msgavsi analizi, isaxavda ra miznad eCvenebina, rom kapitalizmi ukve angrevs glexur Tems da rom kapitalizmi da masTan erTad revoluciac gardauvalia ruseTSi. lenini varaudobda, rom ruseTi unda wasuliyo ufro Sors, vidre evropis didi nawili da amitomac plexanovis kvaldakval igi varaudobda revolucias or etapad: 1) burJuaziuldemokratiuli revolucia, rodesac feodaluri sistema, romelic ruseTSi bolomde ar iyo momspari, iqneboda ganadgurebuli kavSiriT liberalur burJuaziasa da muSaTa partias Soris. 2) ufro gviandeli socialisturi etapi, romelic dadgeba Tavis droze, roca kapitalizmi sabolood ganviTardeba, xolo muSaTa klasi simwifes miaRwevs. yovelive amas aucilebeli Rirsebis niSnebi gaaCnda. magram, amasTan erTad, drois TvalsazrisiT igi imdenad iyo gawelili, rom misi sruli realizaciisaTvis saWiro iqneboda uzarmazari moTmineba da TviTSezRudva. amitomac lenini didxans ar SeCerebula Tavdapirvel srul sqemaze da daiwyo gzebis Zebna am ori etapis dasaaxloveblad. ufro metic, mas Taviseburad esmoda sxvaoba mecnierebasa da marqsis winaswarmetyvelebas Soris. igi ar iziarebda Tavisi maswavleblebis rwmenas, rom muSebi avtomaturad Seimecneben Tavis mniSvnelobas arsebul sazogadoebaSi da arc imas, Tu riT damTavrdeboda igi. piriqiT, Tavis naSromSi ra vakeToT? (1902) man gamoTqva saSiSroeba, rom Tavis Tavs minebebul muSebs ar eqnebaT revoluciisaken miswrafeba da ibrZolebdnen ufro SezRuduli miznebisaTvis, iseTebisaTvis, rogorebicaa xelfasis momateba, Sromis pirobebis gaumjobeseba da ufro humanuri mopyroba mepatroneebis mxridan. misma sakuTarma propagandistulma gamocdilebam, romelic man SeiZina sanktpeterburgis fabrika-qarxnebSi XIX s-is 90-ian wlebSi, igi im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom muSebs ar hqondaT da arc SeiZleboda hqonodaT imis Segneba, rom winaaRmdegobebi maT sakuTar interesebsa da mTel Tanamedrove politikur da socialur sistemas Soris gadaulaxavi iyo. es marto ruseTis muSebs ar exeboda: yvela qveynis istoria aCvenebs, rom muSaTa klass Tavis-Tavad SeuZlia mxolod tred-unionisturi Segnebis ganviTareba, e.i. tred-unionebis aucileblad Seqmnis, mewarmeebTan brZolis, mTavrobisagan ama Tu im kanonis miRebis miRwevis rwmena. mxolod mqonebelTa klasis ganaTlebul warmomadgenlebs _ inteligencias SeeZlo srulad gaego realuri, muSaTa zedapiruli saWiroebebisagan gansxvavebuli saWiroebani. imisaTvis, rom ganexorcielebinaT revolucia, saWiro iyo WeSmaritad revoluciuri partia, Semdgari uwinares yovlisa da umTavresad adamianebisagan, romlebic profesiulad arian dakavebulni revoluciuri saqmianobiT. erTi SexedviT sCanda, rom es gamoricxavda muSebs, radgan isini dakavebulni iyvnen fabrika-qarxnebSi profesiuli samuSaoebiT. aseTi iyo marqsistul TeoriaSi susti adgilis leniniseuli yvelaze mniSvnelovani axsna ganmarteba. praqtikaSi lenini arasodes arc ki cdila, rom amgvarad Seeqmna Tavisi partia. magram Teoriulad igi yovelTvis misdevda revoluciuri partiis am gansazRvrebas da mas WeSmaritad revoluciuri Segnebis qvakuTxedad Tvlida. amis gulisaTvis igi mzad iyo kavSiri gaewyvita sxva marqsistebTan, romlebsac sxvagvari Sexedulebebi hqondaT partiis Sesaxeb. yrilobaze, romelic faqtobrivad damfuZnebeli iyo ruseTis social-demokratiisaTvis, briuselsa da londonSi 1903 wels, lenini daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom piradi monawileoba erTerT partiul organizaciaSi yofiliyo ganmsazRvreli kriteriumi partiis wevrobisaTvis. misi mTavari oponenti iuli martovi moiTxovda SedarebiT rbil formulirebas: regularuli piradi mxardaWera erTerTi partiuli oganizaciisa.es gaadvilebda muSebis Sesvlas sruluflebian wevrad partiaSi aralegalurad arsebobis pirobebSic ki. leninma marcxi ganicada konkretulad am sakiTxis gamo kenWisyraSi, magram mTlianobaSi yrilobaze miiRo umravlesobis mxardaWera da swored amitomac miiRo misma fraqciam saxelwodeba bolSevikebi martovis frqciis sawinaaRmdegod, romelic dakmayofilda menSevikebis saxelwodebiT sakiTxi, romelmac warmoSva udidesi ganxeTqileba ruseTis socialdemokratiaSi, moCans rogorc mciredi organizaciuli sofizmi. magram sinamdvileSi aRmoCnda, rom es sofizmi ganasaxierebda ufro Rrma ganxeTqilebas, romelic sul ufro

metad aSoriSorebda erTmaneTisagan bolSevikebsa da menSevikebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi aRmoCnda, rom isini or, sxvadasxva tipis revolucias gulisxmobdnen. menSevikebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen parlamenturi burJuaziuli respublikis Seqmnas, romelSic muSaTa partia ifunqcionirebda rogorc legaluri opozicia manamde, vidre ar gaxdeboda mravaricxovani saimisod, rom xelSi aeRo Zalaufleba. lenini ki sul ufro sulswrafi da mouTmeneli xdeboda, mas ar awyobda moqmedebebis aseTi gawelili programa. mas surda SeekumSa procesi da orive revolucia TiTqmis erTdroulad Caetarebina, miawera ra glexoba (romelic ganaxorcielebda burJuaziul-demokratiul revolucias memamuleebis winaaRmdeg) muSaTa mokavSireebs (romlebic ganaxorcielebdnen socialistur revolucias kapitalistebis winaaRmdeg). magram emigraciidan ruseTSi Tavis saboloo dabrunebamde 1917 wels, man ar gaxsna srulad Tavisi Sexedulebebi am sakiTxis Sesaxeb. leninma rusul marqsizmSi Semoitana populisturi (narodnikuli) tradiciebis elementebi: inteligent-revolucionerTa patara jgufis lideroba, glexobis, rogorc revoluciuri klasis ganxilva, da revoluciis fazebis SemWidroeba. magram populistebs (narodnikebs) Tavisi sakuTari Sexedulebebi hqondaT. isini gamovidnen im prostraciidan, romelSic imyofebodnen XIX s-is 80-iani wlebis miwurulidan da 1901 wlisaTvis Seqmnes sakuTari politikuri partia _ socialistrevolucionerTa (eserebis) partia centriT sazRvargareT emigraciaSi. maTi Teoretikosebi ukve aRar uaryofdnen imas, rom samrewvelo kapitalizmi damkvidrda ruseTSi, magram amtkicebdnen, rom man miiRo iseTi forma, romelic sakmaod gansxvavdeboda marqsis Sexedulebebisagan. jer erTi, igi mkacrad kontrolirdeboda saxelmwifosagan. meorec, mravali glexi jer kidev ar iyo mowyvetili Tavis sofels: isini iyvnen glexi-muSebi da ara proletarebi marqsis gagebiT. socialistrevolucionerebma arsebiTad uari ganacxades raime fundamenturi sxvaobis arsebobis aRiarebaze muSebsa da glexebs Soris: maTi organizacia warmatebiT muSaobda rogorc muSebs, ise glexebs Soris. maT aseve gamoacxades miukerZoebeli brZola narodnaia volias saqmis gagrZelebisaTvis teroris saSualebiT, romelic mimarTuli iqneboda moxeleebis winaaRmdeg. 1901-dan 1908 wlamde maT ganaxorcieles warmatebuli Tavdasxmebi didi mTavarze, ramdenime ministrze da aseulobiT sxva saxelmwifo moxeleze. 1905 wels daiwyo amboxebebi qalaqebsa da soflebSi. isini naklebad iyvnen social-demokratebis an socialist-revolucionerebis mier organizebulni, magram maTi gavlenis qveS imyofebodnen. yvelaze Zlier faqtors aq warmoadgenda muSebisa da glexobis didi da xangrZlivi ukmayofileba, romlebic im dros ruseTis mosaxleobis udides umravlesobas warmoadgendnen. saglexo reformam, romelic aleqsandre II-m gaatara 1861 wels, glexoba gaanTavisufla piradi damokidebulebisagan, magram ar aRmofxvra sxva siZneleebi maT cxovrebaSi, piriqiT, isini sxva faqtorebiT ufro daamZima. maT Soris iyo miwis gamosyidvis aucilebloba, romelsac isini ukve Tavisad Tvlidnen da cnobili ingliseli filosofosis jon lokis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, es marTlac ase iyo, radgan maT am miwaSi didi ofli CaRvares. glexobis Temuri samarTlebrivi TviTSemecneba arasodes ar cnobda kanonierad mefis mier TavadaznaurobisaTvis miwebis boZebas. glexobisaTvis xelaxla naboZebi miwis gamosasyidad, agreTve sxva valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad, mTavrobam isini miajaWva glexur Tems. es socialuri instituti ufro metad miTiuri iyo, vidre seriozuli empiriuli kvlevis sagani ruseTis istoriaSi _ albad imitom, rom mis wevrebs faqtobrivad ar dautovebiaT werilobiTi dokumentebi da imitomac iyo, rom memarjveneebic da memarcxeneebic glexur Temze did imedebs amyarebdnen. mTavroba TemSi xedavda kanonierebisa da wesrigis, aseve primitiuli socialuri usafrTxoebis garants, maSin rodesac revolucionerebi, ZiriTadad xalxosnebi, mas ganixilavdnen rogorc socializmis Canasaxs, romelsac SeuZlia uzrunvelyos rusi xalxis gadasvla realur socializmSi Sualeduri stadiis _ kapitalizmis gavlis gareSe. ruseTSi saTemo krebaze, romelsac eswrebodnen meurneobaTa mepatroneebi, periodulad xdeboda miwebis gadanawileba, rodesac gazrdil ojaxebs umatebdnen miwas (ra Tqma unda valdebulebebis gazrdasTan erTad), xolo aklebdnen miwas im komlebs, romlebmac dakarges wevrebi. meores mxriv, ukrainasa da belorusiaSi arsebobda sruliad sxva wesebi: aq miwa, rogorc wesi, komls gadaecemoda

memkvidreobiT mflobelobaSi da ar warmoadgenda mudmivi gadanawilebis obieqts. orive tipis TemebSi tye, saTibebi da saZovrebi, aseve wyali, saerTo sakuTrebas warmoadgenda. miwaTmflobelobis saTemo sistema, marTalia, warmoadgenda erTgvar dazRvevas Znelbedobis Jams, magram mas realuri ekonomikuri naklovanebebi gaaCnda. yvela glexi valdebuli iyo gamoeyenebina usafrTxo, magram soflis meurneobis warmoebis primitiuli da araproduqtiuli formebi: Ria sammindvriani sistema, gamoyofili nadelebiT. im dros, rodesac glexobis ricxvi swrafad izrdeboda _ daaxloebiT 1861 wlis 55 milionidan 1897 wlis 82 milionamde, _ Temi xels uSlida saTesle fondis gaumjobesebas, niadagis ganoyierebas an meqanizmebis danergvas, radgan miwis dammuSaveblebma ar icodnen _ SerCebodaT Tu ara maT miwis es nakveTi, gadaecemoda Tu ara igi sxvas. soflis meurneobis dabali produqtiuloba mxolod nawilobriv iyo ganpirobebuli saTemo miwaTmflobelobiT. raRac doniT es iyo agreTve urbanizaciis metad dabali doniT gamowveuli. im adgilebSi, sadac dasavleT evropis umetesi raionebis msgavsad, arsebobda qalaqebis mWidro qseli da maT Soris ganviTarebuli komunikaciebi, arsebobda bazari, romelic mzad iyo mieRo sxvadasxva saxis sasoflosameurneo produqcia. ruseTSi am moTxovnilebs pasuxobda mxolod ori _ sanktpeterburgisa da moskovis raionebi. ruseTis sxva danarCen, Tvaluwvdenel sivrceebze glexebi miwas xnavdnen xis saxnisebiT, moyavdaT qeri da Svria da cxovrobdnen dietaze, rogorc amas maSin TviTon ambobdnen. bazarSi isini yiddnen Zalian cotas da isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amas ekonomikuri siduxWire aiZulebda. amitomac, marTalia, ruseTis uzarmazar sivrceze suraTi olqidan olqSi icvleboda, magram naTeli iyo, rom glexobis umravlesoba siRatakeSi cxovrobda, xolo mousavlian wlebSi SimSilobis safrTxis winaSe idgnen da maTi mdgomareoba autaneli xdeboda. 1890 w. ruseTis armiaSi gawveul glexobis 60 procenti gamousadegari aRmoCnda savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurisaTvis janmrTelobis gamo da es xdeboda 1891 wlis SimSilobis win. TviT glexebi Tvlidnen, rom amis mizezi iyo miwis nakleboba, romelsac isini ganicdidnen, arada ufleba hqondaT, rom meti hqonodaT. isini Tavis xsnas mezobel memamuleTa miwis farTobebSi xedavdnen, magram es iluzia iyo: glexuri miwaTmflobelobis saerTo farTobi samjer aRemateboda memauluri miwebis farTobs, amitomac sxvisi qonebis ubralo eqspropriacia sakiTxs ver gadawyvetda. magram 1905 w. glexebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom es ase ar iyo da rom maTi pretenziebi miwebze samarTliani iyo. moqmedebdnen ra erToblivad, isini xelT igdebdnen memamuleTa miwebs da devnidnen memamuleebs. mTavrobas sakmaod didi dro dasWirda, rom qveyanaSi wesrigi daemyarebina. sinamdvileSi ruseTSi agraruli sakiTxis gadaWra ase ubralod SeuZlebeli iyo, rac daadastura kidec ganviTarebuli qveynebis gamocdilebam. mxolod gulmodgine SromiT, miwaTmoqmedebis srulyofisa da soflis meurneobis warmoebaSi mowinave meTodebis moTminebiTi SerwymiT, saxelmwifoSi vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebiT, SesaZlebeli iyo soflad winsvlis miRweva. magram miTi imis Sesaxeb, rom aseTi ubralo gadawyveta arsebobs da rom glexobas ufleba aqvs flobdes mTel miwebs, iyo yvelaze feTqebadsaSiSi faqtori ruseTis politikaSi mefis mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi. petre stolipini, romelic ruseTis premier-ministri iyo 1906-dan 1911 wlamde, cdilobda daewyo soflad situaciis TandaTanobiTi gaumjobesebis procesi, misca ra glexebs Temidan gasvlis, Tavisi miwebis SemoRobvisa da damoukidebeli meurneobis warmoebis saSualeba. magram warmatebuli startis Semdeg aRniSnuli programa mkveTrad daamuxruWa omma da revoluciam. ruseTis muSebi, 1905 w. revoluciuri gamosvlebis meore mniSvnelovani faqtori, aseve uaRresad mousvenarni iyvnen Tavis dasavleTevropel kolegebTan SedarebiT. SesaZloa, es gamowveuli iyo maTi jer kidev mWidro kavSiriT miwasTan. 1861 wlis reformiT, glexi, romelic qalaqSi mudmivad iyo saSovarze wasuli, jer kidev iTvleboda Temis wevrad da kanoniT glexad rCeboda. misi ojaxi iq kvlavindeburad ixdida gadasaxadebs, is kidev regularulad ugzavnida maT fuls, raTa amiT daxmareboda maT am gadasaxadebis gadaxdaSi. savaraudoa, rom Sobis an aRdgomis aRsaniSnavad, is brundeboda ojaxSi an gvian zafxulSi Camodioda, rom mixmareboda ojaxs mosavlis dabinavebis saqmeSi. muSaTa nawili, dasaqmebuli samSeneblo saqmesa an transportSi, qmnida xelosnur kooperativebs an artelebs, romlebic saTaves soflidan

iRebda. zogjer aseTi artelebi iqmneboda mZime mrewvelobaSic. kerZo fabrikebi xSirad xels uwyobdnen kavSirs sofelTan, saidanac isini Rebulobdnen muSaxelis ZiriTad nawils, xolo TviT muSebi xSirad qmnidnen saTvistomoebs, raTa mdgariyvnen erTmaneTis gverdiT da mSobliur sofelTan axlos. im muSebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic qalaSi ramdenime Taobis manZilze cxovrobdnen, es glexi-muSebi ufro mousvenarni iyvnen da hqondaT krizisebis dros amboxebisaken midrekileba. es nawilobriv imiT aixsneboda, rom maTi miwaTmflobeloba soflad maT uqmnida erTgvar dasayrdens da maSasadame, usafrTxoebis ufro amaRlebul SegrZnebas. nawilobriv es kidev imiTac SeiZleba aixsnas, rom qalaqebSi, legaluri profkavSirebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, erToblivi moqmedebebis tradiciebi soflad ufro Zlieri iyo. isini warmoSobdnen agreTve mraval uaryofiT faqtorebs, romlebic qalaqad iqmneboda: Warb mosaxleobas, siZvires, cud samuSao pirobebs da Zaladobas ostatebis mxridan. yovelive es zed edeboda im uaryofiT emociebs, romlebic maT soflidan gamoyva. rogorc istorikosi r.e. jonsoni SeniSnavda soflisa da qalaqis gamRizianeblebis da mikerZoebebis erTmaneTze dadebam da dagrovebam xeli Seuwyo gansakuTrebiT saSiSi feTqebadsaSiSi naerevis warmoSobas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, 1905 wlis gamocdilebam aCvena, rom rusma muSebma krizisis periodSi Seqmnes Tavisi sakuTari institutebi. faqtori, romelmac gamoiwvia afeTqeba am wels, bedis ironiiT, Seqmna mRvdelma gaponma, romelsac monarqiis gadarCena undoda. kvira dRes, 9 ianvars, ruseTis dedaqalaq sankt-peterburgSi man moawyo uzarmazari demonstracia xatebiTa da mefis portretebiT. adamianebi miemarTebodnen zamTris sasaxlisaken peticiiT, romelSic iyo moTxovnebi saarsebo minimumisa da adamianis uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb. jarebma, romlebic qalaqis quCebSi iyo gamoyvanili, am uzarmazari brbos danaxvaze panikaSi Cavardnilebma, cecxli gauxsnes mas. am Setakebis dros daaxloebiT oras kacamde moikla da ufro meti daiWra. am incidents, romelic istoriaSi sisxliani kviris saxelwodebiT Sevida, dramatuli Sedegebi moyva: ufro metad, vidre sxva movlenam, man Searyia xalxis rwmena keTili mefis Sesaxeb. aman moxsna is Sinagani SezRudvebi, romelic xalxs, ZiriTadad glexobas, xels uSlida, rom kanonebis Sesruleba Tavis xelSi aeRo. da ra Tqma unda, am sisxlianma kviram biZgi misca sxva gamosvlebs da uwesrigobebs, romelmac ruseTis umsxvilesi qalaqebi moicva. muSebma pirvelad, Tavis istoriaSi, Seqmnes sakuTari profkavSirebi, romlebic mefis mTavrobam ris vai-vaglaxiT daamtkica. maT aseve Seqmnes muSaTa deputatebis sabWoebi. isini aRmocendnen rogorc sagaficvo komitetebi, romlebic Seiqmna samuSao adgilebze, magram xSirad isini adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis funqciebsac asrulebdnen im qalaqebSi, sadac adgilobrivi administracia paralizebuli iyo gaficvebiT. isini aseve awarmoebdnen molaparakebebs mewarmeebTan da xelisuflebis organoebTan. mokled, maT SeiZines TviTmmarTvelobis xanmokle, magram didi gamocdileba, romelic dauviwyari aRmoCnda muSebisaTvis, radgan warsul droSi maT arasodes ar aZlevdnen organizebis saSualebas sakuTari interesebis dasacavad. masobrivma saxalxo mRelvarebebma SesaZlebloba misca specialistebisa da inteligenciis garkveul fenas wamoeyenebinaT Tavisi moTxovnebi arCeviTi parlamentis an sakonstitucio krebis Sesaxeb, raTa ganesazRvraT ruseTis momavali mmarTvelobis formebi. formirebul iqna politikuri partiebi, romelTagan yvelaze gavleniani aRmoCnda partia konstituciuri demokratebi (SemoklebiT kadetebi), romelsac xelmZRvanelobda moskovis universitetis istoriis profesori p.n. miliukovi. idealis saxiT maT warmodgenili hyavdaT konstituciuri monarqiis britanuli modeli ,an saparlamento respublika safrangeTis msgavsad. bolos da bolos, sayovelTao gaficviT daSinebulma nikoloz II-m, marTalia Znelad, magram mainc dauTmo kadetebs da 1905 w. 17 oqtombers gamoaqveyna manifesti, romliTac igi xalxs amieridan hpirdeboda samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvas da daTanxmda parlamentis _ dumis mowvevas, romelic unda arCeuliyo arapirdapiri, magram sakmaod warmomadgenlobiTi arCevnebis safuZvelze. mis wesdebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rom misi (e.i. dumis _ g.b.) Tanxmobis gareSe ar moqmedebda arc erTi kanoni. am daTmobam nikoloz II-s Tavidan aacila liberalebis opozicia, ris Semdegac man policiasa da jars ubrZana, romlebic loialurni rCebodnen, CaexSoT muSaTa da glexTa gamosvlebi. Tavisi arsebobis ramdenime wlis manZilze duma ganicdida zemoqmedebas mTavrobis mxridan, zogjer ki pirdapir ugulebelyofdnen mas; Tanac igi orjer iqna daTxovnili. miuxedavad amisa, misma arsebobam Zlier Secvala politikuri cxovreba. misi

saarCevno asambleebi warmoadgendnen muSebisa da glexobisaTvis Tavisebur politikur skolas da aqtiurobis gamoCenis saSualebas maSinac ki, rodesac mefis mTavroba cdilobda 17 oqtombris manifestiT gamocxadebul zogierT Tavis dapirebaze uaris Tqmas. meores mxriv, Tavisufali presis arseboba niSnavda, rom mkiTxveli sazogadoeba (maTi ricxvi ki im dros Zalian gaizarda) iRebda gacilebiT didZal informacias politikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb, vidre adrindel wlebSi. yovelive es, mzard ganaTlebasa da 1905 wlis mware gamocdilebasTan, agreTve daCqarebul socialur da ekonomikur cvlilebebTan erTad, potenciurad metad feTqebadsaSiSi iyo. amas isic daemata, rom mefis mTavroba CaTreul aRmoCnda pirveli msoflio omSi. globaluri omebi, Tqma ar unda, kidev ufro metad aSiSvlebs Sinagan politikaSi arsebul naklovanebebs, radgan sasworze yofna-aryofnis sakiTxebia dadebuli. mTavrobam SesZlo dumis gacureba, romelmac Tavi gamoiCina rogorc uniaTom da frTxilma organom, maSin rodesac presa, miuxedavad samxedro periodis cenzurisa, ufro Tavisufali rCeboda, vidre odesme 1905 wlamde. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, rom iarsebebda Tu ara oqtombris manifestiT Seqmnili konstituciuri monarqia, rom ar yofiliyo omi _ Riad rCeboda. ueWvelia, rom omi daemTxva ruseTSi konstituciuri monarqiis arsebobis yvelaze rTul periods: rodesac is jer kidev ar iyo ganmtkicebuli sazogadoebriobis TvalSi, magram ukve itanjeboda imiT, rom ganicdida mkacr kritikas, romelic samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebma gaxada SesaZlebeli. sisxlianma kviram Searyia mefis avtoriteti. mis mdgomareobas kidev ufro metad aryevda xmebi _ gavrcelebuli presis mier, Tumca xSirad mtkicebulebebis gareSe, rom mefis ojaxs komprometirebas ukeTebda wminda pirovneba, saeWvo reputaciis grigori rasputini da rom sasaxle daadga germaniasTan moRalaturi garigebis gzas. rogorc Cveulebrivad TavSekavebulma p. miliukovma aRniSna Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil gamosvlaSi dumis tribunidan 1916 w. noemberSi _ es sisulelea Tu gamyidveloba? am sajaro braldebebis garda, saxeze iyo mimdinare omis bunebrivi siZneleebi: samxedro marcxi, SeiaraRebisa da sursaTis nakleboba _ yovelive es gadaizarda problemaSi, romelmac kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena monarqiis arsebobis sakiTxi. yvelaferi uecrad da politikuri partiebisaTvis moulodnelad dasrulda 1917 wlis TebervalSi, rodesac petrogradSi produqtebisaTvis rigebSi mdgari adamianebis ukmayofileba gadaizarda politikur demonstraciebSi, romlebic moiTxovdnen yovelive imis damxobas, rasac aqamde TviTmpyrobelobas uwodebdnen. rodesac kazakebmac ki, romlebic erTgulad emsaxurebodnen TviTmpyrobelobas, uari ganacxades demonstrantebis garekvaze, nikoloz II misTvis sruliad moulodnelad mixvda, rom mas yvela momxrem zurgi Seaqcia. liberalebi da socialistebi, pirvelad 1905 wlidan moyolebuli, SeTanxmdnen masze, rom monarqia unda daingres. TviT armiis generlebmac ki ver gabedes am moTxovnis winaaRmdeg gamosvla. dumis ori deputati miugzavnes mefes, romelmac 1917 w. 2 marts, fskovTan, sarkinigzo vagonSi, xeli moawera aqts gadadgomis Sesaxeb. rogorc cnobilia, monarqiis damxobam xelisuflebisaken gza gauxsna revoluciur marqsistebs. ruseTi gaxda pirveli qveyana, romelic moeqca marqsisti socialistebis gavlenis qveS. ruseTis mTeli winamorbedi istoriis Suqze albad naTelia, Tu ratom moxda es. qveynis cxovreba sakmaod didi xnis manZilze igeboda gansakuTrebuli avtoritarizmis fundamentze (yovel SemTxvevaSi, 1905 wlamde) da amasTan imyofeboda TiTqosda religiuri ideologiis gavlenis sferoSi, magram es ideologia, gatarebuli saxelmwifo saSualebebiT, kargavda Tavisi sulieri SesaZleblobebis did nawils. am TvalsazrisiT ruseTi momwifda xelisuflebis gadasvlisaTvis sayovelTaod aRiarebul saero ideologiaze, romelsac axasiaTebda iseTi gaurkveveli religiuri obertonebi, rasac warmoadgenda marqsizmi, gansakuTrebiT mis bolSevikur interpretaciaSi. sinamdvileSi ruseTis TviTmpyrobeloba, gansakuTrebiT petre I-dan dawyebuli, warmoadgenda ukve socialisturi mmarTvelobis nimuSs: ideologizirebuli saxelmwifos koncefcias, romlis sasargeblodac sazogadoebis yvela fenas uklebliv da Tanabrad unda emsaxura. magram ruseTSi jer kidev mravali ram unda momxdariyo, rom marqsistuli socializmis am varints gaemarjva.

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oqtombris revolucia ruseTSi politikuri cvlilebebis moulodnelobis maCvenebeli iyo is, rom monarqiis dacemis Semdeg igi erTma ki ara, orma reJimma Secvala. erTis mxriv, politikosebma yofili dumidan Seqmnes droebiTi mTavroba, romelSic wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen jer kadetebi, Semdeg ki menSevikebi da socialist-revolucionerebi. mTavrobas droebiTi ewodeboda imitom, rom mas Tavisi funqciebi unda Seesrulebina damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevamde, romelsac mTeli xalxi airCevda. meores mxriv, petrogradis muSebma (pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg ase gadaarqves saxeli sankt-peterburgs) gamoacocxles maT mexsierebaSi 1905 wlidan arsebuli muSaTa deputatebis sabWoebi da Seqmnes petrogradis sabWo. mas miemxrnen petrogradis garnizonis jariskacebi, romlebic pirvelad monawileobdnen aqtiurad revoluciaSi da maTi saerTo tribuna cnobili gaxda petrogradis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis saxeliT. magram mTavroba da sabWoebi Tavs ikavebdnen brZolisagan erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg da es SemTxveviT ar iyo. droebiT mTavrobas, romelmac saqmianoba daiwyo mefis policiisa da oxrankis gauqmebiT, ar gaaCnda iZulebis qmediTi da efeqturi saSualebebi da amitomac iZulebuli iyo aetana sabWoebi, rogorc xalxis nebis gamomxatveli, gansakuTrebiT did qalaqebSi. samxedro ministri guCkovi aRniSnavda: droebiT mTavrobas ar gaaCnia araviTari realuri Zalaufleba da misi direqtivebi sruldeba imdenad, ramdenadac amis saSualebas iZlevian muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWoebi, romlebsac gaaCnia realuri Zalauflebis yvela arsebiTi elementi, radgan maT xelSia jarebi, sarkinigzo xazebi, fosta da telegrafi. sabWoebis liderebi, Tavis mxriv aRiarebdnen, rom droebiTi mTavroba Sedgeba gamocdili politikosebisagan, rom mas SeuZlia armiis oficrobis loialurobis uzrunvelyofa, kontrevoluciis albaTobis Semcireba da saerTaSoriso aRiarebis miRweva. isini, vinc ufro Teoriul msjelobebs eyrdnoboda, droebiT mTavrobas ufro burJuaziul institutad miiCnevdnen, romelsac sabWoebi muSebis saSualebiT gaakontrolebdnen manamde, vidre SesaZlebeli ar gaxdeboda socialisturi revolucia. droebiTi mTavroba imTaviTve imyofeboda rTul da arasaimedo mdgomareobaSi. igi ar iyo xelisuflebaSi mosuli arCevnebis saSualebiT, magram, amasTan erTad, arc Tavis gamocxadeba SeeZlo Zveli imperiuli mmarTvelobis an dumis memkvidred. Tavadma lvovma, am mTavrobis pirvelma premier-ministrma, ganacxada, rom igi Seqmnili iyo xalxis erTiani revoluciuri enTuziazmiT. es ki metad myife da sust safuZvels warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom droebiTi mTavroba aRmoCnda mdgomareobaSi, rodesac mas ar SeeZlo reformebis gatareba, romelsac xalxi eloda. amis umTavresi xelisSemSleli piroba iyo omi. glexobas SeeZlo dausruleblad moiTxova miwebis gadanawileba Tavis sasargeblod, magram gana SeiZleboda im periodSi miwebis skrupulozurad aRwera, rodesac milionobiT glexi, romelsac ufleba hqonda hqonoda Tavis miwis nakveTi, imyofeboda frontze, Tavis soflisagan sakmaod Sors da gamomdinare aqedan, ar SeeZlo monawileobis miReba am ganawilebaSi. muSebma daiwyes TviTorganizacia fabrikebisa da qarxnebis marTvaSi aqtiuri monawileobisaTvis, magram gana upasuxismgebloba ar iyo am rTuli reorganizaciis gatareba brZolis procesSi samxedro saWiroebisaTvis samrewvelo saqonlis saWiro odenobiT gamoSvebis dros? SeiZleboda Tu ara gaxurebuli omis pirobebSi momaragebis problemis gadawyveta, ramac sabediswero roli iTamaSa mefis mTavrobis yofna-aryofnis saqmeSi? da bolos, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo _ iyo Tu ara Tavsebadi jariskacebis moTxovna sakuTari komitetetebis arCevis da Tavisi danayofebis sameTauro SemadgenlobaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb im disciplinasTan, rac ase aucilebelia frontis wina xazze? vidre omi mimdinareobda arcerTi am sakiTxis gadawyveta ar SeiZleboda seriozuli da damangreveli politikuri konfliqtis gareSe. omis Sewyveta ki TiTqmis SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda (vambobT TiTqmis imitom, rom bolSevikebma bolos da bolos es moaxerxes, magram partiis orad gaxleCis fasad). petrogradis sabWos liderebi cdilobdnen moewyoT omis monawile qveynebis socialistebis konferencia imisaTvis, rom maT aeZulebinaT Tavisi mTavrobebi daTanxmebuliyvnen molaparakebas zavis Sesaxeb uaneqsiod da ukontribuciod. magram inglisisa da safrangeTis mTavrobebma CaSales es gegma, aukrZales ra Tavisi parlamentebis wevrebs am RonisZiebaSi monawileobis miReba.

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alternatiuli SeiZleboda yofiliyo separatistuli zavi germaniasa da avstriaungreTTan, magram es iqneboda kapitulaciis tolfasi da amitomac, vidre droebiTi mTavrobis dReebi ar iyo daTvlili, arcerT mis wevrs ar SeeZlo msgavsi rekomendaciis gakeTeba. amgvarad, omi grZeldeboda. samxedro problemebi Zirs uTxrida droebiT mTavrobis yovelgvar Zalisxmevas axali politikuri sistemis damkvidrebisaTvis manamde, vidre xalxis molodinma, romlebic warmoSva Tebervlis revoluciam, bolos da bolos xelisuflebis saTaveSi bolSevikebi ar moiyvana. TebervalSi mopovebulma Tavisuflebam xeli Seuwyo ubralo adamianebis saocar miswrafebas TviTorganizaciisaken. xSirad amtkiceben, rom rusebi pasiuri xalxia, romelic mieCvia imis Sesrulebas, rasac maT maTi mmarTvelebi ubrZanebeno. sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. ruseTis teritoriis uzarmazari farTobis gamo rusebiT dasaxlebuli mravali adgili rCeboda, yovel SemTxvevaSi XX s-is dasawyisamde, centraluri xelisuflebis gavlenisagan damoukidebeli da iZulebulni iyvnen SeeqmnaT sakuTari wyobileba. magram mTavrobisagan uSualo siaxlovesac ki, misi Zlieri zegavlenis qveS yofnisas, rusebi aRmoCndnen metad moxerxebuli gamomgoneblebi iseTi socialuri formebisa, romelTa Semxedvaresac eqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom isini emorCilebian Tavis mmarTvelebs, sinamdvileSi ki isini marTavdnen saqmeebs, ramdenadac es SesaZlebeli iyo, sakuTari Tavis sasikeTod. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, glexuri Temis mravalsaukunovani safuZveli, romelsac mTavroba yovelTvis ganixilavda xazinisa da armiis Sevsebis wyarod. axla, 1917 wels, Zalmomreobis saxelisuflebo sistemis moulodnelad gaqrobis Semdeg, moxda urTierTdaxmarebis organizaciebis amofrqveva rus muSebSi, glexobasa da jariskacebSi, TiToeuli Tavisi sakuTari, gazviadebuli moTxovnebiT. glexebi Tebervlis revoluciaSi xedavdnen imis gamosworebis saSualebas, rasac isini aswleulebis manZilze gaWianurebul usamarTlobad miiCnevdnen, kerZod, imedovnebdnen im memamuluri miwebis miRebas, romlebsac isini amuSavebdnen. rogorc samaris guberniis glexTa rezoluciaSi iyo naTqvami, @miwa unda ekuTvnodes imaT, vinc mas sakuTari xelebiT amuSavebs da ofliT rwyavs. glexebi mzad iyvnen mxari daeWiraT droebiTi mTavrobisaTvis manamde, vidre igi dakavebuli iyo maTTvis miwebis srulad gadacemis sakiTxebiT. magram gadioda Tveebi, droebiTi mTavroba arafers ar akeTebda da glexobamac mis mimarT dakarga interesi da gadavida pirdapir qmedebebze.. bedis ironiiT mTavroba TviTon daexmara maT im institutis organizebaSi, romelTa wyalobiTac SesaZlebeli gaxda glexobis mier miwebis xelTgdeba. adgilobrivi samiwaTmoqmedo komitetebi, romlebic Seqmnilni iyvnen miwebis aRricxvisa da agraruli reformebis saboloo gatarebisaTvis, sinamdvileSi umdables doneze emorCileboda TviT glexebs da sul ufro meti aqtiurobiT gamodioda memamuluri miwebisxelSi Casagdebad. aseTi SemTxvevebi gaxSirda mas Semdeg, rac armiam daSla daiwyo. tipuri iyo Semdegi scenari: dezertiri frontidan brundeboda Tavis sofelSi da Tan mohqonda ambebi sxva guberniebSi glexobis mier miwebis xelTgdebis Sesaxeb. glexebi ikribebodnen tradiciul saTemo krebebze an adgilobrivi samiwaTmoqmedo komitetebis egidiT, ixilavdnen situacias da Rebulobdnen gadawyvetilebas adgilobrivi memamuleebisaTvis miwis CamorTmevis Sesaxeb. Semdeg isini, yvelani erTad, miemarTebodnen mouravis kantorisaken, iTxovdnen gasaRebebs, acxadebdnen miwas, Sromis iaraRebsa da pirutyvs CamorTmeulad, xolo yofil mepatroneebs aZlevdnen 48 saaTs, rom maT daetovebinaT iqauroba. amis Semdeg isini iyofnen miwas TemSi uZvelesi droidan miRebuli wesiT an SromiTi normis an moxmarebis normis (e.i. miwas iyofdnen an muSaxelis an mWamelTa raodenobis mixedviT) mixedviT _ imis mixedviT, Tu romeli principi iyo mocemul adgilze damkvidrebuli. isini Zaladobas mimarTavdnen maSin, rodesac amas saWirod miiCnevdnen da rodesac situacia kontrols aRar eqvemdebareboda. amasTan, droebiT mTavrobasa da glexobas Soris aucileblad aRmocenda undobloba. igi sul ufro Rrmavdeboda momaragebis samTavrobo politikis wyalobiT. jer kidev mefis mTavrobis dros qalaqis puriT momaragebis saqmeSi aRmocenebuli siZneleebis gamo, Tavisi arsebobis bolo Tveebis manZilze, man SemoiRo monopolia marcvleulis Sesyidvaze fiqsirebul fasebSi. droebiTma mTavrobam sxva gza rom ver gamonaxa, gaagrZela igive politika, Tumca fasebis dagvianebiT gadaxedvam gazrdili inflaciis pirobebSi glexobis didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. saqme iqamde mivida, rom glexobam uari ganacxada marcvleulis Cabarebaze momaragebis xaziT. da ai aq sasoflo ekonomikis CamorCenilobam glexobis sasargeblo roli iTamaSa. glexobisaTvis

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mosaxerxebeli iyo saqalaqo bazarze eyida asanTi, navTi, marili, parafini da meurneobisaTvis saWiro sxva inventari, magram Tu vaWrobis pirobebi maTTvis araxelsayreli iyo, glexebs yovelTvis SeeZlo zurgi Seeqcia bazrisaTvis da dakmayofilebuliyo im primitiuli produqtebiT, romelsac TviTon amzadebda. 1917 w. zafxulsa da Semodgomaze swored am xerxs mimarTes glexebma, roca daubrundnen naturalur meurneobas, uari Tqves bazrisaTvis produqtebis miwodebaze da aRaravis aRar miawodes produqtebi sakuTari soflis farglebs gareT. aqedan moyolebuli ruseTis yvela mTavroba iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewia glexTa Tanamegobrobis izolacionisturi politikisaTvis manamde, vidre 1929 w. da 30-ian wlebSi stalinma uxeSi ZaliT ar daamsxvria soflis amgvari ekonomika. arsad revoluciuri periodis SemoqmedebiTma energiam ise ar iCina Tavi, rogorc im organizaciaTa mravalferovnebaSi, romlebic ruseTis qalaqebSi aRmocendnen. umTavresi adgili, ra Tqma unda, ekava sabWoebs, romelSic petrogradis muSebi gaerTiandnen, rogorc ki 1917 w. TebervalSi miecaT amis saSualeba. magram ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom petrogradis sabWo, an sxva qalaqebis sabWoebi moqmedebdnen TavianTi Tavdapirveli idealebis Sesabamisad. es albad, SeuZlebelic iyo. petrogradis sabWos plenarul sxdomebSi monawileobda sami aTasi wevri da TviT misi aRmasrulebeli komitetic ki gaibera iseT arakontrolirebad raodenobamde, rom misi mravali funqcia gadaeca biuros, romelic ocdaoTxi wevrisagan Sedgeboda, romelSic socialisturi partiebidan TiToeuls SeTanxmebuli warmomadgenlobiTi kvota ekuTvnoda. bunebrivia, rom arsebobda xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobebis profesionali politikosebisa da specialistebis mier dakavebis tendencia, vidre muSebisa da jariskacebis mier. saqme isaa, rom pirdapiri demokratiis SemoRebis mcdelobam gamoiwvia araproduqtiuli qaosi, ase rom, realurad saqmeebi wydeboda mcirericxovani arCeuli moxeleebis ufro maRal sarTulebze. sabWoebis rigiT wevrebSi aman Seqmna imis SegrZneba, rom maT ZaRladac aravin ar agdebda. am ukmayofilebam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa 1917 wlis momdevno ambebSi da SeaiaraRa bolSevikebi im ZaliT, romelmac isini xelisuflebis saTaveSi moiyvana. muSebi cdilobdnen ufro meti Zal_Rone moexmaraT ufro dabali rangis organizaciebSi, romlebic uSualod gamoxatavdnen maT suliskveTebas. zogierT SemTxvevaSi aseT organizaciebad iqceodnen profkavSirebi. magram isini ver Seesabamebodnen swrafad cvlad revoluciur situacias. isini xom warmoadgendnen organizaciebs garkveuli adgilobrivi fesvebiT. iyo agreTve Zlieri nacionaluri organizaciebi. zogierTi maTgani malulad arsebobda jer kidev 1905 wlidan, miuxedavad devnisa. isini Seqmnilni iyvnen sawarmoo principebis mixedviT, e.i. samrewvelo dargebis mixedviT, miuxedavad konkretuli Cvevebis, kvalifikaciis an muSaTa rangisa. es iwvevda imas, rom ierarqiuli ganxeTqilebebi xdeboda kavSirebis SigniT, rac amcirebda maT gavlenas. garda amisa, isini orientirebulni iyvnen funqcionirebaze stabilur ekonomikur da politikur garemoSi, TavianTi wevrebis interesebis dacvaze swored am garemoSi. magram isini ar gamodgebodnen swrafad cvladi garemoebebisa da realuri xelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi. amitomac araa gasakviri, rom menSevikebsa da socialistrevolucionerebs didi gavlena gaaCndaT am kavSirebidan umravlesobaSi, TviT oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdegac. am TvalsazrisiT safabriko da saamqro komitetebi (fabzavkomebi) ukeTesad iyvnen 1917 wlis situaciasTan Seguebulebi. xSirad isini iqmnebodnen iseve, rogorc 1905 w. sabWoebi: isini iqmnebodnen rogorc araformaluri sagaficvo komitetebi Tebervalmartis movlenebis dros, magram amjerad fabrika-qarxnebisa da saamqroebis doneze. sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda ganviTarebuliyvnen isini, diskusiebs iwvevda. mraval socialist-revolucioners da menSevikebis umravlesobas undoda, rom isini dakavebuliyvnen muSebis kulturisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebiT da warmoeCinaT muSaTa sakiTxebi mewarmeebTan molaparakebis dros. magram es, arsebiTad, Secvlida maT statuss, maTgan Seqmnida profkavSirebis raRac adgilobriv ganyofilebebs. meores mxriv, anarqistebsac, sakmaod mcirexniT da bolSevikebsac undodaT, rom safabriko-saqarxno komitetebs marTlac emarTaT fabrikebi da qarxnebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, meTvalyureoba mainc daewesebinaT im zedamxedvelebze, romlebsac aRniSnuli movaleobebis Sesruleba ekisrebodaT. anarqistebi fiqrobdnen, rom amgvarad isini gaxdebodnen TviTmmarTveluri sazogadoebis ujredebi, maSin rodesac bolSevikebi varaudobdnen maT daqvemdebarebas Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi myofi socialisturi sazogadoebis saxelmwifo ekonomikuri administraciisaTvis. magram erTisTvisac da

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meoresTvisac lozungi iyo muSaTa kontroli da isini cdilobdnen petrogradis safabriko-saqarxno komitetebis yrilobis darwmunebas _ mieRoT igi maisis bolos. es iyo pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac oficialurad miRebuli iqna bolSevikuri rezolucia. amgvarad, 1917 w. Tebervlidan oqtombramde safabriko-saqarxno komitetebi aRmoCndnen muSaTa klasis brZolis avangardSi: isini ibrZodnen 8-saaTiani samuSao dRisaTvis, xelfasis momatebisa da Sromis pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis da bolos, es sakiTxi xdeboda yvelaze mniSvnelovani, _ muSaTa kontrolisaTvis. Tavdapirvelad Zalebi mimarTul iqna ostatebisa da moxeleebis winaaRmdeg. arapopularul pirebs muSebi ukravdnen xel-fexs, debdnen urikaze da xalxis SeZaxilebiT gayavdaT isini fabrikis sazRvrebs gareT, rom gadaegdoT romelime axlos Camdinare arxSi an mdinareSi. TandaTanobiT brZola sul ufro exeboda sawarmoTa yofna-aryofnas. Seejaxnen ra aqamde ucnob muSaTa aqtivobas, agreTve ufro Cveul nedleulis, saTbobis da saTadarigo nawilebis naklebobas, mewarmeebma gadawyvites, rom ar Rirs TamaSi da sjobia kapitalis sadme, ufro sando da momgebian sferoSi dabandeba, amitomac daiwyes fabrika-qarxnebis daxurva. muSebi amas lokautad Tvlidnen da iwyes sawarmoebis xelSi Cagdeba da cdilobdnen sawarmoo procesis SenarCunebas sakuTari mmarTvelobis qveS. aRmocenebisTanave zogierTma sabWom da safabriko-saqarxno komitetma Seqmnes Tavisi SeiaraRebuli formirebebi. Seiqmnen ra Tebervlis revoluciis cxel dReebSi, maT miiRes wiTeli gvardiis saxelwodeba. isini sakuTar Tavs uzrunvelyofdnen iaraRiT da tansacmliT an maT gankargulebaSi myofi garnizonis saSualebiT, an ubralod qurdavdnen iaraRis qarxnebs. isini patrulirebdnen safabriko Senobebs da icavdnen wesrigs industriul raionebSi, magram kornilovis amboxebamde agvistos bolos, isini ar TamaSobdnen realur rols politikaSi. am etapisaTvis bolSevikebma, romlebic ukve akontrolebdnen petrogradis sabWos da sxva didi qalaqebis sabWoebs, Tavis samsaxurSi Caiyenes isini rogorc samxedro SenaerTebi sabWoTa samxedro-revoluciuri komitetebis saxiT, raTa winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT samxedro gadatrialebisaTvis. aseTi formiT maT didi roli iTamaSes oqtomberSi bolSevikebis mier Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis saqmeSi. jariskacebi iyvnen frontsa da zurgSi wesrigis damamyareblebi. maTi rwmunebebi ganmtkicebuli iyo sayovelTaod cnobili #1 brZanebiT, romelic miRebuli iqna petrogradis sabWos mier im boboqar dReebSi, jer kidev manamde, vidre Seiqmneboda droebiTi mTavroba. Tavdapirvelad brZaneba gankuTvnili iyo petrogradis garnizonisaTvis, magram male ufro farTod gavrcelda, albad imitom, rom pasuxobda jariskacebis moTxovnebs. igi mouwodebda samxedroebs aerCiaT komitetebi yvela sajariso danayofis saxelmZRvanelod da gaegzavnaT Tavisi deputatebi muSaTa da jariskacTa axal sabWoebSi. jariskacebs brZaneba mouwodebda ecnoT sabWoebi (ufro metad, vidre duma) Tavis politikur xelmZRvanelad. sabrZolo moqmedebebis dros, iseve rogorc adre, isini unda damorCilebdnen oficrebs, komitetebs ki unda gaekontrolebinaT SeiaraRebis sakiTxebi, xolo oficrebs samsaxuris gareT aRar cnobdnen ufrosebad. praqtikaSi ki zogierT qvedanayofSi komitetebma ufro meti Zalaufleba miiTvises, vidre es #1 brZanebiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, kerZod oficrebis arCevisa da gadayenebis ufleba. oficrebis mdgomareoba mTeli 1917 wlis manZilze metad arasaxarbielo iyo. omis bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi frontze didi danaklisis gamo umcros oficerTa did nawils mxolod sul cota xnis winaT hqondaT wodebebi miRebuli, da ramdenadac isini igive socialuri fenidan iyvnen, romelsac maTdami daqvemdebarebulebi ekuTnodnen, ar hqondaT gamocdileba da ar iyvnen TavianT axladSeZenil upiratesobaSi darwmunebulebi. marTalia, zogi maTgani axladSeqmnil situaciaze sakmaod moqnilad reagirebda da advilad poulobda saerTo enas qveSevrdomebTan, magram zogierTebma mTeli sisastikiT daiwyes Tavisi axladmiRebuli rwmunebebis dacva. rac Seexeba ufros oficrobas, maT Soris bevri iyo gamocdili samxedro, romlebsac samsaxuri jer kidev 1914 wlamde hqondaT dawyebuli. magram es is xalxi iyo, romlebic politikas dampal saqmed Tvlida da romelSic isini ver erkveodnen. amitomac gasakviri ar iyo, rom oficerTa korpusis yvela doneze moiZebneboda dasayrdeni Tebervlis revoluciamde periodis disciplonis dabrunebisaTvis. faqtebi cxadyofdnen, rom jariskacebi, gansakuTrebiT frontis wina xazze, rCebodnen patriotebad TviT Tebervlis Semdegac da mtkiced hqondaT gadawyvetili ar daeSvaT germanelebis win waweva ruseTis siRrmeSi. da mainc revoluciam qveSevrdomebs Caunerga imis SegrZneba, rom ar SeiZleboda yvela brZanebisadmi usityvod morCileba.

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sabWoebis samSvidobo programa jariskacebs Soris Tavisuflad gadadioda xelidan xelSi da Caunerga maT rwmena, rom samarTliania mxolod davdacviTi omi. formulireba zavi uaneqsiod da ukontribuciod uaRresad popularuli iyo maTSi. bolSevikebis aqtiuri brZola mSvidobisaTvis maT unergavda rwmenas, rom omi male damTavrdeboda da yvelas SeeZleboda saxlSi dabruneba. am rwmenas kidev ufro metad axelebda bolSevikebis propaganda, romlebic jariskacebSi agzavnidnen agitatorebs, saagitacio furclebs, gazeTebs, romlebic popularizacias ukeTebdnen separatul zavs, romelic unda daedoT mokavSireebisagan damoukideblad. magram yvela es molodini daamsxvria Tavdacvis ministrma kerenskim, romelmac ivnisSi gamoacxada Seteva samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. es dro SerCeul iqna nawilobriv imitom, rom daxmarebodnen mokavSireebs (amboxebebi, romelsac adgili hqonda safrangeTis armiaSi, ufro saSiSi Canda vidre rusuli amboxebebi), agreTve imitom, rom oficrebs imedi hqondaT, rom yovelive es gaaqarwylebda mimdinare movlenebis uazrobas da aRadgenda disciplinas rigiT jariskacebs Soris. magram yvelaferi pirukuRma datrialda. jariskacTa komiteetebi brZanebas Setevis dawyebis Sesaxeb uaRresad skrupulozurad ganixilavdnen: zogierTni uars ambobdnen damorCilebaze, zogierTebi jer midiodnen win,Semdeg ki ukan ixevdnen, rodesac xedavdnen danakargebs. male Seteva marcxiT damTavrda, romelSic ruseTma Tavisi teritoriebic dakarga. aman ki uaRresad mZime daRi daasva armiis suliskveTebas. mTeli qvedanayofebi tovebdnen Tavis poziciebs, Tanac zogan klavdnen oficrebs, romlebsac wesrigis aRdgena surdaT. amis Semdeg amboxebulma jariskacebma xelT igdes satvirTo vagonebi da TviT mTeli matareblebic ki, Semdeg ki iaraRis muqariT aiZulebdnen maT maT Rrma zurgSi gadayvanas. iqidan maT iaraRiT xelSi SeeZloT TavianT saxlebSi dabruneba, raTa, rogorc avRniSneT, monawileoba mieRoT miwebis ganawilebaSi. sagarnizono jaris nawilebi ufro gadamWrelad iyvnen ganwyobilni, vidre frontze myofi regularuli nawilebi. sagarnizono jariskacTa umravlesobas warmoadgendnen axlaxans mobilizebuli glexebi da muSebi, romlebic jer kidev momzadebas gadiodnen da Tavis Tavs aigivebdnen im klasTan, saidanac isini iyvnen warmoSobiT. droebiTi mTavrobis mier petrogradis sabWosTan dadebul xelSekrulebaSi daTqmuli iyo, rom es jarebi ar unda gaegzavnaT frontze, isini unda darCeniliyvnen dedaqalaqSi revoluciis dasacavad. da marTlac, metyviamfrqveveTa polkis uarma frontze gamgzavrebis Sesaxeb, warmoSva ivlisis ambebi petrogradSi, rodesac udisciplino, magram SeiaraRebulma brom gamoiwvia uwesrigobebi dedaqalaqSi. magram am etapzec armia ar iyo sabolood daSlili. zogierTi nawilebi inarCunebdnen loialobas, gansakuTrebiT kazakTa nawilebi TavianTi gansakuTrebuli tradiciebiT da specialuri nawilebi: artileria, kavaleria da sainJinro jarebi. arsad ar iyo jarebi imdenad moSlili, rom Setevaze gadmosul germanelebs Tavi arxeinad egrZnoT. grZnobdnen ra amas, germaniis sardloba akavebda Tavisi jarebis winsvlas, radgan eSinoda, rom didi Seteva SeiZleboda gamxdariyo is faqtori, romelic aaRorZinebda ruseTis armiis moralur suliskveTebas. Tebervlis revoluciis dros, bolSevikebi, yvelaze gazviadebuli monacemebiT, iyo sul raRac 20 aTasi kaci, xolo maTi liderebi mimofantulni iyvnen ruseTSi da an gadasaxlebaSi ivnen, an iyvnen ucxoeTSi. am mizezebis gamo am moulodneli cvlilebebisadmi Segueba maTTvis uaRresad rTuli iyo, vidre sxva partiebisaTvis. maT Soris arsebobda seriozuli ganxeTqilebebi imis Taobaze Tu ra gaekeTebinaT, magram ruseTSi myofi gavleniani figurebi, saxeldobr kamenevi da stalini emxrobodnen sabWoebSi myof sxva socialistur partiebTan TanamSromlobas, raTa Tvalyuri edevnebina droebiTi mTavrobisaTvis. mravali maTgani emxroboda menSevikebTan TanamSromlobasac. sruliad sawinaaRmdego azris iyo lenini. TebervalSi igi jer kidev SveicariaSi imyofeboda. ruseTSi igi dabrunda germaniis umaRlesi mTavarsardlobis daxmarebiT _ specialurad misTvis gamoyofili daplombili vagoniT, germaniisa da SvedeTis gavliT. germanelebi Seecadnen uzrunveleyoT misi dabruneba im imediT, rom igi ruseTSi dabrunebis Semdeg iq areulobebs wamoiwyebda da gaavrcelebda Tavisi separatistuli zavis ideebs. SemdegSi maT daiwyes bolSevikuri partiis dafinanseba, fuls uxdidnen maT gazeTebsa da agitatorebs, romlebic esoden efeqtur muSaobas awarmoebdnen jariskacebsa da muSebs Soris.

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petrogradSi dabrunebulma leninma zizRis niaRvari gadaasxa revoluciuri oboroncebis, droebiTi mTavrobis mxardaWeris da sxva socialistur partiebTan TanamSromlobis ideebs. revoluciis burJuaziuli etapi, amtkicebda igi, ukve damTavrda, dadga dro, rom muSebma Tavis xelSi aiRon Zalaufleba, rac maT sabWoebis saSualebiT SeiZleba gaakeTon. ruseTi calmxrivad unda gamovides omidan da Tan mouwodos yvela meomari qveynis mSromelebs, rom es omi gadaaqcion samoqalaqo omad, aRsdgnen sakuTari mTavrobebis winaaRmdeg. mamulebi dauyovnebliv eqspropriirebul unda iqnan, mTeli danarCeni miwa ki unda iyos nacionalizrebuli da gadaeces sasoflo-sameurneo mSromelebis da glexTa deputatebis sabWoebs. leninis axali programa moulodneloba ar unda yofiliyo imaTTvis, vinc mis naSromebs kiTxulobda 1905 wlidan moyolebuli, magram igi mainc warmoadgenda raRac Semobrunebis moments mis azrovnebaSi. imperializmis Seswavlam igi miiyvana im Sexedulebamde, rom socialisturi revolucia moxdeba msoflio masStabiT sakuTari kolonizatorebis winaaRmdeg koloniuri xalxebis gamosvlis Sedegad. am TvalsazrisiT ruseTi, rogorc yvelaze susti rgoli imperialistur saxelmwifoTa jaWvSi, magram, amasTan erTad, yvelaze Zlieri koloniebidan (im TvalsazrisiT, rom mas eqspluatacias uwevda franguli, germanuli da sxva qveynebis kapitali) iyo bunebrivi adgili,sadac pirvelad unda dawyebuliyo revolucia, magram mas male dasWirdeboda sxva qveynebis mxardaWera, rom revolucia maSinve ar Camkvdariyo. am ideebiT lenini dauaxlovda trockis pozicias, romelic 1905 wlidan moyolebuli qadagebda permanentul revolucias msoflio masStabiT. trockim aRiara leninTan am daaxloebis faqti da zafxulSi bolSevikebs SeuerTda. leninis naazrevSi sxva axal siaxles warmoadgenda rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom imperializmma Seqmna socialisturi revoluciis ekonomikuri wanamZRvrebi _ trestebi da sindikatebi, msxvili bankebi, rkinigzebi, telegrafi da fosta da mas Semdeg, rac imperialisturi saxelmwifo wyobileba daemxoboda, am struqturebiT isargeblebda axali proletaruli saxelmwifo. ramdenadac isini sakmaod rTuli iyo da TviTregulirebadi, saWiro gaxdeba mxolod is, rom isini emsaxurebodnen xalxs da ara eqsploatatorTa mcirericxovan klass, es ki aRricxvisa da kontrolis amocanaa. igi amtkicebda, rom kapitalizmma gaaadvila aRricxvisa da kontrolis muSaobis saqme, igi daiyvana ubralo angariSgebis sistemamde, romelsac nebismieri ganaTlebuli adamiani SeiZleba daufleboda. saqmis amgvari xedva iyo leninis Tavis TavSi darwmunebis faqtobrivi wyaro 1917 wels. rogorc Cans, igi marTla iyo darwmunebuli imaSi, rom sabWoebis meSveobiT ubralo muSebs SeeZlebodaT Zalauflebis xelSi aReba da rTuli ekonomikis marTva. man am xedvas uwoda saxelmwifo-komunuri parizis 1871 wlis komunis msgavsad. es iwvevda garkveul winaaRmdegobebs mis ideologiaSi, ramdenadac parizis komunis wyaros warmoadgenda revoluciuri oboroncobis is tipi, romelsac lenini uaryofda. magram im momentSi es tipi misTvis sasargeblo aRmoCnda, ramac daabnia misi zogierTi oponenti. rogorc ar unda yofiliyo, leninis gaZlierebulma radikalizmma didi gamoxmaureba hpova bolSevikebSi da maisis TvisaTvis mis programis didi nawili miRebul iqna rogorc partiuli politika. Tavdapirvelad bolSevikebis poziciebi axal saxalxo organoebSi sakmaod susti iyo. magram zafxulisa da Semodgomis gulacruebam gamoiwvia is, rom maTSi momuSave delegatebis nawili gadavida bolSevikebis mxareze, axlebi ki arCeul iqna bolSevikuri mandatebis mixedviT. bolSevikebis mimzidvelobis mizezi maT programaSi _ mSvidoba, miwa da puri _ mdgomareobda. droebiTi mTavrobis fonze, romelsac ar SeeZlo omis damTavreba da maSasadame ar SeeZlo miwis reformis gatareba da arc sursaTiT xalxis momarageba, bolSevikebs SeeZloT imis SeTavazeba, rasac iTxovdnen muSebi, glexebi da jariskacebi. amgvari dapirebebiT bolSevikebi xSirad ipyrobdnen auditorias da TandaTanobiT axal saxalxo organoebs. Tavdapirvelad es moxda safabriko-saqarxno komitetebSi da zogierT profkavSirebSi. ivlisis amboxebis Cavardnam da germaniis mier leninisaTvis mxardaWeris sajarod gamJRavnebam gamoiwvia bolSevikebis popularobis droebiTi dacema, magram igi kvlav gamococxlda da kidev ufro metad gaizarda agvistoSi, kornilovis amboxebis dReebSi. es istoria gaxda mravali diskusiis sagani da dResac araa naTeli Tu ra moxda maSin. agvistos bolo kviras generalma kornilovma, romelic ruseTis armiis mTavarsardali iyo, moxsna frontidan ramdenime sajariso nawili da gaagzavna

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petrogradSi, savaraudoa, sabWoebis gasarekad da bolSeviki liderebis dasapatimreblad, da albad samxedro mdgomareobis SemosaRebad. magram misi saqmeebi CafuSa kerenskis (premier-ministri) qmedebebma, romelmac gasca misi dapatimrebis brZaneba, rkinigzeli muSebis saqmianobam, romlebmac jarebis gadaadgilebis blokireba moaxdines, agreTve petrogradis samxreTiT da dasavleTiT sagarnizono jariskacebis moqmedebebma, romlebic uZmobildebodnen kornilovis jariskacebs da arwmunebdnen maT, rom isini ar ibrZodnen simarTlis mxares. umaRlesma mTavarsardalma generalma kornilovma ver gadaitana aseTi damcireba da Tavi moikla. mTel am saqmeSi ucnauria is, rom am ambebamde sul cota xniT adre, kerenskim TviTon daniSna kornilovi armiis mTavarsardlad, albad, armiaSi disciplinis damyarebis imediT. aSkaraa, rom TviT gadatrialebis mcdelobis sawyisi etapebi SeTanxmebuli iyo kerenskisTan, romelmac moulodnelad Secvala Tavisi ganzraxva. mTeli mimdinare movlenebi TiTqosda ganpirobebuli iyo droebiTi mTavrobis mdgomareobis gadauWreli winaaRmdegobebiT. kerenskis surda armiaSi disciplinis aRdgena, raTa SeZleboda omis gagrZeleba, gansakuTrebiT ivnisis Setevis CaSlis Semdeg. magram, imave dros, mas esmoda, rom kornilovis mier SemoTavazebuli winadadebebi: frontze jariskacTa komitetebis daSla, mTeli sisruliT oficerTa Zalauflebis aRdgena, samxedro disciplinis aRdgena zurgis garnizonebSi, iaraRis mwarmoebel qarxnebsa da rkinigzebze _ mas Camoacilebda momxreebs da mokavSireebs sabWoebSi da SesaZloa saxalxo ajanyebac ki gamoewvia, romelsac bolSevikebi aucileblad dauWerdnen mxars. sabolood kerenskim ver SeZlo or skamze erTdroulad jdoma da gadavida sabWoebis mxareze, Tanac es gaakeTa imgvarad, rom kornilovi maqsimalurad daamcira. ueWveli iyo erTi ram: droebiTi mTavrobis am fiaskom dramatulad gazarda warmatebaze bolSevikebis Sansi. umaRlesi mTavarsardloba sruliad dabneuli da demoralizebuli iyo, Tanac aRSfoTebuli droebiTi mTavrobis saqcieliT. aleqseevma, romelmac kornilovi Secvala mTavarsardlis Tanamdebobaze, seqtembris Sua ricxvebSi aRSfoTebulma moiTxova gadadgoma da ganacxada, rom ruseTs armia ar hyavda, xolo Tavis kolega oficrebs uwoda wamebulebi armiis sayovelTao udisciplinobis gamo. da es im dros, rodesac muSaTa miliciis (romelsac amieridan wiTeli gvardia uwodes) statusi da sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba uzomod gaizarda, gansakuTrebiT petrogradSi. seqtembersa da oqtomberSi masSi mravali moxalise Sevida. momxdar movlenebze bolSevikuri Sexedulebebi TiTqosda gamarTlda da praqtikulad yvela saxalxo organo da pirvelyovlisa sabWoebi, mkveTrad gadaixara maT mxares. seqtembris dasawyisSi bolSevikebma umravlesoba miiRes umniSvnelovanes petrogradis sabWoSi, romlis Tavmjdomaredac trocki iqna arCeuli. petrograds male moskovmac mibaZa da aSkara gaxda, rom sruliad ruseTis sabWoebis meore yriloba gamoiwvevda imas, rom bolSevikebi gadaiqceodnen yvelaze did partiad. kornilovis amboxebis msgavsi umciresi gamovlinebis Tavidan asacileblad, petrogradis sabWom 9 oqtombers daaarsa samxedro-revoluciuri komiteti (srk) dedaqalaqis revoluciuri dacvis uzrunvelsayofad rogorc samxedro putCisagan, ise kerenskis mcdelobebisagan, romelsac, rogorc ityobinebodnen, surda qalaqis evakuacia, misi germanelebisaTvis Cabareba (germanelebi ukve imyofebodnen rigaSi, petrogradidan samasi milis manZilze) da maTi xeliT sabWoebis ganadgureba. srk-s Seqmnas mxari dauWires socialistma-revolucionerebma da menSevikebis memarcxene frTam, magram sabWos umravlesobas mainc bolSevikebi warmoadgendnen. axalma organom dauyovnebliv daiwyo wiTeli gvardiis moqmedebaTa koordinacia da brwyinvale oratoris _ trockis meSveobiT cdilobda garnizonebis jaris nawilebi daerwmunebina, rom maT umaRles avtoritetad ecnoT samxedro-revoluciuri komiteti da ara droebiTi mTavroba. mTeli seqtemberi lenini imyofeboda usafrTxo fineTSi (orderi misi dapatimrebis Sesaxeb gamowerili iyo jer kidev ivlisis dReebSi), Semdeg ki saidumlo binaze petrogradSi da iqidan bombavda partiis centralur komitets werilebiT, romlebSic werda, rom dadga ajanyebis momenti. igi amas asabuTebda bolSevikuri umravlesobis arsebobiT sabWoebSi, glexTa amboxebebis zrdiT soflad, petrogradis germanelebisaTvis Cabarebis saSiSroebiT (rac gamoiwvevda parizis komunis situaciis ganmeorebas), xolo saerTaSoriso aspeqtiT _ amboxebebs germaniis baltiis samxedro flotSi. Seqmnili srk mas miaCnda Sesaferis instrumentad xelisuflebis xelSi Casagdebad. da marTlac, swored srk-s Seqmnidan meore dRes, 10 oqtombers leninma

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sabolood daarwmuna Tavisi kolegebi centralur komitetSi, rom dRis wesrigSi dadga SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba. magram TviT am etapzedac ki leninis uaxloes TanamebrZolTa Soris iyvnen skeptikosebi _ saxeldobr zinovievi da kamenevi, bolSevikuri partiis ori uZvelesi wevri. maTi argumentebi yovelTvis iCqmaleboda sabWoTa ostoriografiis mier, magram Rirs maTze dawvrilebiT SeCereba, radgan isini warmoadgenen bolSevikTa erTi nawilis poziciebis saxesxvaobas. isini amtkicebdnen, rom bolSevikebi ufro moigebdnen sxva socialistur partiebTan TanamSromlobiT koaliciur mTavrobaSi, romelsac safuZvlad daedeba sabWoebi, vidre is, rom maT martodmarto emoqmedaT da ecadaT Zalauflebis ZaliT xelSi aReba. glexoba, muSebi, jariskacebi sul ufro metad uWerdnen mxars bolSevikebs da amitomac male isini upiratesobas moipovebdnen sabWoebSi da miiRebdnen adgilebis umravlesobas damfuZnebel krebaSi, romlis arCevnebic axlovdeboda. ra saWiro iyo riskze wasvla da Zaladobrivi gadatrialebis mowyoba, romelic yvelas daaSinebda? misi warmatebiT damTavrebis SemTxvevaSi, maSinac bolSevikebs martos unda etvirTaT pasuxismgebloba uZnelesi amocanebis gadasaWrelad: sasursaTo saqmis gasaumjobeseblad, mrewvelobisa da ekonomikis aRsadgenad da rac yvelaze rTuli iyo _ an unda mieRwiaT dazavebisaTvis germaniasTan, an ewarmoebinaT mis winaaRmdeg revoluciuri omi. amgvari amocanebis gadasaWrelad saWiro iyo koalicia da axla, rac arsebiTia, bolSevikebs SeeZloT mas saTaveSi Cadgomodnen. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba kamaTi imaze, rom zinovievi da kamenevi sxva taqtikas qadagebdnen Tu Ralati edoT gulSi, Tu mxolod imas gulisxmobdnen, rasac meore msoflio omis win da Semdeg saxalxo fronts uwodebdnen.? rogorc ar unda yofiliyo, maTi msjeloba efuZneboda Rrma konceptualur sxvaobas. leninis pozicia iyo utopiuri, apokalipsuri: misTvis bolSevikebi, raRac mistikuri TvalsazrisiT, warmoadgendnen xalxs da Tu isini xelSi Caigdebdnen Zalauflebas, igi faqtobrivad aRmoCndeboda xalxis xelSi. zinovievi da kamenevi, piriqiT, iyvnen praqtikosi politikosebi, romlebic fiqrobdnen imaze, Tu rogor gamoeyenebinaT Zalaufleba realurad. savaraudoa, rom maTi Sexedulebebi emTxveoda sabWoebSi bolSevikTa umravlesobis azrs. maT gaakeTes erTi mniSvnelovani dakvirveba: ramdenadac arCevanis gakeTeba Cvenzea damokidebuli, Cven SegviZlia da unda SemovifargloT TavdacviTi poziciiT. swored aseTi pozicia daikava srk-ma movlenebis dros da SesaZloa, es iyo ajanyebis warmatebaSi gadamwyveti faqtori. imitom, rom Zalauflebis xelTgdeba provocirebuli iyo kerenskis moqmedebebiT, romelmac 23-dan 24 oqtombers gardamaval Rames scada ori bolSevikuri gazeTis daxurva da zogierTi bolSevikis dapatimreba, romlebsac antisamTavrobo agitaciaSi edebodaT brali. trockis iniciativiT samxedrorevoluciurma komitetma amas upasuxa jer gazeTebis gamocemis aRdgeniT, xolo Semdeg sruliad ruseTis sabWoebis meore yrilobis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, romelic momdevno dRes unda gaxsniliyo petrogradSi, srk-s erTgulma sajariso nawilebma daikaves xidebi, sarkinigzo kvanZebi da sadgurebi, xolo momdevno Rames _ telegrafi da saministroebi. lenini gamovida samalavidan da gaemarTa smolnis institutSi, romelic srk-s Stabad iqca, raTa daerwmunebina Stabis wevrebi, rom ar Semofargluliyvnen TavdacviTi RonisZiebebiT, gadasuliyvnen Setevaze da daepatimrebinaT droebiTi mTavroba. yvelaferi swored ase warimarTa lenins gavlenis wyalobiT. srk-ma mouwoda baltiis mezRvaurebs kronStadtsa da helsingforsSi, rom gamosuliyvnen gadatrialebis dasacavad, maSin rodesac kerenskis mowodeba jaris nawilebisadmi droebiTi mTavrobis dasacavad marcxiT damTavrda _ imdenad iyo dacemuli droebiTi mTavrobis avtoriteti armiis oficerTa Soris. TviT kerenski avtomanqaniT gaiqca qalaqidan, rom damoukideblad gaegrZelebina brZola. droebiTi mTavrobis darCenili wevrebi yovelgvari ayal-mayalisa da xmauris gareSe daapatimres 25-dan 26 oqtombers gardamaval Rames. ukve 25 oqtombers leninma SesaZleblad CaTvala gamoeSva proklamacia, romliTac cxaddeboda, rom Zalaufleba gadavida sabWoebis xelSi. magram, rac mniSvnelovani iyo, axal xelisuflebad man miuTiTa ara sabWoebis yriloba an petrogradis sabWo, aramed samxedro-revoluciuri komiteti, romelic saTaveSi Caudga proletariats da petrogradis garnizons. amiT man gangeb miawera xelisufleba organos, romelSic bolSevikebi udides umravlesobas warmoadgendnen. rodesac imave saRamos Seikriba sabWoebis yriloba, menSevikebis da eserebis mravalricxovanma da gavlenianma jgufma, romelSic Sediodnen agreTve sruliad ruseTis sabWoebis pirveli

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yrilobis aRmaskomis wevrebi (yriloba Catarda ivnisSi), dagmo xelisuflebis uzurpaciis es mcdeloba da miatova yriloba, raTa Seeqmna sazogadoebrivi xsnis komiteti da winaaRmdegoba gaewia bolSevikebis erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobisaTvis. menSevikebidan yrilobaze darCa sul mcire nawili, maSin rodesac eserebis mniSvnelovanma nawilma, romelic aseve moiqca, Seqmna socialist-revolucionerebis memarcxene partia, riTac damTavrda da sabolood wertili daesva ganxeTqilebas, romelic faqtobrivad arsebobda bolo Tveebis manZilze. mas Semdeg, rac Zalaufleba aRmoCnda sabWoebis xelSi, logikis mixedviT, is unda ganexorcielebina sruliad ruseTis centralur aRmasrulebel komitets (cak-s), romelic yrilobis mier iyo arCeuli mimdinare saqmeebis sawarmoeblad yrilobebs Soris periodSi da warmoedgina xelisufleba sabWoebis moZraobaSi. masSi, bunebrivia, Sediodnen sxvadasxva socialisturi partiebis warmomadgenlebi. magram leninma gamoacxada, muSur-glexur saxelmwifoSi axali mTavroba iqneboda saxalxo komisarTa sabWo (saxkomsabWo), Taviseburi ministrTa sabWo, romelic mxolod bolSevikebisagan Sedgeboda. samarTlianoba imis aRniSvnasac moiTxovs, rom axal mTavrobaSi memarcxene eserebic iqnen mowveulni, magram maT uari ganacxades im TvalsazrisiT, rom mTavrobaSi sxva socialisturi partiebic unda yofiliyvnen warmodgenilni. leninisa da centraluri komitetis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegad bolSevikebma xelT igdes Zalaufleba sabWoebis droebiTi mTavrobisagan dacvis sababiT, romelsac sabWoebis daxurva undoda. swored am mosazrebiT xelmZRvanelobda xelisuflebis xelTgdebis mravali monawile da mravali maTgani imedovnebda rom Seiqmneboda sabWoebze dafuZnebuli koaliciuri socialisturi mTavroba. aseTi mTavrobis Seqmnis mcdelobas hqonda adgili rkinigzeli muSebis kavSiris (vikJeli) mxardaWeriT, romelic miesalma droebiTi mTavrobis damxobas, magram gmobda Zalauflebis erTpirovnulad bolSevikebis mier xelSi aRebas. vikJelma mouwoda ZiriTadi partiebisa da politikuri organizaciebis warmomadgenlebs mieRwiaT TanxmobisaTvis socialisturi koaliciis Sesaqmnelad. Tavis mowodebis gansamtkiceblad vikJeli imuqreboda gaficvebis mowyobiT rkinigzaze. miuxedavad leninis winaaRmdegobisa, zogierTma bolSevikma liderma miiRo monawileoba am molaparakebaSi, romelzedac ixileboda mTavrobis Semadgenlobidan leninisa da trockis gamoyvanis politikuri Sedegebi. isini SeSfoTebulebi iyvnen imiT, rom axali mTavrobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo sxvisi azrebis ugulebelyofa da despotizmi, magaliTad, arasocialisturi gazeTebis gamocemis akrZalva. 4 noembers xuTi maTgani _ zinovievi, kamenevi, rikovi, nogini da miliutini _ gavidnen partiis centraluri komitetis Semadgenlobidan da ganacxades: Cven ar gvinda pasuxi vagoT centraluri komitetis damRupveli politikis gamo, romelic tardeba muSebisa da jariskacebis udidesi umravlesobis nebis sawinaaRmdegod. sxva bolSevikebi gadiodnen saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Semadgenlobidan im motiviT, rom arsebobs mxolod erTi saSualeba, rom Zalufleba darCes bolSevikuri mTavrobis xelSi: politikuri terori. magram umaRles partiul fenebSi es fronda didxans ar gagrZelebula. vikJelTan molaparakebebma araviTari Sedegi ar gamoiRo _ nawilobriv im obstruqciis gamo, romelic maT leninma mouwyo, nawilobriv ki imis gamo, rom eserebsa da menSevikebs ar surdaT raime sakiTxis ganxilva im partiasTan erTad, romelic presis Tavisuflebas axSobda. partiis centraluri komitetidan gasulma wevrebma, moulodnelad aRmoCndnen ra izolaciaSi, daiwyes xvewna, rom daebrunebinaT isini TavianTi mosazrebebis uaryofis fasad. zinovievi aseT komentars ukeTebda TavianT saqciels: Cven vamjobinebT SevcdeT milionobiT muSasa da jariskacebTan erTad da davixocoT maTTan erTad, vidre ganze gavdgeT movlenebisagan am gadamwyvet istoriul momentSi. es iyo pirveli Se mTxveva im mravalTagan, rodesac moyoymane bolSevikebi uars ambobdnen TavianT mosazrebebze im ubralo faqtis gamo, rom maTi partia imyofeboda xelisuflebis saTaveSi da rom es ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre maTi raRac mosazrebebi. rogorc amis Sesaxeb cnobili amerikeli istoprikosi leonard Sapiro werda opoziciis umTavresi sisuste mdgomareobda imaSi, rom didxans uWerdnen ra mxars ajanyebis politikas, maT ver gaiTvaliswines mosalodneli Sedegebi da grZnobdnen, rom ukve gviania ganze gadgoma. magram am mosazrebis gavrceleba zinovievsa da kamenevze usamarTloba iqneboda, romlebmac sajarod gamoTqves Tavisi mosazrebebi ajanyebis win, magram kargad asaxavda im ZiriTad siZneleebs, romlebic idga leninTan uTanxmoebaSi myofi bolSevikebis winaSe.

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am movlenebis dros vikJeli uZluri aRmoCnda moexdina rkinigzeli muSebis mobilizacia gaficvis Sesaxeb muqaris moqmedebaSi mosayvanad. Tavis mxriv leninma gadawyvita raRacnairad gaefarTovebina da ganemtkicebina Tavisi reJimis safuZvlebi, miiRo ra memarcxene eserebi saxalxo komisarTa sabWoSi. maT iq sul sami Tve dayves, da gadadgnen mas Semdeg, roca xeli moewera brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrulebas germanelebTan. provinciebSic, iseve rogorc petrogradSi, Zalaufleba aseve gadavida bolSevikebis xelSi, sabWoebis mier ama Tu im formiT Zalauflebis xelTgdebis Semdeg. maT winaaRmdegobas uwevda adrindeli mefis xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebis _ erobebisa da municipalitetebis mcirericxovani da cudad SeiaraRebuli razmebi, an petrogradis mibaZviT _ saxalxo usafrTxoebis komitetebi. iq, sadac bolSevikebs umravlesoba gaaCndaT adgilobriv sabWoebSi, isini mSvidobianad iRebdnen Zalauflebas xelSi, xolo mowinaaRmdegis CasaxSobad iyenebdnen adgilobrivi revkomebis (samxedrorevoluciuri komitetebis eqvivalenturi) ricxobriv upiratesobas. iq, sadac maT upiratesoba ar gaaCndaT, bolSevikebi sabWoebs qmnidnen muSebisagan, an iwvevdnen wiTel gvardiaSi, an iyenebdnen sagarnizono nawilebs revkomebis formirebisaTvis da Zalauflebis xelSi asaRebad. yvelaze sastiki brZola gaimarTa moskovSi, sadac sabWoebis mier revkomi ar iyo Seqmnili, ris gamoc wiTel gvardias erTi kvira da saartilerio cecxli dasWirdaT saxalxo usafrTxoebis komitetze gamarjvebisaTvis. erTaderTi adgili, sadac bolSevikuri meTodebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda TviT bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg, iyo erovnuli mxareebi, romelSic SeiZleboda mxardaWeris mopoveba im politikisaTvis, romelic mimarTuli iyo rusebis an moskovelebis winaaRmdeg. amis naTel magaliTs warmoadgenda kievi, sadac ukrainelma nacionalistebma sisxlSi CaaxSes adgilobrivi sabWoebis yriloba. erTaderTi, visac warmatebiT SeeZlo boSevikebisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva, iyo oficerTa korpusi. magram kornilovis incidentis Semdeg maT sulac ar surdaT mxari daeWiraT droebiTi mTavrobisaTvis. generalma Ceremisovma, romelic CrdiloeTis fronts sardlobda, uari ganacxada jarebis gagzavnaze kerenskis dasacavad. frontze Casulma kerenskim mxolod is moaxerxa, rom gadmoibira mxolod Svidasiode kazaki general krasnovis meTaurobiT, romlebTan erTad man mxolod petrogradis maxloblad pulkovos maRlobebamde SeZlo misvla, sadac igi sastikad daamarcxes wiTeli gvardiis nawilebma da baltiis flotis mezRvaurebma. kadeti oficrebis amboxeba qalaqSi ar iyo koordinirebuli am aqciasTan da isic advilad CaaxSo wiTelma gvardiam. amgvarad, noembrisa da dekembris ganmavlobaSi bolSevikebma SeZles Tavis kontrolis gavrceleba qveynis udides nawilze, romelic adre droebiT mTavrobas emorCileboda. rCeboda mxolod maTi xelisuflebisaTvis gadasalaxavi ukanskneli zRurbli. es iyo damfuZnebeli kreba, romlis sayovelTao arCevnebic axlovdeboda, miuxedavad bolSevikebis mier Zalauflebis xelTgdebisa. am organos Sesaxeb rusi demokratebi da socialistebi ocnebobdnen jer kidev 1905 wlis revoluciamde. bolSevikebi TviT akritikebdnen droebiT mTavrobas imisaTvis, rom igi agvianebda damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevas da Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis Semdegac ki maT Tavis muSaTa da glexTa mTavrobas uwodes droebiTi damfuZnebeli krebis uflebisadmi pativiscemis niSnad. lenins hqonda Zlieri winaTgrZnoba, rom damfuZnebeli kreba mxars ar dauWerda bolSevikebs, magram man gadawyvita, rom mis axal mTavrobas gamoeCina iseTi amazrzeni araTanmimdevruloba, rogoric iqneboda am yrilobis mowvevis akrZalva. arCevnebis Sedegebma, romelic noemberSi Catarda, daadastura misi SiSi. eserebma miiRes 15,8 mln amomrCevlis xma da aRmoCnda udidesi partia, romelmac damfuZnebel krebaSi moipova 380 adgili. bolSevikebma miiRes 9,8 mln xma da Sesabamisad 168 adgili da miuxedavad pativiscemis gamoxatvisa, aRmoCndnen meore adgilze. rogorc ki es gamoaSkaravda, leninma daiwyo damfuZnebel krebaze laparaki ise, rogorc Tavis droze droebiT mTavrobaze, rom is iyo burJuaziul-demokratiuli tipis organo, romlis erTaderTi funqciac unda yofiliyo tribunis gadacema umaRlesi wesrigis demokratiuli organosaTvis, anu sabWoebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom bolSevikebma waages damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebi, maT neba darTes krebas, rom igi muSaobas Sedgomoda. magram isini yvelafers akeTebdnen imisaTvis, rom krebis monawileebisaTvis SeeqmnaT STabeWdileba, rom axali xelisufleba maT mxolod iTmens da rom maT safrTxe emuqrebaT. saxalxo komisarTa sabWom gamosca

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dekreti, romliTac kanongareSed gamoacxada kadetTa partiis wamyvani moRvaweebi (kadetebs ekuTvnodaT 17 adgili damfuZnebel krebaSi) rogorc xalxis mtrebi (es iyo am formulis pirveli gamoyeneba, romelmac stalinis mmarTvelobis dros saSineli Sedegebi moitana); akrZala maTi gazeTebi, xolo kadetebisa da eserebis zogierTi delegati daapatimres kidec. damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevis dRes, 1918 wlis 5 ianvars, wiTelma gvardiam mTels petrogradSi daikava umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli punqtebi; gansakuTrebiT bevri gvardieli Seikriba Tavridis sasaxlesTan, sadac kreba unda Semdgariyo. TviT krebis msvlelobis dros jariskacebi borotad uyurebdnen yrilobis delegatebs aivnebidan da simbolurad umiznebdnen maT Tofebs. bolSevikebma damfuZnebel krebas SesTavazes rezolucia, romliTac mas unda ecno sabWoTa mTavrobis rwmunebebi. krebam igi uaryo da daiwyo miwis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi kanonis pirveli aTi muxlis ganxilva, romelsac unda Seecvala bolSevikebis mier miRebuli dekreti miwis Sesaxeb da sxva kanonebi am sakiTxis irgvliv. maSin gvardielebma krebis Tavmjdomares mosTxoves Sesvenebis gamocxadeba krebis muSaobaSi, Caketes da daluqes Senoba, rom delegatebs aRar SeZlebodaT meore dRes Sekreba. bolSevikuri rezoluciis miRebaze uarisTqma niSnavda damfuZnebeli krebis ZaliT garekvas. zogierTi eseri jer kidev damfuZnebeli krebis muSaobis dawyebamde xvdeboda, rom misi bedi Zalis meSveobiT gadawydeboda. maT Seqmnes damfuZnebeli krebis dacvis komiteti da iseve rogorc manamde samxedro-revoluciurma komitetma, mxardaWerisaTvis mimarTa qalaqis garnizons. misi erTerTi wevris boris sokolovis cnobiT, semionovis da preobraJenskis polkebi mzad iyvnen amgvari mxardaWerisaTvis, magram eserTa partiis centralurma komitetma gadawyvita ar gamoeyenebina iaraRi krebis dasacavad. isini varaudobdnen, rom mTavroba moigebda dedaqalaqSi nebismier samxedro Setakebas da amitomac mTel imedebs amyarebdnen damfuZnebeli krebis zneobriv mimzidvelobasa da im mxardaWeraze, romelic eserebs gaaCndaT mTeli qveynis masStabiT. rodesac mogvianebiT Sedga muSaTa demonstracia damfuZnebeli krebis mxardasaWerad, is SeuiaraRebeli iyo da wiTelma gvardiam igi ZaliT daSala, Tanac am ambavs umsxverplod ar Cauvlia. damfuZnebeli krebis daSla momdevno dRes ratificirebul iqna sruliad ruseTis sabWoebis mesame yrilobis mier da sabWoTa mTavrobam bolosdabolos amoiRo Tavis saxelwodebidan sityva droebiTi. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im winaaRmdegobas, romelsac socialistebi uwevdnen bolSevikebs, ar SeiZleba im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom isini arasworad afasebdnen rogorc istoriul situacias, ise bolSevikuri partiis bunebas. yvela isini oqtombris gadatrialebas Tvlidnen avantiurad, moralurad dasagmobad da obieqturad arasworad ruseTis socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. yvela isini bolSevikebs ganixilavdnen rogorc SecdomaSi Seyvanil amxanagebs, romlebic karg gakveTils miiRebdnen rogorc istoriis, ise rusi xalxisagan. aravin maTgan ar fuqrobda, rom bolSevikebi didxans gaZlebdnen. am mizezis gamo eserebica da menSevikebic, cdilobdnen ra SeenarCunebinaT Tavisi sindis-namusi da reputacia Seuryvnelad momavali brZolebisaTvis, yvelaferze reagirebdnen bolSevikebis mier kontrolirebadi sabWoebidan da sxva sakanonmdeblo organoebidan demonstraciuli gamosvliT. faqtobrivad maT amiT kapitulacia gamoacxades ubrZolvelad (Tumca zogierTi adgili da pirvel rigSi moskovi, gamonakliss warmoadgendnen). mxolod mogvianebiT da isic didi gaWirvebiT, zogierTma maTganma aRiara, rom bolSevikebisaTvis efeqturi winaaRmdegobis gasawevad saWiro iyo Zalis gamoyeneba. zogierTma oficerma, liberalurma partiam da mravalma eserma Secvales Tavisi Sexedulebebi da mividnen daskvnamde, rom saWiro iyo omi bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg. magram im momentisaTvis es ukve niSnavda samoqalaqo oms, romelSic bolSevikebs didi upiratesobani gaaCndaT. samxedro komunizmi damfuZnebeli krebis daSlis Semdeg jer kidev ar iyo naTlad gamokveTili, Tu ra tipis mTavrobis Seqmna surdaT bolSevikebs, rogori iqneboda misi damokidebuleba adgilobriv sabWoebTan rogorc xelisuflebis adgilobriv organoebTan, agreTve is, Tu ra mxardaWeras miiRebdnen isini mosaxleobis sxvadsxva fenebisagan. bolSevikebis

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mowodeba iyo mTeli Zalaufleba sabWoebs, magram aSkara iyo, rom lenini usityvod da upirobod ar iRebda am lozungs da is meTodebi, romliTac man Seqmna saxalxo komisarTa sabWo, kargs arafers uqadda momaval decentralizebul xelisuflebas. bolSevikebi aseve bevrs laparakobdnen proletariatis diqtaturaze da Tavis mTavrobas muSur-glexuri uwodes, magram rogor gamoiyenebda proletariati mopovebul xelisuflebas? rogori unda yofiliyo damokidebuleba sabWoTa mTavrobis axal centralizebul organoebsa da iseT organoebs Soris rogorebic iyo profkavSirebi an safabriko-saqarxno komitetebi, romlebsac surdaT sakuTari, viwroprofesiuli interesebis dacva? yvela am kiTxvaze bolSevikebs ar gaaCndaT naTeli pasuxebi. rogorc davinaxeT, maTi xmebi gaiyo im sakiTxzedac ki _ saWiro iyo Tu ara Zalauflebis xelSi aReba. TviT leninsac ki ar hqonda naTeli warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda emarTa mas es uzarmazari, daqucmacebuli, omiT gaCanagebuli qveyana. is amas srulad aRiarebda. Zalauflebis xelSi aRebamde cota xniT adre igi ambobda: Cve n ar viRebT iseT saxes, TiTqos marqsma da marqsistebma detalebSi ician gza socializmisaken. es sisulelea. Cven viciT gzis mimarTuleba. Cven viciT, Tu rogor klasobriv Zalebs mivyevarT am gziT, magram konkretulad, praqtikulad, amas gvaCvenebs milionebis gamocdileba, rodesac isini gadwyveten amoqmedebas. mas hqonda zogadi xedva, Camoyalibebuli naSromSi saxelmwifo da revolucia, Tu rogor unda dauflebodnen muSebi da glexebi gamarTulad momuSave imperialistur ekonomikas. axali reJimis adreul dReebSi is xSirad mimarTavda am xedvas da masze laparakobda eniT, romelSic demokratiuli voluntarizmi areuli iyo umowyalo avtoritarulobasTan. amxanago muSebo _ mimarTavda igi maT 1917 w. 5 noembers, _ gaxsovdeT, rom Tqven TviTon marTavT saxelmwifos. aravin apirebs Tqvens daxmarebas, Tu Tqven TviTon ar gaerTiandebiT da xels ar mokidebT yvela saxelmwifo saqmes. SekavSirdiT Tqveni sabWoebis irgvliv, ganamtkiceT isini. xeli mokideT samuSaos aqve, saTaveebTan da nu daelodebiT brZanebebs. daamyareT umkacresi revoluciuri wesrigi, umowyalod CaaxSeT mTvrali xulignebis, kontrevoluciuri kadetebis, iunkrebis, kornilovelebis da maT msgavsTa anarqistuli gamosvlebi. daamyareT umkacresi kontroli produqciis warmoebasa da aRricxvaze. daapatimreT da tribunals, revoluciuri xalxis sasamarTlos, gadaeciT yvela, vinc xels aRmarTavs saxalxo saqmis winaaRmdeg. es iyo utopistis sityvebi, romelic darwmunebuli iyo, rom idga idealuri sazogadoebis karibWesTan. zogierTi adrindeli bolSevikuri sakanonmdeblo aqtebi TiTqosda realizebas ukeTebda praqtikaSi leniniseul am xedvas, rodesac qmnidnen an anmtkicebdnen organoebs, romelTa meSveobiTac muSebs, glexobasa da jariskacebs SeeZloT TavianTi bedis, agreTve qveynis marTva-gamgeobis mcireodeni kontrolis ganxorcieleba. 1. 1917 wlis 26 oqtombris dekretiT gauqmda yovelgvari kompensaciis gareSe kerZo miwaTmflobeloba da mouwoda sasoflo da samazro samiwaTmoqmedo komitetebs gadaenawilebinaT miwebi glexebisaTvis Tanasworobis safuZvelze. dekreti ise iyo formulirebuli, rogorc amas glexebi moiTxovdnen 1917 wlis ivnisSi TavianT yrilobaze. igi asaxavda eserebis programas da aZlevda glexobas imas, rac im dros umravlesoba maTgans undoda, magram am dekretSi erTi sityviTac ar iyo naxsenebi bolSevikebis saboloo mizani miwis nacionalizaciis Sesaxeb. 2. 1917 wlis 14 noembris dekreti muSaTa kontrolis Sesaxeb, arCeviT safabrikosaqarxno komitetebs aZlevda kontrolis ganxorcielebis saSualebas samrewvelo da komerciul sawarmoebze, ris gamoc gauqmebuli iqna komerciuli saidumloebis cneba. 3. dekretebiT, romlebic gamoica noembersa da dekemberSi, gauqmda yvela rangi, wodeba, ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi da ierarqiuli misalmebebi armiaSi, xolo yvela samxedro formireba daeqvemdebara jariskacTa arCeviT komitetebs, romelTa kompetenciaSic, sxasTan erTad, Sedioda TavianTi oficrebis arCeva. 4. arsebuli sasamarTlo organoebi 1917 wlis 22 noembris dekretiT Seicvala saxalxo sasamarTloebiT, romlis mosamarTleebic muSa mosaxleobas unda aerCia. sabWoebs ki dauyovnebliv unda SeeqnaT specialuri revoluciuri tribunalebi kontrrevoluciuri saqmeebis, momxveWelobis, spekulaciisa da sabotaJis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. meores mxriv, zogierTi yvelaze adrindeli RonisZiebebi, romlebic bolSevikebma gaatares, miuTiTebs sxva mimarTulebaze, mimarTulebaze, romelic gulisxmobda Zlieri, centralizebuli xelisuflebis Seqmnas. 1917 w. 2 dekembers Seiqmna

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saxalxo meurneobis umaRlesi sabWo, (ufro metad abreviaturiTaa cnobili), im mizniT, rom SeemuSavebina qveynis ekonomikuri cxovrebis regulirebisaTvis saerTo normebi da gegma, agreTve sxva ekonomikur organoebTan SeTanxmebisa da koordinaciisaTvis, maT Soris profkavSirebTan da safabriko-saqarxno komitetebTan. 1918 w. ianvarSi es ukanasknelebi gadakeTda profkakavSirebis adgilobriv organoebad, xolo mTeli struqtura mTlianobaSi damorCilda saxalxo meurneobis umaRles sabWos. es sxvaTa Soris, ar keTdeboda muSebis nebis sawinaaRmdegod: sinamdvileSi, rogorme rom SeenarCunebinaT warmoeba uaRresad rTul ekonomikur pirobebSi, mravali safabrikosaqarxno komiteti ufro msxvili struqturisagan eZebda daxmarebas. miuxedavad amisa, praqtikaSi es niSnavda, rom ekonomika sul ufro da ufro centralizebuli xdeboda jer kidev manamde, vidre samoqalaqo omi daiwyeboda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas gadawyvetilebaze kontrevoluciasa da sabotaJTan mebrZoli sagangebo komisiis (Ck-as) Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic saxkomsabWos dadgenilebiT daarsda 1917 wlis 7 dekembers. mis uSualo movaleobas warmoadgenda brZola ZarcvasTan, xulignobasa da Sav bazarze vaWrobasTan, romlebic elviseburi siswrafiT izrdeboda da Tvalyuris devneba im organizaciebisaTvis, romlebic cnobilni iyvnen bolSevikebTan Tavisi uTanxmoebiT. Tavis adrindel mowodebebSi Ck cdilobda mosaxleobis mobilizebas ise, rogorc amas akeTebda lenini: komisia mouwodebs muSebs, glexebsa da jariskacebs movidnen da daexmaron mas revoluciis mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. acnobeT komisias axali cnobebi da faqtebi organizaciebisa da calkeuli pirebis Sesaxeb, romelTa saqmianobac vnebs revoluciasa da saxalxo xelisuflebas... praqtikulad Ck ar emorCileboda arc erT sabWoTa organos garda saxkomsabWosi da SeeZlo gaukontroleblad gaefarTovebina Tavisi rwmunebebi. axali sabWoTa reJimisadmi gaurkvevlobis sxva wyaros warmoadgenda misi damokidebuleba garesamyarosTan. lenini ruseTis muSaTa klass aqezebda Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad im imediT, rom es gamoiwvevda revoluciis provocirebas sxva qveynebSi da gansakuTrebiT ki germaniaSi. magram ramdenadac gadioda Tveebi da es ambebi ki ar xdeboda, aSkara iyo, rom bolSevikebs mouwevdaT Tavisi danapirebis Sesruleba omis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb da molaparakebebis dawyeba ara megobrul socialistur germaniasTan, aramed SeTanxmebis miRweva Zvel imperialistur germaniasTan. ruseTis armiis dasustebis pirobebSi, rasac TviT bolSevikebma Seuwyes xeli, es niSnavda yvela im pirobebis miRebas, rac ki germanel generlebs moeprianebodaT. trockim, romelic sul cota xnis winaT iqna daniSnuli sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisrad, scada aemoqmedebina axali saxalxo diplomatia da mowodebiT mimarTa uSualod germanel xalxs, rom emoqmedaT maTi liderebis gverdis avliT, magram amas araviTari Sedegi ar moyolia. aRmocenebulma dilemam, Tu rogor gamosuliyvnen am situaciidan, kinaRam xelaxla ar gaxliCa orad bolSevikuri partia.. germania moiTxovda baltiispireTs, mTels belorusias da ukrainas, rac niSnavda ruseTis samrewvelo da sasoflosameurneo simdidris mniSvnelovani nawilis dakargvas. memarcxene komunistebi buxarinis meTaurobiT amtkicebdnen, rom am pirobebis miReba niSnavda kapitulacias imperializmis winaSe da msoflio revoluciis mowyobis Zvirfasi SesaZleblobis dakargvas, romelic oqtombris revoluciiT daiwyo. buxarini eTanxmeboda lenins im sakiTxSi, rom rusul armias aRar SeeZlo germaniis Sekaveba regularul samxedro brZolebSi, magram uaryofda aseT mdgomareobas. amxanagma leninma amjobina ganesazRvra revoluciuri omi, rogorc didi armiebis omi, damarcxebebiT samxedro mecnierebis yvela wesis mixedviT. Cven vfiqrobT, rom omi Cveni mxridan _ yovel SemTxvevaSi dasawyisisaTvis _ iqneba swrafad moZravi qvedanayofebis partizanuli omi... TviT brZolis procesSi... masebis sul ufro da ufro mzardi raodenoba Caebmeba Cvens mxares, maSin rodesac imperialistur banakSi, piriqiT, dezintegraciis elementebi sul ufro metad gaizrdeba. glexebi Caebmebian brZolaSi, rodesac isini gaigeben, dainaxaven da Seigneben, rom maT miwas, meurneobasa da purs arTmeven _ es erTaderTi realuri perspeqtivaa. buxarinis Sexedulebebi, ueWvelia, farTo mxardaWeras poulobda partiis rigebSi. isini SeiZleba donkixoturad moeCvenos kacs, magram misi recepti xalxis masebis, gansakuTrebiT glexobis Cabmisa revoluciaSi, okupantebis winaaRmdeg partizanuli samxedro moqmedebebis saSualebiT, Zlier waagavda mogvianebiT sxva komunisti liderebis _ maos (CineTSi), titosa (iugoslaviaSi) da xo Si minis (vietnamSi) brZolis meTodebs. magram leninma sxva politika arCia. msoflio revoluciisaTvis, Tvlida is, gansakuTrebiT faseulia sabWoTa mTavrobis arseboba. da igi, (e.i. sabWoTa

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xelisufleba) sxva rameebTan SedarebiT, xifaTSi ar unda CavagdoT. aqedan gamomdinareobda, rom amosunTqvis miRebis erTaderT SesaZlo politikad mas miCnda kapitulacia germaniis moTxovnaTa winaSe. saWiro iyo imis SenarCuneba, risi SenarCunebac SeiZleboda, saerTaSoriso revolucia ki gadaideboda gaurkveveli momavlisaTvis. am polemikaSi, rogorc vxedavT, lenins ekava pozicia, romelic sawinaaRmdego iyo imisa, rac mas oqtombris dReebSi ekava. maSin is iyo internacionalisti perspeqtivaSi da hqonda mTeli msoflios muSaTa revoluciuri aRmafrenis imedi. axla ki igi aRar endoboda muSaTa klasis revoluciur suliskveTebas, Tu mas bolSevikebi ar xelmZRvanelobdnen da ukan ixevda erTaderT socialistur simagreSi. bolos da bolos partiam miiRo misi argumentebi da sabWoTa ruseTma brest-litovskSi xeli moawera xelSekrulebas, romliTac igi Tanxmdeboda germanelTa yvela moTxovnas. mravali ram gamomdinareobda am moTxovnebidan, kerZod, SedarebiT tradiciuli armiis Seqmna da Ria diplomatiaze uaris Tqma. aq SeiZleba erT calke aRebul qveyanaSi socializmis mSeneblobis SesaZleblobis gamonaTebac ki davinaxoT, romelic mogvianebiT ganaviTara stalinma. rogoradac ar unda yofiliyo, germaniis damarcxebis Semdeg, romelic mas mokavSireebma miayenes, lenini ganTavisuflda am zavis yvelaze gamaCanagebeli gadawyvetilebebisagan: 1918 w. noembris Semdeg germaniam gaiyvana Tavisi jarebi okupirebuli teritoriebidan. memarcxene eserebi eTanxmebodnen am sakiTxSi memarcxene komunistebs da aRSfoTebulebma datoves mTavroba, uwodes ra brest-litovskis zavs moRalaturi. am droidan moyolebuli bolSevikebi axorcielebdnen erTpartiul mmarTvelobas am sityvis piradapiri gagebiT. TiTqosda am ganxeTqilebis aRsaniSnavad, maT gadairqves saxeli da Tavis Tavs komunisturi partia (parizis komunis xsovnis gamo) uwodes. xelisuflebis xelTgdebisa da Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis bolSevikurma meTodebma bunebrivia, rom gamoiwvies samoqalaqo omi ruseTSi. amas lenini yovelTvis aRiarebda. igi araerTxel imeorebda, rom pirveli msoflio omi unda gardaiqmnas klasobriv brZolad an saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo omad. igive logika edo safuZvlad mis mtkice gadawyvetilebas 1917 w., nebismier fasad aecilebina Tavidan sxva partiebTan, TviT socialisturebTanac ki, SeTanxmeba da sxvis dauxmareblad xelT egdo Zalaufleba. magram raRac drois gavla gaxda saWiro, rom sxvadasxva antibolSevikur Zalebs SeegnoT situaciis realoba da xeli aeRoT adrindel mcdar Sexedulebebze. mefis armiis ufrosi oficroba gaeSura donze kazakobasTan, sadac maT scades Tavi moeyaraT antibolSevikuri moxaliseTa armiisaTvis. magram kazakTa Soris uTanxmoebis gamo maT didi dro dasWirdaT imisaTvis, rom uzrunveleyoT sabazo teritoriis usafrTxoeba. manamde, vidre isini amas moaxerxebdnen, antibolSevikuri saqmianobisaTvis SesaZleblobebi momwifda ruseTis sruliad sxva nawilSi _ cimbirSi. germaniis frontze sabrZolo operaciebis dasrulebis Semdeg, rodesac xdeboda CexoslovakielTa legionis evakuacia transcimbiris rkinigziT, CeliabinskSi massa da wiTel gvardias Soris moxda Setakeba. telegrafis saSualebiT Cexoslovakielebma, romlebic vladivostokamde iyvnen rkinigzaze gafantulebi, SeZles mTels transcimbiris magistralze kontrolis damyareba. ramdenadac igi warmoadgenda erTaderT sasicocxlo arterias cimbirisaTvis, es imas niSnavda, rom mTeli es uzarmazari teritoria, uralTan da volgis auzis nawilTan erTad, iqca antibolSevikuri Zalebis Tavmoyris adgilad. Seqmnili situaciiT pirvelebma isargebles eserebma. oqtombris revoluciidan moyolebuli isini yoymanobdnen da maT Soris arseboda azrTa sxvadasxvaoba Tu rogor dapirispirebodnen bolSevikur safrTxes. datoves ra sabWoebis meore yriloba, maT gamoacxades Zalauflebis xelTgdeba bolSevikebis mier danaSaulad samSoblosa da revoluciis winaSe, rac samoqalaqo omis dawyebas niSnavda. magram am deklaraciis saqmiT ganmtkiceba maT ar surdaT. erTerT Semakavebel faqtors warmoadgenda SiSi, rom kornilovelebTan erTad ar aRmoCeniliyvnen kontrevoluciis banakSi: isini jer kidev grZnobdnen, rom maT bolSevikebTan akavSirebdaT didi xnis socialisturi Zmoba. da mainc, zogierTma eserma maTi centraluri komitetis mxridan Tanxmobis gareSe moawyes Tavdasxma germaniis elCze da 1918 w. ivlisSi scades moskovSi gadatrialebis gziT Zalauflebis xelSi aReba. es SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba ganmtkicebul iqna SeiaraRebuli amboxebiT iaroslavlSi da CrdiloeT ruseTis kidev oriode qalaqSi, romelic

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daamTxvies viTomda mokavSireebis jarebis gadmosxmas arxangelskSi. magram jarebis gadmosxma gadadebul iqna, xolo amboxebebi CaxSobili. isargebles ra CexoslovakielTa amboxebiT, eserebma samaraSi, volgaze, Seqmnes mTavroba, romelsac uwodes damfuZnebeli krebis deputatebis komiteti ( - ). rogorc saxelwodebidanac Cans maT surdaT damfuZnebeli krebis xelaxla mowveva arabolSevikur teritoriaze. isini sakuTar Tavs ganixilavdnen rogorc mesame Zalas, romlebic idgnen wiTel da TeTr orientacias Soris, romlebmac Tavi iCina ruseTSi. maTi programa, magaliTad, acxadebda, rom miwa warmoadgens xalxis ganuyofel sakuTrebas, rac ar moswondaT generlebis umravlesobas. omskSi, droebiTi mTavroba, romelsac saTaveSi edga kadeti p. vologodski, piriqiT, iZleoda dapirebas, rom mTeli nacionalizebuli sakuTreba, miwis CaTvliT, daubrundebodaT adrindel mflobelebs. sabolood orive mTavrobam miaRwia kompromiss da Seqmna gaerTianebuli direqtoria, magram is, Tavis mxriv, daamxes oficrebma da kazakebma, romlebic gamodiodnen misi zomierad memarcxene programis winaaRmdeg: maT admirali kolCaki gamoacxades umaRles mmarTvelad da ruseTis yvela saxmeleTo da sazRvao Zalebis sardlad. amgvarad, politikuri meryeoba da erTianobis arqona Zirs uTxrida TeTrebis Zalisxmevas, mesame Zalis gamoZebnis yovelgvari cda ki marcxiT damTavrda, radgan aseT Zalas yovelTvis sWirdeboda oficerTa daxmareba, es ki mocemul momentSi TeTrebs niSnavda. aRmocenebuli TeTri armiebi marTlac sargeblobdnen ucxouri mxardaWeriT _ maT exmarebodnen ruseTis yofili mokavSireebi, gansakuTrebiT britaneTi da safrangeTi. magram ar SeiZleba am mxardaWeris efeqturobis gazviadebiT Sefaseba. saqme isaa, rom marTalia mokavSireTa mTavrobebi SeSfoTebulebi iyvnen xelisuflebis vakuumiTa da axali komunisturi xelisuflebis zrdiT ruseTSi, magram maT ar icodnen zustad _ an ra undodaT, an rogor mieRwiaT sasurvelisaTvis. 1918 wlis zafxulsa da Semodgomaze maT surdaT kvlav CaeTriaT ruseTi germaniasTan omSi. rodesac 1918 w. noemberSi am mizanma dakarga azri, maSin dasavleTis zogierTma mmarTvelma politikosma miznad daisaxa ruseTis ganTavisufleba bolSevizmisagan, romelic, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, evropaSi SeiZleboda gavrcelebuliyo rogorc Savi Wiri. sxva politikosebi ki Tvlidnen, rom prioritetuli unda yofiliyo omiT daRlili jariskacebis ukan, saxlebSi dabruneba da rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi antikomunizmi _ esaa politika, romelic saxlSi uTanxmoebas warmoSobda. da marTlac, britanel jariskacTa nawili ajanyda. swored am mizezis gamo mokavSireTa jarebis didma nawilma 1919 wlismanZilze datova ruseTi, Tumca iaponelebi ufro met xans darCnen Soreul aRmosavleTSi, sadac maT didi xnis geopolitikuri interesebi gaaCndaT. mokavSireTa yvelaze mniSvnelovani wvlili iyo TeTrebis iaraRiT, amuniciiTa da sabrZolo teqnikiT momarageba, ris gareSec TeTrebi albad veraviTar samxedro winaaRmdegobas ver gauwevdnen komunistebs. meores mxriv, maT arasodes ar SeyavdaT imdeni cocxali Zala saqmeSi, rom gadamwyveti roli eTamaSaT omSi. magram im doziT daxmarebis dros, ra doziTac isini exmarebodnen TeTrebs, mokavSireebi iZleodnen saSualebas, rom mowinaaRmdegeebs daedanaSaulebinaT TeTrebi patriotizmis uqonlobaSi, imaSi, rom isini xels uwyobdnen ucxoelebis Carevas ruseTis saSinao saqmeebSi. maT aseve misces lenins da komunistebs xmamaRali gancxadebebis safuZveli, rom imperialistebs surdaT axalgazrda sabWoTa saxelmwifos ganadgureba. intervenciam dasabami misca mraval miTs. TeTrebs SeeZloT nebismier SemTxvevaSi seriozuli safrTxe SeeqmnaT sabWoTa saxelmwifosaTvis. gansakuTrebiT SeiZleboda ori krizisuli momentis gamoyofa. pirveli miekuTvneboda 1918 w. agvistos, roca Cexebma da sxva Zalebma xelT igdes yazani volgaze. igi imyofeboda sul raRac oTxasi milis manZilze moskovidan da axalgazrda wiTel armias ar SeeZlo maTTvis saTanado winaaRmdegobis gaweva, ase rom dedaqalaqi metad daucveli iyo. trocki, romelic maSin samxedro komisari iyo, Tavisi SemdegSi saxelganTqmuli javSniani matarebliT Seudga Zalebis Segrovebas qalaq sviaJskis dasacavad moskovis misadgomebTan. man SeZlo amis gakeTeba da yazanis ganTavisufleba. swored maSin gamosca man brZaneba: me gafrTxilebT: Tu qvedanayofi ukan daixevs, daixvriteba jer komisari, Semdeg ki misi meTauri. swored am krizisma misca gadamwyveti impulsi srulmasStabiani wiTeli armiis Seqmnas, agreTve wiTeli teroris gamocxadebas. meore momenti, rodesac SeiZleboda wiTlebi damarcxebuliyvnen, iyo 1919 wlis Semodgomaze. moxaliseTa armiam, romelic denikinis sardlobiT mrisxane Zalad iqca,

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isargebla ra kazakebis ajanyebiT wiTlebis winaaRmdeg, daikava ruseTis samxreTi da ukraina, xolo oqtomberSi Cernigovisa da oriolis aRebi Semdeg oras milze miuaxlovda moskovs. amave dros, iudeniCma, romelmac dasayrdenad gamoiyena baltiispireTi, daiZra petrogradisaken da oqtomberSi mis Semogarens miuaxlovda. orive SemTxvevaSi wiTelma armiam miiRo es gamowveva da ukuagdo mowinaaRmdege. amgvarad TeTrebma saboloo warumatebloba ganicades. nawilobriv es gamoiwvia politikuri erTianobis arqonam: yovel SemTxvevaSi maT ver SeZles gadaqceuliyvnen erTian centrad mravalricxovani antibolSevikuri ZalebisaTvis. maT ver SeZles Tavis mxareze xalxis mniSvnelovani nawilis gadabirebac ki, miuxedavad imisa, rom muSebi da glexebi sul ufro met ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen bolSevikuri mmarTvelobis mimarT misi cxovrebaSi gatarebis kvaldakval. TeTrebis politikuri programebi iyo gaurkveveli da ar pasuxobda dRis moTxovnilebebs. magaliTad, isini arafers ar akeTebdnen glexobis dasarwmuneblad, rom gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi maT ar CamoarTmevdnen im miwebs, romelic maT 1917 wels miiRes. maT ver SeZles muSebisaTvis profkavSirebis, safabriko-saqarxno komitetebisa da sxva warmomadgenlobiTi organoebisaTvis, romlebic 1917 w. aRmocendnen, saimedo statusis miniWeba. realurad maT erTaderT Tanmimdevrul politikur ideas warmoadgenda erTiani da ganuyofeli ruseTi, rac iwvevda maTgan ararusi erovnebebis warmomadgenlebis Camocilebas, romlebsac sxva SemTxvevaSi SeeZloT TeTrebis mxardaWera, radgan sinamdvileSi Tavi iCina ukve bolSevikebis nacionalurma politikam. yovelive amas ar eqneboda didi mniSvneloba, TeTrebs rom Tavisi qceviT moexdinaT imis demonstrireba, rom isini ufro samarTliani da pasuxismgebeli mmarTvelebi arian, vidre bolSevikebi. magram es ase ar moxda. im adgilebSi, sadac TeTrebi ibrZodnen, Tavisi sursaTis maragis Sesavsebad isini mosaxleobas sursaTsanovages arTmevdnen da aranakleb umowyalod Zarcvavdnen, vidre bolSevikebi. isini xotbas ar asxamdnen terors rogorc mmarTvelobis sistemas, magram xSirad mimarTavdnen mas. ufro metic, TeTri generlebi xSirad kargavdnen kontrols qveSevrdomebze da amitomac, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon kolCaki an denikini patiosani adamianebi iyvnen, ver axerxebdnen armiis moTokvas eqscesebisagan. rogorc Tavis meuRlesadmi miweril werilSi werda kolCaki mravali TeTrgvardieli arafriT ar sjobia bolSevikebs. maT ar aqvT sindisi, ara aqvT Rirsebisa da movaleobis SegrZneba, aqvT mxolod Sejibrebisa da momxveWelobis cinikuri suliskveTeba. am saSualebebiT ki ar SeiZleboda samoqalaqo omis mogeba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mowinaaRmdegeni esoden daxelovnebulebi iyvnen propagandaSi. wiTeli armiis Seqmna warmoadgenda imis erTerT naTel dadasturebas, Tu rogor SeiZleboda lozungebis amotrialeba da Secvla. bolSevikebi rom movidnen xelisuflebis saTaveSi, maT daSales Zveli armia. rodesac isini fiqrobdnen Tu riT SeecvalaT armia, isini fiqrobdnen raRac SeiaraRebul saxalxo miliciis msgavs formirebebze, romelic wiTeli gvardiis msgavsi iqneboda. swored aman gaxada memarcxene komunistebis programa germanelTa winaaRmdeg revoluciuri omis Sesaxeb aseTi logikuri da mimzidveli. maSinac ki, rodesac leninma bres-litovskis xelSekrulebis Sedegad CaSala es idea, reJimi rCeboda mcirericxovani axali armiis amara, romelsac muSur-glexur wiTel armias uwodebdnen da romelic agebuli iyo im principebze, romelic bolSevikebma 1917 w. Camoayalibes: iq ar iyo ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi, wodebebi, xelmZRvaneloba TiToeul qvedanayofSi xorcieldeboda arCeuli komitetebis mier, romlis amocanebSi oficrebis arCevac Sedioda. samxedro disciplinas scnobdnen mxolod sabrZolo moqmedebebis pirobebSi da maSinac ki meTaurebs ar hqondaT ufleba urCobisaTvis vinme mkacrad daesaja. magram am struqturas didxans ar uarsebia. im areulobis dros, romelic sufevda brest-litovskis molaparakebebis periodSi, germaniam ganaaxla Tavisi Setevebi. swored aq warmoCnda mTeli sisastikiT bolSevikebis mier axal rusul armiaze Sexedulebebis donkixotoba da uvicoba. trockim gadawyvita am armiis daSla da axali armiis Seqmna, romelic ufro tradiciul principebze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. man Seqmna umaRlesi samxedro sabWo mefis yofili generlis bonC-brueviCis meTaurobiT axali armiis Seqmnis amocanebis Sesasruleblad. mTels teritoriaze, romelsac bolSevikebi akontrolebdnen, Seiqmna samxedro komisariatebis farTo qseli rekrutebis jarSi gasawvevad, Tavdapirvelad nebayoflobiT, magram Cexebis amboxebis Semdeg, iZulebiTi savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuris mosaxdelad. wiTeli gvardiisa da miliciis nawilebi

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daSales rogorc arasaimedoni da TiToeuli maTganidan ayvanil iqnen mxolod partiis wevrebi tradiciuli wesebiT Seqmnili armiis qvedanayofebis birTvebis Sesaqmnelad. magram vin unda yofiliyo axladSeqmnili nawilebis meTaurebi? partias ar hyavda sakmarisi odenobiT xalxi, romelsac saTanado samxedro momzadeba hqonda gavlili da gaaCnda sabrZolo pirobebSi jarebis xelmZRvanelobis gamocdileba. maSin leninis mxardaWeriT trockim mimarTa Zveli, mefis armiis oficrobas, yovel SemTxvevaSi maT, vinc ar Cadga TeTrebis samsaxurSi. marTalia, maT ar aRudgines ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi da wodebebi, magram danarCenSi maT misces is disciplinaruli rwmunebebi, romlebsac isini SeCveulebi iyvnen, TviT jariskacTa sikvdiliT dasjamde daumorCileblobisaTvis. araviTari jariskacTa komitetebis msgavsi sisuleleebi aRar arsebobda: isini gaauqmes da maT nacvlad SemoiRes politikur komisarTa Tanamdebobebi. isini iniSnebodnen partiis rekomendaciiT da unda yofiliyvnen oficrebis gverdiT, maTi loialurobis uzrunvelsayofad, politiuri miTiTebebisaTvis da jariskacTa politikuri Segnebis amaRlebisaTvis. komisrebi aSkarad ar emorCilebodnen oficrebs, iyvnen maTi Tanasworni da Tanac gaaCndaT oficris sikvdiliT dasjis ufleba, Tu igi Caidenda Ralats wiTeli armiis mimarT. trockis meTodebma aagora kritikis talRa TviT partiis SigniT da mis gareTac. sruliad ruseTis centralur aRmasrulebel komitetSi menSeviki dani gaiZaxoda, rom ase Cndebian napoleonebio. partiis SigniT ki e.w. samxedro opoziciis warmomadgenlebi mouwodebdnen miliciis principebisadmi dabrunebisa da Zveli reJimis oficrobis gadayenebisaken. magram rogoradac ar unda yofiliyo, trockim Seqmna partiis kontrolqveS myofi efeqturi samxedro organizacia. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra siCqariT iqmneboda da ra amocanebi idga mis winaSe, wiTeli armia ibrZoda Zalian kargad da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moraluri suliskveTeba masSi ufro maRali iyo, vidre ruseTis mosaxleobis romelime fenaSi. ra Tqma unda, jarebi iRebdnen ukeTes sakvebs, vidre sxva romelime fena im dros da samsaxuri wiTel armiaSi iTvleboda axal sazogadoebaSi winsvlisa da karieris gakeTebis saukeTeso saSualebad. aseul aTasobiT wiTelarmieli muSa da glexi ewereboda partiaSi da zogierTma maTganma SemdgomSi saxelmwifoSi maRali Tanamdebobebi daikava (magaliTad, n.xruSCovi). trocki marTlac akeTebda yvelafers misi SesaZleblobis farglebSi, rom wiTeli armiis jariskacebs mieRoT specialuri momzadeba da rac SeiZleba swrafad daekavebinaT sameTauro Tanamdebobebi. samoqalaqo omis dasasrulisaTvis es axladgamoCekili oficrebi Seadgendnen sameTauro Semadgenlobis or mesameds. zogierTi maTgani SemdegSi, meore msoflio omis dros, gaxda saxelganTqmuli sardali. yovelive aman Zlieri zemoqmedeba moaxdina partiis socialur struqturaze. revoluciuri reJimis meore ZiriTad instruments warmoadgenda sruliad ruseTis sagangebo komisia _ Ck. Cven albad gvaxsovs zemod aRniSnuli, rom igi ar kontroldeboda arc partiisa da arc sabWoebis mxridan. igi aRmocenda im saCqarod Seqmnili kanonebs miRma, romlebic axalma reJimma Tavisi TavisaTvis Seqmna. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Ck ganasaxierebda leninur winaaRmdegobas demokratiisa da avtoritarizmis sakiTxebSi. muSebma da glexebma, _ arwmunebda igi petrogradis sabWoebis prezidiums 1918 w. ianvarSi, _ unda gaigon, rom aravin maT ar daexmareba, garda sakuTari Tavisa. borotmoqmedebani aRmaSfoTebelia, spekulaciam saSinel zRvars miaRwia, magram ra gaakeTes maT winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad jariskacebisa da glexebis masebma? vidre masebi ar aRsdgebian stiqiuri qmedebebisaTvis, Cven verafers ver mivaRwevT... vidre Cven ar mivmarTavT spekulantebis winaaRmdeg terors _ adgilze daxvretas _ Cven verafers ver mivaRwevT. dasawyisidanve swored Ck-am, proletariatis damsjelma maxvilma sinamdvileSi ganaxorciela es funqciebi, Tumca lenini laparakobda masebis stiqiur qmedebebze. yovel SemTxvevaSi, leninis usityvo TanxmobiT, mokle droSi, Ck-am gadaabija im SezRudvebs, romelic Tavidan dadebuli hqonda maT saqmianobas: igi kontrrevoluciuri saqmianobis ubralo gamoZiebidan gadavida eWvmitanilTa dapatimrebaze, iqidan ki sasamarTlo procesebze, ganaCenis gamotanasa da maT aRsrulebaze. Ck-as mier pirveli daixvrita ekzotikuri gvaris mqone pirovneba _ Tavadi eboli. es iyo gamomZalveli, romelmac gaaRiziana Ff. ZerJinski imiT, rom Tavs misi organizaciis wevrad asaRebda. amgvarad, _ Tqva ZerJinskim,_ Ck-as saxels jer laqa ar misdgomia. Ck-am aseve miiRo ufleba Seeqmna sakuTari SeiaraRebuli formirebebi mzardi amocanebis Sesasruleblad.

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1918 wlis ianvridan ivlisamde memarcxene eserebi warmodgenilni iyvnen Ck-as xelmZRvanel kolegiaSi da winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen sasamarTlobis naCqarevad warmarTvas da sasikvdilo ganaCenebs (rusul inteligencias tradiciulad zizRis grZnoba hqonda sasikvdilo ganaCenisadmi). Steinbergi, iusticiis komisari da memarcxene eseri, cdilobda SeezRuda Ck-as sasamarTlo funqciebi revoluciuri tribunalebis saxeliT, romlebic arcTu lmobierebi iyvnen braldebulebis mimarT, magram, yovel SemTxvevaSi, arCeulebi iyvnen sabWoebis mier da garkveul donemde maT kontrolqveS imyofebodnen. swored isini ganasaxierebdnen xalxis masebis CarTvas sasamarTlo saqmeebSi. 1918 w. ivlisSi amboxebis Semdeg memarcxene eserebi gandevnil iqnen Ck-as rigebidan da respublikam Seabija ufro saSiS periodSi, rodesac daCqarebuli sasamarTlo procesi ufro misaRebi gaxda. mas saTave daudo amboxebulTa saqmem qalaq iaroslavlSi. ssrk momavali premier-ministri n.a. bulganini, maSin Ck-as razms xelmZRvanelobda, 57 amboxebuli, ZiriTadad oficrebi, daxvrita, magram sagamoZiebo komisias ecotava es ricxvi da damatebiT dasaxvretad kidev 350 tyvis saqme gamoyo. maSin jer kidev es iyo erTeuli saqmeebi, magram 1918 w. 5 seqtembridan wiTeli teroris gamocxadebis Semdeg, aseTi operaciebi Cveulebriv saqmed iqca. dekreti acxadebda, rom sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania sabWoTa respublikis dacva klasobrivi mtrebisagan maTi izolaciiT sakoncentracio banakebSi. yvela adamiani, romelic SemCneulia TeTri gvardiis saqmianobaSi, SeTqmulebasa da amboxebaSi, unda daixvritos. aRar iyo im mtkicebulebebis saWiroeba, rom Cadenili iqna realuri danasauli, Tuki laparaki iyo adamianze, romelic ar iyo muSuri an glexuri warmoSobisa. TviT misi arsebobac ki sakmarisi iyo im daskvnis gasakeTeblad, rom is ebrZoda sabWoTa sistemas da maSasadame xalxs. saSineli termini xalxis mteri TandaTanobiT damkvidrda oficialur instruqciebsa da propagandaSi. lacisi, aRmosavleTis frontis Ck-as ufrosi, 1918 w. noemberSi ase mimarTavda Tavis oficrebs: Cven ar vawarmoebT oms calkeuli pirovnebebis winaaRmdeg. Cven unda amovZirkvoT burJuazia rogorc klasi. gamoZiebis dros nu eZebT imis mtkicebulebebs, rom braldebuli sityviT Tu saqmiT gamodioda sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. pirveli kiTxvebi, romlebic Tqven unda dasvaT, aseTia: romel klass miekuTvneba igi? rogori warmoSobisaa? rogor ganaTleba aqvs an ra profesiisaa? es is kiTxvebia, romlebmac unda gadawyvitos braldebulis bedi. amaSi mdgomareobs wiTeli teroris mniSvneloba da arsi. sazogadoebrivi higienis saxe gaxda sabWoTa propagandis standartuli enis nawili. ukve 1917 w. dekemberSi lenini mouwodebda, rom ruseTis miwaze amoeZirkvaT yvela juris paraziti, romlebSic igi gulisxmobda usaqmur mdidrebs, samRvdeloebas, biurokratebs da feTxum da isteriul inteligencias. 1918 w. 31 agvistos pravda mouwodebda, rom qalaqebi unda gaiwmindos am gaxrwnili burJuaziisagan... yvela, vinc ki saSiSia revoluciisaTvis, unda moispos. sakoncentracio banakebi, sadac izolirebulebi iyvnen Cveulebrivi adamianebis klasobrivi mtrebi, igive sanitarul miznebs emsaxureboda. leninma pirvelad SesTavaza maTi Seqmna Tavis werilSi penzis saolqo sabWos 1918 w. 9 agvistos (qalaqi mdebareobda saSiS adgilze aRmosavleTis frontze): sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania gaZlierebuli gvardiis Seqmna saimedo adamianebisagan masobrivi teroris gasatareblad kulakebis, mRvdlebisa da TeTrgvardielebis winaaRmdeg; arasaimedo elementebi unda gamomwyvdeul iqnen sakoncentracio banakebSi qalaqis farglebs gareT. amgvari banakebi xelaxla iyo naxsenebi dekretSi wiTeli teroris Sesaxeb da rogorc Cans, am droisaTvis isini ukve arsebobdnen, Tumca maTi dakanonebis Sesaxeb aqti sruliad ruseTis cak-ma gamosca 1919 wlis 11 aprils. 1922 wlisaTvis, oficialuri statistikiT, ruseTSi ukve arsebobda 190 sakoncentracio banaki, romlebSic Tavmoyrili iyo 85 aTasi kaci. solJenicinisa da sxvaTa monacemebiT umravles maTganSi maSin jer kidev asatani pirobebi iyo gviandel drosTan SedarebiT: patimrebi muSaobdnen dReSi rva saaTs da regularulad Rebulobdnen mcireoden xelfass. albad aq jer kidev Tavs iCenda warmodgenebi SromiTi gamosworebis Sesaxeb. meores mxriv patimrebi warmoadgendnen mZevlebs _ SeiZleboda maTi daxvreta an barJiT gayvana mdinaris SuagulSi da iq maTi CaZirva samoqalaqo omSi TeTrebis ama Tu im qmedebebis sapasuxod. SeuZlebelia imis dadgena Tu ramdeni adamiani daiRupa am periodSi Ck-as xeliT. lacisi amtkicebda, rom 1920 w. dekembrisaTvis man daxvrita 12 733 kaci. Cemberlenis monacemebiT, mis revoluciis sanimuSo istoriaSi, es cifri Seadgens 50 aTas

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kacs. mogvianebiT r. konkvistma moitana cifri 200 aTasi, romelic 1917 wlidan 1923 wlamde periods exeba da amasTan erTad fiqrobda, rom kidev 300 aTasi daiRupa sxva represiuli RonisZiebebis gatarebisas, magaliTad glexTa amboxebebis an gaficvebis CaxSobisas. es cifrebi, ra Tqma unda, ver Seedreba gviandel stalinur periods; Tanac ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom es mimdinareobda namdvili samoqalaqo omis dros, roca mowinaaRmdege mxarec aranakleb simxeces iCenda. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom TeTrebis mxecoba atarebda sporadul xasiaTs da zogjer TeTrebis beladebis nebarTvis gareSec tardeboda, maSin rodesac wiTlebi gulwrfelad da amayad acxadebdnen terors Tavisi sistemis nawilad. leninis terorisadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb Cven zemod avRniSnavdiT, trocki ki (Tavis naSromSi terorizmi da komunizmi, 1920 w.) terors sxva arafrad miiCnevda Tu ara SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis gagrZelebad. SesaZlebelia es sxvaoba maT Soris umniSvnelo iyos. SeiZleba sruli dabejiTebiT iTqvas, leninma SemoiRo da yoveldRiurad gaxada Zalis gamoyeneba yvela realuri Tu gamogonili mtris mimarT, Seqmna ra amisaTvis kanongareSe organoebi, romlebic arc sabWoTa da arc partiul kontrols ar emorCilebodnen. rogoric ar unda yofiliyo bolSevikebis ganzraxvebi, rodesac isini xelisuflebis saTaveSi modiodnen, ar SeiZleba eWvis Setana imaSi, rom samoqalaqo omis periodSi maT ukan waiRes an anulireba gaukeTes im sikeTeTa did nawils, romelic xalxma moipova oqtomberSi, Tanac, demokratiuli organoebi, Seqmnili maTi daxmarebiT, bolSevikebma daumorCiles mkacr, zog SemTxvevaSi sastik kontrols zemodan. magram samoqalaqo omis dros sulac ar niSnavs samoqalaqo omis Sedegad. am sakiTxis irgvliv ki istorikosebs Soris didi kamaTi mimdinareobs. sabWoTa da zogierTi dasavleTeli istorikosi bolSevikuri mmarTvelobis ukidures avtoritarulobas miaweren im sagangebo situacias, romelsac isini Seejaxnen. meores mxriv, mravali dasavleTeli istorikosi miiCneven, rom aseTi avtoritaruloba SeimCneoda leninis SexedulebebSi imTaviTve; amitomac Seqmna man sakuTari fraqcia da gaemijna yvela maT, vinc mas guliT ar eTanxmeboda. sinamdvileSi araa saWiro am ori Tvalsazrisis absoluturi SeuTavseblobis postulireba. TviT Tavisi Zalauflebis xelTgdebis meTodiT bolSevikebma ruseTi Caayenes situaciaSi, romelic axlos iyo samoqalaqo omTan, romelic mogvianebiT marTlac gadaizarda namdvil samoqalaqo omSi. ufro metic, zogierTi, yvelaze ufro metad avtoritaruli RonisZiebebi miRebul iqna samoqalaqo omis yvelaze kritikuli fazebis an dadgomamde da an mis Semdeg. omma bolSevikebs mxolod saSualeba misca Sejaxebodnen sinamdviles, gamosuliyvnen fantaziis samefodan da gadasuliyvnen praqtikuli politikis samefoSi. isini xelmZRvanelobdnen bundovani, magram mZlavri rwmeniT, romelic maT situaciaSi Semoitanes. omma, amasTan erTad, isini uzrunvelyo yvelaze kargi SesaZleblobebiT demokratiis (masebTan kontaqtis TvalsazrisiT) da avtoritarizmis SexamebisaTvis. Tavis naSromSi saxelmwifo da revolucia lenini moiTxovda mTeli erovnuli ekonomikis organizebas safosto samsaxuris msgavsad... yvelaferi unda daqvemdebareboda SeiaraRebuli proletariatis kontrolsa da xelmZRvanelobas _ aseTia Cveni uSualo mizani. Tu SeiaraRebuli proletariatis nacvlad CavsvamT partias da wiTel armias, miviRebT suraTs, rasac sinamdvileSi warmoadgenda samxedro komunizmi. ra Tqma unda am SecvlaSi aris raRac azri. lenini Zalian advilad gadaxta proletariatis cnebidan partiis cnebaze ise, rom ver amCnevda am cvlilebis saeWvoobasa da sazizRrobas. aseTive winaaRmdegobrivia misi statia sabWoTa xelisuflebis morigi amocanebi, romelic daiwera 1918 w. aprilSi da romelSic igi amtkicebda, rom srulmasStabiani saxelmwifo aRricxvisa da kontrolis gareSe produqciis warmoebasa da ganawilebaze muSaTa mmarTveloba ver SenarCundeba da kapitalizmis uRelqveS dabruneba gardauvalia, magram amasTan TiToeuli fabrika, TiToeuli sofeli _ esaa sawarmoo-samomxmareblo komuna... produqciis warmoebasa da ganawilebaze sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis gamotanis uflebiT. SesaZlebelia, amgvari winaaRmdegobrioba iyo bunebrivi imisaTvis, rac jer kidev utopiur programad rCeboda, romelzedac arsebuli sinamdvile axdenda zegavlenas. rogorc ar unda iyos, ueWvelia, rom realurma RonisZiebebma, romlebic gatarda jer kidev samoqalaqo omamde da gansakuTrebiT omis drosa da mis Semdeg, mkveTrad gaaZliera saxelmwifo da gaauqma yvela is upiratesoba da sasikeTo qmedebebi, romlebsac bolSevikebi xalxs oqtomberSi hpirdebodnen. samxedro komunizmis arsi

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mdgomareobda SemdegSi: 1. faqtobrivad mTeli mrewvelobis nacionalizacia da misi Sexameba resursebis centralizaciasTan; 2. saxelmwifo monopoliis daweseba vaWrobaze (romelsac ar SeeZlo adamianTa moTxovnebis dakmayofileba da amitomac mas Tan axlda mZlavri Savi bazris warmoSoba). 3. mzardi inflacia, rasac moyva fuladi garigebebis nawilobrivi Sewyveta (rasac miesalmnen is bolSevikebi, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom socializmis dros fuli aRar iqneba saWiro) da barteris farTod gavrceleba da xelfasis gadaxda saqonliT; 4. glexobisaTvis zedmeti produqciis (da ara marto zedmeti) CamorTmeva. alek nouvi amas mokled aseT reziumes ukeTebda: ekonomikis alya komunisturi ideologiiT. nawilobriv organizebuli qaosi. tyavis qurTukebSi gamowyobili uZilo komisrebi, romlebic dRe da Rame muSaobdnen da amaod cdilobdnen Tavisufali bazris Secvlas. ukve samwliani omiT isedac ganawamebi, Semdeg ki SiSiTa da revoluciebiT moculi ekonomika sabolood moiSala. 1921 wlisaTvis warmoeba mZime mrewvelobaSi Seadgenda 1913 wlis donis erT mexuTeds, xolo zogierT sferoSi saerTod Sewyvita saqmianoba. kvebis produqtebis warmoebis vardna ar xdeboda aseTi saSineli tempebiT, ramdenadac amaze Cven SegviZlia vimsjeloT im arasaimedo cifrebiT, romlebic gagvaCnia, magram vaWrobisa da transportis sistema, aucilebeli imisaTvis, rom nawarmoeb produqcias momxmareblamde mieRwia, mTlianad moiSala. situacia rogorc qalaqad, ise soflad eniT auwereli iyo. evgeni zamiatini ase igonebda samxedro komunizmis periodis zamTris petrograds: myinvarebi, mamontebi, udabnoebi. Savi Ramis kldeebi, romlebic raRaciT hgavda saxlebs. kldeebSi gamoqvabulebi... gamoqvabulebis adamianebi gaxveulebi tyavebSi, adialebSi, bewvSi, gadadian gamoqvabulidan gamoqvabulSi. pasternaki ki Tavis nawarmoebSi doqtori Jivago aRwerda ngrevas rkinigzaze. matarebeli matarebelze, erTi meoris miyolebiT, TeTrebis mier mitovebuli, idga usaqmurad, gaCerebulebi kolCakis damarcxebiT, sawvavis ukmarisobiTa da namqeris gamo. samudamod umoZraod CarCenilebi da TovlSi Camarxulebi, isini Tvaluwvdenel manZilze iyvnen gadaWimulni. zogierTi maTgani warmoadgenda cixe-simagres SeiaraRebuli yaCaRuri dajgufebebisaTvis, an TavSesafars gamoqceuli sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebisa an politikuri devnilebisaTvis _ im dReebis uneburi moxetialeebisaTvis, magram umravlesoba am matareblebidan warmoadgenda koleqtiur morgs, sicivisa da tifis msxverplTa saerTo sasaflaos, romelic mTels rkinigzaze mZvinvarebda da umowyalod celavda irgvliv mdebare mTel soflebs. soflad ki glexebi ukve Seudgnen kerZo miwebis eqspropriaciis sasiamovno amocanis Sesrulebas da mis ganawilebas erTmaneTSi. miwis Sesaxeb bolSevikuri dekretis mixedviT am procesisaTvis unda exelmZRvanela, ZiriTadad, Zvel sasoflo Temebs, romlebSic, ra Tqma unda, ufro meti gavleniT sargeblobdnen SedarebiT ukeT mowyobili da SeZlebuli glexuri ojaxebi. gadanawileba, romelmac mravali uTanxmoeba warmoSva, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arcTu iseTi samarTliani iyo; nebismier SemTxvevaSi gadanawilebiT gamowveuli sixaruli mowamlul iqna, rodesac gamoirkva, rom yvela kerZo, saeklesio da saxazino miwebic rom gaenawilebinaT, TiToeul glexur meurneobas SeiZleboda mieRo saSualod naxevari desiatina (akrze odnav meti) miwa. ufro metic, glexebs Seesivnen damamzadebeli moxeleebi, romlebic eZebdnen produqtebs, magram ar SeeZloT maTSi saTanado an fulis an saqonlis gadaxda. marTalia, es problema memkvidreobiT iqna miRebuli droebiTi mTavrobisagan, magram 19171918 ww. zamTarSi gaZlierebuli SimSilobis pirobebSi igi ufro xisti gaxda, xolo Setakebebi ufro sastiki. im politikuri filosofiis pirobebSi, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo bolSevikebisaTvis, isini iZulebulni iyvnen es problema ganexilaT klasobrivi brZolis WrilSi da maSasadame, masze moexdinaT ufro mkveTri reagireba, vidre amas akeTebda droebiTi mTavroba. ianvarSi leninma wamoayena winadadeba, rom petrogradis sabWos daegzavna SeiaraRebuli formirebebi marcvleulis mosaZieblad da konfiskaciisaTvis da rom maT miscemodaT maTi daxvretis ufleba, vinc winaaRmdegobas gauwevda. maisSi sruliad ruseTis cakma da saxalxo komisarTa sabWom gamosces erToblivi dekreti, romlis mixedviTac isini, vinc saxelmwifos ar Caabarebda marcvleuls, gamocxaddebodnen glexur burJuaziad da soflis kulakebad. rCeba mxolod erTi gamosavali: marcvleulis mflobelTa Zaladobas mSieri Raribobis winaaRmdeg pasuxi gaeces aseve ZaladobiT maT winaaRmdeg, vinc marcvleuls malavs. soflad klasobrivi brZolis organizebisa da gadamaluli marcvleulis moZebnis gamalebuli optimizaciisaTvis TiToeul sofelSi da mazraSi Seiqmna Rarib glexTa

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komitetebi _ Raribkomebi. Teoriulad isini Semdgarni unda yofiliyvnen glexebisagan, visi miwebic ar aRemateboda dawesebul normas, ganawilebis dros dawesebuls. praqtikaSi ki, rogoric ar unda yofiliyo uTanxmoeba soflis SigniT, glexebi mTavrobis mier gamogzavnil moxeleebs mtrulad xvdebodnen. mxolod mcireodeni nawili Rarib-Ratakebisa, romlebsac Tvali sxvis qonebaze eWiraT, mzad iyvnen daxmarebodnen mosulebs. amitomac RaribTa komitetebi TandaTanobiT gadaiqca soflis bandebad, romlebic xalxs Zarcvavdnen piradi gamdidrebis mizniT, anda gonebis warTmevamde loTobdnen. bolSevikebi male mixvdnen, rom RaribTa komitetebs ufro meti zarali mohqondaT, vidre sargebeli da 1918 wlis noemberSi isini gaauqmes. sinamdvileSi qalaqebis momarageba susaTiT umeteswilad xdeboda momaragebaze saxelmwifo monopoliis gverdis avliT. glexebi sxvadasxva gzebiT axerxebdnen produqtebis tomrebiT qalaqebSi SeRwevas da iq yidnen Zvirad, an qaRaldis fulisadmi undoblobis gamo, cvlidnen produqtebs samrewvelo nawarmze, romelsac maT uSualod xelosnebi an muSebi sTavazobdnen. inteligentebi da gonivrulad momuSaveni sursaTSi iZleodnen avejs da sagvareulo Zvirfaseulobas sicocxlisaTvis sasowarkveTil brZolaSi. zogjer isini TviT miemarTebodnen soflebSi. zoSCenkos moTxroba, sadac sagonebelSi Cavardnili glexi roialze cvlis erT tomara xorbals, es mxolod odnav gazviadebuli suraTia maSindeli mdgomareobisa. ruseTis mosaxleobis naxevari gzebsa da rkinigzebze iyo gamofenili da mihqonda an miaTrevda yvelafers, risi gayidvac SeiZleboda. eseni iyvnen e.w. tomrianebi (meSoCnikebi), romlebic yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawils warmoadgendnen. qalaqebSi bazrebi iqcnen gacxovelebuli da Tavgamodebuli vaWrobis mudmiv asparezad, romlis saSualebiTac adamianebi cdilobdnen sicocxlis SenarCunebas. ra Tqma unda, komunistebi ebrZodnen amgvar komercias: igi arRvevda maT monopolias vaWrobaze da Seuracxyofda maT klasobriv grZnobas. dro da dro isini blokavdnen qalaqebSi misasvlel gzebs imisaTvis, rom tomrianebi SeeCerebinaT. magram isini sinamdvileSi arasodes ar cdilan amoeZirkvaT es ukanono vaWroba, radgan esmodaT, rom saboloo jamSi es did SimSilobas gamoiwvevda. amgvari gaWirveba, rasac Tan emateboda RaribTa komitetebis Tavgasuloba, bunebrivia, iwvevda glexTa amboxebas komunistebis winaaRmdeg. cecxlze navTis dasxmas warmoadgenda eklesiebis daxurva da RvTis msaxurTa dapatimreba, an iZulebiTi mobilizacia wiTel armiaSi. 1918 w. gazafxulsa da Semodgomas Soris periodSi mniSvnelovnad gaxSirda Tavdasxmebi komunistebsa da moxeleebze, romlebsac sursaTiT momarageba exebodaT. magram Zaladobis talRas mainc akavebda SiSi, rom vaiTu TeTrebma daamarces komunistebi, maSin glexebi dakargavdnen cota xnis winaT miRebul miwas. magram 1920 w. Semodgomasa da 1921 w. gazafxulze, roca TeTrebi aRar warmoadgendnen saSiSroebas, glexTa SemTxveviTi gamosvlebi sayovelTao amboxebaSi gadaizarda. holandieli istorikosis ian meieris mixedviT, tipuri glexuri ajanyeba iwyeboda glexTa SekrebiT, meurneobebis meTaurTa tradiciuli SekrebiT. masze gamohqondaT ganaCeni da adgilobriv komunistebs an sursaTis amkrebT apatimrebdnen da xvretdnen. iaraRs xelT igdebdnen samxedro momzadebis adgilobriv banakebSi (wiTeli armiis mier Seqmnili), xolo sarekvizacio brigadebi idevneboda soflebidan. Semdeg glexebi cdilobdnen garesamyarosagan srulad mowyvetas da ZaliT icavdnen TavianT izolirebul mdgomareobas. glexTa am daqsaqsulma gamosvlebma kulminacias miaRwia saSinel buntebSi, romlebic moewyo Savmiwaniadagian raionSi, volgis auzSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da cimbirSi (marcvleulis moyvanis ZiriTadi regionebi) 1920-21 wlebSi. rogorc Cans, yvelaze mniSvnelovani amboxebebi xdeboda dasavleT cimbirSi, sadac daaxloebiT 60 aTasi SeiaraRebuli glexi moqmedebda: maT daikaves ori msxvili qalaqi _ tobolski da petropavlovski da 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi daikaves transcimbiris sarkinigzo magistralis zogierTi monakveTi. Cven cota ram viciT am amboxebis Sesaxeb, magram Savmiwaniadagian tambovis olqSi momxdari ajanyebis Sesaxeb SemorCa werilobiTi wyaroebi, romlebic gulmodgined Seiswavla amerikelma istorikosma oliver radkim. mravali ram, rac man Seityo am ajanyebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba samarTliani aRmoCndes sxva amboxebebis mimarTac. tambovis ajanyeba warmoadgenda glexTa klasikur ajanyebas, romelic moewyo romelime politikuri partiis pirdapiri gavlenis an politikuri mxardaWeris gareSe. eserebis partia, romlisTvisac bunebrivi iqneboda am amboxebisaTvis mxardaWera, mas uaRresad TavdaWeriT Sexvda, SesaZloa imitom, rom samoqalaqo omis gakveTilebma

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eserebs aswavla, rom brZola niSnavda generlebisadmi morCilebas, es ki maT ar undodaT. marTalia, amboxebis beladi, antonovi, adre TviT iyo memarcxene eseri da rom niSnebi, romlebic axasiaTebda eserebs, SeiniSneboda mSromeli glexobis kavSiris (amboxebis samoqalaqo, aragasamxedroebuli dajgufeba) mier gamoSvebul programaSi. programa moiTxovda damfuZnebeli krebis ganmeorebiT mowvevas, samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa garantiebis ganaxlebas, miwebis sruli nacionalizacias da Sereuli ekonomikis restavracias. es ori ukanaskneli moTxovna, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgenda bunebriv glexur moTxovnebs. Tavdapirvelad antonovis armia Sedgeboda wiTeli armiis dezertirebis SemTxveviTi bandebisagan, romlebSic ar iyvnen glexebi an sxva adamianebi, romlebic sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo iyvnen gamoqceulebi Tavis sacxovrebeli adgilebidan. mxolod denikinis sabolood damarcxebis Semdeg Seavso antonovma Tavisi rigebi. Semdeg daiwyo kampania bolSevikebisa da sabWoTa Cinovnikebis daxocvis Sesaxeb, arbevdnen sasoflo sabWoebs da sammarTveloebs (antonovis xalxi wvavda dokumentebs iseve, rogorc amas akeTebdnen frangi glexebi 1789 w), rkinigzis sadgurebsa da marcvleulis Sesanax beRlebs. amboxebam farTo xasiaTi miiRo mxolod 1920 w. agvisto-seqtemberSi, rodesac gamoCndnen sarekvizacio brigadebi, romlebsac unda CamoerTmiaT marcvleulis nawili, romelic im wels isedac mcire raodenobiT movida. moxda Setakebebi brigadebsa da soflis macxovreblebs Soris. am ukanasknelTa dasaxmareblad movida antonovi. Tavdapirvelad mas umarTlebda: aTasobiT glexi ewereboda mwvane armiaSi (aseTi saxeliT iyo igi cnobili) da ramdenadac bolSevikuri moraluri suliskveTeba da Zala tambovSi iyo susti, mwvane armiam SeZlo mTeli sasoflo raionebis ganTavisufleba da iq samoqalaqo mTavrobis Seqmna. mwvane armia gasaocrad hgavda wiTel armias Tavisi struqturiT, igi politikuri komisrebiTac ki iyo dakompleqtebuli, Tumca masSi sul ramdenime profesionali samxedro oficeri iyo. isini wiTlebs meTodebiTac ki hbaZavdnen. Tavisi Zlierebis periodSi mwvane armia 20 aTas xiSts moiTvlida, Tumca ufro meti xalxi iyo mis araregularul nawilebSi. man gadaWra sami mTavari sarkinigzo xazi, romlebzedac damokidebuli iyo bolSevikuri mTavrobis kavSiri volgispireTTan da CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan. 1920 wlis dekembrisaTvis am ambavma imdenad SeaSfoTa lenini, rom man specialuri komisia Seqmna banditizmTan sabrZolvelad, romelsac Tavdapirvelad ZerJinski Caudga saTaveSi. gadarCenili bolSevikebi da Cekistebi gamoyvanil iqnen tambovis olqidan da iq gaagzavnes specialuri jaris nawilebi antonov-ovseenkos meTaurobiT, Semdeg ki tuxaCevski, romelmac is-is iyo CaaxSo kronStadtis amboxeba. am jarebma xelT igdes erTi meoris miyolebiT soflebi, xvretdnen glexebs viszedac eWvi mihqondaT, rom isini antonovis mxareze ibrZodnen. zogierTi soflebi Zirfesvianad gadawves. imave dros, maT gamodevnes tyeebidan antonovis jaris nawilebi gaSlil adgilebSi, sadac tyviamfrqvevebiT SeiaraRebuli nawilebi maT musrs avlebdnen. magram represiebs Tan daTmobebic axlda. tambovSi leninis specialuri brZanebiT gauqmda xorblis rekvizicia da raRac sakvebi produqtic ki Seitanes olqSi. sinamdvileSi tambovSi warmoebda axali ekonomikuri wyobis winaswari gamocda da gairkva, rom amgvari nawilobrivi daTmobebi, Sexamebuli sastik represiebTan, glexebs ukargavda brZolis xaliss da garkveul, bolSevikebisaTvis xelsayrel Sedegebs iZleoda. sakiTxavia, ratom damarcxda tambovis olqisa da glexTa sxva amboxebebi. maT miznebs xom mravali glexuri Temi iziarebda, gansakuTrebiT marcvleulis momyvan raionebSi da maT muSebis nawilic ki uWerda mxars. saqme isaa, rom glexebi moqmedebdnen daqsaqsulad, maT calkeul razmebs Soris da miTumetes muSaTa klasTan araviTari kavSiri ar hqondaT. glexTa Segneba Semofargluli iyo mxolod adgilobrivi soflis moTxovnilebaTa CarCoebiT. mwvane armiam erTxel ieriSi miitana qalaq tambovze, magram wiTelma armiam igi advilad ukuagdo. pirvel rigSi glexTa razmebs Soris ar arsebobda araviTari politikuri koordinacia, romlis uzrunvelyofac SeeZloT eserebs, magram isini organizaciulad iyvnen dasustebulni da arc iaraRis aReba surdaT xelSi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, glexebi am droisaTvis ukve aRarc erT politikur partias aRar endobodnen da arc qalaqis inteligenciisa swamdaT rame. cnobilia, rom marqsistebis umravlesoba imTaviTve soflis winaaRmdeg iyo ganwyobili da amitomac gasakviri araa, rom bolSevikebsa da glexebs Soris

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urTierToba mkveTrad gafuWda. magram muSebic, romlebic axali xelisuflebis bunebrivi mokavSireebi unda yofiliyvnen, sakmaod negatiurad iyvnen ganwyobilni bolSevikuri mTavrobis mimarT. Cven viciT, rom 1918 w. zafxulisaTvis bolSevikebma moaxdines mrewvelobis udidesi nawilis nacionalizacia da daumorCiles igi safabriko-saqarxno komitetebs, magram imdenad moaxdines muSaTa kontrolis centralizeba, rom masSi faqtobrivad muSuri aRaraferi iyo. aman, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi wvlili Seitana revoluciuri idealebis dakargvaSi, magram muSaTa nawils mainc aseTi centralizacia erCivna saSineli SimSilis saSiSroebas. saqme isaa, rom bolSevikebis samSvidobo iniciativebma, rogori popularulic ar unda yofiliyvnen isini, gamoiwvia uzarmazari umuSevroba. gamoTvlili iyo, rom ruseTis qarxnebis 70% omisaTvis muSaobda da es iyvnen didi qarxnebi, romlebic adamianTa did raodenobas uzrunvelyofdnen samuSaoTi. kontraqtebi, romlebic dakavSirebulni iyvnen saxelmwifos dacvasTan, mkveTrad gawyda 1917 w. dekemberSi cecxlis SewyvetasTan dakavSirebiT da petrogradSi 1918 w. ianvridan aprilamde samuSaos arqonis gamo daTxovnili iqna muSebis 60%. sawarmoebma, romlebmac am gasaWirs gauZlo, xSirad gadadioda erTpirovnul mmarTvelobaze, ramdenadac lenini am dros mkveTrad gaitaca rwmunebulebaTa gancalkevebam da daiwyes muSebisaTvis xelfasebis gadaxda Sesrulebuli samuSaos mixedviT. ramdenadac sawarmoebs zogjer saTaveSi udgebodnen isini, vinc adre xelmZRvanelobda maT, axla ki saxelmwifos zedamxedvelobis qveS imyofebodnen, disciplina am sawarmoebSi myardeboda iseTive, rogorc es revoluciamde iyo. amave periodSi izrdeboda fasebi sursaTze: moskovSi fasebi kartofilze 1918 w. ianvridan aprilamde gaormagda, xolo Wvavis fqvilze (rusuli puris ZiriTadi komponenti) TiTqmis oTxjer. petrogradSi kvebis dRiuri racioni Semcirda 900 kaloriamde aucilebeli minimumis 2300-is nacvlad arafizikurad momuSaveTaTvis. daeca Sromis nayofiereba, radgan SimSilisagan muSebi dasustebulni iyvnen. ukeTesad kvebisaTvis mravali qurdobda, sargeblobda Savi bazriT, midioda sofelSi, rom raime gadaecvala sakvebze, an xelaxla saxldeboda soflad naTesaur an Temuri kanonis safuZvelze, Tuki aseTi ram jer kidev im adgilebSi SenarCunebuli iyo. mravali muSa, ra Tqma unda, ewereboda wiTel armiaSi. daiwyo didi qalaqebis dacla mosaxleobisagan. 1917 w. Sua periodidadn 1920 w. bolomde safabriko-saqarxno muSebis raodenoba samnaxevari milionidan daeca erT milionamde. isini ki, vinc rCeboda, karieras ikeTebdnen an axal partiul da saxelmwifo organoebSi (romlebic upiratesobas aZlevdnen proletariatis rigebidan gamosulebs), an iyvnen mSivrebi, daucvelebi da uZlurebi. demonstraciebma damfuZnebeli krebis gamo, pirvelad revoluciis Semdeg, misca muSebs saSualeba gamoeTqvaT Tavisi pretenziebi. istoria wiTelgvardielebis mier uiaraRo muSebis daxvretis Sesaxeb farTod gavrcelda, muSebi mraval krebaze hkicxavdnen saxalxo komisarTa sabWos, moiTxovdnen wiTeli gvardiis ganiaraRebas (zogierT rezoluciaSi mas mefis Jandarmerias adarebdnen) da moiTxovdnen sabWoebis axlad arCevas. 9 ianvars (1905 w. sisxliani kviris wlisTavze) uzarmazari procesia miacilebda sasaflaomde daxvretilebs. 1918 w. zafxulisaTvis, mraval, SeiZleba iTqvas, muSaTa umravlesobas guli aucruvda komunistur mmarTvelobaze, magram mas ar gaaCnda seriozuli alternativa. es SeiZleba aixsnas maTi saqmianobis arasistemurobiT da gaubedaobiT wina wlebTan SedarebiT. umravlesoba maTgani ufro imiT iyo dakavebuli, Tu rogor gadaerCina Tavi ojaxTan erTad. 1917 w. isini aRmavlobis gzaze idgnen, aSenebdnen momavals axali demokratiuli organoebis saSualebiT, romlebsac TviTve qmnidnen. axla ki, rodesac maT TiTqosda TavianT mizans miaRwies, gadaawydnen siRatakes, urwmunobasa da Cagvras, romlis msgavsic adre ar hqoniaT. maT mier Seqmnili organoebi axla gamoiyeneboda maTive winaaRmdeg. ori politikuri partiidan, romlebsac naTlad SeeZloT maTi survilebis gamoxatva da misi raRac mimarTulebiT warmarTva, menSevikebma arCies legaluri saqmianoba sabWoebSi, xolo eserebSi moxda ganxeTqileba imis gamo _ Rirs Tu ara bolSevikebisadmi aSkara dapirispireba. erTerTma menSevikma aseTi reziume gaukeTa muSaTa politikur ganwyobilebas 1918 wlis ivlisSi: eSmaksac wauRixarT yvelani, bolSevikebic, menSevikebic da mTeli Tqveni politikuri layboba. muSaTa moZraoba, ra Tqma unda, Zlier iyo dasustebuli SimSiliT, siRatakiTa da qalaqiebidan soflad gadasaxlebulebiT. 1921 wlisaTvis samrewvelo muSebis raodenoba Seadgenda 1917 wlis donis daaxloebiT mesameds, Tanac ufro gaRatakebuls yvela TvalsazrisiT. komunistebs hqondaT Tavisi ideebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu

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rogor aRedginaT Tavisi reJimis socialuri baza. imisaTvis, rom mieRoT samoqalaqo omis Semdeg jaridan demobilizebuli jariskacebi, centralurma komitetma 1920 w. bolos miiRo gadawyvetileba zogierTi saarmio qvedanayofi gardaeqmna SromiT armiebad _ amgvarad mesame armia gadaiqca pirvel SromiT armiad. rkinigzebze da zogierT sakvanZo samrewvelo sawarmoebSi SemoRebul iqna samxedro disciplina, xolo wiTeli armiis politikurma komisrebma Secvales profkavSirebis moxeleebi. Sromis jariskacebi Cexavdnen tyeebs, asufTavebdnen gzebs, aRadgendnen xidebsa da saliandago xazebs. yovelive es, bolSevikebis azriT, gaaadvilebda samSvidobo gegmiur ekonomikaze gadasvlas ngrevis gareSe, romelic SeiZleboda jarebis demobilizacias moyoloda. zogierTi komunisti fiqrobda, rom SromiTi armia nebismier SemTxvevaSi warmoadgenda sruliad misaReb samrewvelo erTeuls socialisturi sazogadoebisaTvis. proletarul saxelmwifoSi militarizacia warmoadgens muSaTa klasis TviTorganizacias _ ganacxada trockim. xolo statiaSi dRis ganawesi igi arwmunebda muSebs: daiwyeT da daamTavreT samuSao... socialisturi himnebiTa da simRerebiT. Tqveni muSaoba es araa monuri Sroma, aramed socialisturi samSoblosadmi umaRlesi samsaxuria. magram yvela ar eTanxmeboda amas. muSaTa opozicia ewinaaRmdegeboda am ideas, xolo didi krizisis dros, 1921 w. Teberval-martSi, leninic maT mxareze gadavida. magram rac mTavaria, SromiTi armiebi jariskacTa did aRSfoTebas iwvevda, rad gan maT saxlebSi dabruneba surdaT. da radgan, arc SromiTi Sedegebi iyo STambeWdavi, 1921 w. SromiTi armiebi gaauqmes. 1921 wels komunistebi erTaderT politikur Zalad rCebodnen sabWoTa ruseTSi. isini aseve metad mniSvnelovan socialur Zalas warmoadgendnen. ruseTis sazogadoebaSi klasebis umravlesoba ganadgurebuli iyo an iyo uaRresad dasustebuli revoluciisa da samoqalaqo omis Sedegad, TviT muSaTa klasic ki, romlis saxeliTac bolSevikebi saxelmwifos marTavdnen. mmarTveli klasis aryolis pirobebSi, komunisturi partiisa da sabWoTa saxelmwifos profesionali moxeleebi, maqsimalurad miuaxlovdnen am funqciebis Sesrulebas. ra Tqma unda, maT jer kidev socialur klass ver uwodebdi am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT: maTi Zala da organoebi jer kidev Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen, iseve rogorc maTi Cvevebi da kultura da maT jer kidev ar hqondaT SemuSavebuli Tavisi Zalauflebisa da privilegiebis SenarCunebis xerxebi da meTodebi. mravali TvalsazrisiT sabWoTa ruseTis istoria SeiZleba CaiTvalos imis mcdelobebis istoriad Tu rogor gamoezardaT es Zalaufleba da privilegiebi Tavis mudmiv, saimedo da sayovelTaod aRiarebul miRwevad, rogorc es surs yvela mmarTvel klass. yvela vinc ki icnobda bolSevikebs Tebervlis revoluciis an Tundac oqtombris dReebSi, maT ukve veRar cnobda 1921 wels ise Zlier Seicvalnen isini yvela TvalsazrisiT. TebervalSi isini warmoadgendnen iatakqveS myofebisa da gadasaxlebulTa mcirericxovan partias, mkafio organizebulobis gareSe (leninis principebis miuxedavad), romelsac Sinagani uTanxmoebebi RrRnida. magram misi ideebi gasagebi da axlobeli iyo masebisaTvis, igi aRmoCnda sicocxlisunariani da daiwyo xalxis masebTan kontaqtebis damyareba, pirvel rigSi muSebTan da jariskacebTan.. oqtombris dReebisaTvis bolSevikebis partia TiTqmis ar Secvlila, mxolod misi raodenoba gaizarda TiTqmis aTjer, iseve rogorc gaizarda misi gavlena muSebsa da jariskacebze. magram 1921 wels partia Seicvala. axla igi gaxda masobrivi _ mravali masSi ewereboda karieris gakeTebis mizniT. partia iyo mkacrad organizebuli, Seurigebeli im Sexedulebebis mimarT, romlebic misi Sexedulebebisagan gansxvavdeboda. ukve aqedan iwyeboda misi Camocileba xalxis masebisagan, romelic mas ukve SiSiTa da undoblobiT uyurebda. 1921 w. partiis X yrilobam akurTxa es gardasaxva. ra moxda? cvlilebebis ZiriTadi mizezi gaxda realuri Zalauflebis gamocdileba da samoqalaqo omi; erTic da meorec iyo im leninuri gadawyvetilebebis pirdapiri Sedegi, romlebic man jer kidev oqtombris dReebSi miiRo xelisuflebis xelTgdebis mizniT. gansakuTrebiT SesamCnev cvlilebad iqca partiis wevrTa ricxvis zrda. 1917 w. partiaSi axali wevrebis masobrivad Sesvlis Semdeg 1921 wlisaTvis mis wevrTa raodenoba samjer-oTxjer gaizarda da 750 aTas kacs moaRwia. magram es procesi ar mimdinareobda zomierad. Tu oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdeg SeiniSneboda partiis wevrTa mniSvnelovani zrda, male mas moyva aseve partiis masobrivad datoveba, SesaZloa im muSebis xarjze, romlebsac guli aucruvdaT bolSevikebis xelisuflebaze. SemdegSi

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partiis wevrTa zrda SeiniSneboda samoqalaqo omis dros _ maSin partiaSi Sediodnen wiTeli armiis mebrZolebi. partiis rigebis perioduli wmenda moyoymane, moRalate da karieristi adamianebisagan asufTavebda, magram, amave dros, amcirebda partiis rigebs. partiis wevrTa es perioduli miqceva-moqceva asaxavda im SiSs, romelmac moicva liderebi misi rigiTi wevrebis mimarT. sakadro politika ganisazRvreboda ori, urTierTsawinaaRmdego mosazrebiT. komunistebi, ueWvelia, warmoadgendnen mmarTvel partias, romlebic imave dros, Tavis Tavs miiCnevdnen masobriv partiad. magram mmarTvel partiaSi, ginda Tu ar ginda, mainc warmoiSveba adamianTa fena, romlebic maTi socialuri warmoSobisagan damoukideblad, warmoadgenen tipur saSualo klass. partias, romelic kargavda bazas muSaTa klasis saxiT da ejaxeboda glexTa mZlavr mtrobas, emuqreboda safrTxe, rom gardaqmniliyo mosamsaxureTa partiad. 1917 wlidan 1921 wlamde partiaSi muSaTa raodenoba daeca 60%-dan 40%-de. ufro metic; iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom mravali maTgani, vinc Tavis Tavs muSas uwodebda, sinamdvileSi iyvnen administratorebi, komisrebi, wiTeli armiis meTaurebi da a.S. da marTlac, partiuli statistika gviCvenebs, rom 1919 w. oqtomberSi partiis wevrTa mxolod 11% muSaobda fabrika-qarxnebSi, magram aqac mraval maTgans administraciuli Tanamdeboba ekava. partiis wevrTa raodenobis zrdis meore bunebriv Sedegs warmoadgenda mis rigebSi oqtombramdeli periodis bolSevikTa proporciulad Semcireba. 1919 w. oqtomberSi gamoirkva, rom mxolod partiis wevrTa mexuTedi iyo masSi revoluciamde gawevrianebuli. da es proporcia kidev ufro iklebda Semdgom periodSi. komunistTa didi umravlesobis formireba im dros xdeboda samoqalaqo omis brZolebSi. maT TiTqmis ar hqondaT qarxnebsa da fabrikebSi revoluciuri brZolebis gamocdileba, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT cixeebze, gadasaxlebebsa da iatakqveSeTSi cxare debatebze. tipur komunists im dros ukve warmoadgenda ara cudad Cacmuli inteleqtuali, aramed tyavis qurTukSi gamowyobili komisari gverdze Camokidebuli mauzeriT. partiul muSakebs Soris ukve sWarbobdnen wiTeli armiidan gamosulebi _ gaunaTleblebi, Teoriulad umecrebi, uxeSi pirebi, magram kargi organizatorebi. mravali am adamianTagan, warsulSi muSa an glexi, moxaruli iyo, rom mowyda Tavis fenas. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom partiam am dros sul mTlianad gasamxedroebuli saxe miiRo, magram partiul funqcionerTagan umravlesoba sakiTxTa umravlesobas wyvetda Zalismieri meTodebiT, iZulebis wesiT. samxedro periodis gamocdilebam lenini miiyvana daskvnamde, rom politikis arsi mgomareobs sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi: vin _ vis. samoqalaqo omma da realuri Zalauflebis gamocdilebam mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina partiis organizaciul struqturazec. Tu partiis samdivnosaTvis sverdlovisa da stasovas saxiT 1917 w. araviTar siZneles ar warmoadgenda ck-as mTeli mimoweris warmoeba da met-naklebi sizustiT partiis wevrTa siebis codna, partiis saxelmwifosTan Serwymis kvaldalval amgvari praqtika sul ufro da ufro naklebadSesaZlebeli xdeboda.. magram imisaTvis, rom partiis struqturas dasrul;ebuli formebi mieRo, amas sakmaod didi dro dasWirda. TviT oqtombris gadatrialebidan erTi wlis Semdegac ki improvizacia sruliad Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgenda. Tavis gamokvlevaSi robert servisi damajereblad amtkicebs, rom partiis sabolood Camoyalibebulma struqturebma didi gavlenis moxdena daiwyes Zireul partiul organizaciebze. samoqalaqo omis sagangebo garemoebebSi pirveladi partorganizaciebi, gaagzavnes ra Tavisi saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi frontze, axerxebdnen TavianTi rigebidan niWieri xelmZRvanelebis dawinaurebas. moskovidan gamogzavnil centraluri komitetis emisarebsa da instruqtorebs mxolod keTilmosurned Rebulobdnen. ar yofnidaT ra TanaSemweeebi da TanamebrZolebi, partiuli mdivnebi adgilebze erTpirovnulad Rebulobdnen mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs. partiuli krebebi iqceoda cariel formalobad, xolo rezoluciebs Rebulobdnen, xatovani gamoTqma rom vixmaroT, kavaleristuli SeteviT.gaqra partiuli muSakebis arCeviTobis da maTi kandidatebis seriozulad ganxilvis, politikuri alternativebis wamoyenebis praqtika. sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRo partiuli funqcionerebis zemodan daniSvnis praqtikam. sagangebo situaciebSi an marTlac umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad Cveulebriv movlenad iqca centridan sagangebo komisarebis movlineba. ra Tqma unda, es iyo tipuri movlena leninur-trockistuli xelmZRvanelobisaTvis, Tu vilaparakebT mmarTvelobis im aspeqtebze, romlebzedac zemod gvqonda saubari. orives Cveulebad hqonda gordias naskvis erTi dartymiT

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gadaWra, rodesac sadireqtivo werilebs agzavnidnen. ase wydeboda yvela sakiTxi adgilebze. axla leninisa da trockis instiqturi avtoritaruloba dakanonebul iqna. es imas niSnavda, rom iqmneboda profesiuli partiuli muSakebis fena, pirvelyovlisa partiis saSualo da zeda fenebSi. im pirobebSi, rodesac partias rkinis xeliT ekava sabWoebic, wiTeli armiac, maT ZiriTad movaleobas Seadgenda maTi ubralod marTva. struqturebis garTuleba daiwyo 1919 wlidan TviT partiis zedafenaSi. amis mizezi gaxda samoqalaqo omi da sverdlovis gardacvaleba imave wlis martSi. centralur komitetSi Cveulebriv iyo cxrameti sruluflebiani wevri da rva kandidati. aseT pirobebSi Zneli iyo saswrafo gadawyvetilebebis miReba da amitomac partiis VIII yrilobaze, 1919 w. martSi, gadawyda, rom SeeqmnaT politikuri biuro (politbiuro) ck-as xuTi wevrisagan. Tavdapirvelad masSi Sevidnen lenini, trocki, stalini, kamenevi da krestinski. paralelurad Seiqmna orgbiuro, romlis amocanasac Seadgenda centraluri komitetis saorganizacio da sakadro muSaoba.. male orgbiuro iqca dawesebulebad,sadac inaxeboda partiis yvela wevrTa dosie da saaRricxvo baraTebi. Tavdapirvelad orgbiuroSi politbiurodan mxolod ori wevri _ stalini da krestinski Sediodnen. gardaiqmna samdivnoc: mas unda ewarmoebina mimowera da dasaqmebuli yofiliyo mimdinare saorganizacio da aRmasrulebeli xasiaTis sakiTxebiT. orgbiuros miniWebuli hqonda umaRlesi rwmunebebi organizaciul sakiTxebSi. sinamdvileSi es ori ogano erTmaneTs dublirebas uwevda.. stalini ar Sedioda samdivnos SemadgenlobaSi 1922 wlamde da rodesac es moxda, igi gaxda ara ubralod generaluri mdivani, aramed aRmoCnda erTaderTi adamiani, romelic partiis samive sadireqtivo organoSi ijda da saqmianobda. axalma organoebma, gansakuTrebiT politbiurom, maSinve miiTvisa centraluri komitetis mravali saxelisuflo funqcia. Teoriulad ck unda Sekrebiliyo or kviraSi erTxel, magram 1919 w. darCenil TveebSi es moxda orjer ufro iSviaTad. da es maSin, rodesac aprilidan noembramde politbiuro 29-jer Seikriba, xolo orgbiuro _ 110-jer. Tormetjer orive organom erToblivi sxdoma Caatara. grZeldeboda partiasa da xalxs Soris urTierTobebis formireba. 1919 w. dekemberSi Zireul partiul organizaciebs daegzavna direqtiva, romelic moiTxovda nebismier organizaciaSi, dawesebulebaSi da sawarmoSi, sadac samiode komunistic ki Tu muSaobda, Seqmniliyo partiuli ujredebi. am ujredebis mizani unda yofiliyo partiis gavlenis zrda yvela mimarTulebiT, partiis politikis gatareba upartioTa Soris da partiuli kontrolis daweseba yvela sawarmosa da dawsebulebis muSaobaze. saWiro iyo imaSi darwmuneba, rom am saxelisuflebo rwmunebebis gatarebisaTvis SerCeulia saTanado xalxi. amitomac partiis IX yrilobam yvela donis partiul organizaciebs urCia SeedginaT im pirTa siebi, romlebic gamodgebodnen garkveuli samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad da maT Semdgom dasaniSnad sxvadasxva Tanamdebobebze. es siebi, SeTanxmebuli Dda dazustebuli ck-as samdivnoSi, iqca im marcvlad, romlidanac SemdegSi aRmocenda sabWoTa nomenklaturuli sistema, romelmac moicva ara marto partia, aramed saerTod, cxovrebis yvela mxare. magram am cvlilebebs mTeli partia ar iwonebda. mravali gavleniani komunisti, romelic ar Sedioda umaRles rgolebSi, SeSfoTebuli iyo mimdinare gardaqmnebiT. isini xedavdnen, rom es siaxleebi ewinaaRmdegeboda im idealebs, risTvisac bolSevikebma xelT igdes Zalaufleba. 1919-1920 ww. partiis SigniT aRmocenda ori damoukidebeli jgufi _ demokratiuli centralistebi da muSaTa opozicia. pirvelebi moiTxovdnen demokratiuli elementebis aRdgenas, romelic Cadebuli iyo partiuli organizaciis Sesaxeb leninur TeoriaSi. saqme exeboda arCevnebis Tavisuflebas da diskusiebs yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze. muSaTa opozicia SeSfoTebuli iyo mzardi ufskruliT partiasa da muSebs Soris, visi saxeliTac igi TiTqosda gamodioda, moiTxovda masebis TviTSemoqmedebas, ris deklarirebasac 1917 w. TviT lenini axdenda. muSaTa opoziciis ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo azri imis Sesaxeb, rom mrewvelobisaTvis unda exelmZRvanela ara imdenad specialistebsa da mmarTvelebs (Tanamedrove eniT rom vTqvaT _ menejerebs), romlebsac mTavrobam Tavi mouyara saxalxo meurneobis sabWoSi, aramed profkavSirebs. am jgufis yvelaze momxibvleli da mxurvale wevri, aleqsandra kolontai amtkicebda, rom TviTSeqmoqmedebis adgili daikava biurokratiam _ partiuli xelmZRvanelobis pirmSom. kolontai aseve moiTxovda namdvili arCevnebisadmi dabrunebas da Tavisufal diskusiebs partiis rigiT wevrebs Soris. SeiZleba kacs Seqmnoda iseTi STabeWdileba,

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rom muSaTa opozicias ufro meti mxardamWeri yavda samrewvelo proletariatis SigniT, magram amas damatebiT gamokvleva sWirdeba. is-is iyo damTavrda diskusiebi am sakiTxebze, rom partia Seejaxa kriziss, romelic SeiZleba ufro saSiSi yofiliyo, vidre samoqalaqo omi, an glexTa amboxeba tambovis guberniaSi. imave dros, jer moskovSi, Semdeg ki petrogradSi, 1921 w. Tebervlis meore naxevarSi daiwyo samrewvelo muSaTa gaficvebi da demonstraciebi. mizezi gaxda puris normis Semcireba, magram sul male muSaTa moTxovnebma SeiZina politikuri xasiaTi. es iyo samwliani SimSilobisa da represiebis Sedegi. muSebi moiTxovdnen vaWrobis Tavisuflebas, sasursaTo gaweris gauqmebas da partiuli muSakebisa da specialistebisaTvis damatebiTi sasursaTo ulufebisa da privilegiebis gauqmebas, sityvis, krebebisa da presis Tavisuflebas, Tavisufali arCevnebis aRdgenas safabrikosaqarxno komitetebSi, profkavSirebSi da sabWoebSi, amnistias politpatimrebisaTvis socialisturi orientaciis partiebidan. gaismoda agreTve mowodebebi damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevis Sesaxeb. es moTxovnebi wamoyenebuli iyo eserebisa da menSevikebis gavleniT, romlebic, miuxedavad Tavisi naxevradlegaluri arsebobisa, kvlav gaxdnen popularulni muSaTa Soris. zinovievma, petrogradis partiulma beladma, daxura is qarxnebi, sadac mRelvarebebi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo da gamoacxada samxedro wesebi. qalaqSi Semoiyvanes sagangebo daniSnulebis nawilebi da samxedro kursantebi, romlebmac qalaqSi sakvanZo poziciebi daikaves. gansakuTrebiT cnobili eserebi, menSevikebi da aqtiuri muSebi daapatimres. im dros, rodesac jarebi Sevidnen petrogradSi, xolo muSebma daiwyes qvafenilebis ayra, zinovievma gaavrcela xmebi sasursaTo gaweris gauqmebis Sesaxeb. am zomebma garkveuli droiT daaSoSmina qalaqi, magram mRelvareba gadaedo petrogradis maxloblad mdebare kronStadtis samxedro-sazRvao bazas, baltiis flotis saStabo binas. kronStadtis mezRvaurebs gaaCndaT Zveli revoluciuri tradiciebi, jer kidev 1905 wlidan moyolebuli, rodesac maT Seqmnes pirveli sabWo. baltielebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes oqtombris gadatrialebis saqmeSic. kronStadteli mezRvaurebis simpatiebi iyo anarqistebis mxares, romlebsac ekuTvnodaT originaluri koncefcia sabWoebis, rogorc Tavisufali da TviTmmarTveli revoluciuri Temis Sesaxeb. ra Tqma unda, es idealebi bolSevikebis mier uceremoniod iqna ukugdebuli da maSinac ki, rodesac ukve erTi weli iyo gasuli samoqalaqo omis damTavrebidan, cxovrebis gaumjobesebis araviTari nasaxi ar Canda. pirvel marts mezRvaurebis delegacia gaemarTa petrogradis muSebTan Sesaxvedrad da dabrunebis Semdeg am Sexvedris Sedegebi moaxsenes mezRvaurTa grandiozul mitings. miuxedavad mitingze mixeil kalininis yofnisa (imxanad sruliad ruseTis cakis Tavmjdomare _ qveynis prezidenti), mitingma erTsulovnad miiRo rezolucia, romelic mTlianad imeorebda petrogradis muSaTa moTxovnebs (garda damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevisa). rezoluciis zogierTi punqti RirsebiT iyo aRvsili: imis gamo, rom axlandeli sabWoebi ar gamoxataven muSebisa da glexobis interesebs, dauyovnebliv Catardes axali arCevnebi faruli kenWisyriTa da muSebsa da glexebs Soris saarCevno kampaniis dros Tavisufali agitaciiT. sabWoTa mTavroba dauyovnebliv gamoexmaura am movlenebs da kronStadtis moZraoba kontrrevoluciur SeTqmulebad gamoacxada. mis xelmZRvanelad gamocxadda mefis armiis yofili generali kozlovski, romelic trockim kronStadtis artileriis ufrosad daniSna. komunistebma Tavis meTaurad daniSnes tuxaCevski. mas unda exelmZRvanela sagangebo daniSnulebis nawilebisaTvis da ieriSi mietana simagreze fineTis gayinuli yuris mxridan. 17 marts daiwyo kronStadtis ieriSi, romelic qalaqis aRebiT damTavrda. orive mxarem didi danaklisi ganicada. magram ajanyebulebma ufro didi zarali naxes masobrivi represiebis gamo. Ck-am asobiT amboxebuli daxvrita. partiis X yrilobam, romlis sxdomebis drosac mimdinareobda es ajanyeba, miiRo gadawyvetileba, romliTac damtkicda partiis sastiki centralizacia, romelic jer kidev 1917 w. daiwyo. leninma xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom ajanyebam didi gamoxmaureba hpova mraval samrewvelo centrSi da ganacxada, rom esaa wvrilburJuaziuli kontrrevolucia, romelic gacilebiT ufro saSiSia denikinze, iudeniCsa da kolCakze, erTad aRebulze. man aseve aRniSna, rom partiis kavSiri muSaTa klasTan aseve arasaTanado iyo da moiTxovda sayovelTao solidarobasa da Zalebis erTianobis aRdgenas. leninma yrilobas SesTavaza ori rezolucia: erTi gmobda muSaTa opozicias

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rogorc anarqo-sindikalistur gadaxras, meore ki, romelsac ewodeboda partiis erTianobis Sesaxeb, mTlianad miZRvnili iyo Sidapartiuli fraqciebis problemisadmi. yrilobis rezoluciam daadgina, rom momavalSi yvela winadadeba, kritika da Teoriuli sakiTxebi unda gamotaniliyo saerTopartiul samsjavroze da ar unda ganxiluliyo partiis SigniT arsebul Caketil jgufebSi: yriloba adgens, dauyovnebliv daTxovnil iqnes uklebliv ama Tu im platformaze Seqmnili jgufi da daevalos yvela organizacias mkacrad adevnos Tvalyuri, rom ar moxdes fraqciuli gamosvlebi. partiuli yrilobis am gadawyvetilebis Seusruleblobas unda moyves upirobo da dauyovneblivi garicxva partiidan. yrilobis muSaoba waagavda alyaSi moqceul simagres da amitomac TviT muSaTa opoziciis umravlesobam xma misca am rezolucias. karl radekma, X yrilobis delegatma, aseTi komentari gaukeTa am movlenebs, romelic gaisma rogorc sabediswero winaswarmetyveleba: rodesac daiwyo kenWisyra am rezoluciis gamo, me mesmoda, rom igi SeiZleba Cvens winaaRmdeg SemoebrunebinaT. da miuxedavad amisa, me mas mxari davuWire... dae centralurma komitetma saSiSroebis wuTebSi miiRos yvelaze sastiki zomebi partiis saukeTeso wevrebis winaaRmdeg, Tu amas saWirod CaTvlis... es arc iseTi saSiSia, rogorc Cveni meryeoba da es aSkaraa. sinamdvileSi fraqciebi da moqmedebis sxvadasxva programebi kidev ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi kvlavac Cndeboda, miuxedavad yrilobis gadawyvetilebisa. miuxedavad amisa, swored X yrilobam sabolood gaaforma muSaTa klasis Secvla partiiT da swored man misca partiis beladebs xelSi saSualebebi, rom CaexSoT yovelgvari sxvagvarad azrovneba.

sabWoTa kavSiris Seqmna 1917 w. bolSevikebma xelT igdes msoflioSi yvelaze didi qveyana, romelic politikuri TvalsazrisiT iyo mravalerovani imperia. xalxTa am arabunebrivi narevis eTnogenezi midis saukuneTa siRrmeSi. mravali xalxi ruseTma SemoierTa jer kidev adrindeli Sua saukuneebis dros. am process saTave daudo monRol-TaTarTa uRelma.. rogorc zemod avRniSneT, aRmosavl;eTis urdoebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes ruseTis erovnuli TviTSegnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. magram amasTan erTad, dampyroblebma xeli Seuwyes Zveli ruseTis eTnosis dayofas. rusebi, romlebic aRmoCndnen TaTrebis mier dapyrobili miwebis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, SemdgomSi viTardebodnen damoukideblad. warmoiSva originaluri ena da kultura (belorusuli); bolos da bolos belorusuli ena gaxda litvis saxelmwifos saxelmwifo ena, romelic odnav mogvianebiT poloneTma daipyro. am mizeziT belorusuli ena gaxda mdabioTa ena, romelmac SeiTavsa polonuri warmoSobis sasoflo-sameurneo terminologia. samxreTsa da samxreT-dasavleTSi Zveli ruseTis teritoriaze Camoyalibda ukrainuli eTnosi ( ). Tavdapirvelad ukrainelebi aRmoCndnen TaTrebis, Semdeg ki polonelTa uRelqveS. bolorusebis msgavsad ukrainelebis nawilma miiRo kaTolikoba da zogierTma ukrainelma marTlmadidebelma qristianma formalurad cno romis papis pirveloba sakuTar eklesiaze (uniatebi). ukrainulma eTnosma SeiTavsa kazakebi (Tavisufali adamianebi), romlebic gaurbodnen gadasaxadebs, rekrutobasa da moskovis samTavros batonymur weswyobilebas. maT ruseTs, poloneTsa da TurqeTis samflobeloebs Soris moqceul Tavisufal miwebze daaarses Taviseburi mebrZolTa Temi, romelic TavgamodebiT icavda Tavis damoukideblobas. kazakuri tradiciebi gaxda ukraineli xalxis erovnuli miRwevebis Semadgeneli nawili da es miuxedavad imisa, rom XIX saukunisaTvis kazakebi gaiTqvifnen ruseTis armiaSi da erTgulad icavdnen ruseTis imperiis sazRvrebs. XVIII s-is bolos poloneTis danawilebis Semdeg belorusebi da ukrainelebis didi nawili xelaxla miuerTes ruseTis imperias. am periodisaTvis maTi tradiciebi da kultura ukve sakmaod gansxvavdeboda velikosrusuli kulturisa da tradiciebisagan. ukraineli da belorusi xalxebi upiratesad miwaTmoqmedni iyvnen, magram mmarTveli elita, mocemul SemTxvevaSi soflis, iyo rusuli an polonuri da TviT ebrauli warmoSobisac ki. ruseTis dampyroblurma politikam mis Zalauflebis qveS moiyvana xalxebi, romlebsac rusebTan absoluturad araferi ar hqondaT saerTo. ukve XVI s-Si rusebma

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ganaxorcieles Seteva, ris Sedegadac xelT igdes TaTrebis miwebi, agreTve sxva muslimani da warmarTi xalxebis miwebi, romlebic volgispireTSi cxovrobdnen. am procesma xangrZlivi dro daikava, ufro meti, vidre TaTar-monRolebi batonobdnen ruseTSi. XVIII s-Si dapyrobil iqna ukanaskneli TaTruli saxano yirimSi da rusebma daiwyes kavkasieli mTielebis dapyroba _ rac TiTqmis asi weli gagrZelda. kavkasielebi Rirseuli meomrebi aRmoCndnen da Tvisi beladis Samilis meTaurobiT gamoacxades hazavaTi (saRvTo omi) dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg. XIX s-is Sua xanebi da dasasruli gaxda rusebis Sua aziaSi SeRwevis periodi. am droisaTvis ruseTis armias ukve dapyrobili hqonda is udabnoebi da miwebi, romlebic Turquli modgmis muslimanebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. am Setevis mizans warmoadgenda ukve arsebuli sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis dacva, nawilobriv ki bambis raionebis xelTgdeba da ingliselebis winsvlis SeCereba Sua aziis mimarTulebiT. mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis armiam datova Sua aziis oazisebi, yazaxebma, Turqestanis stepebis mosaxleobam, daiwyo aq ukrainidan da ruseTidan Camosaxlebuli mosaxleobis Seviwroveba. rusebi, romelTagan umravlesoba rkinigzelebi iyvnen, saxldebodnen oazisebSi, gayavdaT rkinigzebi da amgvarad gzas uxsnidnen jarebsa da bambiT movaWreebs. adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi ki izrdeboda winaaRmdegoba, romelmac kulminacias miaRwia 1916 wels da gadaizarda msxvil antirusul ajanyebaSi: orive mxarem didi zarali naxa, mravali Suaazieli muslimani ki mezobel qveynebSi gadaixvewa. kavkasiaSi cxovrobda msoflioSi ori uZvelesi qristiani xalxi _ somxebi da qarTvelebi. isini yoveli mxridan garsSemortymulni iyvnen muslimanebiT da uSualod esazRvrebodnen TurqeTs. orive xalxi ruseTis dampyrobluri Ceqmis qveS aRmoCnda XIX s-is dasawyisSi. isini rusebs uyurebdnen rogorc gauTlel, xepre xalxs, magram ruseTis siuzerenitets cnobdnen, radgan igi warmoadgenda mZlavr qristianul saxelmwifos, romelic maT islamis Semotevisagan icavda. sxva mxriv qarTvelebi da somxebi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen. qarTvelebi iyvnen miwaTmoqmedni, romlebic socialuri TvalsazrisiT Sedgeboda aristokratiisa da glexobisagan, magram sakmaod Zlieri iyo inteligenciis fenac: qarTvelebi damsaxurebulad sargeblobdnen amayi, Tavisi samSoblos moyvaruli, guluxvi da stumarTmoyvare xalxis reputaciiT. kosmopoliti somxebi, piriqiT, ZiriTadad iyvnen qalaqis macxovreblebi, gaqnili CarCvaWrebi da mevaxSeebi, romlebic xSirad Tavisi qveynis farglebsgareTac moqmedebdnen _ maT SexvdebodiT ara marto kavkasiaSi, aramed mTel axlo aRmosavleTSi. XVIII s-is dasawyisSi petre didma daipyro baltiispireTis raionebi, romlebic jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi moeqca tevtoneli raindebisa da germanelebis uRelqveS. luTeranuli aRmsareblobis germaneli memamuleebi da biurgerebi batonobdnen am miwaTmoqmed xalxebze _ estonelebze, litvelebsa da latvielebze. estonelebi laparakobdnen finuri enis monaTesave enaze, maSin rodesac ori sxva xalxis enas araferi saerTo ar hqondaT danarCen evropul enebTan. XIX s-Si am xalxebs gauCndaT sakuTari inteligencia, romelic ufro eklesiis garSemo iyrida Tavs. XX s-is dasawyisSi, industrializaciis zrdis kvaldakval, zrda iwyo adgilobrivma muSaTa klasmac. erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamoRviZebam aq gamoiwvia metad mZafri Setakebebi 1905 w. revoluciis dros. XVIII s-is bolos, poloneTis aneqsiis Sedegad, ruseTis qveSevrdomebi gaxdnen ramdenime milioni ebraeli. isini laparakobdnen idiSis enaze da hqondaT sakuTari religia. poloneTis mefis mfarvelobiT maT gaaCndaT sakuTari Temebi (kagalebi) Tavisi TviTmmarTvelobiT. umravlesoba maTgani iyvnen vaWrebi, xelosnebi, sastumroebisa da traqtirebis mepatroneni da a.S. ruseTis saimperatoro mTavrobam gadawyvita SeezRuda maTi sacxovrebeli teritoria im miwebiT, romlebzedac isini cxovrobdnen _ mogvianebiT mas ewoda . sacxovrebeli adgilis Tavisuflad arCeva SeeZloT mxolod zogierTi profesiis ebraelebsa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqoneebs. xelisuflebis mxridan diskriminacias amZafrebda xalxSi ebraelebis mimarT gavrcelebuli crurwmenebi, rac xSirad sastik darbevebSi gadaizrdeboda-xolme, rogorc es iyo 1880iani wlebis dasawyisSi. ebraelebma daiwyes gamosavlis Zebna im mdgomareobidan, romelSic isini imyofebodnen. maTma nawilma Seqmna sakuTari socialisturi partia (bundi), sxvebi ki mouwodebdnen sakuTari erovnuli saxelmwifos Seqmnisaken winaparTa miwaze palestinaSi (sionistebi). XX s-is dasawyisisaTvis ruseTis imperiaSi Semavali xalxebi imyofebodnen erovnuli integraciis sxvadasxva safexurze: zogierTi maTgani warmoadgenda primitiul

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mesaqonleTa tomebs, maSin rodesac sxvebs hyavdaT sakuTari inteligencia da muSaTa klasi. magram yvela SemTxvevaSi Tanamedrove socialuri procesebi _ urbanizacia, industrializacia, vaWrobisa da dawyebiTi ganaTlebis gavrceleba _ iwvevda erovnuli TviTSegnebis gamwvavebas rogorc rusebSi, ise sxva xalxebSi. imperiaSi mcxovrebi sul ufro meti xalxi ufiqrdeboda kiTxvas: vin var me, ruseTis qveSevrdomi Tu Cemi patara samSoblosi? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaze bevrad iyo damokidebuli enisa da kulturis, xSirad rwmenis aRmsareblobis arCeva da karieris gakeTeba. kidev ufro mwvaved es sakiTxebi dasva 1917 wlis revoluciurma movlenebma. marqsizmSi ar iyo erovnuli sakiTxis mogvarebis mzadmzareuli formulebi. TviT marqsi arasaTanadod afasebda am problemebs. igi miiCnevda, rom evropis industriulad ganviTarebul erebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, im periodSi, gaaCndaT bunebrivi uflebebi gamosuliyvnen msoflio proletariatis saxeliT. erovnul specifikas mis TvalSi ufro naklebi mniSvneloba hqonda, vidre ekonomikurs. evropuli marqsizmis yvela saxesxvaobidan leninma airCia Sualeduri pozicia. igi ar iziarebda avstrieli marqsistebis oto bauerisa da karl reneris Sexedulebebs eris rogorc istoriulad permanentuli erTobebis Sesaxeb. leninis azriT, eris da sxva socialur erTobaTa arseboba ganpirobebuli iyo ekonomikuri kanonebiT. meores mxriv, lenini arc roza luqsemburgs eTanxmeboda, romlis mixedviTac socialisturi revoluciis Semdeg, maSinve, erebi unda gaerTiandnen erT msoflio erTobliobad. sxva marqsistebis msgavsad, lenini saTanadod ar afasebda erovnul TviTSegnebas, rogorc socialur Zalas. magram mas mainc kargad esmoda, rom im pirobebSi, romelic Seiqmna 1917 wels, ruseTis imperiis yofil qveSevrdomTa miswrafeba damoukideblobisaken, maT mZlavr potenciur mokavSireebad xdida. avstria-ungreTis imperiis gamocdilebam aiZula lenini Seegno is roli, romelsac erovnuli grZnobebi TamaSoben revoluciaSi, romelsac igi burJuaziuls uwodebda. pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi leninze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina koloniuri xalxebis potencialma, gansakuTrebiT aziis xalxebisam. Tavis naSromSi imperializmi, rogorc kapitalizmis umaRlesi stadia lenini mivida daskvnamde, rom axla ukve klasobrivi brZola mimdinareobs saerTaSoriso doneze da rom koloniur xalxebs eqspluatacias uweven evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis samrewvelo TvalsazrisiT ganviTarebuli qveynebi. aqedan gamomdinareobda, rom istoriuli ganviTarebis mocemul stadiaze erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis lozungi revoluciur lozungad iqca. yvelaze metad es WeSmaritebas TviT ruseTisaTvis warmoadgenda, sadac saWiro iyo imperiis ararusi qveSevrdomebis yovelmxrivi waqezeba, rom maT mCagvrelebi daemxoT, sakuTar xelSi aeRoT Tavisi bedis ambavi, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi erovnuli burJuaziis meTaurobiT. amgvarad, lenini grZnobda erovnuli grZnobebis realobasa da Zalas. amasTan erTad igi Tvlida, rom yovelive es meorexarisxovani iyo. lenins yovelTvis swamda, rom es dasasrulis dasawyisi axlos iyo da amitomac misi SexedulebebisaTvis erovnul sakiTxebze yovelTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo orWofoba. aseve ormagi midgoma axasiaTebda mis midgomas erovnuli sakiTxisadmi oqtombrisSemdgom periodSic. leninis azriT, ruseTis yofili imperiis xalxebisaTvis unda miecaT an sruli damoukidebloba, an unda Semosuliyvnen sabWoTa ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi, rogorc misi Semadgeneli nawili. Sualedur variantebs igi saerTod ar ganixilavda. sinamdvileSi ki moxda ise, rom 1917 w. xalxebis umravlesobam arCia ara sruli damoukidebloba an saboloo asimilacia ruseTTan, aramed wvrili asociaciis forma, an avtonomiuri statusi mravalerovani fedraciis SigniT. am arsebiT punqtSi bolSevikebis azri ar emTxveoda ruseTis xalxebis miswrafebebs. ufro metic _ msoflio revolucia vera da ver daiwyo da lenins ar SeeZlo xalxebisaTvis WeSmariti internacionalizmis SeTavazeba. erTdaerTi, risi gakeTebac mas SeeZlo _ iyo mis mier mravalerovani saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis SeTavazeba, sadac rusebi iqnebodnen umravlesoba, iqnebodnen gabatonebulni administraciaSi da sadac madominirebeli iqneboda rusuli ena da kultura. ar gaaCndaT ra Tavdacvis iseTi saSualeba, rogoric iyo federaluri struqtura, ruseTis xalxebi idgnen sruli rusifikaciis safrTxis winaSe. es swored is boroteba iyo, romelsac isini ebrZodnen mefis xelisuflebis dros, magram leninis monawileobis gareSe. am safrTxes aRrmavebda bolSevizmis Teoria, sadac erovnuli damoukidebloba ganixileboda rogorc meorexarisxovani ram proletarul internacionalizmTan

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SedarebiT. lenini xSirad laparakobda, rom proletaruli partiis umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda proletariatis TviTgamorkveva TiToeuli eris SigniT da ara erovnuli TviTgamorkveva. Seejaxa ra am dilemas, bolSevikebis mTavroba imTaviTve Seecada moeZebna kompromisi.. saqmiT isini Seudgnen mmarTvelobis federaluri struqturis Seqmnas, Tumca Teoriulad uaryofdnen mas. mSromeli da eqsploatirebuli xalxTa uflebebis deklaraciaSi (1918 w. ianvari) mocemuli iyo sabWoTa saxelmwifos ganmarteba rogorc sabWoTa erovnuli respublikebis federaciisa. maSin es mxolod deklaracia iyo, radgan bolSevikebi ver akontrolebdnen yofili imperiis udides nawils, sadac varaudobdnen erovnuli respublikebis Seqmnas. federacia iyo momavlis saqme da ufro sasurveli, vidre dezintegracia. miuxedavad amisa, am sityvis xmarebas Sors mimavali Sedegebi gaaCnda. igi kargad exameboda ruseTis xalxTa uflebebis deklaracias (1917 w. 2 noemberi), romliTac cxaddeboda qveynis yvela xalxebis Tanasworuflebianoba da suverenuloba, uqmdeboda yvela erovnuli privilegiebi da akrZalvebi da cxaddeboda erebis TviTgamorkvevis uflebebi TviT gamoyofamde da damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnamde. mravalricxovani da delikaturi erovnuli problemebis gadasawyvetad Seiqmna erovnebaTa saqmis saxalxo komisariati stalinis meTaurobiT. erovnebaTa saqmis saxalxo komisariati gamodioda Suamavlad erovnebaTa Soris konfliqtebSi da gamoimuSavebda rekomendaciebs bolSevikuri politikisaTvis ararusi xalxebis mimarT. ramdenadac sul ufro meti xalxi xvdeboda sabWoebis Zalauflebis qveS, amdenad es saxalxo komisariatic xdeboda realuri politikuri gavlenis instrumentad. mas saTaveSi edga kolegia, Taviseburi didi komiteti, romelSic isxdnen sxvadasxva xalxebis arCeviTi warmomadgenlebi. amgvarad, erovnebaTa saqmis saxalxo komisariati detalurad adarebda erTmaneTs da ajamebda sxvadasxva xalxebis azrebs da miRebul gadawyvetilebebs atarebda cxovrebaSi. yovelTvis, rodesac erTa TviTgamorkveva ewinaaRmdegeboda proletaruli internacionalizmis principebs, upiratesobas aniWebda am ukanasknels. es SesamCnevi iyo fineTis magaliTze, romelic ruseTis proteqtorats warmoadgenda asi wlis manZilze. marTlac, rodesac fineTis mTavrobam, romelic ar iyo socialisturi, svinxufvudis xelmZRvanelobiT gamoacxada damoukidebloba, sabWoTa mTavrobam cno igi. magram, imave dros, man mxari dauWira wiTlebis ajanyebas fineTSi, romlis mizansac warmoadgenda fineTSi prosabWouri mTavrobis dasma. ajanyeba CaxSobil iqna brest-litovskSi sazavo xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg, rodesac germaniam mxari dauWira TeTrfinelebis moZraobas. ajanyebis dros aSkara gaxda is saSiSroeba, romelic SemdegSi kvlavac aRmocenda: wiTel ajanyebulebs xalxi Rebulobda rogorc rusifikatoruli politikis gamtareblebs. maT iseTive winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen, rogorc ucxoel okupantebs. fineTis istorias Zalian waagavs estoneTis, litvisa da latviis istoria. estoneTisa da latviis erovnulma sabWoebma isargebles sabWoTa deklaraciiT xalxTa uflebebis Sesaxeb da gamoacxades ruseTisagan damoukidebloba. amas moyva am sabWoebis dapatimreba wiTeli gvardiis mier, romelmac aq sabWoTa reJimi daamyara, magram es reJimi Tavis mxriv daamxo germaniis jarebma, romlebmac am qveynebis okupacia moaxdina brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad. 1918 w. noemberSi germaniis damarcxebis Semdeg, baltiispireTis samive respublikaSi erovnulma moZraobebma kvlav daiwyes brZola damoukideblobisaTvis. brZola mimdinareobda or frontze _ wiTeli armiis winaaRmdeg da adgilobrivi socialistebis winaaRmdeg (isini gansakuTrebiT Zlierni iyvnen latviaSi). am brZolaSi gaimarjves erovnulma moZraobebma, romlebmac mcireodeni daxmareba miiRes germaniis araregularuli sajariso nawilebisa da britaneTis flotis mxridan. es ukanaskneli iq gagzavnil iqna regionis gasanTavisufleblad germanuli da rusuli gavlenisagan. amgvarad litva, latvia da estoneTi gaxdnen damoukidebelni da aseTebad darCnen 1940 wlamde. poloneTis damoukidebloba ruseTisagan bolSevikebis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis momentisaTvis ukve momxdari faqti iyo, radgan poloneTis samefo, anu ruseTis imperiis polonuri nawili mTlianad okupirebuli iyo germanelebis mier 1915 wlidan. axali saxelmwifos cnoba mxolod wminda formalobas warmoadgenda. magram 1920 w. problema kvlav aRmocenda, radgan poloneTis liderma pilsudskim miiRo ukrainaSi SeWris gadawyvetileba da misi kvlav SemoerTeba poloneTTan, rogorc es XVIII s-de iyo. Tavdapirvelad polonelebi warmatebiT moqmedebdnen. maT aiRes kievi, magram amasobaSi

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wiTelma armiam daamarcxa denikini, moaxdina gadajgufeba da SeZlo ukrainidan poloneTis jarebis gandevna. sabWoTa jarebis winaSe dadga sakiTxi: SeWriliyvnen Tu ara sakuTriv poloneTis teritoriaze da iq sabWoTa xelisufleba daemyarebinaT. sabWoTa liderebs Soris azri gaiyo. trockim daikava internacionalisturi pozicia. misi azriT socialisturi revolucia poloneTSi unda momxdariyo TviT poloneli muSebis xeliT. wiTeli armiis SeWra ki polonelebs mxolod imaSi daarwmunebda, rom rusebi brundebian, marTalia, sxva droSiT, magram im mizniT, rom moaxdinon qveynis xelaxali okupacia. lenini icavda sawinaaRmdego poziciebs. igi imedovnebda, rom garemoeba xels uwyobs msoflio revolucias: burJuaziisa da memamuleebis winaaRmdeg wiTeli armiis gmiruli brZoliT aRfrTovanebulebi, poloneli muSebi aRsdgebodnen da daamxobdnen Tavis mTavrobas. Semdeg ki revolucia germanias da iqidan mTels evropas moedeboda. mokle droiT kvlav dabrunda 1917 w. ocnebebi msoflio revoluciis Sesaxeb: moskovSi imyofeboda poloneTis droebiTi revoluciuri komiteti social-demokratis marxlevskis meTaurobiT. igi emzadeboda xelisuflebis misaRebad varSavaSi, xolo stalini Caujda sabWoTa respublikebis superkonfederaciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb gegmis Sedgenas, romelSic unda Sesuliyvnen poloneTi, germania da ungreTi (es faqtebi gamomziurda 1944-1945 ww.). poloneTis kampaniis dros moxda Zveli rusuli oficerTa korpusis saboloo Serwyma axal wiTel armiasTan. generalma brusilovma, yvelaze TvalsaCino figuram mefis ruseTis yofil samxedro meTaurebs Soris da romelsac, ueWvelia, araferi saerTo ar gaaCnda komunistebTan, gazeT pravdaSi gamoaqveyna mowodeba, romelSic mouwodebda oficrebs, rom daeviwyebinaT Zveli wyena da usamarTlobebi, romlebic maT gadaitanes. axala oficrebi, werda brusilovi, valdebulebi arian daicvan sayvareli ruseTi da Tavi Seswiron ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg brZolas, romlebsac SeuZliaT samSoblos didi ubedureba moutanon. mravali oficeri gamoexmaura brusilovis am mowodebas. da axla, rodesac yvela unda SeeSfoTebina rusuli nacionalizmis aRorZinebas komunisturi saburveliT, internacionalistma karl radekma mas mouZebna gamarTleba: ramdenadac ruseTi warmoadgens erTaderT qveyanas, sadac Zalaufleba xelSi aiRo muSaTa klasma, msoflios muSaTa klasi axla rus patriotebad unda iqces. bunebrivia, radekis sityvebi iyo gagrZeleba im argumentebisa, romlebiTac igi amarTlebda brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrulebas; isini moaswavebdnen erT calke aRebul qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis SesaZleblobis doqtrinis Casaxvis erTerT stadias. saqme damTavrda imiT, rom wiTelma armiam varSavis aReba ver SeZlo. aman bolSevikebs Soris gamoiwvia kamaTi, Tanac ufro sastiki, vidre adre (trocki damarcxebas abralebda stalins, romelmac ar daicva suberdinacia). magram leninma Seajama am kamaTis Sedegebi da ganacxada, rom polonelebi moqmedebdnen ara rogorc socialistebi da revolucionerebi, aramed rogorc imperialistebi. revolucia poloneTSi, romelsac, rogorc lenini ambobda, ase elodnen bolSevikebi, ar moxda. muSebi da glexebi, pilsudskis mier motyuebulebi, icavdnen Tavis klasobriv mters da aSimSilebdnen wiTeli armiis mebrZolebs, farulad esxmodnen maT Tavs da klavdnen. 1920 w. omma aCvena, rom sabWoTa ruseTi mzad iyo msoflio asparezze gasasvlelad rogorc axali didi saxelmwifo, romelsac hyavda tradiciulad Zlieri armia da rom mezoblebi mis saqciels kvlavac agresiad aRiqvamdnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom mizezad gamoyenebuli iyo Zmuri proletaruli daxmarebis aRmoCena. sabWoTa Zmuri daxmarebis orazrovneba dRemde iqna SenarCunebuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa imperia daiSala. omis uSualo Sedegi iyo poloneTisaTvis metad xelsayreli sazRvrebis daweseba. 1920 wlis rigis sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad poloneTma miierTa ukrainelebiTa da belorusebiT dasaxlebuli teritoriebi. 1939 wlamde sazRvari gadioda belorusiis sabWoTa respublikis dedaqalaqis minskis odnav dasavleTiT. ukraina warmoadgenda erovnuli moZraobis magaliTs, romelic revoluciamdel ruseTSic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda. 1917 w. Semdeg am moZraobaSi axali Zalebi CaerTvnen. XIX s-Si ukrainuli nacionalizmi sustad iyo ganviTarebuli, rac nawilobriv xelisuflebis mxridan represiebiT aixsneboda. ramdenadme gamococxlebuli erovnulganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba iyo avstria-ungreTis sazRvarTan, radgan iq xelisufalni Semwynareblurad uyurebdnen mas. 1905 w. revoluciam, erovnuli SezRudulobis moxsnam da ukrainuli saqalaqo inteligenciis gaCenam gamoiwvia nacionalizmis Taviseburi

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ayvaveba. miuxedavad amisa, SenarCunebuli iqna mdgomareoba, rodesac ukrainulad molaparake mosaxleobis udides umravlesobas glexebi warmoadgendnen, xolo qalaqad SeigrZnoboda rusuli, ebrauli da polonuri kulturebis Zlieri gavlena. samrewvelo muSebis umravlesobas rusebi Seadgendnen. es pirvel rigSi exeboda axal industriul centrebs _ xarkovs (ukrainis yvelaze did qalaqs), krivoi rogs, donbass. saerTod ukrainis aRmosavleT nawilSi ufro meti rusi cxovrobda, vidre dasavleTSi. Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg kievSi Sikriba centraluri rada (ukrainulad sabWo), romelic sakmaod TviTneburad iyo arCeuli. arCevnebSi ZiriTadad monawileobdnen qalaqad mcxovrebni, Tanac isini, vinc Tavs ukrainelad miiCnevda. ivnisSi, droebiT mTavrobasTan warumatebeli molaparakebis Semdeg, radam gamosca universali (Zveli kazakuri termini) da gamoacxada avtonomiuri ukrainuli respublikis Seqmna. es moxda ukrainuli samxedro yrilobis zegavleniT, romelSic warmodgenilebi iyvnen ukraineli oficrebi da jariskacebi, yofili saimperatoro armiis msaxurebi. isini kievSi Seikribnen wm. sofios moedanze da daadgines _ ar daSliliyvnen manamde, vidre ar iqneboda miRebuli dadgenileba avtonomiis Sesaxeb. 1917 w. zafxulSi ukrainaSi Catarda auarebeli raodenobis yrilobebi, romlebic warmoadgendnen ukrainuli sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela fenas: saglexo Temebs, sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebs, erobebsa da moqalaqeebs, universitetebsa da skolebs, hospitlebsa da saarmio nawilebs. yvela isini amayad laparakobdnen mxolod ukrainul enaze da demonstrirebas ukeTebdnen ukrainul tradiciebs, romlebic gansxvavdeboda rusulisagan. saqme exeboda ukrainuli eris metad feTqebadsaSiS formirebas, romelic eZebda Tavis damkvidrebis saSualebas am mravalricxovan krebebsa da yrilobebze. magram qalaqad mcxovreb ukrainelebs Soris sWarbobda ara socialuri, aramed erovnuli Segneba. gaurkveveli iyo mxolod is, rom SeiZleboda Tu ara igives Tqma glexobaze, romelTa umravlesoba iseTive Cagvras ganicdida, rogorsac misi rusi TanamoZme da romlebsac pirvel rigSi miwis miReba surdaT. oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg radam, romelsac xelaxla dauWira mxari ukrainis samxedro yrilobam, gamoacxada ukrainis saxalxo respublikis Seqmna (1917 wlis 7 noembris III universali). rada dapirda xalxs, rom uaxloes periodSi gaatarebda miwis reformas da moiwvevda ukrainis sakonstitucio asambleas. am stadiaze rada sulac ar moiTxovda sabWoTa ruseTisagan srul damoukideblobas _ ukrainuli inteligencia Tavis Tavs miiCnevda ruseTis nawilad, magram surda, rom yofiliyo TviTmmarTveli nawili. magram male ruseTsa da ukrainas Soris atyda sastiki kamaTi. kievsa da sxva did qalaqebSi radisagan damoukideblad Seiqmna muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWoebi. ukrainis didi qalaqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli eTnikuri Semadgenlobis gamo am sabWoebSi Warbobdnen rusebi. radas erTgulma jarebma gandevnes ramdenime sabWo. aseve moeqcnen bolSevikebi TavianT oponentebs yofili ruseTis imperiis sxva nawilebSi. magram erovnuli grZnobebi ukrainelebSi imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom am SemTxvevaSic sabWoebic ar iyo gamonaklisi. amitomac, rodesac dekemberSi kievSi muSaoba daiwyo sruliad ukrainis sabWoebis yrilobam misi umravlesoba yvela TvalsazrisiT aRmoCnda arabolSevikuri. amiT SeSinebulma bolSevikebma gamoiwvies yrilobidan Tavisi warmomadgenlebi da moawyes alternatiuli yriloba xarkovSi, sadac maT imedi hqondaT ruseTis muSaTa klasis mxridan mxardaWerisa. amgvarad, ukrainaSi bolSevikebma iwyes rusifikaciis politikis gatareba. amgvarad ukrainaSi momzadda scena samoqalaqo omisaTvis da moqmedma pirebma _ wiTeli armiis nawilebma da ukrainulma samxedro formirebebma _ Tav-Tavisi adgilebi daikaves. wiTlebma daikaves kievi manamde, vidre germanelebis mier ukrainis okupacia 1918 w. martSi SeaCerebda raRac droiT am brZolas. momdevno ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ukrainas marTavda arc meti da arc naklebi _ rva sxvadasxva mTavroba. arc erT maTgans ar SeeZlo aramcTu qveynis gaerTianeba, TviT mosaxleobis umravlesobis mxardaWeris mopovebac ki. es iyo ara marto ZalTa daqsaqsulobis Sedegi, romlebsac regionebSi TavTavianTi interesebi gaaCndaT, aramed mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris Sejaxebebis Sedegic. gasaocaria, rom verc germanelebma, verc polonelebma da verc denikinis armiam (man daamxo ukrainis avtonomia) ver SeZlo masobrivi mxardaWeris mopoveba. magram kidev ufro gasaocari iyo is, rom stabiluri mxardaWera verc radam da verc mogvianebiT Seqmnilma petliuras ukrainulma nacionalisturma mTavrobam moipova. es albad imitom moxda, rom rogorc mogvianebiT radis lideri viniCenko aRiarebda, radam ver moipova glexobis mxardaWera,

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radgan ver gaatara gadamwyveti agraruli reforma. garda amisa, ukrainel moRvaweTa didi umravlesoba iyvnen glexebi, romlebisTvisac agrarul sakiTs iseTive mniSvneloba gaaCnda, rogorc erovnuls: nebismieri, vinc maT interesebs ignorirebas gaukeTebda, bunebrivia, mxardamWeris gareSe rCeboda. rogorc Cans saqme ase iyo, radgan ukraineli glexoba mxurvaled uWerda mxars anarqistebis belads _ maxnos. rogorc Cans is ufro yuradRebiani iyo glexTa gasaWiris mimarT, magram manac ver Seqmna stabiluri da mtkice mTavroba. mas xels uSlida mxardaWeris arqona sazogadoebis sxva fenebidan. rakiRa ar gaaCndaT erTsulovani mxardaWera glexobis mxridan, ukrainel nacionalistebs ar unda hqonodaT amgvari mxardaWeris imedi rusebis mxridan, romlebic moskovis mTavrobas amjobinebdnen kievisas. miTumetes araviTari imedi ar unda hqonodaT ebraelebis mxridan mxardaWerisa, romlebic petliuram gaaCanaga Tavisi antiebrauli darbevebiT. amgvarad, im dros rodesac ukrainel nacionalistebs unda ezeimaT Tavisi gamarjveba, maT piriqiT, damarcxeba iwvnies da wiTlebi sabolood gamagrdnen kievSi. damoukidebeli ukrainis am xanmokle da mCqefare periods didi mniSvneloba hqonda SemdgomSi gamarjvebuli ukraineli bolSevikebisaTvis. saqme isaa, rom 1919 w. oqtomberSi ukrainis komunisturi partiis centraluri komiteti gaauqmes da igi uSualod moskovs daumorCiles. magram ukrainel komunistTa umravlesobam ar cno es gadawyvetileba. man mkveTri protesti ganacxada da leninisagan miaRwia velikorusuli (e.i. moskovis) Sovinizmis dagmobas. leninma urCia ukrainel komunistebs borotbistebTan (ukraineli eserebi) erTad SeeqmnaT koaliciuri mTavroba da mouwoda ukrainel komunistebs ebrZolaT imaT winaaRmdeg, vinc xels uSlida ukrainuli enisa da kulturis Tavisufal ganviTarebas. lenini urCevda ukrainel komunistebs, rom nebismieri administraciuli dawesebulebis StatSi yolodaT xalxis garkveuli raodenoba, romlebic ukrainulad laparakobdnen, xolo ukrainuli enis codna gaexadaT aucileblad saxelmwifo samsaxurSi misaRebad. msgavsi ram moxda belorusiaSic, sadac sakmao daudevrad Catarda erTdroulad ori radis arCeva _ minsksa da vilniusSi. raRac droiT isini gaerTiandnen da germanuli iaraRis dacvis qveS gamoacxades damoukidebloba (brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg). germaniis wasvlis Semdeg, 1918 w. noemberSi, belorusiis saxelmwifom Sewyvita arseboba, xolo misi teritoria rigis sazavo xelSekrulebiT ganawilebul iqna poloneTsa da sabWoTa ruseTs Soris, iseve, rogorc ukrainis SemTxvevaSi. aramyari damoukideblobis periodi safuZvlad daedo nacionalistur miTebs. amierkavkasiis xalxebi ruseTis imperias gamoeyvnen ara imdenad survilis mixedviT, ramdenadac garemoebaTa gamo. am regionis sam yvelaze mravalricxovan ers _ qarTvelebs, somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs _ cota ram Tu gaaCndaT saerTo. azerbaijanelebi muslimanebi iyvnen, danarCenebi _ qristianebi. magram Tu qarTvelebi binadar cxovrebas eweodnen da ZiriTadad Sedgebodnen glexobisa da aristokratiisagan (mosaxleobis 5%-s Tavadaznaurebi warmoadgendnen), somxebs Soris mravali iyo warmatebuli da gaqnili vaWari, romlebic metwilad sakuTriv somxeTis farglebsgareT cxovrobdnen. isini ar uyvardaT, rogorc es Cveulebriv xdeba-xolme warmatebuli biznesmenis mimarT. amierkavkasiis didi qalaqebis umravlesobaSi cxovrobda mniSvnelovani raodenobis rusuli umciresoba _ administratorebi, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone specialistebi da muSebi. amierkavkasiis samive xalxs erTmaneTis mimarT gaaCndaT teritoriuli pretenziebi; gansakuTrebiT somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris _ maT Soris urTierTobebis Sefaseba SeiZleboda rogorc sastikisa da Zaladobrivis. mravalricxovan adgilobriv nacionalistur da socialistur partiebs surdaT ruseTis sastiki xelisuflebis Sesusteba, magram aravis, islamisturi moZraobebis garda, ar undoda ruseTisagan Camocileba. samive xalxs eSinoda da ar uyvardaT erTmaneTi, xolo somxebs surdaT ruseTisagan mieRoT dacvis garantiebi imgvari masobrivi xocvaJletisagan dasacavad, rac maT Turqebma Tavs daatexes 1890 da 1915 wlebSi. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT yovelive zemoTqmuls, maSin ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom 1917-1918 ww. yovelgvari cda amierkavkasiis federaciis Seqmnisa marcxiT damTavrda. TiToeuli am sami xalxidan wavida Tavisi gziT, magram Tan eZebdnen garedan dacvasa da mfarvelebs. qarTvelebma Tavdapirvelad mimarTes germanelebs, Semdeg ingliselebs. azerbaijanelebi igives Txovdnen TavianT musliman megobrebs _ Turqebs. somxebma daxmarebisaTvis mimarTes TeTrebs general denikinis meTaurobiT, romelic yru iyo

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erovnuli grZnobebis mimarT da romelsac TviT gauxda TavSesafari saZebni somxebis saZulvel TurqeTSi. germanelebi, Turqebi da denikini saboloo jamSi aRmoCndnen damarcxebulebi; ingliselebi wavidnen da samive respublika pirispir aRmoCnda sabWoTa ruseTis winaSe. somxeTi da azerbaijani dasustebulebi iyvnen Sinagani konfleqtebiT da teritoriuli pretenziebiT erTimeoris mimarT da 1920 wels kvlav SeierTa ruseTma. amisaTvis bolSevikebma gamoiyenes meTodi, romelic maT gamoiyenes fineTsa da baltiispireTSi; samxedro SeWra Sexamebuli iyo adgilobrivi wiTlebis amboxebasTan. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT xelmisawvdomi iyo azerbaijani, sadac arsebobda rusi muSebis didi kolonia baqos navTobsarewebze. somxeTi ki dasustebuli iyo masze TurqeTis TavdasxmiT. saqarTvelos respublika ufro seriozul mowinaaRmdeges warmoadgenda. am erTaderT amierkavkasiis saxelmwifos gaaCnda stabiluri mTavroba menSevik noe Jordanias meTaurobiT. mTavrobam gaatara miwis reforma, ris wyalobiTac miiRo glexobisagan mxardaWera. miuxedavad amisa, wiTel armias 1921 w. TebervalSi saqarTveloSi SeWris Semdeg mainc dasWirda erTi Tve qarTvelebis mxridan winaaRmdegobis dasaTrgunad. lenini eWvobda saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis drois Sesaxeb, Tanac igi moiTxovda SedarebiT rbili saokupacio politikis gatarebas somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi. am periodSi TviT ruseTSi iwyeboda axali ekonomikuri politikis (nepi) gatareba da lenins esmoda, rom uxeSi komunisturi meTodebi gamoiwvevda sayovelTao aRSfoTebas. igi mouwodebda gansakuTrebuli politikis gatarebas qarTuli inteligenciisa da wvrili vaWrebis mimarT da laparakobda SesaZlo kompromiszedac ki noe Jordanias menSevikebTan. stalins swyuroda sakuTar samSobloSi mkacri reJimis damyareba, ramac SemdegSi gamoiwvia misi konfliqti leninTan. rac Seexeba bolSevizmis urTierTobas islamTan, is metad winaaRmdegobrivi iyo. ra Tqma unda, marqsistebis aTeizmi SeuTavsebeli iyo islamur monoTeizmTan. miuxedavad amisa, mravali politikurad aqtiuri islamisti moRvawe miemxro ama Tu im socialistur moZraobas revoluciamdel ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. nawilobriv es aixsneboda pragmatuli mosazrebebiT: 1905 wlis revoluciis Semdeg muslimanebma socializmSi dainaxes politikuri mimdinareoba, romelsac SeeZlo iatakqveSa partiis organizeba, masebis mobilizeba da mCagvreli mTavrobisaTvis realuri saSiSroebis Seqmna. maT izidavda agreTve saerTaSoriso daxmarebis miRebis saSualebac. magram iyo kidev erTi fuZemdebluri mniSvnelobis mosazreba, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada muslimanuri inteleqtualuri elitis mier socialisturi ideebis miReba: socialisturi Teoria maT pirdeboda yvela xalxebis Zmobasa da Tanasworobas da solidarobas imperializmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. volgispirel TaTarTa radikaluri inteligenciis warmomadgeneli hanafi muzafari winaswarmetyvelebda, rom komunizmi gaaerTianebda yvela musliman xalxs: rogorc komunizmi, islamic uaryofs viwro nacionalizmso. gasakviri is iyo, rom igi ase agrZelebda Tavis azrs: islami internacionaluria da cnobs yvela xalxebis erTianobasa da Zmobas islamis droSis qveS. muzafaris am sityvebidan gasagebi xdeba Tu ra izidavda muslimanebs komunizmSi da ra iwvevda maT uaris Tqmas am moZRvrebaze. ideali, romelsac warmoadgenda umma, muslimanTa msoflio Temi, Zlier gansxvavdeboda proletaruli internacionalizmisagan. lenini verasodes ver Seurigdeboda mas, miTumetes , Tu igi SeuerTdeboda da es xSirad xdeboda, panTurquli saxelmwifos Seqmnis ideas _ warmoSobiT da eniT Turquli xalxebis federacias rogorc ruseTSi, ise mis farglebs gareT. magram 1917 wlis bolo TveebSi bolSevikebsa da muslimanebs Soris jer kidev bevri Sexebis wertili arsebobda. muslimanebSi Zlier aRSfoTebas iwvevda droebiTi mTavrobis yoymani, romelmac uaryo sruliad ruseTis muslimanTa yrilobis moTxovnebi ganaTlebis sakuTari sistemis, religiuri da samxedro institutebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. TiTqosda droebiTi mTavrobis sawinaaRmdegod, bolSevikebma Tavisi aRmosavluri politika daiwyes mimarTviT ruseTisa da aRmosavleTis yvela mSromeli muslimanisadmi 1917 w. 20 noembers. deklaracia acxadebda kavSiris srulad gawyvetas mefis religiuri da erovnuli Cagvris sazizRar politikasTan da xalxs hpirdeboda rwmenis, adaT-wesebis, erovnuli da kulturuli institutebis Zaldautanebel da Tavisufal ganviTarebas. amieridan muslimanTa uflebebi, iseve rogorc ruseTis yvela

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xalxebis uflebebi, daculi iyo revoluciisa da misi organoebis, muSaTa, jariskacTa da glexTa deputatebis sabWoebis mTeli ZaliT. male gamoirkva, rom yovelive es cru dapirebebi iyo, magram pirveli ori Tu sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi bolSevikebs sul ar gaaCndaT saSualeba xeli SeeSalaT muslimanuri mTavrobebis SeqmnisaTvis. im regionebSi sabWoTa xelisuflebas ar gaaCnda myari poziciebi. amis Sedegad sabWoebi da xelisuflebis muslimanuri organoebi xSirad gverd-gverdiT arsebobdnen. male gamoaSkaravda, rom maT erTmaneTisagan yofda ara marto religia, aramed erovnuli interesebic. sabWoebi, rogorc wesi, Sedgeboda rusebisagan, romlebic eWvis TvaliTa da mtrulad uyurebdnen muslimanur komitetebs. es pirvel rigSi exeboda Sua azias, sadac jer kidev cocxlobda xsovna 1916 wlis masobrivi xocva-Jletis Sesaxeb. imas, rom muslimanur regionebSi sabWoebSi da sapasuxismgeblo partiul Tanamdebobebze ar iyvnen adgilobrivi mcxovrebni, hqonda wminda ideologiuri axsna. kolesovis, sabWoebis taSkentis yrilobis Tavmjdomaris sityvebiT, muslimanebis Seyvana ar SeiZleboda umaRles partiul xelmZRvanelobaSi imitom, rom maT ar gaaCndaT proletaruli organizaciebi. marTlac, taSkentis sarkinigzo saxelosnoebisa da safeiqro sawarmos muSaTa klasi upiratesad iyo rusuli. taSkentis sabWo sruli asi procentiT iyo rusuli da adgilobrivi mosaxleoba mas uyurebda rogorc karg nacnobs, romelmac mxolod rusuli koloniuri uRlis abra Secvala. sabWoebi cdilobdnen moexdinaT vakufuri (saeklesio) miwebis eqspropriacia, xuravdnen meCeTebs, yuranis Semswavlel skolebs da SariaTis sasamarTloebs, rac Cagvris aSkara dadasturebas warmoadgenda. sxvaTa Soris mefis ruseTi ar midioda ase Sors Tavis politikaSi religiuri diskriminaciis saqmeSi. daZabuloba am or Tems Soris urTierTobebSi 1918 w. TebervalSi gadaizarda mZafr SetakebebSi, roca taSkentis sabWoebis jarebma daangries kokandi, sadac musliman xalxTa sabWom gamoacxada Turqestanis avtonomia. msgavsi ram moxda volgispireli TaTrebis dedaqalaq yazanSic, sadac sabWoebma gamoacxades samxedro mdgomareoba, daapatimra herbi Suros _ TaTrebis samxedro sabWos liderebi da ieriSiT aiRes is adgilebi, romlebsac Tavs afarebdnen cocxlad gadarCenili misi wevrebi. am sastiki Tavdasxmebis gamo zogierTi muslimani daukavSirda TeTrebs. magram es kavSiri, rogorc wesi aramyari aRmoCnda, radganac TeTrebi aranakleb uceremoniod eqceodnen Tavis mokavSireebs. 1919 w. agvistoSi maT daxvrites gamocenili TaTari lideri mulanuri vaxitovi. TeTrebi saerTod ar Rebulobdnen Tavis Tavze valdebulebas, rom uzrunvelyofdnen erTa Tavisuflebas da TviTgamorkvevas. piriqiT, maT Tavis miznad daisaxes ruseTis umaRlesi xelisuflebis aRdgena imperiis yvela xalxze. aqedan aSkara xdeba Tu ratom cdilobda muslimanTa umravlesoba komunistebTan TanamSromlobas, miuxedavad maTi uxeSi politikisa adgilebze. Tavis mxriv, moskovis komunisturi mTavrobac midioda maTTan TanamSromlobaze, yovel SemTxvevaSi manamde, vidre sWirdebodaT maTi mxardaWera samoqalaqo omis dros. erovnebaTa saxalxo komisariatSi stalinma Seqmna muslimanuri centraluri komisariati, romelsac saTaveSi edga vaxitovi manam, vidre daiRupeboda. komisariatis amocanas warmoadgenda yvela muslimanuri saqmis koordinacia da muslimanuri mosaxleobis moTxovnilebaTa mkafiod Camoyalibeba. komunistebma isic ki dauSves, rom Seqmnes muslimanuri samxedro saswavlebeli, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda TaTari mir-said sulTan galievi. raRac periodSi im armiis TiTqmis naxevars, romelic aRmosavleTis frontze ibrZoda kolCakis winaaRmdeg, Seadgendnen muslimanebi. bunebrivia, bolSevikebi Zlier iyvnen dainteresebuli maTi sabrZolo suliskveTebis amaRlebasa da sabrZolo momzadebaSi, miuxedavad im saSiSroebisa, romelic maTi azriT imaleboda muslimanur sabrZolo SenaerTebis SeqmnaSi. stalins imis imedic ki hqonda, rom sabWoTa mTavroba Seqmnida TaTarbaSkireTis respublikas, romlis gamoyenebasac igi cdilobda islamuri socializmis asaSeneblad. is SeiZleboda aRmoCeniliyo pirveli nabiji, gadadgmuli panTurquli respublikis Sesaqmnelad. im dros ruseTis komunistur partiaSi miaCndaT, rom SeiZleboda yofiliyo muslimanuri komunisturi partia, romelic uSualod moskovs ar daemorCileboda. 1918 w. zafxulSi muslimani socialistebi warmatebis mwvervalze imyofebodnen. maT warmatebebs miaRwies yvela im saqmeSi, risgan SemdegSi SeiZleboda agebuliyo islamuri socialisturi respublika _ saxelmwifo aparati, partia, armia. sulTan galievma erovnebaTa saqmeebis saxalxo komisariatis beWdviT organoSi erovnebaTa

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cxovreba Camoayaliba am saxelmwifos momavali ideologiis konturebi. man ganaviTara leninis ideebi klasobrivi brZolis internacionalizaciis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove epoqaSi, romelic man Camoayaliba naSromSi imperializmi, rogorc kapitalizmis umaRlesi stadia. galievi amtkicebda, rom sinamdvileSi evropuli erebis yvela klasebi iyvnen koloniuri xalxebis eqspluatatorebi: yvela muslimanuri koloniuri xalxebi warmoadgenen proletarul xalxebs da ramdenadac muslimanuri sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela klasi iCagreboda imperialistebis mier, yvela klass aqvs ufleba iwodebodes proletarad... amitomac SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebi muslimanur qveynebSi atareben socialisturi revoluciis xasiaTs. ase gaCnda pirvelad Tezisi, romelmac XX saukuneSi didi mniSvneloba SeiZina. igi ganaviTares mao Zedunma, ho Si minma da sxva marqsistebma aziis, afrikisa da laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi. rogorc yvela isini, sultan galievic darwmunebuli iyo, rom mxolod koloniuri xalxebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli WeSmaritad revoluciuri suliskveTeba.. mas eSinoda, rom miaRwevda ra Zalauflebas aRorZinebul imperiaSi, Tumca socialisturSi, rusi xalxi xelaxla iqceoda sxva xalxebis mCagvrelad. erovnebaTa cxovrebis furclebze mas ar SeeZlo daufaravad ganecxadebina am safrTxis Sesaxeb, magram mivida daskvnamde, romelic maSinve uaryo bolSevikebis umravlesobam. sulTan galievis azriT, revolucia moxdeboda ara dasavleT evropaSi, sadac internacionalisturi TvalsazrisiT muSaTa klasi ukve gaburJuebuli iyo, aramed aRmosavleTSi, sadac islamur da komunistur sabrZolo mowodebas SeeZlo gaeeerTianebina koloniuri da Cagruli xalxebi antiimperialisturi brZolisaTvis. iseve rogorc mao, igi ganixilavda armias, mocemul SemTxvevaSi wiTeli armiis muslimanur nawilebs, rogorc birTvsa da skolas revoluciuri brZolisaTvis legitimuri da popularuli socialisturi mTavrobis Sesaqmnelad. taSkentSi aseTive Sexedulebebisa iyo yazaxi tarar riskulovi, romelic imedovnebda Turquli avtonomiuri respublikisa da Turquli komunisturi partiis Seqmnas. bolSevikebis samxedro Zlierebis zrdasTan erTad maT daiwyes nebismieri moZraobis CaxSoba, romelsac SeeZlo sulTan galievis ideebis cxovrebaSi gatareba. ukve 1918 w. noemberSi muslimanuri komunisturi partia Sevida ruseTis kompartiis SemadgenlobaSi rogorc centrs daqvemdebarebuli nawili. aseve Seicvala TaTarbaSkireTis respublikis Seqmnis gegmac. mis nacvlad ruseTis respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Seiqmna ori mcire respublika _ TaTreTi da baSkireTi. amgvarad, ukugdebuli iqna islamuri socializmis samSoblos Seqmnis idea. rodesac damTavrda samoqalaqo omi, sulTan galievis ideebma sul ufro meti sazrunavi gauCina bolSevikebs. 1923 w. igi stalinis brZanebiT daapatimres, brali dasdes basmaCebTan TanamSromlobaSi da garicxes partiidan. raRac droiT igi gaanTavisufles patimrobidan, magram 1928 w. igi xelaxla daapatimres da gauSves sakoncentracio banakSi solovkis kunZulebze. rogorc ki bolSevikebis Zalaufleba ganmtkicda, maT maSinve gaauqmes droebiTi xelSekruleba muslimanur nacionalur komunizmTan. muslimanebs rCebodaT an uxmo morCileba an SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegoba. igi daiwyo sabWoebis mier kokandis mTavrobis likvidaciis Semdeg. kokandis miliciis ufrosi gaiqca da daiwyo organizebuli Tavdasxmebis mowyoba rusul soflebsa da wiTeli armiis nawilebze. daiwyo partizanuli razmebis Seqmna, romlebic xelisuflebas ecilebodnen bolSevikebs TurqestanSi, romelic evropuli ruseTisagan TeTrebis armiebiT iyo mowyvetili. unda aRiniSnos, rom partizanebad midiodnen yvela socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebi. magram es sxvadasxva razmebi yovelTvis ver poulobdnen saerTo enas, maT xelmZRvanelobdnen sxvadasxva adamianebi, romlebic TavTavianTi miznebisaTvis ibrZodnen. erTni agrZelebdnen 1916 w. antirusuli ajanyebis tradiciebs, sxvebs surdaT bolSevikebis antiislamuri kanonebis gauqmeba, mesameni ibrZodnen imave miznebisaTvis, risTvisac rusi glexebi antibolSevikur moZraobebSi. amasTan, yvelas sjeroda, rom asrulebdnen Tavis religiur movaleobas, ibrZodnen ra rusebisa da urwmunoebis winaaRmdeg. ferganaSi isini Tavis Tavs uwodebdnen islamis armias da gamoacxades jixadi anu saRvTo omi ... islamis damfuZneblisa da winaswarmetyvelis muhamedis saxeliT. muslimani tradicionalistebi da reformistebi erT rameSi iyvnen erTianni, rom bolSevikebis politika seriozul safrTxes warmoadgenda islamisaTvis. partizanebis am sxvadasxva dajgufebebs maTi mowinaaRmdegeebi uwodebdnen basmaCebs (banditebi), magram TviTon isini Tavis Tavs Tavisufal adamianebs uwodebdnen.

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xivisa da buxaris Sua aziis saxanoebis dacemam 1920 w. mebrZolTa axali nakadebi Semata am jgufebs. am brZolaSi politikuri organizaciisa da koordinaciis saqmeSi siaxleebi gamoCnda momdevno wels, rodesac aq Camovida axalgazrda TurqTa erTerTi beladi enver faSa. bedis ironiiT, is aq gamogzavnil iqna kominternis mier, raTa Turqestanis muslimanebi daerazma komunizmis saqmisaTvis brZolaSi. iman, rac man aq dainaxa, mTlianad Secvala misi Sexedulebebi da enver faSam daiwyo fiqri aq bolSevikebis damxobisa da Turqestanis momavali panTurquli saxelmwifos centrad gadaqcevis Sesaxeb. man moaxerxa erTiani armiis Seqmna, sakuTari, ZiriTadad Turquli, oficerTa korpusiT. man aseve regularuli xasiaTi misca kavSirebs avRanelebTan, romlebic antirusul brZolas awarmoebdnen jer kidev mefis droidan. isini basmaCebs amaragebdnen iaraRiT da aZlevdnen TavSesafars. 1921 w. ruseTis komunisturi mTavroba mixvda, rom basmaCebi warmoadgendnen seriozul safrTxes maTi xelisuflebisaTvis Sua aziaSi. maT ruseTis evropuli nawilebidan iq gadaisroles jarebi da gaaZlieres aviaciiT. bolSevikebma gaakeTes yvelaferi, rom xelT egdoT enver faSa da warmatebasac miaRwies _ 1922 w. igi daiWires da mokles. iseve, rogorc ajanyebuli tamboveli glexebis mimarT, bolSevikebi aqac tkbili kverisa da maTraxis politikas atarebdnen. 1922 w. maisSi meCeTebs daubrunes vakufebi, aRadgines SariaTis sasamarTloebi da medreseebi. komunistebi mzad iyvnen wasuliyvnen droebiT kompromisze tradiciul islamTan (magram ebrZodnen islamur reformizmsa da socializms). aseTi politika metad nayofieri aRmoCnda. 1922 wlidan TandaTanobiT Sesustda partizanebisadmi mxardaWera da brZolam mTian raionebSi gadainacvla. igi ganaxlda soflis meurneobis iZulebiTi koleqtivizaciis dros, romelmac gamoiwvia SeiaraRebuli brZolis axali aRmavloba islamuri faseulobebisa da sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebebisaTvis. 1921 w. dasawyisisaTvis axali sabWoTa ruseTis teritoria da erovnuli Semadgenloba metnaklebad ganisazRvra. ra Tqma unda, lenini ocnebobda sabWoTa respublikebis msoflio kavSirze, magram xanmokle sabWoTa reJimebis damxobam bavariasa da ungreTSi, iseve rogorc wiTeli armiis damarcxebam poloneTSi, aiZula igi uari eTqva amgvar fantastikur gegmebze. axla komunistebi marTavdnen eTnikur ruseTs, romelsac daarqves rsfsr (ruseTis sabWoTa federaciuli socialisturi respublika). mas irgvliv ertya Teoriulad damoukidebeli sabWoTa respublikebi, mefis ruseTis yofili provinciebis fineTis, baltiispireTisa da poloneTis garda. sabWoTa respublikebi, romlebic ruseTis gavlenis qveS imyofebodnen, iyo ori tipis. pirvelni mdebareobdnen ruseTis sazRvrebis gaswvriv (mogvianebiT maT mokavSire respublikebi ewodaT). yvela maTganma gamoscada damoukideblobis Tundac xanmokle periodi 1917-1921 ww. areul periodSi da diplomatiuri urTierTobebis damyarebac ki moaswres sazRvargareTis qveynebTan. meore tipis respublikebi yoveli mxridan SemosazRvrulni iyvnen ruseTis teritoriiT; maT avtonomiur respublikebs uwodebdnen. yvelaze msxvili maTgan iyo TaTreTi da baSkireTi, romlebic arasodes yofilan suverenulebi. am avtonomiuri respublikebis mdgomareoba damokidebuli iyo moskovze: maT ufleba hqondaT hyolodaT sakuTari samTavrobo organoebi (saxalxo komisariatebi), magram isini mTlianad damokidebulni iyvnen analogiur centralur organoebze. adgilobrivi partiuli organoebi gaTanabrebuli iyo sagubernio organoebTan. magram mosazRvre respublikebis arseboba mraval problemas warmoSobda. maT arwmunebdnen, rom SeeZloT sruli damoukideblobis miReba, romelic maT sul cota xnis win, 1917-1921 ww. xanmokle droiT gaaCndaT. es pirvel rigSi exeboda saqarTvelos, romlis axal komunistur mmarTvelebs surdaT erovnuli TviTmmarTveloba iseve, rogoric hqondaT maT winamorbedebs _ menSevikebs. am respublikebTan, romlebSic Sedioda ukraina, belorusia, saqarTvelo, somxeTi, azerbaijani, buxara, xorezmi (adrindeli xiva) da Soreuli aRmosavleTis respublika, sabWoTa ruseTma dado ormxrivi xelSekrulebebi, romlebic Zlier gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan da formiT metad orazrovanni iyvnen. maTi zogierTi paragrafi warmoadgenda suverenul saxelmwifoebs Soris Cveulebrivi SeTanxmebis msgavs rames, sxvebi ki waagavda federaciul xelSekrulebebs. sinamdvileSi isini asaxavdnen proletaruli internacionalizmis koncefciis winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs. Tavisi

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pirveli punqtebiT isini warmoadgendnen samxedro xelSekrulebebs, romlebic Seicavdnen garantiebs sagareo Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi; samxedro muxlebs emateboda ekonomikuri muxlebi, romlebic ekonomikuri sakiTxebis umravlesobis gadawyvetis uflebebs moskovs utovebda. sruliad aranormaluri iyo is, rom Tu adre, erTi-ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, zogierT respublikas gaaCnda damoukidebeli diplomatiuri samsaxurebi da warmomadgenlobebi ucxoeTSi, magram dakarges isini, axla, 1922 w. ruseTma gamoacxada da sakuTar xelSi aiRo am respublikebis saxeliT gamosvla genuis konferenciaze. aseTi aranormaluri da orazrovani mdgomareoba ar SeiZleboda didxans gagrZelebuliyo. ukve samoqalaqo omis dros zogierTi mokavSire respublikebis mosaxleobis umravlesoba Seurigda zogierTi centraluri organos, iseTebis, rogorebic iyo saxalxo komisarTa sabWo, wiTeli armia, Sromisa da Tavdacvis sabWo (1918 wlidan umaRlesi organo samoqalaqo omis sakiTxebSi) da respublikis samxedro revoluciuri sabWo (armiis politikuri samsaxuri), ufrosobasa da xelmZRvanelobas. saqarTvelos garda, sadac sagangebo mdgomareoba Seiqmna, mokavSire respublikebis mcxovrebT ar gaaCndaT araviTari pretenzia an raimes molodini xelisuflebis centraluri organoebis mimarT. isini Seurigdnen am xelSekrulebebs da Sevidnen unitaruli ruseTis sabWoTa respublikis SemadgenlobaSi, romelmac Caylapa yvela winamorbedi politikuri warmonaqmnebi. es iyo im gegmis xorcSesxma, romelic SeimuSava stalinma erovnebaTa saxalxo komisris Tanamdebobaze yofnis dros. mas surda iseTi politikuri struqturis Seqmna, romelSic xazgasmuli iqneboda ruseTis wamyvani roli msoflio revoluciur procesSi. rogorc siamayiT ganacxada partiis X yrilobis erTerTma delegatma, is faqti, rom ruseTi pirveli daadga revoluciis gzas da dasavleT evropis faqtobrivi koloniidan gadaiqca msoflio revoluciuri moZraobis centrad, siamayiT aRavsebs yvela imaT gulebs, vinc dakavSirebuli iyo ruseTis revoluciasTan da warmoSobs gansakuTrebul wiTel rusul patriotizms. magram procesi ar SeiZleboda ganviTarebuliyo winaaRmdegobebis gareSe, radgan TviT lenini ar eTanxmeboda stalinuri gegmis velikorusuli nacionalizmis qveteqsts, ramac Tavi iCina kidec mis sajaro gamosvlebSi. leninis SiSi kidev ufro metad gaRrmavda mas Semdeg, rodesac stalini da misi moadgile saqarTveloSi sergo orjonikiZe waeCxubnen qarTveli bolSevikebis liderebs saqarTvelos adgilis Sesaxeb axal saxelmwifoSi. stalins surda, rom saqarTvelo, somxeTTan da azerbaijanTan erTad gaerTianebuliyo amierkavkasiis federaciaSi, romlis Seqmnasac igi lamobda. qarTveli bolSevikebi (e.w. nacional-uklonistebi) sastikad ewinaaRmdegebodnen Tavis samSoblos esoden damcirebas. droTa ganmavlobaSi leninma akurTxa stalinis gegma, magram erTerTi diskusiis dros am sakiTxis Sesaxeb s. orjonikiZe imdenad gacxarda, rom ubralod galaxa am ideis mowinaaRmdege. aseTma uxeSma gamoxdomam gaabraza lenini. misi yvelaze cudi varaudebi stalinis mimarT mtkicdeboda da man brZana incidentis gamoZieba. magram male mas mesamed Caeqca tvinSi sisxli. saqmis gamoZiebamde jer kidev Sors iyo, lenini ki uZluri aRmoCnda gaekontrolebina saqme da darwmunebuliyo, rom incidenti aRmoifxvra. miuxedavad amisa, leninma partiis XII yrilobisaTvis moamzada memorandumi erovnul sakiTxze. am memorandumSi lenini aRiarebda, rom eris TviTgamorkveva, sabWoTa saxelmwifos Semadgenlobidan mis gamosvlamde, sinamdvileSi faratina qaRaldad iqca. amis Sedegad erovnuli umciresobebi xdebodnen rusuli velikoderJavuli Sovinizmis lukmad, rac esoden damaxasiaTebeli iyo rusuli biurokratiisaTvis. lenini moiTxovda orjonikiZis samagaliTod dasjas, rom msgavsi ram SemdgomSi aRar ganmeorebuliyo. lenini iZleoda winadadebas, rom sabWoTa konstituciaSi erovnuli umciresobebisaTvis SeetanaT saxelmwifoebriobis realuri garantiebi saxalxo komisariatebis saxiT, diplomatiur da samxedro saqmesTan erTad, agreTve miecaT erovnul enaze laparakisa da saqmis warmoebis garantirebuli uflebebi. leninis es memorandumi sajarod ar ganxilula, magram misi gavlena igrZnoba pirveli sabWoTa konstituciis paragrafebSi. pirvelyovlisa, axal saxelmwifos ewoda ara ruseTi, aramed sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri. formalurad es iyo sxvadasxva respublikebisagan Semdgari federaluri kavSiri, romelSic vercerTi maTgani ver TamaSobda wamyvan rols. rogorc forumi, romelSic sxvadasxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebs SeeZloT sakuTari mosazrebebis gamoTqma, SenarCunebuli iqna erovnebaTa saxalxo komisariati. male igi gardaiqmna erovnebaTa sabWod _ sakavSiro

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centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis meore palatad, sadac TiToeul mokavSire da avtonomiur respublikas gaaCnda Tanabari warmomadgenloba, miuxedavad mosaxleobis raodenobisa. sainteresoa, rom amasTan erTad, lenini arafers ar cvlida mkacrad centralizebul partiul struqturaSi. amgvarad, misi Sexedulebebi erovnul sakiTxebSi mxolod umniSvnelod Seicvala. axali konstituciis debulebebis umravlesoba Seesabameboda stalinis da ara leninis Sexedulebebs. saxelisuflo rwmunebebis ganawilebas centrsa da respublikebs Soris Sedegad moyva is, rom realuri Zalaufleba ekuTvnoda sakavSiro uwyebebs ara marto sagareo da samxedro sakiTxebSi, aramed ekonomikis sferoSic. sakavSiro saxelmwifo gansazRvravda politikis ZiriTad sakiTxebs samarTlis, dasaqmebis, ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis sakiTxebSi. mTeli Zalaufleba ara marto sagareo da samxedro sakiTxebSi, aramed sxva sakiTxebSic Tavmoyrili iqna centris xelSi, sakavSiro doneze. erTaderT gamonakliss, magram mniSvnelovans warmoadgenda politikis gansazRvra kulturisa da enis sakiTxebSi. sxva faqtori, romelmac uaRresad Seuwyo xeli saxelmwifos centralizacias, iyo sakuTriv ruseTis uzarmazari teritoria sxva respublikebTan SedarebiT. rsfsr-s ekava sakavSiro saxelmwifos teritoriis 90%, romelzedac cxovrobda qveynis mosaxleobis 72%. yovelive es fiqciad aqcevda mis konstituciur statuss, rogorc erTerTi Tanasworuflebiani respublikisa. Tu amas davumatebT, rom partiis wevrebis 72% rusebi iyvnen, aSkara xdeba, Tu ra mZlavri sakonstitucio garantiebi icavda ruseTis dominirebas sabWoTa kavSirSi. ingliseli istorikosis eduard karis xatovani gamoTqma rom vixmaroT, sabWoTa kavSiri iyo rsfsr-is saTauri. saqmes rom sxva kuTxidan SevxedoT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1923 wlis sabWoTa konstitucia iyo formiT leninuri da SinaarsiT stalinuri. magram raRac orazrovneba mainc SenarCunebuli iyo. revoluciam da samoqalaqo omma mefis ruseTis imperiis xalxebis umravlesobas misca WeSmariti damoukideblobis xanmokle gamocdileba, rasac isini saukuneebis manZilze iyvnen moklebulni. aman kolosaluri zegavlena moaxdina maT erovnul grZnobebze da enobrivi da kulturuli avtonomiis politikasTan erTad raRac drois Semdeg gamoiwvia sabWoTa kavSirSi ararusi xalxebis erovnuli grZnobebis iseTi zrda, romlis msgavsic ruseTs ar axsovda. es ki mudmiv daZabulobas qmnida sabWoTa sistemis muSaobaSi.

axali ekonomikuri politika im dros, rodesac partiis X yrilobis delegatebi xmas aZlevdnen partiuli disciplinis ganmtkicebas da kronStandtis ajanebis monawileTa sastikad dasjas, maT imavdroulad moiwones radikaluri gardaqmnebi ekonomikur politikaSi, romelic amjerad mis seriozulad Serbilebas iTvaliswinebda. es iyo sasursaTo gaweris sasursaTo gadasaxadiT Secvla, rac gacilebiT naklebi iyo, vidre iZulebiTi gadasaxadebi. es RonisZieba gamoicada tambovSi da reklama gaukeTda petrogradSi: mas ganixilavdnen rogorc mosaxleobis mxridan protestis Serbilebis saSualebas seriozuli politikuri daTmobebis gareSe. magram puris rekviziciis gauqmebam gamoiwvia seriozuli ekonomikuri Sedegebi. ramdenadac sasursaTo gadasaxadis odenoba cnobili iyo da gacilebiT mcire iyo, vidre sasursaTo gawera, is glexebs imis imeds unergavda, rom SeeZlo sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis nameti bazarze gaeyida. es maT aiZulebda maqsimalurad gaezardaT TavianTi miwis nakveTebis produqtiuloba. amgvarad, saxelmwifos sxva araferi aRar rCeboda, garda imisa, rom aRedgina Tavisufali kerZo vaWroba. magram saxelmwifos imis imedi ar unda hqonoda, rom glexi maT rames miyidda ise, rom sanacvlod ar SeeZina pirveli moxmarebis is nivTebi, romlebic mas sWirdeboda. aqedan momdinareobda daskvna, rom saWiro iyo samomxmareblo saqonlis sakmao raodenobiT warmoebis rogorme dawyeba. praqtikaSi ufro advili iyo saxelmwifo monopoliis likvidireba wvril da saSualo warmoebaze, wvril vaWrobasa da momsaxureobis sferoze. yovelive es mTavrobam gaakeTa 1921 wlis ganmavlobaSi da saxelmwifos xelSi datova mxolod msxvili mrewveloba, bankebi da sagareo vaWroba. am RonisZiebebma miRo axali ekonomikuri politikis ( - ) saxelwodeba. amis

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Sedegad qalaqebis bazrebi swrafad aivso saqonliT. cnobili rusi mwerali andrei platonovi ase aRwerda Tavisi gmiris STabeWdilebebs, romelic 1921 w. dabrunda mSobliur raionSi: Tavdapirvelad man ifiqra, rom qalaqSi TeTrebi arian. rkinigzis sadgurSi muSaobda bufeti, sadac urigod da baraTebis gareSe iyideboda ruxi funTuSebi... dvanovma ifiqra, rom es sagangebodaa da daxlSi Sevida. aq man dainaxa normalurad awyobili vaWroba, romelic adreul ymawvilkacobaSi enaxa da didi xnis win gadaaviwyda kidec: daxlebi SuSis qveS, Taroebi kedlis gaswvriv, srulyofili sasworebi xelis sasworis nacvlad, zrdilobiani noqrebi nacvlad sasursaTo bazebis warmomadgenlebisa da meurneobis gamgeblebisa, myidvelTa cocxali nakadi da produqtebis maragis simaZRris suni. miuxedavad imisa, rom kerZo vaWroba gasaocari siswrafiT ikrebda Zalebs, mTlianobaSi ekonomika jer kidev Rrma krizisis mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. omis wlebSi, iZulebiTi mobilizaciisa da sasursaTo konfiskaciis pirobebSi soflis meurneoba gaCanagda, Tanac yvelaze nayofier olqebSi. daiwyo saSineli SimSiloba. SimSilobas daemTxva 1920-21 ww. saSineli gvalva, romelic volgispireTSi daiwyo. glexobam, romelsac araviTari maragi ar gaaCnda, aiRo uaRresad mwiri mosavali. pirvelad da erTaderTxel komunistebma dauSves mosaxleobisadmi pirdapiri ucxouri daxmareba. Seiqmna saerTaSoriso komiteti, romelSic Sevidnen arakomunisturi orientaciis cnobili rusi moRvaweebic (rogorc ki SimSilobis safrTxem gadaiara, isini yvelani daapatimres). miuxedavad yvela RonisZiebebisa 5 mln-de adamiani mainc daiRupa. mrewvelobac saSinel mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. warmoebis yvela ZiriTad dargSi erToblivi produqti 1921 w. Seadgenda 1913 w. donis mexuTeds an masze najklebs. rkinisa da foladis warmoeba am periodis xuT procentsac ar Seadgenda. muSebis raodenoba ki Seadgenda 1913 w. donis 40%-s da amaSi mdgomareobda axali epoqis erTerTi yvelaze seriozuli problemaTagani. am naxevraddasaqmebul muSaTa armia cota xanSi unda Sevsebuliyo axali umuSevrebiT, soflidan qalaqad Camosuli glexebiTa da wiTeli armiidan demobilizebulebiT, sadac imedovnebdnen samuSaos povnas. isini Sromis bazarze unda gamosuliyvnen swored im momentSi, rodesac samrewvelo sawarmoebi unda Seguebodnen axal pirobebs. ar hqonda imas mniSvneloba, isini kerZo sawarmoebi iyvnen Tu saxelmwifosi: am momentidan adgili aRar SeiZleboda hqonoda pirdapir saxelmwifo subsidirebas. es niSnavda, rom amieridan sawvavis, nedleulis, xelfasis da sxva xarjebi TviT sawarmos Tavisi Semosavlidan unda gaeRo. firmebs wesrigSi unda moeyvanaT Tavisi angariSebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT gakotreba elodaT. aseTi iyo realoba, romelic unda SeegnoT muSebsac, partiasac da profkavSirebsac. amgvarad, mrewvelobis aRdgena daiwyo uaRresad myife safuZvelze. uwinares yovlisa, amas Tan sdevda disbalansi soflis meurneobis seqtorTan vaWrobaSi. miuxedavad SimSilobisa, midvrebis moxvna da daTesva ufro swrafad SeiZleboda, vidre dangreuli da gaCanagebuli qarxnebis gadaiaraReba. 1928 wlis zafxulisaTvis samrewvelo saqonlis naklebobam sasoflo-sameurneo produqciasTan SedarebiT iseT dones miaRwia, rom fasebis Sefardeba samrewvelo da sasoflo saqonels Soris, 1913 welTan SedarebiT, samjer gaizarda pirvelis sasargeblod. praqtikaSi es niSnavda, rom glexis Semosavali misi produqtis gayidvisagan ar yofnida saWiro samrewvelo nawarmis SeZenas. arsebobda imis saSiSroeba, rom mware gamocdilebagamovlil glexebs SeiZleboda SeemcirebinaT naTesebis farTobebi, rogorc amas akeTebdnen samoqalaqo omis dros da maSin sursaTis nakleboba realur saSiSroebad iqceoda. samrewvelo saqonelic ar iyideboda _ wamgebiani vaWrobis gamo. marTalia es faqti maSinve ar iqna aRqmuli, magram fasebis makrateli (aseTi saxelwodeba miiRo am movlenam fasebis sxvaobis gamo samrewvelo da sasoflo produqcias Soris) seriozulad daemuqra axal ekonomikur politikas. krizisiT gamowveuli kamaTi iqca ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategiis Sesaxeb xangrZlivi debatebis pirvel stadiad. mrewvelobis aRdgenis meore Sedegi iyo is, rom muSebi, romlebic Teoriulad sargeblobdnen axali sazogadoebis yvela sikeTiT, sinamdvileSi Znelad poulobdnen masSi Tavis adgils. umuSevroba iZleoda imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom maTi xelfasi kvlavac metad mcire iqneboda: 1925 w. sokolnikovi, finansTa saxalxo komisari, aRniSnavda, rom maRaroelebis, metalurgebisa da orTqlmavlebis memanqaneTa xelfasi kvlavac dabali rCeboda 1914 w. donesTan SedarebiT. es ki imas niSnavda, rom muSebis sacxovrebeli pirobebi da kveba jer kidev arasakmarisi iyo. magaliTad, smolenskis cementis qarxnis komiteti 1929 w. iuwyeboda, rom yoveldRiurad igi didZal saCivrebs

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Rebulobda sabinao pirobebis gamo; muSaTa ojaxebi, romlebic eqvsi-Svidi wevrisagan Sedgeboda, cxovrobda erT oTaxSi... komitetSi Semovida xuTasamde gancxadeba muSebisagan, romlebsac saerTod ar hqonda bina. sursaTiT momarageba, romelic 1922 w. Semdeg ramdenadme gaumjobesda, mainc araregularuli iyo, rac fasebis ryevas iwvevda: smolenskSi 1926 w. bolodan 1929 w. dasawyisamde puris fqvili gaZvirda orjer, xolo Wvavisa _ samjer. Semonaxuli dokumentebi cxadyofen, rom samomxmareblo kooperativebi (sabWoebis mier Seqmnili, rom mSromelTaTvis ramdenadme SeemsubuqebinaT mdgomareoba fasebis meryeobis gamo) arasakmarisad maragdeboda sursaTiT, ris gamoc bazari faqtobrivad xelSi Caigdes kerZo movaWreebma. gasagebia, rom muSebi amis gamo gabrazebulebi iyvnen glexebze, romlebic maT produqtebs maRal fasebSi savazobdnen da specialistebsa da moxeleebze, romlebsac SeeZloT aseTi fasebis gadaxda. rogor SeiZleboda es momxdariyo sazogadoebaSi, romelic miemarTeboda socializmisaken proletariatis diqtaturis xelmZRvanelobiT? samrewvelo sawarmos xelmZRvanelobis struqturac iwvevda muSebis ukmayofilebas, romlebic moiTxovdnen oqtombris damaTrobeli dReebisadmi dabrunebas. sabolood gaqra muSaTa kontrolis saboloo niSnebi. saqarxno administracia gaxda ufro ierarqiuli, xelmZRvanelebis personaluri uflebebiT (maT xSirad iRebdnen revoluciamdeli specialistebisagan, romlebdsac gaaCndaT saTanado codna da gamocdileba), inJinrebi da ostatebi sargeblobdnen ganusazRvreli uflebebiT ubralo muSebze. ramdenadac ZiriTad problemad iqca Sromis efeqturoba da mwarmoebluroba, zogierTma sawarmom daiwyo teiloris sqemebiT eqsperimentireba da masobrivi konveieruli warmoebis SemoReba. odesRac lenini maT uwodebda kapitalisturi eqspluataciis kvintesencias, axla ki igi aqebda maT, ramdenadac isini iZleodnen produqciis warmoebis gazrdis saSualebas. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebis damatebiT motivad iqca muSebis umravlesobis gadayvana sanardo xelfasze, romelic maT Semosavals damokidebuls xdida maT mier warmoebul produqciaze. 1917 wlamde muSebi imedovnebdnen, rom profkavSirebi da partiac ki imoqmedebda maT interesebSi. axla orive es organizacia gaxda mxolod saxelmwifo ekonomikuri manqanis nawili, romelic aiZulebda muSebs konfliqti hqonodaT mxolod kerZo mewarmeebTan. 1925 wels gazeTi trudi werda kidec, rom profkavSirebi muSebs iTxoven samuSaodan da ajarimeben, nacvlad imisa, rom dacvan maTi interesebio. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom saamqroebSi ganwyobileba ar iyo erTgvarovani (Tumca imdroindeli muSaTa klasis ganwyoba da nafiqrali aravis mecnierulad ar Seuswavlia). adgili hqonda mravalricxovan diskusiebsa da gaficvebs, romlebic ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli iyo sacxovreblis sakiTxebTan, sasursaTo momaragebasTan, xelfasis dagvianebasa da mis ukmarisobasTan, an administraciasTan konkretul problemebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom problema Semdgom gamokvlevas moiTxovs, ise Cans, rom muSaTa protestebs araviTari kavSiri ar hqondaT partiis SigniT aRmocenebul romelime opoziciur dajgufebasTan. faqtobrivad muSaTa umravlesoba partias uyurebda rogorc xelisuflebis nawils, romelTanac maT hqondaT saqme. politikuri da sawarmoo krebebi iTvleboda mosawyenad da mas Tavs aridebdnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTze ixileboda aseve xelfasisa da sabinao sakiTxebi. ra Tqma unda, zogierTi muSa partiaSi Sesvlas ganixilavda rogorc cxovrebis donis, kvalifikaciis amaRlebis, samsaxurSi winsvlis saSualebas da rac mTavaria _ Tavisi wridan Tavis daRwevis saSualebas. Tavis mxriv partiis wevri muSebi xSirad Ciodnen, rom muSaTa klasi daavadebulia burJuaziuli ganwyobilebebiT da wvrilburJuaziuli individualizmiT. amgvarad, partiisa da muSaTa klasis urTierToba, romlis interesebsac igi sityvierad gamoxatavda, 1920-iani wlebis bolodan gacivda. muSaTa klasis partiisaTvis, romelmac xeli mokida industrializaciis did programis ganxorcielebas, aseTi mdgomareoba arasaxarbielo da metad saSiSi iyo. urTierToba glexobasTan kidev ufro cudi iyo. glexobis saxiT bolSevikebs saqme hqondaT erTaderT klasTan, romelmac sakuTari saxe SeinarCuna jer kidev revoluciamdeli droidan. ra Tqma unda, revoluciam da samoqalaqo omma ganamtkica ruseTis soflis meurneobis tradiciuli safuZvlebi, rac iwvevda mis mcire produqtiulobas. memamuleebs hqondaT ufro mowinave sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRi da iyenebdnen ufro mowinave agroteqnikur meTodebs, rac maT omiswina wlebSi didi mosavlis aRebis saSualebas aZlevda. magram maTi meurneobebi eqspropriirebul iqnen da ZiriTadad ganawilda glexobas Soris. igive daemarTaT stolipinis glexobasac,

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romlebsac CamoerTvaT calke mdebare nakveTebi, xolo TviTon an gandevnes soflidan, an isev glexurma Temma Caylapa. Tanamedrove Teslbrunva uaryofil iqna, radgan igi ver uTanxmdeboda miwaTmoqmedebis saTemo wesebsa da saSualebebs. amgvarad, Temma ruseTis soflis meurneobaSi miaRwia iseT zegavlenas, romelic mas manamde ar hqonia. yovelive es gamomdinaeobda 1917 w. bolSevikebis mier miRebuli socialisturi revoluciis programidan, magram ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom axla igi maT awyobdaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom glexobas mflobelobaSi gadaeca axali miwebi, maT nadelebs 1917 w. Semdeg Semcirebisaken hqondaT tendencia. problema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom milionobiT umuSevari da mSieri muSa dabrunda qalaqidan soflad im imediT, rom kvlav miwaTmoqmedebas dabruneboda. mravali maTgani Rebulobda Temisagan miwas, romlebzedac maT jer kidev SeeZloT pretenziis gancxadeba. Cans, rom revoluciam gaaZliera ganxeTqilebebi da kamaTi glexur komlebSi, rac aiZulebda axalgazrda Taobas gamoyofoda ojaxs da xeli moekida sakuTari meurneobisaTvis. yovelive amis Sedegad ojaxuri meurneobebis ricxvi 1917 w. 17-18 mln-dan gaizarda 1924 w. 23 mln-de, xolo 1927 w. misma ricxvma 25 mln-s gadaaWarba. aseve Semcirda meurneobis mflobelobaSi myofi miwis farTobi da es miuxedavad imisa, rom moxda memamuleebis, saeklesio da saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi myofi miwebis konfiskacia. es imas niSnavda, rom nawarmoebi produqti sakuTari ojaxis gamokvebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili da ara gasayidad. glexuri meurneobebis Semdgomma daqucmacebam da primitiuli agroteqnikisadmi dabrunebam Zlier SeaSfoTa bolSevikuri xelisufleba. igi dakavebuli iyo ambiciuri industriuli gegmebis SedgeniT da amitomac sWirdeboda sursaTis didi raodenobiT damzadeba da gayidva. mTavrobis politika ki soflis meurneobaSi kidev ufro metad arTulebda saqmes. gansakuTrebuli warmatebis da meti produqtis mwarmoebeli glexebi ibegrebodnen yvelaze didi gadasaxadebiT, maTze ufro met politikur zegavlenas axdendnen, vidre maT ufro Rarib TanamoZmeebze. Tanac glexebi eWvobdnen, rom SeiZleba isini dabrunebodnen sasursaTo gaweras, rogorc es iyo 1918-1921 wlebSi. yvela am faqtorma asaxva hpova sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebis statistikaSi, gansakuTrebiT marcvleulis warmoebis Sesaxeb, romelic arsebuli reJimisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan kvebis produqts warmoadgenda. marTlac, soflis meurneobis produqtiuloba swrafad gaizarda 1920-21 ww. katastrofuli dacemis Semdeg, magram omamdel dones vera da ver miaRwia. 1926 w. mosavali, romelmac 76,8 mln t. Seadgina, odnav CamorCeboda 1914 w. rekordul dones (81,6 mln. t.), magram SemdgomSi 1926 wlis done vera da ver iqna miRweuli, Tanac wlidan wlamde mosavlianoba sul ufro metad ecemoda. amasTan, saWiro iyo damatebiT 14 mln kacis gamokveba: 1914 w. erT sulze modioda 584 kg marcvleuli, 1918-29 ww. 484 kg da es im dros, rodesac mTavroba gegmavda samrewvelo muSebis kolosalur zrdas, romlebic kvebis produqtebs ki ar qmnidnen, aramed moixmardnen. ufro metic, saboloo Sedegi ufro naklebi iyo, vidre 1914 wels, radgan Semcirda erTi faqtoris mniSvneloba, romelsac stalini, piriqiT, did mniSvnelobas aniWebda raTa Seeqmna xorblis didi raodenobis gadamalvis STabeWdileba. laparaki iyo masze, rom glexebi, ramdenadac marcvleulze fasebi dabali iyo, xorblis nawilisagan xdidnen arays (samogons). amgvarad, gamodioda, rom masze daxarjuli marcvleuli TiTqosda saerTod ar iyo nawarmoebi. bunebrivia, rom bolSevikebs arc arasodes ar ufiqriaT, rom ruseTis soflis meurneoba darCeniliyo wvrilglexuri da primitiuli meurneobebis saxiT. igi yovelTvis gegmavda msxvili meqanizirebuli fermebis Seqmnas, romelic sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi iqneboda. mis mier 1917 w. gamocemuli dekreti miwis Sesaxeb iyo taqtikuri ukandaxeva strategiuli xazidan da axla isini apirebdnen misadmi dabrunebas. Tavisi sicocxlis bolo wlebSi lenini Tvlida, rom mTlianobaSi soflis meurneobis es koleqtivizacia TandaTanobiT unda gatarebuliyo. misi azriT, partias unda waexalisebina sanimuSo meurneobebis Seqmna, romelTa ayvavebasa da maRal mwarmoeblurobas unda daerwmunebina glexebi, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi mierTebodnen mas. raRac raodenoba koleqtiuri meurneobebisa im dros ukve arsebobda. zogierTi maTgani partiis mxardaWeriTa da daxmarebiT Seiqmna jer kidev samoqalaqo omis dros. es meurneobebi SeiZleba sam tipad dayofiliyo: 1. komuna, sadac sakuTreba saerTo iyo, saerTo cxovrebiTa da bavSvebis saerTo aRzrdiT; 2. arteli, sadac TiToeuli ojaxuri meurneoba flobda sakuTar saxlsa da miwis patara nadels, agreTve Sromis iaraRebs mis dasamuSaveblad. danarCeni miwa da sxva resursebi sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi rCeboda; 3.

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miwebis erToblivad damamuSavebeli amxanagobebi ( ), sadac miwebis nawili an mTlianad muSavdeboda erToblivad. es ukanaskneli tipi TiTqmis arafriT ar gamoirCeoda tradiciuli sasoflo Temisagan misi urTierTdaxmarebis tradiciebiT mindvris samuSaoebis yvelaze daZabul periodSi. amitomac gasakviri araa, rom koleqtiur meurneobaTa umravlesoba arsebobda rogorc miwis erToblivad damamuSavebeli amxanagobebi. aSkaraa, rom zogierTi maTgani warmoadgenda Cveulebriv glexur Tems, romelsac Tavisi koleqtiuri statusi gamocxadebuli hqonda gadasaxadebis Semcirebis mizniT. koleqtiuri meurneobebis am sam tips emateboda sabWoTa meurneobebi anu saxelmwifo meurneobebi, sadac muSebi Rebulobdnen fiqsirebul xelfass, rogorc samrewvelo muSebi. am sabWoTa meurneobebsa da koleqtiur meurneobebs 1927 w. statistikuri monacemebiT ekavaT dasamuSaveblad vargisi miwebis sul 2%. magram aq aRasaniSnavia is, rom maT mier nawarmoebi produqcia ufro meti iyo da 1927 w. 7,5% Seadgina. am faqtis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT cxadi xdeba, ratom surda partias koleqtivizaciis dawyeba rac SeiZleba male. magram sinamdvileSi es procesi ferxdeboda da mTeli 1920-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi partiam vera da ver moaxerxa soflad Tavisi politikuri programis Sesruleba. nawilobriv es aixsneboda sasoflo sabWoebis sisustiT. Teoriulad sabWoebs Tavis Tavze unda aeRoT adgilobrivi administraciis funqciebi da daetovebina glexobisaTvis miwaTmoqmedebisa da agroteqnikis sakiTxebi. magram praqtikaSi glexTa Temi agrZelebda adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis akrefas da adgilobrivi administraciis funqciis Sesrulebas, rogorc es iyo revoluciamde. 1927 w. gazeT izvestiaSi daibeWda statia, sadac naCvenebi iyo, rom swored glexuri Temi da ara sabWo iyo adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi organo, rac qmnida sirTuleebs mmarTvelobis ufro zeda organosTan _ volostis sabWoebTan urTierTobisas. bolSevikurma partiam sabWoebze metad soflad versad ver moikida fexi. komunistebi Tavisi mentalitetiTa da midrekilebebiT iyvnen qalaqelebi da soflis cxovrebas bevri maTgani gulgrilad da zizRiTac ki uyurebdnen. revoluciam da samoqalaqo omma, marTalia, gamoiwvia partiaSi soflad macxovrebTa moZaleba, ZiriTadad wiTel armiaSi. magram, amave dros, swored isini idevnebodnen wmendis dros, rogorc pasiuri da korumpirebuli elementebi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, maTi raodenoba soflad mcxovreTa Soris iyo ukiduresad mcire. 1922 w. partiis wevrTa aRweram aCvena, rom partiaSi glexTa raodenoba Seadgenda 0,13%-s da Tanac mravali maTgani iyo maswavlebeli, eqimi, agronomi, sabWoebis Cinovniki. 1928 wlisaTvis soflad komunistTa raodenoba orjer gaizarda. soflis mosaxleoba maSin moiTvlida 120 mln kacs, romelTagan mxolod 300 aTasi (2,5%) iyo komunisti da maTganac mxolod 170 aTasi iyo marTla glexi. partiis sisuste soflad imas niSnavda, rom iq tradiciulad gavleniT sargeblobdnen gvaris uxucesebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoebis arCevnebSi monawileobda soflis zrdasruli mosaxleoba, maT Soris qalebic, Tems tradiciulad xelmZRvanelobdnen ojaxebis meTaurebi da aq araviTari gamonaklisi ar keTdeboda. mmarTvelobaSi axalgazrdebi, qalebi da umiwawylo glexebi ar daiSvebodnen. es ki imas niSnavda, rom miuxedavad revoluciuri gamTanabreblobisa, soflad xelaxla moxda sasoflo sazogadoebis fenebad dayofa. ra Tqma unda, es dayofa mTlianad arasodes ar waSlila. mas Semdeg, rac Temebma Tavis kontrolqveS aiyvanes 1917-1918 ww. miwebis gadanawilebis procesi, mdidari glexebi Cveulebriv cdilobdnen sakuTari Tavi uzrunveleyoT garantiiT, rom maT an maTi ojaxebis xelSi Tavs moiyrida didi qoneba miwebis, pirutyvis an sasoflo inventaris saxiT. yofili umiwawylo glexebi adrindelze ukeTes mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen, magram mainc ver Seedrebodnen mdidar glexebs. imdroindel movlenebsa da sabWoTa gamokvlevebSi soflad fenebad dayofas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. isini glexobas yofdnen kulakebad (XIX s-is salaparako enaze ase uwodebdnen mevaxSeebs, magram axla am sityvis gamoyeneba daiwyes mdidari glexebis aRsaniSnavad), saSualo glexebad, Raribebad da umiwawylo mojamagireebad. am terminebis mniSvneloba icvleboda da partiam maTi gamoyeneba daiwyo ara imdenad mecnieruli, ramdenadac politikuri miznebiT. sityvaTa amgvari gamoyeneba miznad isaxavda imis Cvenebas, rom soflad klasobrivi brZola mimdinareobda mdidar da Rarib glexobas Soris. zogierTi Tanamedrove mecnieris gamokvleva, romelic imdroindel

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statistikur monacemebs eyrdnoba, am TeoriaSi eWvis Setanis saSualebas iZleva. am gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom kulakuri meurneobebis Semosavali mxolod mcireoden aRemateboda saSualo glexis Semosavals: maT SeeZloT yolodaT ori cxeni, daqiravebuli muSaxeli mindvris samuSaoebis dros da produqts ZiriTadad bazarze gasayidad awarmoebdnen. isini araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar Seadgendnen gansakuTrebul, kapitalistuir fenas. rac Seexeba Raribobas, romelic ueWvelad arsebobda, misi siRatake, Cveulebriv, gamowveuli iyo bunebrivi mizezebiT _ sizarmaciT, avadmyofobebiT, samxedro samsaxurSi marCenalis gawveviT da muSaxelis aryoliT. amitomac dasaxul politikur aqciebSi uRaribesi glexobis CaTrevis Sansi minimaluri iyo, radgan mas arc Zala yofnida da arc erTianoba. miuxedavad amisa, swored am socialuri fenis organizeba scada partiam, rodesac 1927 wlidan xelaxla daiwyo RaribTa komitetebis Seqmna. soflis mosaxleobas sxvadasxva socialur fenebs Soris arc sistematuri konfliqtebis gansakuTrebuli niSnebi iyo im periodSi. rasac sabWoTa wyaroebSi kulakuri amboxebebi ewodeboda, Tu maT yuradRebiT davakvirdebiT, unda uaryofil iqnas, radgan am gamosvlebSi monawileobda an ramdenime mdidari glexi, an mocemuli soflis mTeli glexoba. ufro zusti iqneboda gveTqva, rom Rrma socialuri dayofa arsebobda ara glexTa fenebs Soris, aramed glexobasa da danarCen sazogadoebas, gansakuTrebiT mis saqalaqo nawils Soris. aRwerda ra Tavis saubrebs glexobasTan 1922 wels, cnobili rusi mwerali maqsim gorki aRniSnavda, rom glexoba eWvis TvaliT da undoblad uyurebda ara ubralod samRvdeloebas, ara ubralod ufrosobas, aramed qalaqs, romelic warmoadgenda eSmaki adamianebis rTul organizacias, romlebic glexobis Sromis xarjze cxovrobdnen da akeTebdnen mraval iseT nivTebs, romlebic glexebs saerTod ar sWirdebodaT. isini cdilobdnen sxvadasxva xerxebiT glexobis motyuebas da amas warmatebiT akeTebdnen. glexobis cotaxnis winandelma gamocdilebam didad Seuwyo xeli amgvari Sexedulebebis ganmtkicebas. dawyebuli 1914 wlidan, qalaqi iwvevda glexTa Svilebs jarSi da aiZulebda maT eomaT miznebisaTvis, romelsac araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda soflis cxovrebasTan. qalaqi rekvizicias ukeTebda glexTa cxenebs kavaleriis saWiroebisaTvis, glexobas uwesebda autanel gadasaxadebs da uxdida mizerul Tanxas moyvanili mosavlisaTvis. Semdeg, 1917 w., miwebis nawilobrivi gadanawilebis Semdeg, qalaqma kvlav gaiwvia glexTa Svilebi da xelaxla, ZaliT waarTva maT moweuli mosavali ise, rom araferi gadauxdia maTTvis. Tanac, Zalian xSirad qalaqidan Camosulebi xuravdnen soflis eklesiebs, ufro xSirad angrevdnen maT da apatimrebdnen sasuliero pirebs. amgvarad, glexobis eWvi qalaqelebis mimarT sruliad gasagebi iyo da bunebrivic. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini iyenebdnen qalaqSi damzadebul saqonels, glexobis umravlesoba imyofeboda ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sakmaod dabal doneze da amis gamo, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, advilad SeeZlo naturalur meurneobaze gadasvla. Zalian mosaxerxebeli iyo qalaqSi sanTlebis, navTis, asanTis, lursmnebis da arayis yidva, magram aseT SesaZleblobas moklebuli, mas SeeZlo TviT daemzadebina mravali am sagnis Semcvleli. saojaxo warmoeba jer kidev sakmaod sicocxlisunariani iyo, raTa daekmayofilebina mravali Tavisi moTxovnilebaTagani, romelTagan umravlesobas sazogadoebis ganviTarebuli nawili qalaqSi iZenda. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, glexebi sabazro pirobebs miiCnevdnen TavisTvis araxelsayrelad da SeeZloT masTan kavSiris gawyveta da ar eSovaT maTi sayideli fuli Tavisi mZime SromiT. swored amis demonstrireba moaxdines maT 1918-21 wlebSi, da amis ganmeorebis safrTxe yovelTvis emuqreboda bolSevikebs. amgvarad, axali ekonomikuri politika iyo partiis mier mogonili, magram manve partiis winaSe dasva gauTvaliswinebeli da Tavgzis dambnevi dilemebi. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi leninma daiwyo amis Segneba. 1922 w. maisSi man gadaitana tvinSi sisxlis pirveli Caqceva, ris gamoc nawilobriv iyo paralizebuli. mas moyva meore dartyma 1923 w. martSi, rodesac mas metyvelebis unari waerTva. igi gardaicvala 1924 w. ianvarSi. pirvelsa da meore dartymebs Soris periodSi man nawilobriv SeinarCuna politikuri aqtiuroba. pirvelad, 1917 wlis Semdeg, mas mieca SesaZlebloba ar mieRo dauyovneblivi gadawyvetilebebi da dafiqrebuliyo masze, Tu ra gaakeTa man da misma partiam. misi nafiqrali iyo orazrovani da mis am periodis statiebSi gaCnda eWvis niSnebi, rac adre arasodes ar SeiniSneboda mis SromebSi.

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dadebiTi iyo is, rom bolSevikebma xelSi aiRes da SeinarCunes Zalaufleba miuxedavad yovelgvari SemTxveviTobisa. magram TiTqmis yvela piroba, romelmac aiZula lenini 1917 w. oqtomberSi xelSi aeRo Zalaufleba, aRmoCnda mcdari. ar iyo araviTari msoflio revolucia, piriqiT, revolucia ar gascilebia ruseTis sazRvrebs, ris gamoc igi moeqca saxelmwifoTa rkalSi, romlebic mas eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen, an misadmi mtrulad iyvnen ganwyobilni. TviT ruseTi Rebulobda Zveli mefis imperiis saxes. proletariati da uRaribesi glexoba uZluri aRmoCnda rom ganexorcielebina klasobrivi diqtatura raRac formiT: proletariati iyo daqsaqsuli da miyvanili ukidures siRatakemde, xolo uRaribesi glexoba miwis dekretis gamo met-naklebad Seeria soflis mosaxleobis sxva fenebs. rogorc wesi, muSebs ar hqondaT araviTari saSualeba, rom monawileoba mieRoT marTvaSi, xolo zemodan daniSnuli moxeleebi sul ufro metad moedvnen saxelmwifos, gansakuTrebiT provinciebs. rodesac bolSevikebi xelSi iRebdnen Zalauflebas, maT hqondaT sruliad gansazRvruli ideebi saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb, axla ki yvelaferi waleka samoqalaqo omma, ngrevam da SimSilma. cxovrebis morCenil nawilSi lenini aRmoCnda mis mierve mowyobili revoluciis moulodneli Sedegebis tyveobaSi. misi sikvdilis Semdeg leninis memkvidreobis irgvliv Tavdapirvelad daiwyo kamaTi, Semdeg ki misma TanamebrZolebma saerTod Tqves maszed uari. utopia daemxo. axla ukve partia gaiyo orad, romelTagan erT nawils surda misi Zaladobrivi aRdgena (memarcxeneebi), meoreebi ki mdumared Seurigdnen mis damxobas da cdilobdnen Serigebodnen axal realobebs (memarjveneebi). miuxedavad imisa, rom lenini ganagrZobda msjelobas proletariatis diqtaturis Sesaxeb, mas Segnebuli hqonda arsebuli mdgomareobis sirTule da metad SeSfoTebuli iyo. 1922 w. martSi, partiis XI yrilobaze lenini aRniSnavda, rom axla ukve qarxnebSi namdvili proletarebi ki ar muSaoben, aramed yovelgvari SemTxveviTi elementi, da Tanac amatebda, rom marqsi ar werda Tanamedrove ruseTis Sesaxeb. muSaTa opoziciis liderma aleqsandr Sliapnikovma amis pasuxad adgilidan miuloca lenins, rom igi saTaveSi udgas ararsebul klass. es iyo mdgomareobis mokle magram zusti daxasiaTeba. ar gaaCnda ra mtkice socialuri baza, partias ar SeeZlo axali ekonomikuri politikis warmarTva saWiro mimarTulebiT. ekonomika hgavda marTvadakargul manqanas, romelSic zis adamiani, romelic darwmunebulia, rom saWe, romelic mas ukavia xelSi, emorCileba mas, manqana ki midis ara iqiT saiTac mas mimarTaven, aramed iqiT, saiTkenac mas ubiZgebs viRac, aralegaluri, arakanonieri, romelic RmerTma icis saidan gaCnda, viRac spekulantebi, kerZo kapitalistebi, an oriveni erTad _ magram manqana midis... xSirad ise ara rogorc warmoudgenia imas, vinc zis am manqanis saWesTan. yrilobis mraval delegats iseTi SegrZneba hqonda, rom movlenebi kontrols aRar emorCileboda. lenini xSirad amas xsnida kulturuli faqtorebiT. ramdenadac amieridan komunistebs ekonomikaSi ufro mniSvnelovani roli unda eTamaSaT, vidre amas fiqrobdnen, sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani gaxda marTvis xelovnebis daufleba. sinamdvileSi ki, risac eSinoda lenins, aqamde jer kidev Sors iyo. kapitalistebi da kerZo vaWrebi am saqmeSi ufro daxelovnebulebi iyvnen. Cinovnik-komunistebs xSirad Ralatobda kulturuloba _ am sityvis qveS lenini gulisxmobda ganaTlebas, taqts, samarTlianobas, patriotul suliskveTebas da Sromisunarianobas _ da amitomac isini Caeflnen Zveli reJimis yvelaze cudi Cvevebis WaobSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi naTlad grZnobda zogierTi problemis mniSvnelobas, mas ar SeeZlo maTi gadawyvetis raime variantis SemoTavazeba. zogierT variantSi igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom Yyvelaze mniSvnelovan saqmes warmoadgenda pasuxsageb Tanamdebobebze Sesaferisi kadrebis moZebna _ adamianebisa, romelTa SesaZleblobebic da patiosnebac maTi saqmianobiT iyo Semowmebuli. Tavis anderZSi leninma daaxasiaTa Tavisi ramdenime SesaZlo memkvidre swored am kuTxidan _ sainteresoa, rom man misaRebad cno yvela kandidatura. leninma gansakuTrebuli SeSfoTeba gamoTqva stalinis mimarT imis safuZvelze, rom mas ar SeeZleba, rogorc partiis generalurma mdivanma, saTanado sifrTxiliT gamoiyenos Tavisi usazRvro Zalaufleba. damatebiT man aRniSna, rom stalini metad uxeSia da es nakli, sruliad misaRebi Cvens garemoSi da Cvens Soris, autanelia generaluri mdivnis Tanamdebobaze. amitomac vTavazob amxanagebs moifiqron stalinis am Tanamdebobidan gadayvanis saSualeba... leninma aseve dasva administraciuli reorganizaciis sakiTxebi: muSur-glexuri inspeqciis (mefisdroindeli general-auditoris Tanamdeboba) gafarToeba da misi Serwyma partiis sakontrolo

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komisiasTan. saWiro iyo am nabijebis gadadgma, raTa rac SeiZleba meti raodenobis niWier da patiosan adamianebs zeda eSelonebSi SeZlebodaT qveda eSelonebis gakontroleba. sinamdvileSi es iyo problemis gadaWra kontrolis ukiduresi centralizaciis gziT, gansakuTrebiT imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom muSur-glexuri inspeqciis saTaveSi idga stalini. lenini manamde mokvda, vidre mis mier SemoTavazebuli cvlilebebi raime Sedegs gamoiRebda. partiis liderebma rigiT wevrebs daumales leninis mier partiis xelmZRvanelebisaTvis micemuli arasaxarbielo daxasiaTebebi. leninis sikvdilis Semdeg arsebiTad Seicvala politikuri da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis arsi. iTvleboda, rom misi ideebi iyo sruli WeSmariteba, xolo TviTon moqmedebda rwmeniT: 1921 wlamde igi arasodes cdila Seewyvita diskusiebi partiis SigniT da SemdegSic igi did Semwynareblobas iCenda. bunebrivia, rom TviTon igi arasodes iTxovda Tavisi ideebis gaRmerTebas. axla ki mravali ramis Secvla daiwyo. sayuradReboa, rom leninis damkrZalavi komisiis ori wevri, anatoli lunaCarski da leonid krasini axlo warsulSi iyvnen e.w. RvTismSeneblebis mimdevrebi. es iyo revoluciamdeli inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba, romelic Tavs acxadebda kacobriobis socialistur religiad da ra Tqma unda yvelaze religiurad, sxva religiaTa Soris. RvTismSeneblobis ZiriTad dogmats warmoadgenda azri imis Sesaxeb, rom proletariats, hqmnida ra axal da humanur sazogadoebas, unda Seeqmna axali adamianic. es axali adamiani Tavisufali iqneboda transcedentur RmerTze iluzoruli Sexedulebebisagan da TviT Seasrulebda WeSmaritad miwier misias. lenini mwared dascinoda am mimdinareobas, magram ramdenadac cnobilia, lunaCarskis arasodes uaryvia Tavisi Sexedulebebi. rac Seexeba krasins, is emxroboda bogdanovs, romelic iyo ra proletkultelebis ideologi, cdilobda revoluciis Semdeg RvTismSenebloba aRedgina axali formiT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi is forma, romelic SerCeuli iqna leninis dasamarxi ceremoniisaTvis, aRniSnuli iyo wminda religiuri obertonebiT. yvelaze metad es exeboda gadawyvetilebas leninis gvamis balzamirebis da mis sanaxavad moskovis centrSi, wiTel moedanze agebul mavzoleumSi gamofenis Sesaxeb. es srulad waagavda marTlmadideblobaSi wmindanTa nawilebis kults. magram iyo sxvaobac: marTlmadideblebi arasodes ar inaxavdnen mTel sxeuls mTlianad. es iyo sruliad axali tipis religiuri qmedeba. stalinma moiwona azri leninis gvamis balzamirebis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba TviTonac iyo amis iniciatori. is arasodes ar iyo RvTismSenebeli, magram mas Zalian kargad esmoda religiuri simbolikis mniSvneloba saxelmwifosaTvis (Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi swavlis gavlena). axali suliskveTebis Sesabamisad waikiTxa man sabWoebis yrilobaze leninis sikvdilis wlisTavze misi naanderZevi da daifica, rom Seasrulebda maT Segnebulad, moisxa ra leninis mowafisa da memkvidris mantia. 1924-25 ww. man gaagrZela es muSaoba dogmis Sesaqmnelad. leninizmis safuZvlebi, romelic stalinma dawera, warmoadgenda gardacvlilis naSromebidan amoRebul Sinaarss. amave dros gaixsna ori specialuri instituti _ marqsisa da engelsis instituti da leninis instituti, romelTa ZiriTad amocanasac Seadgenda axali ideologiis mama-damfuZneblebis memkvidreobis Segroveba da Seswavla. am gamokvlevebis publikaciisaTvis daarsda Jurnali bolSeviki. Seqmna ra ideologiuri taZrebisaTvis saZirkveli, stalins SeeZlo daewyo partiis SigniT axali orTodoqsiis devna da ganexila maTi ideebi ara rogorc mcdari, aramed rogorc ukanono. tradiciul religiaSi am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda sityva eresi; stalinma ki maT gadaxra uwoda. pirvel problemad iqca revoluciuri saxelmwifos da im xalxis bunebis fundamenturi sakiTxi, romelsac es saxelmwifo warmoadgenda. am sakiTxis garSemo wamoWril diskusiaSi stalini Seecada Tavisi mowinaaRmdegeebis izolaciaSi moqcevasa da maT diskreditacias. pirvel rigSi dartyma miayenes imedebs axali ekonomikuri politikis irgvliv _ igi Sefasda rogorc ukandaxeva, kapitalizmisadmi droebiTi daTmoba, romelic gakeTda ekonomikis aRsadgenad im momentamde, vidre sxvaganac ar moxdeboda socialisturi revolucia da omiT daWrili ruseTi ar miiRebda Zmur daxmarebas sazRvargareTidan. magram 1923 wlidan, roca CaifuSa meore komunisturi putCi germaniaSi, aSkara gaxda, rom ruseTi jerjerobiT martod marto iqneboda arCeul gzaze. niSnavda Tu ara es imas, rom sabWoTa saxelmwifo usasrulobamde gaagrZelebda

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gardamavali ekonomikuri sistemis arsebobas, an daitovebda sagareo daxmarebis imeds da Seurigdeboda marto socializmis aSenebis SeuZleblobas? oqtombris revoluciis mowyobisTanave zogierTi bolSeviki farulad iziarebda im rwmenas, rom droebiT mainc, proletaruli internacionalizmi unda niSnavdes sabWoTa (an rusul) patriotizms, radgan erTaderTi qveyana, sadac Seiqmna proletaruli saxelmwifo, iyo ruseTi. es aSkarad Canda brest-litovskis sazavo molaparakebis da sabWoTa ruseT-poloneTis omis dros. imave dros am azrs iziarebda zogierTi arakomunistic. bolSevikebma gaimarjves xelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi, radgan ruseTis imperiis daSlis periodSi isini aRmoCndnen im partiad, romelsac sxvebze metad SeeZlo imperiis Sekowiweba xelaxla. es mosazreba Camoyalibda 1920 w. roca Camoyalibda smenavexovelebis moZraoba. (Tavisi saxelwodeba man miiRo im dros gamoqveynebuli statiebis krebulis saxelwodebis mixedviT). am moZraobis wamyvani warmomadgeneli nikoloz ustrialovi, romelic xarbinSi, emigraciaSi imyofeboda, amtkicebda: TeTrebis damarcxeba niSnavda, rom bolSevikebi amJamad warmoadgenen erTaderT WeSmaritad rusul erovnul Zalas. maT warmatebas miaRwies ruseTis erTianobis SenarCunebaSi, miuxedavad sagareo da ararusuli Sinagani Zalebisa cdebisa, daequcmacebinaT igi. misi mosazrebebi ganmtkicebuli iqna im magaliTebiT, rom darCenili ararusi xalxebi xelaxla dapyrobil iqnen sabWoTa kavSiris mier. amasve emsaxureboda axali ekonomikuri politikis gatareba. yovelive es, TiTqosda metyvelebda imaze, rom socialur da ekonomikur sferoSi, axali rusuli saxelmwifo emsgavseboda Zvel ruseTs. farTod gavrcelda ustrialovis mier sabWoTa kavSiris Sedareba bolokTan _ garedan wiTeli da Signidan TeTri. am Tvalsazrisma momxreTa garkveuli raodenoba moipova emigrantebs Soris, magram igi kidev ufro popularuli gaxda ruseTSi. es daemTxva im dros, roca yofili saimperatoro armiis oficerTa umravlesoba Sevida wiTel armiaSi. mravali burJuaziuli specialisti aseve simpatiurad iyo ganwyobili smenavexovelebis mimarT. jeremi azraeli, istorikosi, romelic swavlobda sabWoTa sazogadoebis mmarTvel zedafenas, smenavexovelobas specialistebis ideologiac ki uwoda. zogierTi mwerali (gansakuTrebiT Tanamgzavrebi) da sasuliero pirebi, aseve mxars uWerda am Tvalsazriss. im dros, rodesac emigrantebis wignebi qveyndeboda ruseTSi, xolo ssrk moqalaqeebsa da emigracias Soris kavSirebi jer kidev Zlieri iyo, smenavexovelobis ideebma, romlebic Tumca ar iyo sayovelTaod aRiarebuli (gansakuTrebiT emigrantebs Soris), xels uwyobda tradiciulad ganaTlebuli fenebis Serigebas axal sistemasTan. bunebrivia, sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba ase ubralod ar aitacebda smenavexovelobas, radgan is iyo aSkarad arasocialisturi da arainternacionalisturi. magram es iZleoda rusuli patriotizmis sakuTari versiis gamomuSavebis saSualebas. es saWiro iyo imitom, rom, jer erTi, saWiro iyo Tavis mxareze specialistebis gadmobireba, romlebzedac isini jer kidev didad iyvnen damokidebulni. ufro iafi jdeboda da sasargeblo iyo maTgan nebayoflobiT Tanxmobis miReba, vidre maT iZulebiT emuSavaT. meorec, axla ukve partiuli aparatic ki, romelic swrafad izrdeboda stalinuri aRmricxvelebis wyalobiT, aRar iTvleboda saimedo Semsruleblad _ ar SeiZleboda imis imedad yofna, rom adamianebi enTuziazmiT imuSavebdnen sistemisaTvis, romelic Turme droebiTi aRmoCnda. maT aseve sWirdebodaT rwmena, rom isini raRac aRmSeneblobiT saqmianobas ewevian, aSeneben socializms _ marTalia, jer-jerobiT ruseTSi, da ar klaven tyuilubralod dros msoflio revoluciis molodinSi, romelic sul ufro bundovan perspeqtivad iqceoda. yovelive am mosazrebebma aiZula stalini 1924 w. xelaxla moeazrebina partiis Teoriuli absoluti msoflio revoluciis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. Tavis statiaSi, romelsac uwoda oqtomberi da trockis permanentuli revoluciis Teoria, romelic gazeTebSi 1924 w. dekemberSi gamoqveynda, stalinma pirvelad ganacxada socializmis erT, calke aRebul qveyanaSi mSeneblobis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es qveyana ekonomikurad naklebadaa ganviTarebuli, vidre misi kapitalisturi mezoblebi. aseTi gamarjveba mas miaCnda sruliad savaraudod da SesaZlebelic ki. sayuradReboa, rom es idea, romelic gamagrebuli iyo leninisagan amoRebuli mcireodeni, magram auTenturi citatebiT, mimarTuli iyo trockis winaaRmdeg. stalinis es statia iyo pirveli gasrola omSi leninis memkvidreobisaTvis. Teoriuli sxvaoba stalinsa da trockis Soris mdgomareobda imaSi, Tu raze keTdeboda aqcenti: TviT stalinic ki aRiarebda, rom socializmis saboloo gamarjveba misi ubralo

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gamarjvebisagan gansxvavebiT SeiZleboda mxolod msoflio proletarul komunaSi. magram stalins trocki gamoyavda pirovnebad, romelsac ar sjeroda sabWoTa ruseTis da proletariatisa da glexobis kavSiris, romelmac ruseTSi ganaxorciela socialisturi revolucia da axla, stalinis mixedviT, iZleoda qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis SesaZleblobas. es iyo stalinuri iaraRis klasikuri magaliTi, romelsac SemdegSi igi xSirad iyenebda: azviadebda da amaxinjebda mowinaaRmdegeebis Sexedulebebs, raTa SemdegSi maTTvis Cirqi moecxo erTaderTi swori da garantirebuli poziciebidan. trockizmi, memarcxene gadaxra, memarjvene gadaxra _ yovelive es, droTa ganmavlobaSi, stalinis ritorikaSi gadaiqca araleninizmis da Sesabamisad antileninzmis aRmniSvnelad, romlebic obieqturad xdebodnen imperializmis xelis Semwyobebad. mogvianebiT stalinma SeZlo im azris damkvidreba, rom yvela misi oponenti sxva araferia, Tu ara sabWoTa wyobilebis mteri. yovel SemTxvevaSi, leninis statiebSi imdenive iyo erT qveyanaSi socializmis aSenebis koncefciisaTvis masalebi, ramdenic trockis mtkicebebisaTvis, rom upiratesoba unda miniWeboda msoflio revolucias. magram swored stalinma moaxerxa leninis memkvidreobaSi SeZroma da misi ideebis Tavisi interpretaciiT warmoCena rogorc erTaderTi swori da WeSmaritad leninuri koncefciisa da daesabuTebina kidec igi. 1925 w. aprilSi, partiis XIV konferenciis rezoluciaSi, naTqvami iyo, rom socializmis gamarjveba erT qveyanaSi (magram ara saboloo gamarjvebis TvalsazrisiT) SesaZlebeli iyo. amgvarad, socializmi erT, calke aRebul qveyanaSi iqca partiis oficialur doqtrinad da axla saWiro iyo misi gamoyenebis Sedegebis dalodeba. gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino es Sedegebi iyo ekonomikis sferoSi. mTlianobaSi socializmis mSeneblobis qveS igulisxmeboda ruseTis mrewvelobis ganviTareba. lenini amis gakeTebas imedovnebda qveyanaSi ucxouri kapitalis mosazidad mimzidveli koncesiebis SeqmniT, raTa eCvenebina, rom ruseTs sWirdeba ucxoeTis daxmareba, Tundac kapitalistebisa. daido ramdenime, sakmaod msxvili SeTanxmeba, magram 1928 wels ucxourma koncesiebma awarmoes erToblivi erovnuli produqtis sul raRac 0,6%. amaSi araferi ar iyo gasakviri, radgan Tavis droze bolSevikebma uari ganacxades revoluciamdeli ruseTis sagareo valebis gadaxdaze (mravali weli dasWirda imas, rom ruseTs kvlav aRedgina gadaxdisunariani partnioris reputacia). yovel SemTxvevaSi, saqme ise iyo, rom ruseTis ekonomikuri ganviTareba damokidebuli iyo TviT mis resursebze. opozicia, romelmac daiwyo trockis irgvliv Semokreba, Tvlida, rom amis gakeTeba SeiZleboda mxolod mkacri saxelmwifo dagegmarebis pirobebSi, kerZo seqtoridan resursebis mozidviT mZime mrewvelobis Sesaqmnelad. mis produqcias unda daekmayofilebina ekonomikis yvela seqtori, msubuqi mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis CaTvliT, xeli Seewyo maTi produqtiulobis gazrdisaTvis. savaraudod qveyana mzad unda yofiliyo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi samomxmareblo saqonlis ukmarisobisaTvis, vidre msubuqi mrewvelobis resursebi imuSavebda mZime mrewvelobaSi dabandebebze. opoziciis cnobili ekonomisti evgeni preobraJenski am process Tavdapirvel socialistur dagrovebasac ki uwodebda da adarebda mas marqsiseul kapitalis Tavdapirvel dagrovebas. igi Tvlida, rom es periodi ufro naklebad mZime iqneboda, vidre kapitalis Tavdapirveli dagrovebis dros, radgan igi Seexeba a) ZiriTadad ekonomikis burJuaziul seqtors da b) zedmeti Rirebuleba gamoyenebuli iqneba, saboloo jamSi, sayovelTao keTildReobis gasazrdelad da ara rCeulTa fufunebisaTvis. ZiriTadi momenti, romelic aerTianebda opozicias, iyo axali ekonomikuri politika, romelsac sakmaod didi winaaRmdegoba axlda partiaSi. maT zizRs iwvevda yvirilisagan xmaCaxleCili, binZuri da xarbi glexuri bazrebi, deboSebi Ramis klubebSi, abreSumsa da xaverdSi gamowyobili Teatraluri publika _ ise Canda, TiTqos araviTari revolucia ar momxdariyo. meZavebic ki gamoCndnen quCebSi. preobraJenski afrTxilebda da amaSi trocki mas mxars uWerda, rom Tu ekonomikis socialisturi seqtori ar moipovebda gadamwyvet upiratesobas, qveyanas daemuqreboda kulakebisa da nepmanebis (ase uwodebdnen vaWrebs, meduqneebs da wvril mewarmeebs) Zalaufleba. meores mxriv, swrafi industrializacia qveyanas miscemda soflis meurneobis meqanizaciis saSualebas, rac xels Seuwyobda glexobis mozidvas koleqtiur meurneobebSi, rogorc amas ambobda lenini. 1927 w. seqtemberSi opoziciis platformaSi trocki amtkicebda, rom mxolod

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mZlavr socialistur industrias SeuZlia glexobisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva da maTi warmarTva koleqtivizaciis xaziT. nepis momxreebma male aRmoaCines opoziciis programaSi susti adgilebi. maTi azriT, kerZo ekonomikis Seviwroveba niSnavda, yvelaferTan erTad, glexobis daCagvras. xom ar iqneba amis Sedegi, kiTxulobdnen isini, is, rac moxda samoqalaqo omis dros _ saSineli deficiti da Savi bazris aRorZineba? Tu dRevandeli ruseTi gons modis, dauWers ki xalxi mxars politikas, romelic emuqreba SedarebiT Tanabar savaWro urTierTobebs qalaqsa da sofels Soris, romelic nepma Seqmna? anda, Tu gamoviyenebT leninizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel terminebs, gana gonivrulia safrTxis qveS davayenoT is, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada oqtombris revolucia _ muSaTa da glexTa kavSiri? Tavis anderZSi xom lenini iZleoda gafrTxilebas: Cveni partia eyrdnoba or klass, da amitomac SesaZlebelia misi meryeoba da aucilebeli dacema, Tu am or klass Soris ar moxdeba SeerTeba. swored am kavSiris SesanarCuneblad buxarinma da partiis memarjvene frTam, romelsac Tavdapirvelad stalinic emxroboda, uaryo opoziciis rekomendaciebi. gamomdinare axali ekonomikuri politikis gamocdilebidan, gansakuTrebiT samxedro komunizmTan Sedarebisas, buxarini sul ufro metad ganixilavda soflis meurneobas rogorc ruseTis ekonomikis momavals. makratelis krizisis dros igi iZleoda glexobisaTvis vaWrobis Semsubuqebis da samrewvelo saqonelze fasebis Semcirebis rekomendacias. amave mizeziT, 1924-1925 ww. buxarini iZleoda rCevas, rom moexsnaT SezRudvebi samuSao Zalis daqiravebasa da miwis arendaze. misi orive es winadadeba miRebuli iqna, ramac xeli Seuwyo sasoflo sameurneo produqciis warmoebis zrdas da sasoflo produqciis bazris gafarToebas. Tu glexuri ekonomika daaCqarebs Tavis ganviTarebas _ ambobda buxarini, _ es xelsayrelad daetyoba ekonomikis yvela seqtors. glexobis produqciis zrda daapurebs qalaqis muSebs, glexobis msyidvelobiTunarianobis zrda Seqmnis samrewvelo saqonlis myar bazars, xolo maTi danazogebi da maTgan akrefili gadasaxadebi iqneba safuZveli momavali investiciebisa mrewvelobaSi. mrewvelobis xelovnurad gaZliereba, buxarinis azriT, Seqmnida daubalansebel ekonomikas, sadac Tanamedrove foladsamsxmelo qarxnis muSebs ar eqnebaT saTanado sakvebi, tansacmeli da sacxovrebeli. es ki zians miayenebs ekonomikis yvela dargs. erTxel, 1925 w., buxarinma ise Sors Setopa, rom mowodebiT mimarTa glexobis yvela fenas: gamdidrdiT, daagroveT, ganaviTareT Tqveni meurneoba! buxarini arasodes mxedvelobaSi ar iRebda Tavisi deklaraciebis politikur Sedegebs, magram misi mowinaaRmdegeebi amas kargad akeTebdnen. maTi azriT, pirvelxarisxovani mniSvnelobis miniWeba ekonomikis arasocialisturi seqtorisaTvis gamoiwvevda wvrili burJuaziis gavlenis zrdas. nawilobriv buxarini eTanxmeboda am logikas. igi ar emxroboda axali opoziciuri politikuri partiebis gaCenas, Tumca pluralizmis raRac raodenobas dasaSvebad miiCnevda. igi mniSvnelovnad Tvlida aseul aTasobiT didi da patara, swrafad mzardi nebayoflobiTi sazogadoebebis, rgolebisa da asociaciebis Seqmnas ekonomikis, kulturisa da socialur sferoebSi. es asociaciebi _ sasoflo kooperativebidan dawyebuli da saganmanaTleblo da saWadrako klubebiT damTavrebuli _ unda iyos mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebis interesebis gamomxatveli da xels unda uwyobdes masobriv iniciativas qvemodan, Seqmnas mTavrobaze xalxis zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobebi, xeli Seuwyos masebis politikur ganaTlebas da amiT xeli Seuwyos maT socializmSi Sezrdas. aseTi legaluri nebayoflobiTi sazogadoebebis arsebobaSi igi xedavda sazogadoebis biurokratizaciis sawinaaRmdego saSualebas, saSiSroebisa, romelsac igi, trockis msgavsad, sul ufro mZlavrad grZnobda mzard partiul-saxelmwifo aparatSi. marTalia, buxarins bolomde ar ganuviTarebia msgavsi Sexedulebebi, magram isini mainc Seicavdnen, Tumca Canasaxovan formebSi, socialisturi sazogadoebis alternatiul gagebas rogorc erTpartiuli sistemisa, sadac kanonis Zalaufleba daicavda calkeul moqalaqeebsa da maT jgufebs saxelmwifos msaxvreli xelisagan. am Sexedulebebis cxovrebaSi danergvas aravin ar cdila, magram meoTxedi saukunis Semdeg, miuxedavad maTi araRiarebisa, stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg, maT zegavlena moaxdines cdebze aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, sadac Seecadnen socializmisaken alternatiuli gzebis Zebnas.

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miuxedavad imisa, rom buxarinis Teoriis ekonomikuri nawili safuZvlad edo partiis politikas 1921-1927 wlebSi, partiam ar gaakeTa aqedan arc socialuri da arc politikuri daskvnebi. pasuxi am kiTxvaze, Tu ratom moxda es, metad mniSvnelovania. saerTod igi unda veZeboT Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi partiuli aparatisa da misi xelmZRvanelobis bunebaSi. Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom 1922 wlisaTvis, roca stalini gaxda generaluri mdivani, partiuli muSakebis zemodan daniSvnis sistema ukve Camoyalibebuli iyo. igi vrceldeboda socialur da sazogadoebriv organizaciebze, sadac arapartiul Tanamdebobebze daniSvnebi igive principiT xorcieldeboda. es sistema sulac ar iyo stalinis mier Seqmnili: igi bunebrivad gamomdinareobda leninuri Teoriidan da samoqalaqo omis dros Seqmnili viTarebidan. magram srulyofilebamde igi swored stalinma miiyvana da gadaaqcia igi Tavisi piradi Zalauflebis safuZvlad. mas amxanagebi partiuli xelmZRvanelobidan erTgvari damamcirebeli saxeliTac ki _ amxanagi karTotekovi moixseniebdnen; miatoves ra mis xelSi partiis wevrebis piradi saqmeebi Sedgenisa da klasifikaciisaTvis, isini ver mixvdnen Tu ra Zala Caugdes mas xelSi. umravlesoba maTgans, nakiTxsa da revoluciebis istoriebis kargad mcodne adamianebs, sxva rame ufro aSinebdaT: rom vinme generali, axali bonaparte, xelT igdebda revoluciis monapovrebs. maTi SiSi gasagebi iyo. 1917-1921 ww. Zalauflreba, ufro gviandel gamoTqmas Tu gamoviyenebT, izrdeboda zarbaznebis lulebidan. figurac rom yofiliyo, sakmaod avtoritaruli imisaTvis, rom xelT egdo Zalaufleba, yvelaze ueWveli kandidati amisaTvis iqneboda trocki da ara stalini. es iyo adamiani, romelmac Tavis mxareze gadmoibira Zveli reJimis generlebi da ase moigo samoqalaqo omi. swored am saSiSroebam aiZula leninis Zveli TanamebrZolebi _ zinovievi da kamenevi, romlebic partiis pirveli mdivnebi iyvnen petrogradsa da moskovSi, maSinve gaerTianebuliyvnen stalinTan da SeeqmnaT e.w. triumvirati. trocki aranakleb Zalauflebis moyvaruli iyo, vidre stalini, magram sul sxva yaidis. Tavis statiaSi terorizmi da komunizmi SromiTi armiebis Seqmnis gegmebSi man Camoayaliba proletariatis diqtaturis Teoriis yvelaze ufro radikaluri varianti. trockis pirovnebaSi avtoritaruloba ganuyoflad iyo Serwymuli WeSmaritad revoluciur suliskveTebasTan, emociur miswrafebasTan daemarcxebina mteri da aeSenebina axali samyaro. am tipis avtoritaruloba arc stalinisaTvis iyo ucxo, magram mas SeeZlo Tavis Sekaveba da ufro gawonasworebuli iyo. ueWvelia, rom swored es maxasiaTebeli iyo saWiro im politikis gamomuSavebisa da ganxorcielebisaTvis, romelsac trocki zizRiT da sakmaod arasworad afasebda rogorc biurokratizms. es Tavdapirveli SeuTavsebloba temperamentebisa, agreTve maT Soris arsebuli adrindeli uTanxmoebani, iyo mizezi maT Soris ganxeTqilebisa, ganxeTqilebisa, romelmac leninis sikvdilis Semdeg aSkarad ifeTqa. 1923 wlidan dawyebuli trocki icvleba. man daiwyo gamosvla partiis yvela wevris saxeliT, romlebic SeSfoTebulebi iyvnen mzardi sisastikiT da aparatis mouqnelobiT. TviT trocki adre uaryofda roza luqsemburgisa da menSevikebis SiSs, rom krebebis, sityvis Tavisuflebis, Tavisufali arCevnebis da a.S. CaxSoba gamoiwvevda politikuri cxovrebis Cakvdomas da biurokratiis gamarjvebas. magram axla, marTalia, aRar akeTebda radikalur daskvnebs, magram igi moeqca im codvebis gavlenis qveS, romlebsac adre akritikebda. 1923 w., zafxulsa da Semodgomis dasawyisSi ruseTSi momxdari mRelvarebebis Semdeg, partiis SigniT arsebuli ori iatakqveSa dajgufebis liderebs brali dasdes mRelvarebebSi monawileoba da daapatimres (iatakqveSa es dajgufebebi gaxdnen partiis X yrilobaze miRebuli rezoluciis Semdeg). oqtomberSi ZerJinskim moiTxova, rom partiis wevrebs gpu-Si ( , amieridan ase ewodeboda Ck-as) daesminaT fraqciebi, romlebic opoziciaSi imyofebodnen oficialuri partiuli xelmZRvanelobis mimarT. partiis centraluri komitetisadmi Tavis werilSi trocki gamodioda am RonisZiebis winaaRmdeg da amtkicebda, rom jaSuSobisa da dagmobis suliskveTeba damaxasiaTebelia im arajansaRi atmosferosaTvis, romelic aRmocenda partiis SigniT. partiis masobrioba gaxda iluzoruli da arsebuli reJimi axla ufro Sorsaa muSebisagan, vidre samxedro komunizmis yvelaze saSiS periodSi. partiuli xelmZRvanelebis arCeva iqca fiqciad, xolo partiis sagubernio komitetebis mdivnebs pirdapir zemodan niSnavdnen. es xdida partiul mdivnebs sruliad damoukidebels im organizaciebisagan, romlebsac isini edgnen saTaveSi. amis Sedegad warmoiSva am rangis

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xelmZRvanelTa gansakuTrebuli fsiqologia, romlis mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo sakuTar TavSi darwmuneba, rom maT SeuZliT erTpirovnulad nebismieri gadawyvetilebis miReba. 1923 w. movlenebma mTlianad daadastura trockis winaswarmetyveleba. axla farTod iyo gavrcelebuli provinciul partiul organizaciebSi, komkavSirSi (partiis axalgazrduli organizacia), sauniversiteto da sajariso partiul ujredebSi nepis, burJuaziuli koncesiebis, muSaTa Cagvris kritika. man Tavisi asaxva hpova dokumentSi, romelic cnobilia 46-is platformis saxeliT, romelic farTod iyo gavrcelebuli TviT centraluri komitetis wevrebs Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom trockis xeli ar hqonda am dokumentze mowerili, mravali maTgani, romelsac xeli hqonda mowerili am platformaze, mogvianebiT miakuTvnes trockistebis rigebs. platforma iwyeboda partiis ekonomikuri politikis dagmobiT, agreTve gakritikebuli iyo partiis sakadro politika, ganxeTqileba partiuli mdivnebis ierarqiasa da mdumare xalxs Soris. magram sul male seriozuli diskusiebi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Sesaxeb Sewyda, radgan partiis im wevrebs, vinc ar iyo kmayofili centraluri komitetis ama Tu im gadawyvetilebiT, imas, vinc piradad amCnevda ama Tu im Secdomas, darRvevas an uwesrigobas eSinodaT amis Sesaxeb partiul krebebze saubrisa, da pirad saubrebSic ki aras ambobdnen, Tu mosaubre ar iyo sakmaod saomedo. trockis msgavsad, platformis 46 xelismomwersac ar undodaT partiuli demokratia: maT undodaT azrisa da moqmedebebis WeSmariti erTianobis dabruneba, magram ara ise, rogorc es stalins undoda. triumviratma gadawyvita reagireba moexdina amaze diskusiis dawyebiT partiis SigniT da sxvadasxva mosazrebebisaTvis partiuli gazeTis pravdis gverdebic ki gamoyves. male gamoirkva, rom trockisa da 46-is platformis Tvalsazrisi farTo mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. partiul organizaciebSi Catarda krebebi da aqac gamoirkva, rom umravlesoba mxars uWerda opozicias ara marto provinciebSi, aramed TviT moskovis partiul organizaciaSi. ufro metic, opozicias didi mxardaWera hqonda TviT centralur komitetSic. stalinma Tavisi piradi TanaSemweebi dasva am Sedegebis aRricxvisa da damuSavebisaTvis da ramdenime Tvis Semdeg gamoiyena es monacemebi partiul organizaciebSi sakadro cvlilebebis dawyebisaTvis. daiwyo armiis, komkavSiris, provinciuli organizaciebis wmenda opoziciis mxardamWeri pirebisagan. imave dros stalinma isargebla trockis winadadebebiT da Seqmna STabeWdileba TiTqos man miaRwia SeTanxmebas opoziciastan. trocki ambobda, rom muSebi warmoadgenen umciresobas _ daaxloebiT erT meeqvseds _ partiis wevrTa Soris. amis mizezi iyo muSebis mier 1921 w. partiis rigebis datoveba (maSin maTi raodenoba 40%-s Seadgenda). zogierTebs guli aucruvdaT, sxvebi oficialuri TvalsazrisiT aRar iTvleboda muSaTa klasad, mesameni garicxes rogorc muSaTa opoziciis an sxva iatakqveSa dajgufebebis wevrebi. trockisaTvis es iyo mis mier nawinaswarmetyvelebi gadagvarebisa da biurokratizaciis aSkara niSnebi. maSin stalinma, leninis gardacvalebis wels, braldebebis pasuxad, orjer gamoacxada muSebis leninuri gawveva partiaSi. am leninuri mowodebis pasuxad partiaSi Sevida daaxloebiT 500 aTasi muSa, ramac orjer gazarda partiis wevrTa raodenoba da aCvena, rom muSaTa klasi mxars uWerda mas. Sedegi, rogorc vxedavT, trockis molodinis sruliad sawinaaRmdego aRmoCnda. maSin partiaSi wevrad miReba Semowmebebis da formalobebis minimums moiTxovda, rac wesebs ewinaaRmdegeboda. partiis axali wevrebi valdebulebi iyvnen im partiuli mdivnebis winaSe, vinc isini miiRo partiis rigebSi, mdivnebi ki, Tavis mxriv, stalinis winaSe. amgvarad, stalinma mZlavri dasayrdeni Seqmna. partiaSi maSin SesulTagan zogierTma brwyinvale kariera gaikeTa da 30-ian wlebSi SesamCnev figurebad iqcnen.. mravalma ki partiis wevroba gamoiyena muSaTa fenidan Tavis daRwevisaTvis, rasac adasturebs partiuli wmendis 1927 wlis statistika. faqtobrivad, swored partia gaxda sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi socialuri mobilurobis ZiriTadi arxi. ganaTleba da sxva faqtorebi mcired miiReboda mxedvelobaSi da amitomac sulac araa gasakviri is garemoeba, rom mfarveloba partiis mxridan iqca mZlavr iaraRad politikur brZolaSi. zogierT ganmartebas saWiroebs termini biurokratia. roca mas xmarobda trocki, da ra Tqma unda lenini Tavisi cxovrebis ukanasknel wlebSi, maT mxedvelobaSi yavdaT Zveli reJimis wvrili Cinovnikebi, romlebic Tavisi wvrilburJuaziuli saqmiT iyvnen gaerTulni. aseTi midgoma saxelmwifo manqanisadmi garkveul dromde iyo gamarTlebuli da ra Tqma unda, araviTari Sexeba ar hqonda partiasTan. swored aseve termini biurokratia Tavisi sociologiuri mniSvnelobiT ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo zusti Sesabamisi aRmocenebuli partiuli aparatis arsisa. veberis leqsikonSi sityva

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biurokratia gansazRvrulia rogorc gamocalkevebuli da specializebuli nawili administraciuli aparatisa, romelic emorCileba kanonebs da daweril wesebs da moqmedebs gonivruli kriteriebis CarCoebSi. partiuli mdivnebi ki odnavadac ver pasuxobdnen am gansazRvrebas, radgan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini maSinve iqnebodnen daTxovnilebi. navaraudevi iyo, rom maT ician da SeuZliaT yvelaferi da Tavis saqmianobaSi misdeven ara kanonebs, aramed revoluciur Segnebulobas, m zad arian SemTxveviTobisaTvis DdRe-Ramis nebismier dros, iyeneben Zaladobas saWiroebis mixedviT da mTlianobaSi SeuZliaT xeli mokidon adamianuri saqmianobis yvela saxeobas. stalinma daaxasiaTa isini rogorc tevtonel raindTa ordeni sabWoTa saxelmwifos SuagulSi. es gansazRvreba iyo sakmaod zusti, radgan iZleoda warmodgenas maT rwmenaze, maT movaleobis Segnebaze, maT xSirad uxeS meTodebze da maTTvis damaxasiaTebel TviTSegnebaze, TiTqos isini iyvnen saokupacio armia, romelic Tavze adga pirquS da eWvian xalxs. nebismier SemTxvevaSi stalinma SeZlo esargebla danamdebobebze daniSvnis sastikad kontrolirebadi sistemiT potenciuri mowinaaRmdegeebis dasustebisaTvis. 1925 w. ianvarSi politikur komisarTa konferenciam moiTxova trockis gadayeneba samxedro saqmeebis saxalxo komisris Tanamdebobidan da miaRwia kidec amas. zinovievi da kamenevi, SeSinebulni stalinis mzardi ZalauflebiT da misi glexobisadmi daTmobis politikiT (romelic xanmokle gamodga), gadavidnen opoziciaSi. male maT dakarges mxardaWera maTi xelmZRvanelobis qveS myof leningradisa da moskovis partiul organizaciebSi. imave dros gamoirkva, rom maTi TanamSromloba trockisTan da stalinis sawinaaRmdego opoziciis Seqmna TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. wlebis manZilze maT Soris arsebuli mtroba xels uSlida trockisTan urTierTobebis mowesrigebas. trockisTan marTlac Zneli iyo urTierTobebis damyareba. igi iyo revoluciuri gadatrialebebis drois gamoCenili moRvawe da yoveldRiuri wvrilmani politikuri Cxirkedelaoba misTvis mosabezrebeli iyo. qedmaRlurad da auRelveblad, rac damaxasiaTebelia maTTvis, vinc fiqrobs, rom istoria maTze muSaobs, igi zizRiT Sehyurebda politikosebis Semrigeblur Jestebs da mliqvnelobas, romlebic misi saxiT mokavSires eZebdnen. mxolod 1926-1927 wlebSi moxda trockis, zinovievisa da kamenevis mier gaerTianebuli opoziciis Seqmna. igi Seivso sxva, adre warmoqmnili jgufebis _ demokratiuli centralistebis da muSaTa opoziciis warmomadgenlebisagan. opoziciis wevrTa Soris blomad iyvnen revoluciis saxelovani monawileebi, magram amjerad maT arc adgilebze Zalaufleba gaaCndaT da arc saxelmwifo aparatSi iyvnen da arc organizebuli masobrivi mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen. maTi moraluri avtoriteti Seryeuli iyo araTanmimdevrulobiTa da warsuli SecdomebiT. anastas miqoniani maxvilgonivrulad SeniSnavda partiis XIV yrilobaze, rom roca zinovievi emxroba umravlesobas, igi mxars uWers rkinisebur disciplinas... rodesac igi emxroba umciresobas, igi winaaRmdegia. yvela isini, Cumad daTanxmdnen sxva partiebis ganadgurebas, amitomac imaT, visac surda stalinisa da misi mdivnebis reJimisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva, sxva gza aRar hqondaT. garda amisa, maravali maTgani, trockis msgavsad, fiqrobda, rom SeiZleba iyo memarjvene, magram unda darCe partiasTan erTad. stalinma Zalian moxerxebulad gamoiyena opoziciis sisusteebi, meryeobani da ganxeTqilebebis potenciuri SesaZleblobebi. damarcxda ra 1926 w. aprilSi partiis centraluri komitetis plenumze, opozicia Seecada Tavisi Sexedulebebis gadmocemas partiis XV konferenciaze oqtombris TveSi, magram maT sityva ver miiRes. rodesac opozicionerebma scades iq uSualod partiuli masebisadmi mimarTva da moiwadines fabrika-qarxnebSi muSaTa krebebis mowveva, iq gaigzavnen yvelaze Tavgamodebuli partielebi, romlebmac scades krebis monawileTa amboxeba opozicionerebis winaaRmdeg. Tu amis ganxorcieleba ver xerxdeboda, isini texdnen deboSs. maSin partiam pirvelad scada Zaladoba partiis wevrebis mimarT. im muSebze, romlebic cdilobdnen opoziciis krebebze misvlas, gpu-m daiwyo saqmeebis Sedgena. Znelia im azrze uaris Tqma, TiTqos opozicia ar sargeblobda muSaTa klasis farTo mxardaWeriT, Tumca es sakiTxi damatebiT gamokvlevas saWiroebs. saqme isaa, rom muSaTa winaaRmdeg adgili hqonda partiul da policiur represiebs, magram, rogorc Cven zemod ukve vnaxeT, muSebs hqondaT safuZveli gamijvnodnen yvela mimdinareobas partiis SigniT. zogierTi opozicioneri da uwinares yovlis TviT trocki, iyvnen gansakuTrebiT sworxazovanni TavianT gegmebSi muSebisaTvis politikuri da ekonomikuri uflebebis warTmevis saqmeSi.

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rodesac opoziciam scada momzadeba XV partiuli konferenciisaTvis 1927 w. dekemberSi, igi iZulebuli iyo saidumlod emoqmeda. saqme isaa, rom partiis X yrilobis gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad, maT Seqmnes aralegaluri fraqcia. aralegaluri stamba aRmoaCina gpu-m da amgvarad, opoziciis saqmianoba danaSaulebrivi gaxda. amgvarad stalinma miiRo SesaZlebloba partiis centraluri komitetidan ganedevna opoziciis yvela lideri, xolo trocki da zinovievi gaericxa partiidan. politikuri gamarjveba rom moraluriT Seevso, stalinma maT SesTavaza partiaSi aRdgenis sanacvlod uari eTqvaT opoziciur saqmianobaze da eRiarebinaT TavianTi Secdomebi. am adreuli magaliTiT, romelic SemdegSi Cveulebriv stalinur ritualad iqca, man miaRwia Tavis mizans da opozicia daqsaqsa. zinovievi da kamenevi daTanxmdnen trockizmisagan gandgomas da mis dagmobas, maSin, rodesac trockim da zogierTma masTan axlos mdgomma adamianebma uaryves es winadadeba da yrilobis damTavrebidan erTi dRis Semdeg isini gadaasaxles Sua aziaSi. fsevdoreligiurma politikam daiwyo qanCebis moWera. amgvarad, opozicia ganadgurebul iqna im partiis mier, romlis monopoliuri mdgomareoba da Sinagani sisastike TviT maTi daxmarebiT da didi enTuziazmiT iyo Seqmnili. opozicia stovebda politikur scenas muSaTa gulgrili damokidebulebis pirobebSi, romelmac uari uTxra mxardaWeraze. es is muSebi iyvnen, romlebic maT esoden ejavrebodaT xelisuflebaSi yofnis dros. kamenevisa da zinovievis msgavsad, mravali maTgani, vinc darCa, Seudga TviTgvemas, rom raime mdgomareoba SeenarCunebina. i.n.smirnovi amis Taobaze werda: ar SemiZlia usaqmod jdoma. minda vaSeno! Cemeburad, barbarosulad da sulelurad. centraluri komiteti aSenebs momavals. axali didi industriis Seqmnisas Cvens ideologiur uTanxmoebas naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs. sxvebma uxeSi Zalis CareviTac ki uari ganacxades wasuliyvnen kompromisze sindisTan da axla uazrod ijdnen TavianT binebSi da finjan CaisTan ganixilavdnen politikisa da literaturis problemebs. amasobaSi ki maT megobrebs erTi meoris miyolebiT apatimrebdnen. ar iyo araviTari saSualeba raimes gakeTebisa, radgan TiToeul maTganze mkacri TvalTvali iyo dawesebuli. viqtor serJis gamoTvliT, mis leningradis binaSi cxovrobda daaxloebiT ocdaaTamde kaci, romelTagan sami regularulad asmenda mas gpu-Si. opoziciis miznebis winaaRmdegobriobis Sesaxeb zusti analizi gaakeTa adamianma, romelic ar iyo misi wevri da reJimis erTerT sayrdenadac ki iTvleboda, magram bolos mainc gaiziara opoziciis bedi. igulisxmeba buxarini. 1928 w. igi saidumlod daukavSirda kamenevs, raTa moieTaTbirebinaT, rom SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara jer kidev stalinis rogorme moTokva. ra SeiZleba uyo aseT mowinaaRmdeges, dabneuli kiTxulobda buxarini, Cingiz yaens, centraluri komitetis am gafuWebul nayofs? qveyana Tu daiRupa, Cven yvelani daviRupebiT. qveyana Tu aRorZinda, is raRac periodis manZilze gaibRinZeba, Cven ki mainc daviRupebiT. amgvarad, stalinis periodSi dawinaurebulebis da leninis uaxloesi TanamebrZolebis xelmZRvanelobiT, romlebic maTi damasustebeli cudi winaTgrZnobebiT iyvnen moculni, partia emzadeboda axali ejkonomikuri politikis mier warmoSobili problemebis gadasaWrelad. revolucia zemodan komunistebi yovelTvis fiqrobdnen, rom socialisturi sazogadoeba unda iyos maRalindustriuli, sadac warmoebis saSualebebi nacionalizirebulia, xolo meurneoba gegmiuri. 1917 w. sabWoTa mTavrobam maSinve daiwyo dawesebulebebis Seqmna, romlebsac unda SeedginaT gegmebi da exelmZRvanelaT ekonomikisaTvis mTlianobaSi. ase Seiqmna sruliad ruseTis saxalxo meurneobis sabWo, goelro (qveynis eleqtrifikaciis gegma, romelic leninma 1920 w. daamtkica) da gosplani (saxelmwifo sagegmo dawesebuleba, Seqmnili 1921 w. saxelmwifos erTiani generaluri ekonomikuri ge gmis SemuSavebisa, agreTve misi Sesrulebis meTodebisa da saxsrebis gamonxvisaTvis) . 1925 wlisaTvis gosplani ukve imdenad flobda informacias, rom SeeZlo yovelwliurad sakontrolo cifrebis gamoqveyneba da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Ggegmis SemuSaveba momavali wlisaTvis. male igi Seudga grZelvadiani, xuTwliani gegmebis SemuSavebas. am grZelvadiani procesebis ganviTreba daemTxva krizisuli ganwyobilebebis axal amofrqvevas. 1927 w. xalxma pirvelad gaixsena 1920 w. Semdeg intervenciis

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SesaZlebloba kapitalistur saxelmwifoTa mxridan. am wels CaxSobil iqna komunisturi ajanyeba CineTSi, xolo didma britaneTma gawyvita diplomatiuri urTierTobebi sabWoTa kavSirTan. yovelive aman aaRorZina sagareo blokadis da qveyanaSi SemoWris saSiSroeba. adamianebma iwyes sursaTis momarageba, rogorc omis win, xolo beladebma gaixsenes qveynis samxedro sisuste. armiis brZolisunarianoba damokidebuli iyo germaniis raixsverTan dadebul saidumlo xelSekrulebebze. 1928 w. partiis centralurma komitetma ganixila ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xuTwliani gegma. misi gaCenis istoria erTob did sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. saqme isaa, rom am gegmis SedgenaSi monawileobda ori erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebuli skola. pirveli, romlis ZiriTad dasayrdensac warmoadgenda gosplani, gamodioda mkacrad dasabuTebuli mecnieruli gegmiT, romelic eyrdnoboda Semowmebul cifrebs da prognozirebda ekonomikis sxvadasxva seqtorebs Soris iseT urTierTobebs, romelic uzrunvelyofda mTlianobaSi mtkice Tanafardobas. meore skolas, romelic eyrdnoboda saxalxo meurneobis sabWos, SeiZleba ewodos teleologiuri, radgan arCeuli hqonda erTdaerTi, gadamwyveti, misi azriT, ekonomikis seqtori _ mZime mrewveloba _ da rekomendaciebi mxolod am dargisaTvis hqonda SemuSavebuli. ekonomikis danarCeni dargebi unda daqvemdebarebodnen am gegmas, visac rogor SeeZlo. rogorc sabWoTa ekonomisti s.g. strumilini SeniSnavda: Cveni amocana mdgomareobs ara imaSi, rom SeviswavloT ekonomika, aramed imaSi, rom SevcvaloT igi. 1928 w. noemberSi stalinma centraluri komitetis sxdomaze axsna, Tu ratom miakuTvnes umTavresi roli mZime mrewvelobas. man ganacxada, rom ruseTi daewia da gauswro kapitalistur qveynebs politikis sferoSi. magram es, stalinis azriT, ar iyo sakmarisi. ruseTSi socializmis saboloo gamarjvebisaTvis saWiro iyo kapitalisturi qveynebis daweva da maTi gadaswreba teqnikur da ekonomikur sferoebSi. an Cven gavakeTebT amas, an gagvsresen. sxva gamosvlis dros (1931 w. Tebervali) stalinma kidev ufro dramatizirebuli gaxada is wyevla, romelic, rogorc amas mravali komunisti (leninis CaTvliT) dastrialebda ruseTs: Zveli ruseTis istoria imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mas CamorCenilobisaTvis ganuwyvetliv scemdnen... Cven mowinave qveynebs CamovrCiT ormocdaaTi _ asi wliT. Cven es manZili unda gaviaroT aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. an Cven gavakeTebT amas, an Cven gagvTelaven. rogorc SemdegSi gamoirkva, stalini ama Tu im saxiT daeTanxma mis mier erTi wlis win ganadgurebuli opoziciis argumentebs. TavisTavad cxadia, rom male man niRabi axada memarjvene uklonistebs, maT, vinc ar eTanxmeboda mis glexobaze zewolis politikas da Tvlida xuTwlian gegmas ZviradRirebulad RonisZiebad daubalansebeli ekonomikuri maCveneblebiT. ZiriTad samizneebad amjerad iqcnen buxarini, aleqsei rikovi (saxalxo komisarTa sabWos Tavmjdomare) da mixail tomski (profkavSirebis meTauri). stalinma gamoiyena Tavisi patronaJis sistema mowinaaRmdegeTa citadelebis asafeTqeblad _ moskovis partiuli organizacia, partiuli ujredebi universitetebsa da profkavSirebSi. 1929 w. bolosaTvis samive gadayenebul iqna umTavresi Tanamdebobebidan. kamenevisa da zinovievis msgavsad, maTac sajarod aRiares, rom maTi Sexedulebebi... iyo mcdari, da amitomac maT zogierTi posti SeinarCunes. politikuri zemoqmedebis qveS aRmoCndnen dagegmarebis muSakebic. gosplanSi politikurad saeWvod iqca TviT cneba wonasworobis Sesaxeb saxalxo meurneobis sxvadasxva dargebs Soris. Tavis TanamSromlebTan erTad Tanamdebobidan gadaayenes menSeviki gromani, optimaluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabalansebuli dagegmarebis erTerTi mTavari warmomadgeneli. zogierTi maTgani iqca braldebulad 1931 w. procesze, sadac maT bralad edebodaT qveynis industriuli ganviTarebis danaSaulebrivi damuxruWeba. ekonomist strumilinis gansazRvrebiT, dagegmarebis specialistebis umravlesobam arCia maRali ekonomikuri tempebisaTvis mxardaWera, vidre cixeSi Camjdariyvnen dabali maCveneblebis gamo. dagegmareba amieridan damokidebuli iyo ara analizze, aramed brZanebaze. amis Sedegi iyo gegmebis bakqanalia, romlis zogierTi maCvenebeli SeiZleba vixiloT Semdeg cxrilSi. grafaSi pirveli varianti mocemulia is cifrebi, romlebic daamtkica partiis XVI konferenciam 1929 w. aprilSi. Semdeg gegma orjer gadaisinja gazrdis TvalsazrisiT. miRebul iqna agreTve dadgenileba xuTwledis oTx weliwadSi Sesrulebis Sesaxeb (igi daiwyo 1928 w. oqtomberSi da damTavrda 1932 w. dekemberSi).

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1927-1928 ww. pirveli optimaluri maCveneblebi varianti done (mln.t.) 932-1933 ww. qvanaxSiri 35,4 navTobi 11,7 rkinis madani 5,7 Tuji 68 19 15 3,3 75 22 19 8

Sesworebuli varianti 1932 w. 95 _ 105 40 _ 55 24 _ 32 10

realurad 1932 w. 64 21,4 12,1 15 _ 16,2

rogorc vxedavT, Tavdapirveli gegmis zogierTi cifri iyo uaRresad optimisturi, rom araferi vTqvaT fantaziis Semdgom gafrenebze. magram is, rom mZime mrewvelobis zogierT dargSi pirveli xuTwledis wlebSi SeimCneoda arsebiTi zrda, ueWvelia. pirvel rigSi es exeboda manqanaTmSeneblobas, samrewvelo mSeneblobas axal centrebSi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo giganturi hidroenergetikuli kvanZis swrafi mSenebloba dneprze, romlis irgvlivac mogvianebiT Tavi moiyara axalma qarxnebma, axali metalurgiuli kombinatebis Seqmna magnitogorskSi, uralSi, da kuzneckis maxloblad dasavleT cimbirSi, qvanaxSiris sabadoebis siaxloves. mogvianebiT am mSeneblobebma xeli Seuwyo mrewvelobis gadanacvlebas samxedro TvalsazrisiT saSiSi zonebidan cimbiris dasavleT nawilSi. axal uzarmazar satraqtoro qarxnebs stalingradSi, Celiabinsksa da xarkovSi unda uzrunveleyoT soflis meurneobis meqanizacia _ Tumca mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, rom maT mier gamoSvebuli produqcia arasakmarisi iyo. Tanac pirveli xuTwledis Sesrulebis Sedegebi ar aRmoCnda is, rasac elodnen, zogierTi ambiciuri proeqtebidan ki mxolod meore xuTwledis (1933-1937) wlebSi Sesrulda. amasTan erTad, pirveli xuTwliani gegmis Sesrulebis Sedegi gaxda is, rom ekonomika garkveulwilad daubalansebeli aRmoCnda _ rac wesad iqca sabWoTa kavSirSi. daiviwyes mZime mrewvelobis zogierTi dargi, magaliTad, qimiuri industria, romlis CamorCenilobac SemdegSi mudmivad problemebs qmnida warmoebis sxva dargebisaTvis. safeiqro mrewvelobaSi pirvel xuTwledSi faqtobrivad moxda warmoebis dacema. es ki imas niSnavda, rom tansacmeli iyo cudi xarisxis da katastrofulad ar kmaroda. aseve naklebi yuradReba eqceoda rkinigzebs, rac imas niSnavda, rom saqoneli yovelTvis ar xvdeboda daniSnulebis adgilze mis gafuWebamde. binaTmSenebloba, samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoeba da momsaxureobis sfero saerTod daviwyebul iqna, xolo sursaTiT momarageba paralizebuli iyo koleqtivizaciis gamo. muSebi, romlebic warmoebaSi iyvnen saWironi, drois did nawils kargavdnen rigebSi pirveli moxmarebis sagnebze. xruSCovis sityvebiT, magaliTad, moskovSi 1932 w. yvela sawarmos daevala ganeviTarebina mebocvreoba sasadiloebisaTvis. arc imis daviwyeba SeiZleba, rom koleqtivizaciam mTlianad mospo kustaruli warmoeba, romelic mosaxleobis umravlesobas amaragebda tansacmliT, avejiT da samuSao instrumentebiT. pirveli xuTwliani gegmis meore xangrZlivdroian Sedegs warmoadgenda mrewvelobis struqtura da misi xelmZRvanelobis saSualebebi. mzardi mrewvelobis mmarTveloba saxalxo meurneobis sabWodan gadaeca centralizebul saministroebs, an saxalxo komisariatebs, rogorc maT maSin uwodebdnen. 1932 w. maTi raodenoba iyo sami; 1939 wlisaTvis maTi raodenoba gaizarda ocamde, xolo 1948 w. ukve 32 saministro moqmedebda. saministroebis aseTma zrdam stalins misca saSualeba gansakuTrebuli ZaliT gaeSala Tavisi zedamxedveloba da mfarveloba axal struqturebSi samuSaod momzadebul axal wiTel specialistebze. ufro metic, partiis mdivnebma adgilebze aRmoaCines, rom amieridan isini srulad iyvnen damokidebulni maT regionebSi mdebare msxvili sawarmoebis maCveneblebze. warmateba imaSi ki ar mdgomareobda, rom ubralod SeesrulebinaT gegma, aramed is unda gadaeWarbebinaT da am miznis misaRwevad mdivnebi yvelaferze midiodnen. drois did nawils partiuli mdivnebi kargavdnen masze, rom Tavisi gavlena gamoeyenebinaT momaragebaSi siZneleebis dasaZlevad da sxva regionebis qarxnebTan SejibrebaSi gamarjvebis misaRwevad. xuTwlediT gaTvaliswinebul umsxviles sawarmoTa asaSenebeli adgilisaTvis partiul organizaciebs Soris mimdinareobda mZafri konkurenciuli brZola, raTa Semdeg Tavisi prestiJi aemaRlebinaT. mas Semdeg, rac proeqtis adgilmdebareoba ganisazRvreboda, pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeboda gegmiur monacemTa gadaWarbebas. amas msxverplad ewireboda

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yvelaferi _ janmrTeloba, adamianTa usafrTxoeba da ekonomikis sxva seqtorebis interesebi. industrializacia daemsgavsa samxedro saqmianobas, Tavisi frontebiT, kampaniebiT da garRvevebiT. muSaxelisa da masalebis ukmarisoba gamudmebiT iwvevda gauTvaliswinebeli situaciebis Seqmnas. industriuli gamarjvebebi presaSi Suqdeboda gazviadebul ritorikul stilSi. warmatebuli mmarTvelebi biurokratebs ki ar hgavdnen, aramed pirvel gzis gamkvalavebs, TviT flibustierebsac ki, romlebic uxeS da swraf meTodebs iyenebdnen axali teritoriebis asaTviseblad. cnobilia, rom zogierTi maTgani itacebda satvirTo manqanebs, awyobdnen Tavdasxmebs satvirTo Semadgenlobebze, raTa xelT egdoT metoqeebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli masalebi; Tu amis Semdeg isini gegmas gadaWarbebiT asrulebdnen, maSin maT SeiZleba mxolod sayveduri daemsaxurebinaT, romelsac arafead agdebdnen. magram Tu warumateblobas ganicdidnen, Sedegi SeiZleba yofiliyo samarcxvino gaZeveba Tanamdebobidan da dapatimreba sabotaJis braldebiT. xuTwledma dramatulad Secvala muSaTa klasis cxovreba. uwinares yovlisa, swrafad izrdeboda misi raodenoba: (mln adamiani) mrewveloba mSenebloba transporti saerTo raodenoba 1928 3,1 0,6 0,9 4,6 1932 6,0 2,5 1,5 10,0 1937 7,9 1,9 1,9 11,7 1940 8,3 1,9 2,4 12,6

amgvarad, pirveli xuTwledis ganmavlobaSi muSaTa klasis raodenoba gaormagda, xolo 1928 _ 1940 wlebSi TiTqmis gasammagda. gaqra umuSevroba da Sewyda daxmarebebis gacema. axali muSebis didi nawili soflidan movida. bevrs ar hqonda specialoba, xolo umravlesoba praqtikulad wera-kiTxvis ucodinari iyo da araviTari warmodgena ar hqonda samrewvelo warmoebasa da disciplinaze. maT aTavsebdnen ukve arsebul sacxovreblebSi an saCqarod agebul xis barakebSi. moskovis eleqtroqarxanaSi axladmiRebulebi Seasaxles xisgan agebul grZel barakSi xis sawolebiT, sadac ar iyo araviTari qveSagebeli. muSebs sawolebi mainc ar yofnida da zogierTebi iatakze iwvnen. ojaxianebs aTavsebdnen komunalur binebSi. aseT binebSi TiToeul ojaxs ekuTnoda erTi oTaxi saerTo samzareuloTi, abazaniT da tualetiT. zogierT saxlebSi ojaxebi Rebulobdnen naxevar oTaxs. belgieli diplomati harold eekmani aRwerda moskovis fanjrebSi danaxul suraTebs, romlebic metyvelebdnen im gamomgoneblobaze, romliTac TiToeuli ojaxi cdilobda Tavisi sakuTrebis dacvas: isini gasaocar gmirobas iCendnen, rom mezoblebisagan daecvaT TiToeuli kvadratuli futi im farTobisa, romelic maT ekuTvnodaT. avejis yoveli sagani, TiToeuli joxi, Zveli fardebis TiToeuli nagleji gamoiyeneboda imisaTvis, rom moewyoT Taviseburi Tejiri, an Robe Tavisi saarsebo farTis irgvliv. magnitogorskSi, romelic adre sofeli iyo, muSebi cxovrobdnen karvebSi manamde, vidre aSendeboda maTi sacxovrebeli. xevSi, romelic rkinigzis liandagebidan kargad moCanda, baSkirebi da TaTrebi agebdnen TixiT Selesil qoxebs, romelic Jangiani TunuqiT iyo gadaxuruli. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba am jurRmulebs Sanxais eZaxda. Sromis pirobebi da xarisxi uaresdeboda gegmis gadametebiT SesrulebisaTvis brZolaSi. mdgomareobas arTulebda is, rom mraval muSas araviTari momzadeba ar gaaCnda, ar icoda rTul teqnikasTan muSaoba. manqanebi ar izeTeboda, ar remontdeboda. xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi, rom ZviradRirebuli, sazRvargareT nayidi teqnika tyuilubralod iyo gaCerebuli imis gamo, rom ar icodnen masze muSaoba. usafrTxoebis teqnika xom saSinel doneze iyo. xelfasi rCeboda metad dabali, izrdeboda sxvaoba kvalificirebul da arakvalificirebul samuSaoTa anazRaurebas Soris. kvalificirebuli muSebi iRebdnen oTx-rvajer met xelfass, vidre arakvalificirebulni. am dros ki administraciisa da aparatis muSakebi iRebdnen ocdaaTjer met xelfass. mravali muSa ukmayofilo iyo Tavisi cxovrebiT da xSirad icvlida samuSao adgils raRac ukeTesis ZebnaSi. 1930 w. muSa maRaroebSi an foladsamsxmelo sawarmoebSi saSualod oTx Tveze mets ver Cerdeboda. am ganuwyveteli masobrivi migraciis SesaCereblad mTavrobam rigi RonisZiebebi SeimuSava. 1932 w. SemoRebul iqna pasportebi da Caweris sistema. es niSnavda imas, rom TiToeuli muSa aRiricxeboda policiis mier da misi nebarTvis gareSe ar SeeZlo sacxovreblad sxva adgilze gadasvla. glexobas ki saerTod ar aZlevdnen pasports, rac xelisuflebas aZlevda soflidan qalaqad

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migraciis SeCerebis saSualebas. 1930 w. seqtembridan SemoRebul iqna xelfasis wignakebi sadac iwereboda mizezi, Tu ris gamo midioda muSa samuSaodan. 1938 w. SemoRebul iqna Sromis wignakebi, romelic mas mTeli cxovrebis manZilze unda Seenaxa: masSi iwereboda SromiTi disciplinis darRvevis yvela SemTxveva. samuSaos erTi dRiT umizezod gacdena 1932 wlamde iTvleboda sakmaris safuZvlad imisaTvis, rom muSa samsaxuridan daeTxovaT. es ki niSnavda sacxovrebeli binis, sasursaTo baraTis da muSaTa kooperativis mxridan daxmarebis dakargvas. 1939 w. samuSaos gacdenad iTvleboda ukve umizezod oci wuTiT dagvianeba, xolo 1940 wlidan es ukve iTvleboda sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad da iTvaliswinebda eqvsi TviT gamasworebul samuSaoebs. am SemTxvevaSi muSa inarCunebda samuSao adgils, magram Rebulobda xelfasis 25%-s. aseve sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad iTvleboda samuSaodan wasvla sakuTari nebiT, rac ukve patimrobiT isjeboda. am drakonuli kanonebis gamocema ar niSnavda, rom maT cxovrebaSi xSirad iyenebdnen. sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelebi mudmivad ganicdidnen muSa-xelis naklebobas da cdilobdnen muSaTa damagrebas, gansakuTrebiT kvalificirebuli muSebisa. magram TviT faqti amgvari kanonebis arsebobisa, mraval monografiasa Tu wignze ukeTesad miuTiTebda partiis damokidebulebaze im klasisadmi, romlis saxeliTac igi saxelmwifos marTavda. meores mxriv, muSebi, romlebic ar icvlidnen samuSao adgils, hqondaT maRali kvalifikacia da ar arRvevdnen Sromis disciplinas, Tavs sakmaod kargad grZnobdnen. maT SeeZloT kvalifikaciis amaRleba profesiul-teqnikur saswavleblebSi, sadac arasrul samuSao dRes atarebdnen. cnobili ostatebi (damkvrelebi), romlebic gadaWarbebiT asrulebdnen TavianT normebs, Rebulobdnen ordenebsa da jildoebs, rac maT muSaTa aristokratiad aqcevda. damkvrelurma moZraobam Tavis apogeas miaRwia 1935 w., rodesac maRaroelma donbasidan aleqsi staxanovma moangria 102 tona qvanaxSiri nacvlad dawesebuli Svidi tonisa. xelisuflebam es faqti gamoiyena gamomuSavebis normebis asawevad. wamoyenebul iqna lozungi, rom ar arsebobs cixe-simagre, romlis aRebac bolSevikebs ar SeeZloTo. staxanovelebi iqcnen muSaTa privilegirebul nawilad, hqondaT maRali xelfasebi, ukeTesi binebi da a.S. droTa ganmavlobaSi es kampania Secvala sxvam, ufro gonivrulma _ racionalizaciam: muSebs eZleodaT saSualeba wamoeyenebinaT muSaobis ufro efeqturi pirobebi da amiT daemtkicebinaT Tavisi sargeblianoba. amgvarad, 1940 wlisaTvis sabWoTa xelisuflebam gaaerTiana faqtobrivad samxedro disciplina mimzidvel jildoebTan maTTvis, vinc asrulebda moTxovnebs da aWarbebda normebs. maT ki, vinc ver akmayofilebda am moTxovnebs, eloda siduxWire, dapatimrebis da erTerT SromiT-gamasworebel banakSi gamoketvis mudmivi SiSi, romelTa raodenobac sokoebiviT mravldeboda. qalaqebis swrafi zrda moiTxovda sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis da sasoflo produqtebis bazris mkveTrad gazrdas. pirveli xuTwliani gegma ubralod gulisxmobda, rom es TavisTavad moxdeboda; magram misi Sesrulebis kvadakval situaciam ganviTareba iwyo sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. 1926 w. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis maqsimaluri donis Semdeg, misma maCveneblebma iwyo daqveiTeba da 1928 w. ianvarSi marcvleulis saxelmwifo Sesyidvebma Seadgina wina wlis donis sami meoTxedi. amis mizezebi iyo saxelmwifos mier marcvleulis Sesyidva sabazroze ufro nakleb fasebSi, soflad samrewvelo saqonlis nakleboba da glexobis mier mosavlis nawilis gadamalva, rom ar SeeqmnaT mwarmoebeli meurnis imiji da ar miwebebodaT kulakis iarliyi. makratlis krizisis axali safrTxis warmoSobisTanave saxelmwifom masze dauyovnebl;iv moaxdina reagireba, magram 1923 wlis gamocdilebis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. imis nacvlad, rom glexobisaTvis ufro xelsayreli savaWro pirobebi SeeqmnaT, man represiebs mimarTa. pirvelad es meTodi gamoyebeul iqna uralsa da dasavleT cimbirSi, sadac SedarebiT kargi mosavali movida. glexTa bazrobebi daxures, xolo sursaTiT kerZo vaWroba akrZales. warmatebul glexur meurneobebs daevalaT marcvleulis Cabareba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maT emuqrebodaT gasamarTleba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 107-e muxliT (spekulacia). am RonisZiebebis pirveli Sedegebi xelisuflebisaTvis imedis momcemi gaxda: damatebiT amoRebul iqna da qalaqs miewoda didi raodenobiT puri. magram am meTodis xangrZlivad gamoyenebas moyveboda igive Sedegi, rac samoqalaqo omis dros: momdevno wlisaTvis glexebi Seamcirebdnen naTes farTobebs da ar moiyvandnen imaze met mosavals, vidre sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis

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sWirdebodaT. miuxedavad amisa, represiuli meTodebi gamoyenebul iqna sxva regionebSic da centralurma komitetma mis saTanado doneze Sesasruleblad daagzavna Tavisi specialuri warmomadgenlebi: stalini gaemgzavra uralsa da cimbirSi, Jdanovi _ volgaze, kosiori _ukrainaSi, xolo andreevi _ CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. iseve, rogorc 1918 w., Seiqmna RaribTa komitetebi, romlebsac unda SeevsoT partiis gavlenis ukmarisoba soflad, daewyoT klasobrivi brZola da glexebisaTvis egrZnobebinaT, rom modian sarekvizicio jgufebi. nabrZanebi iyo soflad mitingebis mowveva, sadac xdeboda glexTa klasifikacia da cnobili iarliyebis miwebeba _ Rataki, saSualo glexi da kulaki. am ukanasknelebs eZleodaT Zalian didi davaleba xorblis Casabareblad. zogierT SemTxvevaSi mTeli soflebi isjeboda marcvleulis Cabarebis dabali cifrebisaTvis. magaliTad, 1929 w. oqtomberSi pravda werda, rom yirimSi mraval sofels gamoucxades boikoti: kooperaciul maraziebSi araferi ar iyideboda, ar muSaobda fosta, soflis mosaxleobas aekrZala yovelgvari gadaadgileba, maTi qoneba aRweres, xolo zogierTi glexi daapatimres. aseTi dasawyisis Semdeg axalma politikam iwyo warumateblobis gancda, da 1929 w. puris racioni qalaqad Semcirda. magram amjerad partias marqafSi sxva ramec hqonda. ukve partiis XV yrilobaze, 1927 w., gadawyda, rom wvrili glexuri meurneobebis gaerTianeba da maTi gardaqmna msxvil koleqtiur meurneobebad unda gaxdes partiuli muSaobis umTavresi mizani soflad. am stadiaze unda Catarebuliyo mxolod propagandistuli kampania, romlis Semdegac glexebi unda gaerTianebuliyvnen koleqtiur meurneobebSi nebayoflobiT. ra Tqma unda, am gziT mizani ver miiRweoda da 1928-1929 ww. glexTa nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebebis Seqmna mimdinareobda Zalian neli tempebiT. magram 1929 w. Semodgomidan koleqtivizaciis politika Seerwya marcvleulis Zalad konfiskacias. kampania tardeboda ufro msxvili da meqanizirebuli meurneobebis Seqmnis cru mizezebiT. magram im pirobebSi, rodesac ar (jerjerobiT) ar arsebobda sakmarisi traqtormSenebeli mrewveloba, praqtikaSi yovelive amis mizans warmoadgenda sursaTis damzadeba damamzadebeli punqtebis Semcirebisa da maTze kontrolis gazrdis gziT. magram yovelive es sxva ramiTaa mniSvnelovani: socializmis mSeneblobis gadamwyvet momentSi kvlav daubrundnen revoluciis fantastikur dReebs, rac ase swyuroda partiis mraval wevrs axali ekonomikuri politikis gaurkvevlobisa da kompromisebis Semdeg. kvlav dabrunda sabrZolo ritorika: vinc ar gaerTiandeba kolmeurneobaSi, is sabWoTa xelisuflebis mteria. iuri piatakovma, yofilma opozicionerma ganacxada, rom dadga socializmis mSeneblobis heroikuli periodi. kampaniis pirvel etaps Riad uwodes gankulakebis periodi. stalinma wamoayena mkafiod Camoyalibebuli formula: an kapitalizmisaken dabruneba, an winsvla socializmisaken; es niSnavda imas, rom partia kulakobis eqsploatatoruli tendenciebis SeCerebis politikidan gadadioda kulakobis, rogorc klasis likvidaciis politikaze. mdidari glexebisaTvis marcvleulis CamorTmevis sxva gza rom ver gamoZebna, romlebsac yvelaze metad SeeZloT misi miwodeba saxelmwifosaTvis, partiam gadawyvita martivad _ maTi gaZeveba soflidan, xolo maTi sakuTrebis gadacema koleqtiuri meurneobebisaTvis. saqme iqamde mivida, rom iarliy kulakis miwepeba daiwyes nebismier glexze, viszedac eWvi hqondaT, rom igi malavda marcvleuls, an Tavs aridebda kolmeurneobaSi Sesvlas. Cveulebriv, kulakobaSi eWvmitanils ibarebdnen sasoflo sabWoSi, sadac mas uwyobdnen dakiTxvas Tavmjdomare, partiuli emisari da adgilobrivi gpu-s warmomadgeneli. dakiTxvis mizani iyo imis garkveva, rom xom ar gadamala man marcvleuli, an xom ar gayida igi Sav bazarze. sakonfiskacio gundi, romelic ZiriTadad adgilobrivi Ratakebisagan Sedgeboda, Semdeg midioda gakulakebulis saxlSi da iq awyobdnen Cxrekas. amtvrevdnen karebebs, Wridnen baliSebs, yridnen iatakis ficrebs. mihqondaT ara marto sursaTi, aramed avejic, tansacmeli, instrumentebi _ yovelive, rac miaCndaT gamosadegad koleqtiur meurneobaSi. mravali ojaxi, grZnobda ra moaxloebul vizits, saswrafod yidda Tavis qonebas, klavdnen saqonels da svamdnen arayis marags, sakuTar Tavs uwyobdnen mware gamosaTxovar vaxSams. viqtor kravCenko, partiis erTerTi emisari, aRwerda, Tu rogor gadawva erTma qalma sakuTari saxli. urjuloebo! _ yviroda igi, _ mkvlelebo! Cven mTeli Cveni cxovreba vmuSaobdiT am saxlisaTvis. ar dagrCebaT igi. dae cecxlSi daiwvas! Semdegi faza iyo kulakebad miCneul ojaxTa gadasaxleba. zogierTebs afrTxilebdnen moaxloebuli aqciis Sesaxeb da isini cdilobdnen gaqceuliyvnen, an

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TviTmkvlelobiT amTavrdebdnen sicocxles, xSirad ojaxebianad. zogierTebi axerxebdnen mimalvas. ramdenime wlis Semdeg Tavisi mogzaurobis dros voroneJis olqSi, nadeJda da osip mandelStamebma naxes erTi aseTi ojaxi, romelic gamoaZeves miwuridan da improvizirebuli sacxovrebeli miwasTan gaaswores. mandelStamebi yvelaze metad iman SeZra, rom am ojaxis warmomadgeneli qali cdilobda kargad Caecva da SeinarCuna jara da xelis sakeravi manqana _ normaluri cxovrebis patara kunZuli, am sruliad SeSlil qveyanaSi. vinc mimalva ver moaxerxa, xelisuflebs ZaliT miyavda uaxloes rkinigzis sadgurze da iq yridnen saSinlad WuWyian sabargo vagonebSi da saWmelisa da sasmeli wylis gareSe miyavda aseulobiT kilometris dacilebiT, sruliad ucnob adgilebSi, an CrdiloeT ruseTSi, an cimbirSi. aleqsandre tvardovskis ojaxi, romelic SemdegSi cnobili sabWoTa poeti gaxda, ojaxianad, asobiT sxva gakulakebul ojaxebTan erTad, gadaasaxles CrdiloeT uralSi. gayinul mdinareze isini marxilebiT gadaiyvanes meore napirze da dayares usier tyeSi, sadac araferi ar iyo, garda metyeveebis barakisa. aq maT ubrZanes dasaxlebis aSeneba. mravali kulaki gauSves banakebSi, sadac isini pirvel patimrebad iqcnen. romanisti vladimer tendriakovi aRwerda scenebs, romelic gaTamaSda vologdis olqis CrdiloeTSi. patara qalaq voxrovos sadguris moedanze eyarnen da suls Rafavdnen ukrainidan gamosaxlebiuli kulakebi. dilaobiT saavadmyofos medroge abrami modioda da micvalebulTa gvamebs yrida drogSi. mravali daborialebda mtvrian gzebze, Zlivs daaTrevdnen dasiebul da galurjebul fexebs da maTxovari ZaRlis TvalebiT misCerebodnen gamvlelebs, sTxovdnen lukma purs. magram am qalaqis mcxovrebT TviTon ar yofnidaT saWmeli da isini mTel Rameebs puris rigebSi atarebdnen. hqonda adgili SeiaraRebul winaaRmdegobasac, magram maT arssa da masStabebs ise malavda xelisufleba, rom DdResac ki maT Sesaxeb bevri ram ucnobia. glexebi ar iyvnen ise kargad SeiaraRebulni, rogorc 1920-1921 wlebSi da winaaRmdegoba Cveulebriv Rebulobda calkeuli partiuli funqcioneris an gpu-s warmomadgenlis mkvlelobis formas. da mainc ukrainaSi, kavkasiasa da donze glexTa winaaRmdegobam seriozuli formebi miiRo. swored am regionebSi marcvleulis CamorTmevisa da gakulakebis politika gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT tardeboda. zogierT SemTxvevaSi mRelvarebebis CaxSobaSi monawileobdnen saarmio nawilebi da erTxel aviaciac ki iqna gamoyenebuli. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gpu-s jarebma, romlebsac kaganoviCi xelmZRvanelobda, alyaSi moaqcies da gaasaxles mTeli soflebi. xelisufleba amas uyurebda rogorc sabrZolo saqmianobas: miuxedavad imisa, kulakebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen Tu ara xelisuflebas, isini uklebliv yvelani mtrebad iTvlebodnen. rodesac mweralma mixeil Soloxovma gamoyenebuli meTodebis gamo saprotesto werili miwera stalins, am ukanasknelma upasuxa, rom kulakebs surT SimSiliT amowyviton armia da qalaqis mosaxleoba: esaa faruli omi sabWoTa xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg _ omi SimSiliT, Cemo Zvirfaso amxanago Soloxov! rogorc mwerali maqsim gorki SeniSnavda jer kidev 1917 w. noemberSi, sabWoTa xelisuflebis mteri iyo yvela, romelmac gadaitana dro, romelic mas istoriam gamouyo. aqedan gamomdinareobda, rom qveyana imyofeboda samoqalaqo omis mdgomareobaSi, xolo mis lozungs warmoadgenda: Tu mteri ar gnebdeba, mas spoben. dResac araa zustad cnobili, Tu ramdeni adamiani iqna gakulakebuli. sabWoTa wyaroebi met-naklebi erTsulovnebiT SeCerebulni arian 1 mln glexur meurneobaze, an 5 mln kacze, magram emigranti istorikosi moSe levini, mis xelT arsebuli masalebis analizis safuZvelze, am cifrebs aormagebs. arc imaTi bedi iyo saxarbielo, vinc sofelSi darCa. 1930 w. 5 ianvars centraluri komitetis rezoluciam mouwoda, rom koleqtivizacia daemTavrebinaT ara ugvianes 1932 wlisa, xolo CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da volgispireTSi _ erTi wliT adre. aq SeigrZnoboda pirveli xuTwliani gegmis eqstravaganturi variantebis suliskveTeba. specialuri rwmunebulebi _ Cveulebriv axalgazrda muSebi, dadebiTi partiuli daxasiaTebiT _ gauSves soflebSi koleqtiuri meurneobebis Sesaqmnelad.. specialur orkvirian kursebze gadamzadebulma am muSebma, pirveli jgufis raodenobis mixedviT miiRes ocdaxuTiaTasianelTa saxelwodeba. maT pirdapir uxsnidnen, rom maT pirvelxarisxovan amocanas warmoadgenda marcvleulis damzadeba nebismier fasad. viqtor kravCenko igonebda, Tu rogori instruqtaJi Cautares piradad mas: amoqaCeT yvelaferi maTgan, sadac ar unda malavdnen isini mas... nu SegeSindeba sagangebo RonisZiebebisa. partia sufTaa Sens winaSe. amxanagi stalini elodeba Sengan amas. meore ocdaxuTiaTasianeli lev koptelevi, mogvanebiT yveboda im amaRlebul da sabrZolo

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idealebis Sesaxeb, romliTac igi aRsavse iyo im dros: marcvleulis fronti! stalinma Tqva: brZola purisaTvis _ esaa brZola socializmisaTvis. me darwmunebuli viyavi, rom Cven viyaviT uxilavi frontis mebrZolebi, romlebic kulakuri sabotaJis winaaRmdeg brZolas awarmoebdnen purisaTvis, romelic ase sWirdeboda saxelmwifos xuTwledis dros. es iyo prZola purisaTvis uwinares yovlisa, magram es iyo agreTve brZola glexTa sulebisaTvis, romlebic gaborotebulni iyvnen dabali politikuri Segnebulobis gamo da ver gauZles mtrul propagandas da ver Seignes komunizmis diadi simarTle. soflad Camosuli rwmunebulebi, pirvel rigSi, glexebs utarebdnen krebas, sadac maT arwmunebdnen, rom Sesuliyvnen kolmeurneobaSi. maT SeeZloT satyuaras saxiT gamoeyenebinaT dapirebebi kreditebisa da manqanebis Sesaxeb (rac sruliad ar avaldebulebda maT, rom SeesrulebinaT dapireba). isini glexobas emuqrebodnen maRali gadasaxadebiT, marcvleulis Cabarebis gazrdili normebiT da TviT gadasaxlebiTac ki. umravles SemTxvevaSi isini axerxebdnen krebis mier formaluri Tanxmobis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis miRebas, ris Semdegac isini moxsenebiT baraTs agzavnidnen zemdgom organoebSi. oficialuri cifrebi mowmobdnen STambeWdav warmatebebs, uCvenebdnen ra 1930 w. martisaTvis 80%-ian koleqtivizacias zogierT raionSi. sinamdvileSi saqme arc ise kargad iyo.. glexobis umravlesobas guli hqonda acruebuli kolmeurneobaze. amerikeli Jurnalisti moris hindusi ase aRwers Tavis saubars erTerTi rusuli soflis glexebTan: am glexebs arasodes ar sjerodaT sxvisi sityvebisa; isini mTel samyaros eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen... da axla maT unda miecaT Tavisi miwa, cxenebi, Zroxebi da sameurneo nagebobebi _ yovelive es, rac maT sakvebs aZlevda, icavda SimSiliT sikvdilisagan, yovelive is, rac maT sWirdebodaT, raTa SeenarCunebinaT materialuri da sulieri cxovrebis erTianoba _ yovelive es axalgazrda agitatoris ubralo dapirebaSi, rom yovelive es saWiroa imisaTvis, rom maT mdidrulad ecxovraT! dadioda gasaocari xmebi, rom yvela bavSvs gauSveben CineTSi, rom aris specialuri manqana moxucebis dasawvavad, radgan isini bevr purs Wamen, rom yvela qali soflad gaxdeba socialisturi sakuTreba. seqtantebi qadagebdnen antiqristes gamoCenas da xedavdnen eSmas beWeds kolmeurneobis karebze, rac maTi azriT samyaros daRupvas moaswavebda. am saSinel winaswarmetyvelebebs damarwmunebel Zalas matebda is garemoeba, rom koleqtivizacias xSirad Tan axlda soflis mRvdlis dapatimreba da eklesiis dangrevac ki. marTalia, koleqtivizaciis tempebis Sesaxeb gacemuli iyo instruqciebi, magram aravis ar SeeZlo imis axsna, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo kolmeurneoba. kampaniis dasawyisSi ocdaxuTiaTasianelebi vardebodnen ukiduresobaSi da sazogadoebriv sakuTrebad acxadebdnen yvelafers, avejisa da tanisamosis CaTvliT. aman seriozuli winaaRmdegobebi warmoSva. glexebs erCivnaT daeklaT pirutyvi mxolod imis gamo, rom igi sxvebs ar CavardnodaT xelSi. vinc kooperativSi ar Sedioda igi glexs arTmevda fiwalsac ki, an kidev piriqiT _ kolmeurmeobaSi gawevrianebuli arTmevda sxva glexs. igrZnoboda sayovelTao qaosi. aseT pirobebSi, imis SiSiT, rom ar CaSliliyo sagazafxulo Tesvis kampania, partiam gadawyvita Sesvenebis gamocxadeba. 1930 w. 2 marts pravdaSi gamoqveynda stalinis statia Tavbrudaxveva warmatebisagan, sadac igi sayvedurobda xelisuflebis adgilobriv organoebs eqscesebs da sakolmeurneo moZraobis nebayoflobiT sawyisebze agebis ignorirebas. kolmeurneobidan gasvlis ufleba miecaT imaT, romelic iq ZaliT Seiyvanes. glexebma masobrivad daiwyes kolmeurneobebis datoveba da martsa da ivniss Soris periodSi glexur ojaxTa raodenoba, romelic koleqtivizaciiT iyo moculi, maTi saerTo raodenobis naxevridan meoTxedamde Semcirda. magram Semodgomaze, rodesac mosavlis aReba damTavrda, xelaxla daiwyo kampania. amjerad igi mimdinareobda ufro gonivrulad da gegmazomierad. saerTod ki yvelas miaCnda, rom kolmeurneobis ZiriTadi modeli unda yofiliyo arteli, sadac nebadarTuli iyo, rom TiToeul glexur ojaxs hqonoda miwis patara saojaxo nakveTi, Zroxa da frinveli. magram iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi mainc ar izRudeboda. 1931 w. zafxulisaTvis ukve glexur meurneobaTa naxevari xelaxla Sevida kolmeurnebebSi, xolo 1936 wlisaTvis am cifrma 90%-s miaRwia. koleqtivizaciis pirveli Sedegebi uaRresad dabali iyo. marTalia, marcvleuli kulturebis mosavlianobam umniSvnelod iklo (arada elodnen mis gazrdas orjer), magram mniSvnelovnad gaizarda saxelmwifo damzadeba, romelic glexobas im

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umniSvnelo maragsac arTmevda, romelic maT adre gaaCnda. sabWoTa statistika aseT cifrebs iZleoda (mln.t-Si): wlebi saerTo mosavali saxelmwifo damzadeba 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 73,3 71,7 83,5 69,5 69,9 68,4 67,6 75,0 10,8 16,1 22,1 22,8 18,8 23,3 26,1 29,6

kidev ufro cudad iyo xorcisa da rZis produqtebis damzadebis saqme. msxvilfexa saqonlis raodenoba 1928 wlis 70,5 mln sulidan Semcirda 1933 w. 38,4 mln sulamde; Rorebisa 26 mln sulidan 12 mln sulamde, cxvrebisa da Txebisa 146,7 mln-dan 50,2 mln sulamde. qveyanam ver SeZlo am mdgomareobis gamosworeba 1950-iani wlebis Sua periodamde da amitomac ori momdevno aTwledis ganmavlobaSi qveyana xorcisa da rZis did naklebobas ganicdida. ramdenadac amjerad saxelmwifo damzadebas glexobisagan mosavlis ufro meti nawili mihqonda, vidre adre, armia da qalaqebi axla ukeT maragdeboda kvebis produqtebiT, Tumca arasakmarisad. grZeldeboda marcvleulis eqsportic, romelmac yvelaze maRal dones miarwia 1931 w. da igi ar SeuwyvetiaT sagangebo situaciebis drosac. amasobaSi soflad daiwyo SimSiloba, ufro saSineli, vidre 1921-1922 wlebSi iyo. smolenskis saarqivo masalebis mixedviT dasavleTis regionSi mTeli marcvleuli saxelmwifo damzadebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, dasaTesad datovebulic ki. gasamxedroebuli sameulebi, Semlebic Sedgeboda sabWoebis, partiisa da gpu-s warmomadgenlebisagan, gaigzavna soflebSi. specialuri kontroliorebi Tvalyurs adevnebdnen gadazidvas, dafqvas, puris gamocxobasa da gayidvas. ukrainis erovnuli akademiis demografiisa da socialuri kvlevis institutis TanamSromlebma Seiswavles da daadgines e.w. golodomoris msxverplTa zusti raodenoba. am monacemebis mixedviT ukrainaSi SimSilobisagan daiRupa 3,5 mln adamiani. amasTan, qalaqebSi daiRupa 940 aTasi Sromisunariani adamiani 15 wlis asakidan 60 wlamde, xolo soflad daiRupa 660 aTasi Sromisunariani asakis adamiani. am institutis monacemebiT marto 1933 wlis martidan ivlisamde ukrainaSi daiRupa imdeni adamiani, ramdenic wina xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. yvelaze meti adamiani daiRupa kievis, xarkovis, vinicis, Cernigovis da odesis olqebSi (golodmors uwodeben ssrk teritoriaze masobriv SimSilobas 1932-1933 wlebSi. ukrainis dRevandelma mTavrobam scada golodomoris ukraineli xalxis genocidad gamocxadeba, magram am nacionalizacias ar daeTanxma evroparlamenti da iunesko _ g.b.) rodesac kravCenko Cavida ukrainaSi, dnepropetrovskis erTerT sofelSi, igi gaaoca iq gamefebulma samariseburma siCumem. yvela ZaRli SeiWma _ werda igi. SevWameT yvelaferi, rasac xeli miwvdeboda _ katebi, ZaRlebi, mindvris Tagvebi, frinvelebi. rom gaTendeba, dainaxavT, rom xeebs qerqi aqvT Semoclili, imitom rom isic SeWames. aseTi mdgomareoba iyo yvelgan, gansakuTrebiT nayofier olqebSi, sadac marcvleuli mohyavdaT. es SimSiloba mowyobili iyo saxelmwifos mier imisaTvis, rom kvebis produqtebiT moemaragebinaT armia da qalaqebi. amitomac, 1921 wlisagan gansxvavebiT, es SimSiloba saxelmwifos mier gasaidumloebuli iyo. mas umalavdnen rogorc ucxour presas, ise, SeZlebisdagvarad, sakuTar xalxsac. gzebze aRmarTuli iyo specialuri xergilebi, romlebic ar aZlevdnen glexebs qalaqebSi Sesvlisa da iq maTxovrobis saSualebas. erTma amerikelma muSam samaraSi naxa moxuci qali da ori bavSvi, romlebmac raRac gzebiT moaxerxes qalaqSi Sesvla. isini pirdapir quCaSi kvdebodnen. wiTeli armiis jariskaci ki aseTi sityvebiT acilebda maT: am xalxs muSaoba ar unda. es kulakebia. isini sabWoTa kavSiris mtrebia. partiis, gpu-sa da miwaTmoqmedebis saxalxo komisariatis oficialuri rwmunebulebi ar ganicdidnen cxovrebis aseT siZneleebs. rogorc wesi, isini cxovrobdnen kulakebisagan konfiskaciaqmnil saxlebSi da Rebulobdnen specialur sasursaTo ulufas. kravCenko maT aRwers rogorc calke kastas, romlebic

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cxovrobdnen rogorc Caketili xrova, mxars uWerdnen erTmaneTs da erTmaneTs edgnen mxarSi sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg dapirispirebaSi. magram am adamianebsac saSineli tvirTi awva mxrebze. erTis mxriv, saxelmwifo damamzadebeli organoebi sul ufro da ufro met marcvleuls iTxovdnen. meores mxriv ki glexebi ixocebodnen SimSilisagan. es iyo mojadoebuli wre. Jerexovi, xarkovis olqis partiuli komitetis pirveli mdivani, moiTxovda marcvleulis konfiskacias, romlis datovebasac sagazafxulo TesvisaTvis cdilobdnen sasoflo sabWoebi da imave dros werils werda stalins glexobis sasowarkveTili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da emudareboda saswrafo sasursaTo daxmarebis gawevas. stalinma zizRiT masxrad aigdo igi zRaprebisaTvis SimSilis Sesaxeb da urCia, rom gamxdariyo mwerali-fantasti. mTlianobaSi koleqtivizacia ar SeiZleba gadaWarbebiT Sefasdes. man daangria rusuli soflis tradiciuli struqtura yvelgan, TviT Soreul olqebSic ki da gaanadgura yvelaze mwarmoebluri da yvelaze ufro pativsacemi nawili glexuri meurneobebisa. es partiisaTvisac travmas warmoadgenda. koleqtivizaciam aaRorZina samxedro drois fsiqologia, amjerad mSvidobianobis dros da miaCvia partiuli muSakebi azrs, rom isini warmoadgendnen saokupacio armias mtris banakSi. am daZabulobas bevri ver umklavdeboda. avstrieli socialisti isaak doiCeri Sexvda gpu-s polkovniks, romelic qviTiniT eubneboda mas: me Zveli bolSeviki var. iatakqveSeTidan vibrZodi mefis winaaRmdeg, vmonawileobdi samoqalaqo omSi. da amas imisaTvis vakeTebdi, rom tyviamfrqvevebiT alyaSi momeqcia soflebi da mebrZanebina Cemi xalxisaTvis, rom esrolaT glexTa jgufebisaTvis ganurCevlad? o, ara, ara! bolomde gaurkvevelia, Tu ra raodenobis msxverpli moyva koleqtivizacias. pasternaki msjelobda doqtor JivagoSi, rom koleqtivizacia imdenad saSineli Secdoma iyo, rom igi nebismier fasad unda gamoswordes da amitomac adamianebi unda gadaeCviaT fiqrisa da gansjisagan, aeZulebinaT isini daenaxaT is, rac ar aris da emtkicebinaT raRac imis sawinaaRmdego, rac sayovelTaod iyo cnobili. ueWvelia, rom koleqtivizacia droSi daemTxva moments, rodesac informaciis partiulma saSualebebma sabolood dakarges kavSiri realobasTan da daiwyes mSvenieri warmosaxviTi samyaros xatva, romelSic, rogorc ramdenime wlis Semdeg stalini ambobda, cxovreba ukeTesi da mxiaruli gaxda. kolmeurneobebi nel-nela swordebodnen welSi saSineli gaCanagebisagan da 30iani wlebis bolos iwyes regularulad ufro maRali mosavlis miReba, vidre aTi wlis win. isini muSaobdnen gegmebis Sesabamisad, romelsac adgendnen miwaTmoqmedebis saxalxo komisariatSi. politikuri da ekonomikuri kontroli xorcieldeboda manqana-traqtorTa sadgurebis (mts-i) saSualebiT, romelTagan TiToeulis zedamxedvelobis qveS iyo aTiTormeti kolmeurneoba. oficialurad mts-i Seiqmna imisaTvis, rom meurneobebi moemaragebinaT sasoflo-sameurneo teqnikiT (igi ar iyo sakmarisi yvela kolmeurneobis mosamarageblad). teqnikiT sargeblobisaTvis gadasaxads kolmeurneoba ixdida naturiT, ase rom, mts-i moqmedebda rogorc damamzadebeli kantora. amave dros partiuli ujredebi bazirebuli iyo mts-ebSi, romelTa direqtorebic Cveulebriv, iyvnen gpu-s (an Sinsaxkomis _ ase ewodeboda Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariats 1934 wlidan gpu-s nacvlad) TanamSromlebi: maT Tvalyuri unda edevnebinaT ZirgamomTxreli elementebisaTvis. droTa ganmavlobaSi mts-ebSi Seiqmna politikuri ganyofilebebic, iseTebi, rogoric wiTel armiaSi iyo. kolmeurneTa anazRaureba damokidebuli iyo maT Sromaze sazogadoebriv mindvrebze. Sromis anazRaureba xdeboda SromadRis mixedviT. kvalificiuri muSaxelis samuSao dRe ufro Zviri Rirda. traqtorists SeeZlo OoTxjer meti anazRaurebis miReba, vidre Ramis darajs. magram SromadReebis namdvili problema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom maTSi iZleodnen mxolod narCenebs: SromadReebis anazRaureba xdeboda mxolod mas Semdeg, rodesac kolmeurneoba asrulebda nakisr valdebulebebs damamzadebeli kantorebis, mts-ebis, bankebis da sxvaTa winaSe. mousavlian wlebSi glexebi Zalian cotas Rebulobdnen. TviT yvelaze mosavlian 1939 wels 240 aTasi kolmeurneobidan 15700 kolmeurneobaSi glexebma SromadReebze saerTod veraferi ver miiRes. araferi araa imaSi gasakviri, rom glexebi kolmeurneobaSi musaobas ganixilavdnen rogorc sabatono begaris aRdgenas. imis SegrZneba, rom isini gadaiqcnen yma glexebad, Zlierdeboda imiT, rom glexebs uari uTxres pasportebis gacemaze, mas Semdeg, rac igi aucilebeli gaxda sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvlisas. amgvarad, isini metnaklebad mijaWvulni iqnen miwaze adgilobrivi Tavmjdomareebis gulis gasaxarad.

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mxolod erT rameSi wavida partia kompromisze glexobis winaSe. 1935 w. miRebuli kolmeurnebis sanimuSo wesdebis mixedviT glexs ufleba mieca hqonoda patara sakarmidamo miwis nakveTi, masze moeyvana produqtebi sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis, hyoloda Zroxa, Rorebis gansazRvruli raodenoba an cxvrebi da frinveli SeuzRudavad. produqtebi sakarmidamo nakveTebiodan gansazRvruli iyo uwinares yovlisa, piradi moxmarebisaTvis, magram nebismieri zedmeti produqti glexs SeeZlo gaeyida xelisuflebis mier specialurad nebadarTul bazrebze. qalaqebi bazrebze Zalian iyo damokidebuli, radgan aq isini garkveuli saxis produqtebs iZendnen. es kerZo nakveTebi gaxda glexuri ekonomikis arsebiTi mxardamWeri da qalaqis mosaxleobisaTvis kvebis produqtebis damatebiT miRebis saSualeba. partiam maTi arseboba didi gaWirvebiT daTmo. sakarmidamo nakveTebze glexebi drosac naxulobdnen da Sromismoyvareobasac iCendnen, romlebic RmerTma uwyis sad ikargeboda, roca glexi sakolmeurneo mindvrebSi gadioda samuSaod. mokled, koleqtivizaciam garkveulwilad gadaWra marcvleulis problema (Tavdapirveli kraxis Semdeg), magram datova mZime memkvidreoba demoralizebuli glexobis da meurneobriobis naklebadmwarmoebluri sistemis saxiT. garda gardaqmnebisa soflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobis dargSi, rigSi kidev idga erTi sfero, romelsac lenini ufro mniSvnelovnad Tvlida, vidre pirveli ori. saqme exeboda kulturas. lenini kulturis qveS pirvel rigSi gulisxmobda teqnikur ganaTlebas, Sromis disciplinas, Sromis nayofierebas, patiosnebasa da patriotizms. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi man Seigno, rom swored es Tvisebebi aklda ruseTs. aqedan gamomdinareobda, rom axali reJimi kidev raRac garkveuli droiT iqneboda damokidebuli ucxoel da burJuaziul specialistebze. am logikas lenini Seurigda jer kidev samoqalaqo omis dros. ukve maSin iwvevdnen Zvel administratorebs, raTa xelaxla aemuSavebinaT qarxnebi. maT misces muSaobis iseTi saSualebebi, rac maT manamde hqondaT _ miemarTaT Sromis sanardo anazRaurebisaTvis, SeewyvitaT muSaTa kontroli, gamoeyenebinaT mecnieruli teiloris meTodebi warmoebis organizaciisaTvis. dagegmarebis pirveli cdebi sabWoTa qveyanaSi dafuZnebuli iyo im winadadebebze, romlebic am specialistebma wamoayenes. magaliTad, 1920 w. eleqtrifikaciis gegma _ goelro dafuZnebuli iyo im gaTvlebze, romelic gaakeTa profesorma grinevskim, romelic saTaveSi edga moskovis umaRles teqnikur saswavlebels. sruliad ruseTis saxalxo merneobis sabWosa da gosplans Tavis StatSi Tavdapirvelad hyavdaT ekonomistebi da administratorebi, romlebic im dros iyvnen qveyanaSi. umravlesoba maTgans ar hqonda simpatiebi bolSevikebis mimarT, magram esmodaT, rom qveyanas aRdgena sWirdeboda. urTierTobebi axal xelisuflebasa da Zvel specialistebs Soris advilad ar ewyoboda. gansakuTrebiT es SeiZleboda Tqmuliyo provinciebze, sadac xelisufleba xSirad ar iziarebda partiuli zedafenebis farTo TvalTaxedvas. magaliTad, 1919 w. martSi profesorma dukelskim, agronomiis maswavlebelma voroneJis teqnikumSi, weriliT mimarTa lenins, sadac uCioda adgilobriv politikur xelmZRvanelebs, rom aviwrovebdnen mas. yvela isini, dukelskis zizRnarevi SeniSvniT, warmoSobiT iyvnen saSualo klasis dabali fenebidan da adre iyvnen soflis uriadnikebi, qalaqis wvrili moxeleebi an meduqneebi. dukelskis sityvebiT Zneli iyo im damcirebisa da wamebis atana, romelSic isini xalxs amyofebdnen. mudmivi samarcxvino muqarebi da braldebebi, uazro, magram Zlier damamcirebeli Cxreka, sikvdiliT muqara, rekvizicia da qonebis konfiskacia, Careva cxovrebis yvelaze intimur mxareebSi. magaliTad, dukelskisagan, romelic cxovrobda imave saswavlebelSi, sadac aswavlida, moiTxovdnen, rom is colTan erTad dawoliliyo erT sawolSi. TviT lenini, bunebrivia, rom amgvar qcevebs ver itanda. imisaTvis, rom pativiscemiT mopyrobodnen kvalificirebul specialistebs, romelic ase sWirdeboda qveyanas, leninma gamoaqveynebina dukelskis werili gazeT pravdaSi. uTanxmoebebi ar Senelebula, magram mravalma specialistma gaakeTa daskvna, rom komunistebTan SeiZleboda muSaoba, radgan maT mTavrobas surda kanonisa da wesrigis aRdgena, yuradReba miaqcios teqnikis ganviTarebas da muSebs miuCinos Tavisi adgili. generali ipatievi, romelic mefis dros wamyvani specialisti iyo qimiur warmoebaSi, daTanxmda saxelmwifo samecniero-teqnikuri institutis direqtorobas, radgan, misi azriT, rasac ar unda laparakobdnen, komunistebma gaarCines qveyana anarqias da yovel SemTxvevaSi, droebiT mainc SeinarCunes misi inteligencia da misi materialuri keTildReoba.

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specialistebs Soris farTod gavrcelda smenavexoveloba, Teoria, romlis mixedviTac bolSevikebi amieridan ganasaxierebdnen did ruseTs, e.i. akeTebdnen swored imas, raSic fiasko ganicada mefis ruseTma. Tavidan mTavrobam mkacr aRricxvaze aiyvana yvela specialisti, romlebic katastrofulad ar kmaroda. ukve 1918 w. dekemberSi saxkomsabWom daiwyo maTi registracia, raTa SemdegSi isini gamoeyenebina mrewvelobasa da ekonomikaSi. partiis XII yrilobaze saorganizacio biurom gaaerTiana es siebi dosieSi, romelsac awarmoebda stalini kadrebis aRricxvisa da ganawilebisaTvis. amgvarad, saxelmwifom miiRo SesaZlebloba gaekontrolebina specialistebis saimedooba, Tumca imis gamo, rom imxanad specialistebis sastik naklebobas ganicdida, saxelmwifo cdilobda arasandoTa gamoyenebasac. 1928 w. siebidan Canda, rom yvela inJineridan, romlebic sabWoTa mrewvelobaSi muSaobdnen, mxolod 138 iyo partiis wevri. sruliad sawinaaRmdego mdgomareoba iyo mrewvelobis mmarTvel administraciul aparatSi, sadac partiis wevrTa raodenoba 70%-s aRwevda, magram maTi mxolod mcireodeni nawili iyo kvalificirebuli muSaki. es moxda imitom, rom partiam mravali Tavisi warmomadgeneli gagzavna xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze. am praqtikos muSakebs, adamianebs, romlebsac ar gaaCndaT specialuri ganaTleba, magram hqondaT praqtikuli Cvevebi, partia ufro endoboda, vidre upartio specialistebs. es sxvaoba mmarTvel aparatsa da ganaTlebul specialistebs Soris partias ar SeiZleboda didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aetana. mas undoda problemis gadawyveta sakuTari specialistebis momzadebis gziT. magram es muSaoba 1920-ian wlebSi seriozul sirTuleebs awydeboda. institutebsa da teqnikumebSi, romlebic specialistebis momzadebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, upiratesoba eZleoda muSur-glexuri warmoSobis adamianebs. bunebrivia, rom isini ufro cudad iyvnen momzadebulni swavlisaTvis, vidre saSualo klasisa da inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi. codnaSi am sxvaobis mosaspobad gansakuTrebiT niWieri studentebi, uwinares yovlisa, momzadebas gadiodnen muSfakebSi anu muSaTa fakultetebze. 1919 w. Seqmnili muSfakebis daniSnuleba iyo is, rom studentebs muSaTa da glexTa fenebidan, romlebsac ar gaaCndaT sruli saSualo ganaTleba, mieRoT sawyisi ganaTleba swavlis gasagrZeleblad arCeuli specialobis mixedviT. Sedegebi araerTgvarovani iyo da mravalma teqnikumdamTavrebulma ver gaamarTla maswavleblebis imedebi. sruliad aSkaraa, rom maTma raRac raodenobam, _ amis Sesaxeb sabWoTa statistika dums, _ ver daamTavra kursebi. universitetebsa da teqnikumebSi izrdeboda ukmayofileba maswavleblebis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT komkavSirul organizaciebSi. bolos da bolos partiam gadawyvita ieriSi mietana burJuaziul specialistebze samrewvelo sawarmoebsa da umaRles saswavleblebSi, imis msgavsad, rac maT gaakeTes ekonomikis mmarTvelobaSi. amis gakeTeba rTuli ar iyo, radgan muSebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen burJuebis privilegiebiT. 1928 wlidan 1931 wlamde qveyanas gadauara am specialistebze specialurma sasamarTlo procesebis talRam, romelic Zalian kargadaa aRwerili maSindel presaSi. am procesebidan pirvelSi, e.w. meSaxteTa procesze, 1928 w. maisSi, ormocdacamet inJiners, maT Soris sams _ germaniis moqalaqes, brali dasdes borotmoqmedebaSi, samuSaoze ubeduri SemTxvevebis mowyobaSi da kapitalistebTan _ maRaroebis yofil mflobelebTan, _ urTierTobebis damyarebaSi. sinamdvileSi ki ucxouri dazga-danadgarebis nawili gafuWebul iqna gamoucdelobis gamo, nawili zereled moqcevis gamo, rac Seexeba xanZrebsa da afeTqebebs, isini dro da dro xdeboda maRaroebSi. es ubedureba arcTu ise xSirad xdeboda, magram maSin mmarTvelma reJimma gangeb gamoiyena igi rogorc klasobrivi mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolis iaraRi. moskovSi, e.w. svetebiani sasaxlis uzarmazar darbazSi mimdinareobda am saqmis sajaro mosmena, romelsac Tan axlda presaSi gaCaRebuli kampania lozungiT sikvdili mavneblebs! zogierTma braldebulma aRiara wayenebuli braldebebi, sxvebma isini aRiares nawilobriv, mesame nawilma saerTod uari Tqva Cvenebis micemaze. gviandeli moTxovnilebebis TvalsazrisiT, speqtakli Zalian cudad iyo dadgmuli.. magram amas xeli ar SeuSlia sasamarTlo tribunalisaTvis gamoetana TerTmeti sasikvdilo ganaCeni, romelTagan xuTi marTlac iqna sisruleSi moyvanili. stalinma daasrula procesi gafrTxilebiT, rom amgvari maRaroelebi imalebian mrewvelobis sxva dargebSic. burJuaziuli inteligenciis mavnebloba, _ afrTxilebda stalini, _ iqca socializmis mSeneblobisadmi opoziciis erTerT saSiS formad. amas male sxva procesebic moyva. rogorc zemod avRniSneT, erTerT sasamarTlo

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procesze gaasamarTles gosplanSi momuSave menSevikebi, romlebsac brali edebodaT qveynis industrializaciisaTvis Ziris gamoTxris mcdeloba sagegmo maCveneblebis Semcirebis gziT. meore procesis dros kvebis mrewvelobis ormocdarva wamyvani specialisti da xelmZRvaneli daadanaSaules sursaTiT momaragebis sabotaJisaTvis _ Zalian advili mizezis gamo sursaTis naklebobis pirobebSi. cnobil agronomebsa da mecnierebs Caianovsa da kondratievs bralad dasdes kulakebTan garigeba eserebis partiis aRdgenis da sabWoTa xelisuflebis damxobis mizniT. samsaxuridan daiTxoves da daapatimres ramdenime aTasi inJineri. mogvianebiT, 1931 w. procesebis nakadma iklo. wmenda daiwyo ganaTlebis sistemaSic, magram aq igi mimdinareobda ufro naklebi dramatizmiT, Tumca ufro farTo masStabebiT. komkavSiruli da partiuli komitetebi cdilobdnen Tavidan im studentebis mocilebas, romlebsac ZvelreJimuri warmoSoba hqondaT. studentTa Soris muSaTa klasis fenebidan gamosulTa raodenoba 1932-1933 wlebSio gaizarda 58%-de. upartio maswavleblebs ustvendnen, masxrad igdebdnen, ekamaTebodnen usafuZvlod. mravali maTgani daiTxoves saswavleblebis samecniero sabWoebis gadawyvetilebiT, romlebsac ganuwyvetliv avsebdnen partiis mier rekomendebuli pirebiT. garkveul dromde mecnierebaTa akademia warmoadgenda samoTxes am upartio mecnierTaTvis, magram axla asobiT mecnieri daapatimres, xolo akademiis xelmZRvanelobaSi partiam Tavisi xalxi Seiyvana. gafarTovda komunisturi akademiebi da wiTeli profesuris instituti, romlebic amzadebdnen marqsist mecnierebs sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa maswavleblebad(wiTeli profesuris erTerTi kursdamTavrebuli m.a. suslovi, SemdegSi partiis mTavari ideologi gaxda). rac Seexeba zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebs, 1920-iani wlebis sabWoTa pedagogiuri Teoria iyofoda or ZiriTad mimarTulebad. pirveli mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebi Tvlidnen, rom skolebma ZiriTadad unda aswavlon is, rasac aswavlidnen mefisdroindel skolebSi da amaSi maT leninic uWerda mxars. igi Tvlida, rom sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania, rom yvela bavSvs miuwvdebodes ganaTlebaze xeli, magram saWirod ar Tvlida mTlianad swavlis Sinaarsis gadaxedvas, surda mxolod maT damateboda is sagnebi, romlebic praqtikaSi gamoadgebodaT moswavleebs. mTlianobaSi ki muSaTa da glexTa Svilebs unda SeeswavlaT is sagnebi, rasac swavlobdnen burJuebis Svilebi. meore mimdinareoba, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo utopisti pedagogis v.n. Sulginis saxelTan, moiTxovda saskolo ganaTlebis Sinaarsis Secvlas da mis misadagebas axal sazogadoebasTan. amisaTvis isini moiTxovdnen tradiciuli pedagogikis akademiurobis ukugdebas da praqtikuli sagnebisa da xelobebis dauflebas ara saskolo merxebTan, aramed SromiT koleqtivebSi. Sulgini Tvlida, rom formaluri ganaTlebis nebismieri sistema iqneba elitaruli da akritikrebda saskolo ganaTlebis sistemas, romelic Seqmna ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatma. mas xelmZRvanelobda lunaCarski, romlis Sexedulebebic saxalxo ganaTlebaze axlos idga leninis SexedulebebTan. 20-iani wlebis umetes periodSi skolebSi swavleba mimdinareobda tradiciuli meTodebiT, nawilobriv imitom, rom swavlebis axali meTodebi xelmiuwvdomeli iyo maswavlebelTa umravlesobisaTvis saxsrebis naklebobis gamo am ambiciuri eqsperimentebis Casatareblad. progresi miiRweoda nela, TviT iseT ZiriTad sakiTxSic ki, rogoric iyo sayovelTao dawyebiTi ganaTleba. 1929 w. Saxtis saqmis irgvliv atexili kampaniis zemoqmedebis da komkavSiris aqtiuri Carevis gamo, lunaCarski gadayenebul iqna Tanamdebobidan da reformam ganviTareba iwyo Sulginis ideebis Sesabamisad. saSualo skolis ufrosi klasebi gardaqmnes teqnikumebad anu profesiul-teqnikur saswavleblad da 1930 w. miwurulisaTvis yvela skola miamagres romelime sawarmos, raTa moswavleebi dauflebodnen SromiT Cvevebs. axla moswavleebi ufro nakleb dros atarebdnen skolebSi. maT saswavleblad iqca e.w. axali mSeneblobebi, sadac isini muSaTa koleqtivebis wevrebi xdebodnen, agreTve monawileobdnen sazogadoebriv da politikur saqmianobaSi. gaizarda politikuri ganaTlebis xvedriTi wili saswavlo procesSi. soflad moswavleebi da studentebi Cabmul iqnen kulturul kampaniaSi wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis salikvidaciod. amas Tan sdevda maswavlebelTa raodenobis zrda, eklesiebis daxurva da sasuliero pirebis dapatimreba. eqsperimenti xeirianad dawyebuli arc ki iyo, rom igi seriozul siZneleebs gadawyda. zogierTi moswavleebidan mixvda, rom Rebulobda uaRresad viwro ganaTlebas: magaliTad, oriolis guberniis erTerT skolaSi ufrosklaselebs aswavlidnen teqnikos-mefrinvelis specialobas. qarxnebis direqtorebi xSirad uxalisod

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Rebulobdnen uswavlel da udisciplino ymawvilebs, romlebic arRvevdnen mkacrad gaweril SromiT disciplinas. tulaSi moswavleebi iZulebulni iyvnen moewyoT saprotesto demonstracia, roca isini qarxnis WiSkarTan gamoCdnen lozungebiT, plakatebiT da simRerebiT imisaTvis, rom isini daeSvaT sawarmoo procesTan. zogjer piriqiT, direqtorebi atarebdnen sruliad sxva politikas da iyenebdnen bavSvebs rogorc muqT samuSao Zalas. savaraudoa, rom skolis moswavleebi donbasSi muSaobdnen maRaroebSi, xolo Sua aziis erTerT raionSi TerTmeti-cameti wlis bavSvebs amuSavebdnen bambis plantaciebSi. bavSvebi, romlebic axalmSeneblobebze muSaobdnen, drodadro unda gamocxadebuliyvnen skolebSi, saswrafod moemzadebinaT gakveTilebi da Semdeg mTeli dRiT ikargebodnen. Sulginis fraza skolis kvdomis Sesaxeb SeiZleboda arasasiamovno realobad gadaqceuliyo. rogorc mogvianebiT aRmoCnda, kulturuli revolucia skolebSi didxans ar gagrZelebula. magram mas sakmaod xangrZlivi Sedegebi hqonda _ mravali Zveli upartio maswavlebeli skolebidan gandevnes, xolo saskolo atmosfero mTlianad politikiT aRmoCnda gaJRenTili. yvela am RonisZiebam gza gaukafa wiTel specialistebs, romlebmac mrewvelobasa da ganaTlebaSi burJuaziuli specialistebis Tavisufali vakansiebi daikaves. yovelive es Zalian swrafad gakeTda. magaliTad, umaRles saswavleblebSi maswavlebelTa da mecnier-muSakTa ricxvi, romlebmac ganaTleba revoluciis Semdeg miiRes, 1928 wlis 40%-dan 1933 wlis 75%-de gaizarda. mravalma maTganma gandevnilTa adgili daikava. garda saimedo specialistebis momzadebisa, partiam daiwyo agreTve Tavisi momavali liderebis aRzrda, adamianebisa, romlebsac unda hqonoda rogorc partiuli muSaobis gamocdileba, ise unda yofiliyvnen umaRlesi teqnikuri kvalifikaciis muSakebi. 1928 w. ivnisSi partiam daiwyo aTasi partiulis Segroveba, romlebic unda gaegzavnaT teqnikur institutebSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad. es iyo pirveli seria aTaseulebis Segrovebidan, rogorc am adamianebs uwodebdnen. maT kandidaturebs ayenebda komkavSiri, partiuli da profkavSiruli komitetebi, an wiTeli armiis politganyofilebebi, ris Semdegac maT uSvebdnen sami-xuTi wliT ganaTlebis misaRebad, romlis drosac Rebulobdnen gansakuTrebul, gazrdil stipendiebs. umravlesad eseni iyvnen daaxloebiT oci wlis axalgazrdebi, romlebmac Tavi gamoiCines rogorc erTgulma da energiulma muSakebma, romlebic TavgamodebiT asrulebdnen partiis davalebas. isini sagangebod iyvnen SerCeulebi sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan partiul da saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze jer kidev xuTwledis dasawyisSi. maTi ganaTlebis xarisxi erTgvar eWvs iwvevs imis gamo, rom maT ar gaaCndaT saTanado momzadeba da meorec im siswrafis gamo, romliTac isini swavlobdnen. garda amisa, swavlebis procesSi ufro sWarbobda politikuri propaganda. imdroindel mowmeTa CvenebiT, isini vinc ver iTvisebda marqsis kapitals, engelsis dialeqtikas, leninis Sromebs da rac mTavaria stalinis Sromebs, ricxavdnen saswavleblebidan ufro male, vidre imaT, vinc ver akeTebda proeqtebs da hqonda usiamovnebani naxazebTan dakavSirebiT. meores mxriv, isini, vinc sargeblobda politikuri ndobiT, xSirad iyvnen sakuTar TavSi agresiulad darwmunebulebi da ver itandnen TavianT burJua maswavleblebs. rogori naklovanebiTac ar unda yofiliyo aRsavse am pirebis ganaTleba, isini seriozul politikur Zalad unda gadaqceuliyvnen. maT gaaCndaT politikuri da teqnikuri codna da amitomac idealurad miesadagebodnen xelmZRvanelobas gegmiuri ekonomikis Camoyalibebis dros. rogorc amerikeli mkvlevari Seila ficpatriki uCvenebda Tavis naSromSi, pirveli xuTwledis dros umaRles saswavleblebSi miRebul iqna 110 aTasi srulwlovani muSa-komunisti da daaxloebiT 40 aTasi upartio. 1932-1933 ww. isini Seadgendnen im adamianebis mesameds, romlebic umaRles saswavleblebSi swavlobdnen. ramdenma maTganma daamTavra saswavlebeli Cven ar viciT, es cifrebi arasodes gamoqveynebula. cnobilia mxolod is, rom erTi maTgani, vinc am saswavleblis damTavreba SeZlo da SemdegSi saxeli gaiTqva, iyo n. xruSCovi. pirebi, romlebic warmatebiT amTavrebdnen umaRles saswavleblebs, an ver swavlobdnen kargad, Rebulobdnen SesaniSnav Sanss dawinaurebuliyvnen samsaxurSi. maTi gamoCena politikur asparezze daemTxva stalinuri wmendebis dawyebis periods 1936-1939 ww., rodesac sastikad uswordebodnen leninur Zvel gvardias, burJuaziul specialistebs da teqnikur muSakebs. sul cota xnis winaT institutebis kursdamTavrebulebi mzad iyvnen

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daekavebinaT maTi adgilebi. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom arc erTi am wiTeli specialistebisagan ar gaxda stalinuri represiebis msxverpli, piriqiT, es bevrs daemarTa. magram is, vinc amas gadaurCa, moewyo Zalian kargad da SeeZlo gadaebijebina kolegebis gvamebze da damtkbariyo imiT, rasac delikaturad socialuri mobilurobis zrdas uwodebdnen. kulturuli revolucia moewyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis im sferoSi, romelsac kulturas uwodebdnen. Tu am sakiTxis ganxilvas daviwyebT mwerlobidan, unda aRiniSnos, miuxedavad imisa, rom bolSevikebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen sityvier propagandas, mwerlebi didi aRfrTovanebiT ar Sexvedrian bolSevikebis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlas. rodesac 1917 w. noemberSi bolSevikebma isini moiwvies saorganizacio Sexvedraze, mowvevas aleqsandre blokisa da vladimer maiakovskis garda ori Tu sami mwerali gamoexmaura. maTgan yvelaze cnobili, maqsim gorki, romelic adre bolSevikobda, mkacrad akritikebda leninsa da trockis sityvis Tavisuflebisadmi samarcxvino damokidebulebis gamo. maSindeli rusuli mwerlobis didma nawilma uari ganacxada bolSevikebTan TanamSromlobaze da emigraciaSi wavida. isini, vinc ruseTSi darCnen, cdilobdnen raRac jgufebSi gaerTianebas. es tipuri saqcielia mwerlebisaTvis istoriis krizisul periodebSi da bunebrivia, rom samoqalaqo omis dros romeliRac jgufisadmi kuTvnileba aZlevda maT saSualebas, rom minimalurad mainc daekmayofilebinaT TavianTi cxovrebiseuli moTxovnebi. maSinac ki, rodesac fizikuri arsebobis pirobebi gaumjobesda, mwerlebi mixvdnen, rom maTTvis kvlavindeburad ufro mosaxerxebelia erToblivad flobdnen Jurnals an gamomcemlobas, sadac maT SeeZlebodaT Sexvedrebis mowyoba da eqnebodaT TavianTi nawarmoebebis publikaciis imedi. Tanac gamoirkva, rom amieridan maT unda moepovebinaT partiis mxridan keTilganwyoba da mfarveloba, rac aseve koleqtiurad ufro advilad misaRwevi iyo. es SemoqmedebiTi jgufebi erTob Wreli iyo. ganxorcielebuli utopiis pirvel dReebSi zogierTebi cdilobdnen gaevrcelebinaT raRac gansakuTrebuli proletaruli kultura. sargeblobdnen ra lunaCarskis mxardaWeriT, isini qmnidnen fabrika-qarxnebSi momReralTa gundebs, Teatralur da samxatvro studiebs, dgamdnen speqtaklebs, xatavdnen suraTebs da mRerodnen himnebs, romelTa ZiriTad Sinaarssac warmoadgenda muSaTa klasis cxovreba. simfoniebic ki iqmneboda qarxnebis sayvirebisa da sirenebisagan. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom proletaruli kulturis umaRles gamovlenas warmoadgenda petrogradis quCebSi ganTavisuflebuli Sromis misteriis dadgma, romelic mieZRvna sapirvelmaiso dResaswaulebs 1920 w. masSi monawileobda wiTeli armiis ori aTasi mebrZoli da Teatraluri saswavleblebis studentebi. ocdaaTi aTasi mayurebeli mReroda internacionals. partiuli beladebis umravlesobam uaryo specifiuri proletaruli kulturis arsebobis idea rogorc absoluturad absurdulisa. am sakiTxSi, iseve rogorc samxedro da teqnikis sakiTxebSi, trocki da lenini erTi azrisani iyvnen da Tvlidnen, rom proletaruli mwerlebi jer unda dauflebodnen aristokratiuli da burJuaziul xelovanTa da mweralTa bunebriv ostatobas. trocki Tavis statiaSi literatura da revolucia (1932) gansakuTrebuli xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom partia ar unda mbrZaneblobdes xelovnebis sferoSi da trockis azriT is unda xels uwyobdes xelovnebas, mfarvelobdes mas da mxolod iribad unda xelmZRvanelobdes mas. moqmedebda ra amgvari suliskveTebiT, partia mTeli 1920-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi maincadamainc did yuradRebas ar aqcevda sxvadasxva mimdinareobas literaturaSi, garda, bunebrivia, im mimarTulebebisa, romelic aRiarebul iqna rogorc kontrrevoluciuri. jer kidev 1925 w. partiis centralurma komitetma mouwoda Sejibrebisaken sxvadasxva dajgufebebsa da mimarTulebebs, Tumca proletarul mwerlebs uwoda sabWoTa literaturis momavali ideologiuri xelmZRvanelebi. am momaval ideologiur xelmZRvanelobaze pretenzias acxadebda erTi jgufi mwerlebisa. es iyo rappi ( - ) proletaruli mwerlebis ruseTis asociacia, romelic gamoscemda Jurnals saxelwodeboT postze. proletkultelebisagan gansxvavebiT, mis SemadgenlobaSi ramdenime muSac iyo, magram sinamdvileSi rappis mwerlebis umravlesoba inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen da eyrdnobodnen partiis axalgazrdul moZraobas _ komkavSirs. rappSi gansakuTrebiT gamorCeul pirovnebas warmoadgenda leopold averbaxi, komkavSiris erTerTi damaarsebeli da am organizaciis moskovis ganyofilebis mdivanic

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ki; sxvaTa Soris, igi enaTesaveboda sverdlovs. yovelive amis gamo rappelebi faqtobrivad warmoadgendnen partiuli aqtivistebis jgufs da rodesac maT ganacxades, rom axorcieleben proletarul hegemonias, igulisxmeboda, rom isini literaturaSi faqtobrivad warmoadgendnen partiul interesebs. TviT saxelwodeba rappelebis Jurnalisa amJRavnebda maT literaturul pozicias: Cven unda vidgeT postze, raTa uzrunvelvyoT komunisturi ideologiis siwminde da simtkice. amgvarad, gasakviri araa, rom rappelebis ZiriTad saqmianobas warmoadgenda ara sakuTriv literatura, aramed literaturuli kritika. 20-iani wlebis bolos ramdenime Tanamgzavri _ xelisuflebis Semwynarebluri poziciis qveS myofi ramdenime upartio mwerali Seiqmna rappelebis Setevis msxverpli. maiakovski Seecada maT daSoSminebas imiT, rom gaxda rappis wevri. am organizaciasTan TanamSromlba maiakovskisaTvis imdenad savalalo gamodga, rom sakmao roli iTamaSa mis TviTmkvlelobaSi 1930 wels. meore tipuri SemTxveva iyo rapelebis mier ieriSis mitana cnobil mweral zamiatinze. am mwerlis romani Cven gamoqveynda sazRvargareT, radgan satira miuRebeli aRmoCnda ruseTSi arsebuli gamomcemlobebisaTvis. romanSi aRwerilia momavlis sazogadoeba, sadac adamianebi moklebulni arian fantaziis unars specialurad Catarebuli operaciis _ fantazieqtomiis wyalobiT imisaTvis, rom isini datkbnen uSfoTveli maTematikurad gansazRvruli bednierebiT. rappi gamovida romanis sazRvargareT gamoqveynebis faqtis winaaRmdeg (Tumca aqamde es sayovelTaod miRebuli praqtika iyo) da gmobda zamiatinis Sexedulebebs. rappis zemoqmedebiT (rasac mxari dauWira gazeTma pravdam Tavisi saredaqcio statiiT) gamomcemlobebma uari ganacxades zamiatinis nawarmoebTa beWdvaze, xolo mis wignebs iRebdnen biblioTekebidan. 1931 w. zamiatinma uSualod stalins miwera werili, sadac amtkicebda, rom misTvis weris uflebis CamorTmeva niSnavda sasikvdilo ganaCens. zamiatini ambobda, rom CvevaSi aqvs ara imaze saubari, rac sasargebloa, aramed imaze, rac simarTlea. gansakuTrebiT ki, werda zamiatini, igi arasodes ar malavda Tavis damokidebulebas literaturuli monobis, karierizmisa da gandgomilebisadmi: me yovelTvis vTvlidi da vTvli, rom isini damamcirebelia rogorc mwerlebis, ise revoluciisaTvis. zamiatini iTxovda qveynidan gamgzavrebis uflebas, rom gaegrZelebina wera. stalinma mas viza misca. amgvarad aRmocenda ganxeTqileba emigraciasa da sabWoTa kulturas Soris, rac TiTqmis bolo dromde arsebobda. magram rappis triumfi didxans ar gagrZelebula. kulturuli revoluciis moRvawenic gaanadgures _ saerTod arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad. stalinuri terori 1929 w. dekembrisaTvis, sakuTari dabadebis ormocdameaTe wlisTavisaTvis, stalins ukve ganadgurebuli yavda memarjvene da memarcxene opozicia da axlos iyo im mdgomareobasTan, rom sabolood moexdina leninis saxelis uzurpireba da daekavebina misi adgili. 21 dekembers yvela sabWoTa gazeTi aWrelebuli iyo panegirikebiT stalinisadmi. pravda TiTqmis mTeli xuTi dRis ganmavlobaSi aqveynebda im organizaciebis siebs, romlebmac mas dabadebis dRe mouloces depeSebiT, romlebSic xSirad gvxvdeboda sityva beladi. centraluri komitetisa da sakontrolo komisiis erTobliv mimarTvaSi mas uwodebdnen saukeTeso leninels da centraluri komitetisa da misi politbiuros uxuces wevrs. iubiles aRsaniSnavad specialurad gamocemul oficialur biografiaSi stalins uwodebdnen leninis yvelaze erTgul mowafes, misi saqmis gamoCenil gamgrZelebels, adamians, romelic yovelTvis idga leninis gverdiT, arasodes ar gamdgara gvardze da ar uRalatia misTvis. aseTad undoda stalins sakuTari Tavis naxva _ komunisturi fsevdoeklesiis mociqul petred, leninis ufro erTgul mowafed, vidre petre iyo qristesadmi erTguli. stalinis dabadebidan ormocdameaTe wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili am publikaciebidan iwyeba istoriis xelaxla daweris procesi _ is, rasac mixail geleri da aleqsandr nekriCi uwodebdnen mexsierebis nacionalizacias.mogvanebiT aman sabWoTa kavSiris inteleqtualur cxovrebaSi damangreveli roli iTamaSa. opoziciis yofili wevrebic ki SeuerTdnen mliqvnelobis am saerTo talRas. gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi iyo es partiis XVII yrilobaze 1934 wels, e.w. gamarjvebulTa yrilobaze, ramdenadac igi niSnavda gamarjvebas koleqtivizaciasa da pirveli xuTwliani gegmis SesrulebaSi. buxarinma maSin stalins uwoda proletaruli Zalebis mxedarTmTavari, saukeTesoTa

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Soris saukeTeso, xolo kamenevi winaswarmetyvelebda, rom Tanamedrove epoqa istoriaSi Sevidoda rogorc stalinis era, iseve, rogorc winamorbedi era istoriaSi Sevida leninis saxeliT. mTels am mliqvnelobas Tan axlda TviTgvema opoziciis mxridan, imis ritualuri aRiarebiT, rom stalinma maTze moipova ara marto moraluri gamarjveba, aramed fizikuric. araferi gasakviri araa imaSi, rom partiis SigniTac da mis gareTac aRmoCndnen adamianebi, romlebic win aRudgnen mliqvnelobis am talRas. bunebrivia, iyvnen iseTebic, visac SeeSinda adamianuri da ekonomikuri msxverplisa, romelic qveyanas unda gaeRo mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis aRmavlobisaTvis. 1930 w. Semodgomaze centraluri komitetis Semadgenlobidan gamoyvanil da ufro dabal Tanamdebobebze gadaiyvanes rsfsr ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare sircovi da amierkavkasiis partiuli organizaciis erTerTi xelmZRvaneli lominaZe. mizezi iyo maT mier eWvis Setana gazrdil sagegmo cifrebSi da mTavrobis mxridan arasaTanado yuradReba msxvilfexa pirutyvis daavadebisadmi, razedac isini TviTon laparakobdnen kolegebTan saubrisas. ufro seriozul safrTxes Seicavda centaraluri komitetis wevrebs Soris 1932 w. moaruli riutinis programa.. masSi iyo kolmeurneobebis daSlis mowodeba, mrewvelobaSi kapitaldabandebebis Semcireba soflis meurneobis aRorZinebis da pirveli moxmarebis sagnebis warmoebis gazrdis mizniT. riutinis programa ar gaxmaurebula, magram, rogorc Cans, masSi iyo mkveTri Tavdasxmebi piradad stalinze, rusuli revoluciis am borot geniaze, romlis Zalauflebis moyvarulobam qveyana ufskrulis piras miiyvana. gpu-m gamoarkvia, rom riutinis irgvliv Semokrebili iyo aT-TxuTmetkaciani jgufi, romelSic Sediodnen opoziciis yofili wevrebi da wiTeli profesuris zogierTi warmomadgenlebi. gpu iuwyeboda, rom riutins surda ZirgamomTxreli saqmianobis gaSla komkavSirSi, studentebsa da muSebs Soris. riutinis saqmem aCvena, Tu ra ganwyobilebebi arsebobda politbiuroSi. gpu iZleoda riutinis sikvdiliT dasjis rekomendacias, magram, ramdenadac igi iyo centraluri komitetis aparatis muSaki, misi daxvreta iqneboda partiis maRali Tanamdebobis wevrebis winaaRmdeg angariSsworebis maCvenebeli. stalini mzad iyo precedentis Sesaqmnelad da arwmunebda Tavis kolegebs daejerebinaT gpu-s rekomendaciebisaTvis, magram centraluri komitetis wevrTa umravlesoba, romlebsac saTaveSi edga sergei kirovi (leningradis partiuli organizaciis pirveli mdivani), winaaRmdeg wavida. riutini ubralod gadaasaxles. arsebobda mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac opoziciuri dajgufeba, romelsac kirovi edga saTaveSi ufro Sors wasvlas apirebda, vidre riutini. politbiuroSi kirovis momxreeebi TiTqosda saWirod Tvlidnen opoziciasTan Serigebas, ramdenadac socializmisaTvis brZolis yvelaze sastiki periodi ukve ukan iyo motovebuli. maqsim gorki, romelsac ramdenidme gavlena hqonda partiis liderebze, TiTqosda igive azrisa iyo. rac Seexeba kirovs, igi Tavis gamosvlebSi odnav uTanxmoebasac ar amJRavnebda stalinTan. Tumca isic cnobilia, rom is Zalian popularuli iyo masebSi da mis gamoCenas partiis XVII yrilobis tribunaze didi ovaciebiT Sexvdnen. stalins SeiZleba ar hqonoda kirovis ndoba Tundac imitom, rom kirovi xelmZRvanelobda leningradis partiul organizacias, romelic erTxel ukve iyo zinovieviseuli opoziciis baza. ase iyo Tu ise, kirovis kariera moulodnelad Sewyda: 1934 w. 1 dekembers igi mokles leningradis partiuli organizaciis Stab-binaSi _ smolnSi. misi mkvleli iyo vinme leonid nikolaevi, romantikosi Tu gaborotebuli yofili komkavSireli, romelmac miznad daisaxa TiTqosda axali biurokratiis ganadgureba. mTels am istoriaSi aris erTi metad saeWvo adgili _ nikolaevs manamde kidev ucdia kirovze Tavdasxma, magram igi dakavebul iqna kirovis dacvis mier. imis nacvlad, rom nikolaevi daepatimrebinaT da waeyenebinaT braldeba teroristuli aqtis mowyobis mcdelobaSi, rac sruliad bunebrivi iqneboda, dacvam nikolaevi gaanTavisufla da arc revolveri CamourTmevia. mokled rom vTqvaT, garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom Sinsaxkomma (ase ewodeboda axla gpus) Segnebulad misca nikolaevs kirovis mokvlis saSualeba. SesaZlebelia es stalinsac awyobda, rom Tavidan moecilebina metoqe da misi mkvleloba Semdeg gamoeyenebina oponentebis gasanadgureblad. Tumca sadReisod dadgenilia dokumenturad, rom nikolaevma kirovi mokla colis gamo eWvianobis niadagze. erTi ram cxadia, rom stalinma kargad gamoiyena es mkvleloba Tavis miznebSi. imave dRes gamocemul iqna brZaneba, romelic iTvaliswinebda gamoZiebis daCqarebas (aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi) teroristuli organizaciebisa da aqtebis Sesaxeb. es saqmeebi

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dauswreblad ixileboda specialuri samxedro tribunalis mier, advokatebi sasamarTloze ar daiSvebodnen da sasikvdilo ganaCeni dauyovnebliv moyavdaT sisruleSi. amgvarad stalinma Seqmna gamartivebuli iuridiuli meqanizmi, romelic oci wlis ganmavlobaSi moqmedebda. 21 dekembers gamocxadda, rom nikolaevi moqmedebda leningradis opoziciuri centris davalebiT. amis safuZvelze daapatimres kamenevi da zinovievi da kidev Cvidmeti kaci. miuxedavad axali dadgenilebisa, maTi saqme ar ganuxiliaT daCqarebuli wesiT da igi sasamarTlos gadaeca 1935 wlis ianvarSi. maT aRiares, rom mTlianobaSi politikurad pasuxs ageben mkvlelobisaTvis, magram sasamarTlom ver SeZlo pirdapiri kavSiris dadgena maTsa da nikolaevs Soris. cnobili araa, stalini yoymanobda im momentSi teroris pirdapir dawyebas am ori, warsulSi gamoCenili bolSevikis mimarT, Tu Sinsaxkoms jer kidev ar hqonda damuSavebuli dakiTxvebis teqnologia ise, rogorc es momdevno wlebSi xdeboda, magram faqtia, rom zinovievs miusajes aTi weli, kamenevs ki xuTi wliT patimroba. amgvarad, maT sicocxle SeunarCunes momavali dakiTxvebisaTvis. 1935 w. ganmavlobaSi Sinsaxkomma bolos da bolos aiyvana memarcxene opoziciis yvela wevri, romlebic im droisTvis gareT iyvnen. axla am dawesebulebis wevrebi dakavebulni iyvnen imiT, rom dapatimrebulebisagan mieRoT aRiareba farTo SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb, romlis inspirirebasac sazRvargareTidan trocki axdenda. SeTqmulebis mizani iyo ara marto kirovis mkvleloba, aramed stalinisa da politbiuros sxva wevrebisac, sabWoTa sistemis damxoba da kapitalizmis restavracia ruseTSi. es miTiuri scenari gamagrebuli iyo stalinis qeba-didebiT, romelic, Cveulebriv, amtkicebda, Tu raoden veragebi iyvnen leninis sxva TanamebrZolebi da raoden didia is saSiSroeba, romlisganac stalinma ixsna partia da qveyana. vidre amgvarad SeTiTxnili ambebi ukavSirdeboda erTmaneTs, lubiankasa da Sinsaxkomis sxva cixeebSi dakiTxvebis dros partias Tavs atydeboda damangreveli talRebi. daiwyo igi partiuli bileTebis SecvliT _ es evfemizmi Cveulebriv wmendas niSnavda _ daaxloebiT naxevari milioni kaci gairicxa partiidan. mTel qveyanaSi mimdinareobda partiuli krebebi, sadac komunistebs aiZulebdnen gaexsenebinaT yvela Tavisi Secdomebi da eRiarebinaT isini (axla Secdomebis qveS esmodaT nebismieri uTanxmoeba partiis xazTan) da imave dros daesminaT Tavisi amxanagebi, Tuki vinme aseT codvas sCadioda. gaCnda mtruli moqmedebis axali saxeobebi. es SeiZleboda yofiliyo kavSiri msjavrdebulTan, rac xSirad gamoixateboda ubralo nacnobobaSi an samsaxureobriv urTierTobebSi. meore codvad iTvleboda kerZo saubrebSi naTqvamis damalva. erTerTi aseTi krebis dros, magaliTad, yazanis pedagogiur institutSi, evgenia ginzburgs brali dasdes imaSi, rom man ar acnoba organoebs trockisti kontrabandistis elvovis Sesaxeb (man dawera statia 1905 w. revoluciis Sesaxeb, romelmac stalinis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia). ginzburgis gancxadebaze, rom elvovis kavSiri trockistebTan ar damtkicda, man pasuxad miiRo: magram is xom dapatimrebulia! nuTu Tqven ggoniaT, rom vinmes apatimreben mtkicebulebebis gareSe?! uzarmazari xalxmravali darbazebi da auditoriebi gadaiqcnen saaRmsareblo adgilebad... codvebs inaniebdnen imis gamo, rom arasworad esmodaT permanentuli revoluciis Teoria da kenWiyris dros Tavs ikavebdnen 1923 w. opoziciuri platformis gamo. inaniebdnen velikoderJavul Sovinizms da meore xuTwliani gegmis Seufaseblobas... mjiRs irtyamdnen mkerdSi da damnaSaveebi xmamaRla gahyvirodnen, rom aRmoCndnen politikurad becebi, dakarges politikuri sifxizle, Seurigdnen saeWvo elementebs, maT wisqvilze asxamdnen wyals, iCendnen dampal liberalizms. rodesac vinmes ricxavdnen partiidan an anTavisuflebdnen samsaxuridan, erTaderTi, riTac Tavis dacva SeeZloT mis nacnobebs iyo is, rom masTan yovelgvari kavSiri unda gaewyvitaT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi msxverplis nacnobebs igive bedi elodaT. Tu apatimrebdnen megobars an TanamSromels, nebismieri kontaqti unda SeewyvitaT dapatimrebulis ojaxTan, rogori mwarec ar unda yofiliyo misi xvedri. dapatimrebulebis colebs sTavazobdnen saswrafod ganqorwinebas, bavSvebs aiZulebdnen uari eTqvaT mSoblebze. am ugunurma dasmenebma da dabezRebebma kulminacias miaRwia moskovSi mimdinare sami saCvenebeli procesis dros. 1936 w. agvistoSi Catarda pirveli procesi, romelzedac zinovievma, kamenevma da sxvebma aRiares Tavisi kavSiri trockistul-zinovievur centrTan, romelic TiTqosda trockis davalebiT amzadebda SeTqmulebas stalinis, orjonikiZis, kaganoviCis, voroSilovis da sxva partiuli xelmZRvanelebis mokvlis mizniT. maT aseve aRiares kirovis mkvlelobis organizacia.

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yvelas gamoutanes sasikvdilo ganaCeni, rac, rogorc Cans, maSinve iqna sisruleSi moyvanili. braldebulTa aRiarebiTi Cvenebebi Crdils ayenebda tomskis (romelmac amis gamo Tavi moikla), buxarinsa da rikovs. prokurorma viSinskim ganacxada, rom am Cvenebebsac gamoiZiebdnen. 1937 w. ianvar-TebervalSi Catarda Semdegi procesi, romelzedac radeks, piatakovsa da sxva partiul moRvaweebs brali edebodaT trockisTan da ucxoeTis sadazvervo organizaciebTan kavSirSi, teroristuli jgufebis SeqmnaSi, mkvlelobebis mowyobaSi, mrewvelobaSi mavneblobisa da sabotaJis mizniT (mxedvelobaSi hqondaT ramdenime avaria, romlebic moxda xuTwledis mSeneblobebsa da sawarmoebSi) avariebis mowyobaSi. piatakovs miusajes daxvreta, xolo radekma miiRo aTi weli (ramdenime wlis Semdeg igi gardaicvala banakSi). ukanaskneli procesi gaimarTa 1938 w. martSi, rodesac buxarins, rikovs, krestinskisa da iagodas (romelic warsulSi TviT iyo Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisari) brali dasdes memarjvene-trockistuli blokis organizebaSi, romelic TiTqosda eweoda mavneblobas, Zirs uTxrida sabWoTa samxedro Zlierebas da germanuli, britanuli, iaponuri da polonuri dazvervis saSualebiT amzadebda imperialistur agresias sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. am procesma ver Caiara iseT erTsulovnebaSi, rogorc wina procesebma. buxarinma da rikovma aRiares monawileoba blokSi, magram uaryves monawileoba konkretul braldebebSi. buxarinma aseTi SeniSvnac ki gaakeTa, rom braldebulis mier aRiarebiTi Cveneba warmoadgens Sua saukuneebis sasamarTloebis princips. yvela braldebuls gamoutanes saikvdilo ganaCeni da viSinskim Tavisi sabraldebo daskvna daamTavra sityvebiT, rom warsulis ukanaskneli WuWyi da naleqi Camoirecxa gzidan, romliTac xalxi sayvareli maswavlebliTa da beladiT, didi staliniT saTaveSi gaemarTeba win komunizmisaken. cota vinmes Tu sjeroda im aRiarebebisa, darbazSi rom gaismoda. mraval adamians qveyanaSic da mis farglebs gareTac sjerodaT, rom am braldebebs raRac safuZveli hqonda, rogor fantastikuradac ar unda mogCveneboda isini. meores mxriv, Zveli gamocdili bolSevikebi, romlebmac gauZles mefisdroindel represiebs, revoluciasa da samoqalaqo oms, exla ratom daTanxmdnen ciliwamebas sakuTari Tavis mimarT sajarod da Tanac ase eqstravaganturi maneriT? da ratom iyo, rom mTavroba, romelic arasodes ar erideboda masobrivi egzekuciebis Catarebas, axla moiTxovda raRac mogonili ambebis aRiarebas, romlebic moTxrobili iyo braldebulebis mier xelmoweril CvenebebSi, romlebsac Semdeg isini imeorebdnen sasamarTlo darbazebSi? am kixvebze pasuxebis misaRebad saWiro iyo stalinis mier Seqmnili sistemis SuagulSi Caxedva. uwinares yovlisa, wminda iuridiul doneze sWirdebodaT aRiarebiTi Cvenebebi braldebebisaTvis, romelic araviTari sxva mtkicebulebebiT ar iyo ganmtkicebuli. amasTan, araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda imas, rom es aRiarebebi xdeboda sasamarTloSi Tu arsebobda qaRaldze (rogorc es iyo umravles SemTxvevaSi). arc erT sasamarTlo procesze ar iyo warmodgenili arc erTi faratina dokumentis nagleji, arc erTi nivTieri mtkicebuleba _ mxolod da mxolod TviT braldebulebis aRiareba, an mowmeebis Cvenebebi. ufro metic, aRiarebebi faseuli iyo kidev imitom, rom isini saqmeSi iTrevdnen sxvebs, imis msgavsad, rogorc tomski da sxvebi iqnen CaTreulni saqmeSi Cvenebebis safuZvelze, romlebic zinovievis procesze iqna micemuli. es afarToebda SeTqmulebis qsels da damatebiT samuSaos uCenda Sinsaxkoms, Tanac ganamtkicebda am dawesebulebis mdgomareobas. banakebSi izrdeboda muSaxelis raodenoba, xolo karieristebisaTvis Cndeboda vakanturi adgilebi. albad, swored amitom 1936-1939 ww. dapatimrebebi araTanabrad Seexo xelmZRvanel pirebs. ase iyo Tu ise, maSinac ki, rodesac saqme ar gahqondaT sajaro ganxilvaze (umravles SemTxvevaSi), patimrebi da gamomZieblebi atarebdnen milionobiT naklebadproduqtiul da mtanjvel dros, Txzavdnen aRiarebebs, sadac orive mxarem mSvenivrad icoda, rom TiToeuli sityva mtknar sicrues warmoadgenda. ratom Tanxmdebodnen braldebulebi amgvari Cvenebebis micemas? saqme isaa, rom maTi qcevis logika, iseve rogorc yvela danarCenis, ganisazRvreboda im gziT, romliTac partia movida xelisuflebis saTaveSi da SeinarCuna igi. isini mTeli guliT mxars uWerdnen partiis mier xelisuflebis mkacr monopolizebas, rodesac imyofebodnen partiis yvelaze gavlenian xelmZRvanelTa Soris. mravali maTgani kvlavindeburad aRiarebda partiis avtoritets, maSinac ki, rodesac dakarga Tanamdebobebi da gavlena da imedi hqonda, rom kvlav daibrunebda yovelives.

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rogorc partiis XV yrilobaze ganacxada kamenevma, isini mTlianad mxars uWerdnen partias, radgan arafris gakeTeba ar SeiZleboda partiis gareSe da misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod. ixveweboda ra partiaSi Tavis aRdgenas 1933 wels, zinovievi laparakobda codvilis eniT: me gTxovT aRmadginoT partiis rigebSi da momceT saSualeba vimuSao saerTo sargeblobisaTvis. zinovievi iZleoda revolucioneris sityvas, rom iqneboda partiis yvelaze erTguli wevri da gaakeTebda yvelafers, misgan damokidebuls, raTa Tundac nawilobriv mainc gamoesyida Tavisi codvebi partiisa da centraluri komitetis winaSe. am xalxma partias dauTmes mTeli Tavisi sicocxle da axla, realobis sawinaaRmdegod, kvlavac sjerodaT misi saboloo gamarjvebisa. sxvagvarad arc SeiZleboda _ es iqneboda yovelive imis Ralatis tolfasi, risic sjerodaT. maT ar gaaCndaT sxva moraluri da religiuri safuZveli, romelic maT SesZenda winaaRmdegobis gawevis unars. buxarinma ganacxada sasamarTloSi, rom rodesac igi ekiTxeba sakuTar Tavs _ Tu risTvis kvdeba, mis winaSe warmosdgeba absoluturad Savi sicariele saSineli simarTliT, rom kvdeba arafrisaTvis. magram arc sicocxle Rirs ramed, Tuki Sen aRmoCndi yvelasgan izolirebuli xalxis mteri, moklebuli yovelive imas, rac Seni cxovrebis azrs Seadgenda. mgram partiis yvela wevri ar reagirebda dapatimrebaze amgvarad. iyvnen iseTebi, romlebic far-xmals yridnen erT kviraSi, an ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi sagamomZieblo damuSavebis Semdeg. rogorc wesi, Sinsaxkomi cdilobda dapatimrebulis gatexvas misi konveierze dayenebiT, rac niSnavda ramdenime DdRisa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi patimris ganuwyvetliv dakiTxvas gamomZieblebis mier, romlebic erTmaneTs cvlidnen. gawamebuli, uZilo, mSieri da siciviT ganawamebi patimrebi, xSirad sastikad nacemebi, xels awerdnen yvelafers rasac maTgan iTxovdnen mxolod imisaTvis, rom cota waeZinaT. mravali gamomZiebeli, ramdenadac cnobilia, iaraRis saxiT iyenebda dapatimrebulTa ojaxebis darbevis muqaras. samyaroSi, sadac yvelaferi ingreva da adamiani hkargavs ukanasknel sayrdens, mogonebebi col-Svilze iyo-xolme patimris sulis yvelaze saTuTi nawili, erTaderTi faseuloba, romelic mas jer kidev SerCenoda. amitomac muqara, rom misi ojaxis wevrebs daapatimrebdnen, awamebdnen da moklavdnen, Zalian did zemoqmedebas axdenda patimarze. swored es daemarTa buxarins. igi gvian daqorwinda da mas yavda erTaderTi Svili, romelsac igi aRmerTebda. evgenia ginzburgi ki mogviTxrobs, rom cixeSi mas yvelaze metad awamebda fiqri imis Sesaxeb, rom dapatimrebis win man galaxa Tavisi biWuna vasia (SemdegSi cnobili mwerali vasili aqsionovi) mxolod imisaTvis, rom man sunamos flakoni gatexa. dapireba, rom dapatimrebulis ojaxs xels ar axlebdnen, Tuki igi sasamarTloSi daadasturebda SeTiTxnil braldebas, iyo uZlieresi saSualeba morCilebis misaRwevad. sxvebs gamoZiebasTan TanamSromlobis sanacvlod pirdebodnen sicocxlis SenarCunebas. zogierT patimars sapyrobileSi naxulobdnen yovili amxanagebi centraluri komitetidan, romlebic mas ara marto sicocxlis SenarCunebis, aramed partiaSi aRdgenis da samuSaoze dabrunebis imeds unergavdnen im pirobiT, Tu isini aRiarebdnen braldebas. mravali am patimarTagani, magram ara yvela, male nebdeboda am dapirebebis Semdeg. Zalian cota patimarma Tu gauZlo amgvar cdunebas. magaliTad, yofilma xalxosanma ivanov-razumnikma Tavis memuarebSi gamoTvala, rom daaxloebiT im aTasi patimridan, romlebmac misi kamera gaiares, mxolod Tormetiodem Tu Tqva uari im aRiarebebze, romlebsac maTgan moiTxovdnen. da mainc sayuradReboa, rom mxolod samocdaaTamde kacs mouwyes sajarod gasamarTleba. TviT opoziciuri dajgufebebis zogierTi TvalsaCino wevrebic ki, iseTebi, rogoric iyo uglanovi (memarjvene opozicia) an preobraJenski (memarcxene opozicia), saerTod ar gausamarTlebiaT, ise daxvrites. rogorc Cans, bralmdeblebi ar iyvnen darwmunebulebi, rom isini iTamaSebdnen im rols, rac maT dauweres. da rodesac represiebma farTod moicva partia da mTeli sazogadoeba, dapatimrebulTa umravlesobis beds wyvetda ukve saidumlo samxedro tribunali an maT, ubralod, ganaCens sakanSi ukiTxavdnen. es dapatimrebebi ar Semoifargleboda marto stalinis politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebiT. maT moicves partiis SigniT yvela fena, mTeli sazogadoebis cxovreba. dazaralda yvela socialuri klasi, yvelaze metad ki elita. centraluri komitetis 139 wevridan, romlebic arCeulni iyvnen partiis XVII yrilobaze 1934 wels, 110 dapatimrebul iqna 1939 wlamde, Semdegi yrilobis mowvevamde. XVII yrilobis 1966

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delegatidan dapatimrebul iqna 1108 da mxolod dapatimrebas gadarCenilma 59 kacma miiRo partiis XVIII yrilobis muSaobaSi monawileoba. zogierTi regioni gansakuTrebiT dazaralda. leningradis partiuli organizaciidan XVII yrilobaSi monawile 154 delegatidan mxolod ori kaciRa gadarCa cocxali. ukrainaSi, sadac 1938 wlidan partiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivani iyo nikita xruSCovi, centraluri komitetis 86 wevridan mxolod sami kaci gadarCa cocxali 1937-1938 ww. periods Soris. belorusiaSi dapatimrebebisa da partiis bileTebis Secvlis Sedegad partiis wevrTa raodenoba 1934 wlidan 1938 wlamde orjer Semcirda. saqarTveloSi 1937 w. maisSi Catarebuli yrilobis 644 delegatidan momdevno TveebSi daapatimres 425 kaci. yazaxeTSi centraluri komitetis biuros sruli Semadgenloba iqna dapatimrebuli, xolo msgavsi represiebis gamo TurqmeneTSi, amave periodSi, saerTod ar yavdaT centraluri komitetis biuro. komunisturi partiis yvela moRvawe ar daRupula dapatimrebis Semdeg. rogorc zemod avRniSneT, tomskim Tavi moikla, raTa ar gaeziarebina buxarinisa da rikovis bedi. 1935 w. ianvarSi gardaicvala saxelmwifo sagegmo komitetis (gosplani) Tavmjdomare v. kuibiSevi, rogorc ambobdnen gulis SeteviT. misi sikvdili erTgavari bundovanebiTaa moculi: dadioda xmebi, rom is winaaRmdegi iyo partiaSi dawyebuli wmendisa. mZime mrewvelobis komisari s. orjonikiZe gardaicvala 1937 w. TebervalSi stalinTan seriozuli kamaTis Semdeg. dadudgenelia, man Tavi moikla, Tu mokles, magram SemorCa cnobebi, rom sikvdilis win man dawera vrceli memorandumi, romelic waiRo stalinma, rodesac moinaxula gardacvlilis bina. am dokumentis Sinaarsi dRemde ucnobia. wmendis sxva mowinaaRmdege da albad yvelaze cnobili _ maqsim gorki gardaicvala 1936 w. agvistoSi, isic uecrad. misi sikvdilis garemoebebma aseve bevr moarul xmebs daudo saTave. zedmetia imaze laparaki, rom nebismieri opoziciisa Tu fraqciis wevrebi iyvnen dapatimrebulebi. Tumca aleqsandra kolontai ratomRac gadaurCa dapatimrebas. stalinma aseve daiTxova Zveli bolSevikebis sazogadoeba da mefisdroindeli politpatimrebis sazogadoeba, romlebic TiTqmis 1935 wlamde rCebodnen im centrebad, romelTa garSemoc Tavs iyridnen leninis TanamebrZolebi da yofili revolucionrebi, romlebic carizmis reJims ebrZodnen. amgvarad, stalinma SeZlo is, rasac mefisdroindeli policiis Sefic ki ver warmoidgenda avadmyofuri fantaziiT _ man srulad daasamara ruseTis revoluciuri moZraoba. provinciebsac gadauara represiebis msaxvrelma talRam. ramdenadac adamianebi adgilebze, Cveulebriv, erTmaneTis damalvas cdilobdnen, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tavdapirvelad mainc, Cveulebriv centridan agzavnidnen specialur emisars, romelic wmendas atarebda. xSirad saqme imiT mTavrdeboda, rom mTel adgilobriv xelmZRvanelobas apatimrebdnen. magaliTad, 1937 w. ivnisSi, smolenskis saolqo komitetis specialur sxdomaze moskovidan movlenilma kaganoviCma gamoacxada, rom pirveli mdivani rumiancevi, misi moadgile da adilobrivi partiuli organizaciebis mdivnebi arian moRalateebi, germaneli da iaponeli faSistebis jaSuSebi da memarjvene trockistuli bandis wevrebi. yvela isini ukvalod gaqrnen. represiebi Tavs atydeboda ara marto partias. wmenda exeboda qveyanaSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela mxares. yvelaze saSineli iyo represiebi, romelic Tavs daatyda armiis umaRles oficrobas, amasTan mzardi faSisturi safrTxe gamoiyeneboda rogorc mizezi sixizlis gaZlierebisaTvis. dapatimrebulTa da daxvretilTa Soris aRmoCndnen marSali tuxaCevski, Tavdacvis saxalxo komisari da wiTeli armiis mTavari strategi; generaluri Stabis ufrosi marSali egorovi; Soreuli aRmosavleTis gansakuTrebuli armiis sardali marSali bliuxeri, romelmac dapatimrebamde ori TviT adre, 1938 w. oqtomberSi daamarcxa iaponelebi xasanis tbasTan seriozul incidentSi; kievisa da belorusiis samxedro olqebis sardlebi, Savi zRvisa da wynari okeanis flotis sardlebi. 1940 wlisaTvis dapatimrebuli aRmoCnda xuTi marSalidan sami, armiis pirveli rangis sami sardlidan samive, armiis meore rangis oci sardlidan ocive da korpusebis samocdaSvidi sardlidan samoci. igive bedi ewia diviziebisa da polkebis meTaurebis 70%-s, politkomisrebis 60%-s. aseTi represiebi Tavs daatyda armias, romelic rudunebiT, ori aTeuli wlis manZilze zrdida Tavis oficerTa korpuss. represiebi wiTel armias Tavs daatyda im momentSi, rodesac igi emzadeboda Tavisi mTavari omisaTvis. 1941 w. ianvarSi germaniis generalitetis sxdomaze hitlerma pirdapir ganacxada, Tu ra imedebi Caunerga mas mis potenciur mowinaaRmdegis banakSi

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Cadenilma am mkvlelobebma: maT aRar hyavT kargi meTaurebi _ ganacxada man. movlenebis Semdgomma msvlelobebma daadastura misi sityvebis simarTle. aranaklebi simZlavriT represiebi Tavs daatyda Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatsac. iagoda aRmoCnda braldebulis skamze buxarinTan da sxvebTan erTad, romelTa saqmeebic man TviTon SeTxza. misi memkvidre am Tanamdebobaze 1939 w. dasawyisSi gaqra. misma TanaSemweebma, romlebic 1936-1938 ww. saSinel dakiTxvebs awarmoebdnen, gaiziares TavianTi msxverplis bedi. zogierTi maTgani, vinc ucxoeTSi muSaobda da uari Tqva ruseTSi dabrunebaze, radgan esmodaT Tu ra elodaT maT samSobloSi, moklul iqnen im qveynebSi, sadac TavSesafars eZebdnen. wmendis bolo aqti Catarda sazRvargareT. 1940 wlis 20 agvistos mexikoSi espanelma komunistma ramon merkaderma alpinistis werayiniT mokla lev trocki. meqsikis sasamarTlom mas oci wliT patimroba miusaja, stalinma ki dauswreblad daajildova. tanjva-wameba, romelic im dros gadaitana sabWoTa xalxma, ar SeiZleba gazviadebulad iqnes warmodgenili. marTlac, sabWoTa sazogadoebis zogierT jgufs ufro cudi periodebic hqonda, magaliTad, glexobas koleqtivizaciis dros, an germanelebis mier okupirebul mosaxleobas 1941-1944 ww., magram mTeli xalxisaTvis, mTeli saxelmwifosaTvis 1936-1938 ww. koSmaruli iyo. Zneli iyo qveyanaSi adamianis povna, romelsac ar gaRviZeboda Rame karebze kakunisagan. adamianebs agdebdnen loginebidan da acilebdnen ojaxsa da megobrebs, rogorc wesi, samudamod. ramdenadac yovelive amaSi mciredi azric ki ar iyo, arc aravin ar iyo darwmunebuli, rom SemdegSi braldebaTa jaWvi mis karamde ar miiyvanda Sinsaxkoms. mraval adamians sinamdvileSi marTlac hqonda dapatimrebis molodinSi momzadebuli patara fuTa an Cemodani saWiro nivTebiT. ratom moxda ase? ueWvelia, rom Tavdapirvelad stalins undoda yvela imaTi ganadgureba, vinc ki odesme winaaRmdegoba gauwia mas an SeeZlo winaaRmdegobis gaweva (amiT SeiZleba raRacnairad aixsnas Sinsaxkomis kadrebis da oficerTa korpusis, erTaderTi socialuri fenis ganadgureba, romlis SigniTac SeiZleba dabadebuliyo stalinis ganadgurebis Sesaxeb mosazreba). stalinisTvis autaneli iyo im adamianebis arseboba, romlebic ubralod leninis amxanagebi iyvnen, romlebmac icodnen leninis andreZis Sesaxeb. saqme rom Semofargluliyo am adamianebiT, maSin sakmarisi iqneboda ramdenime aseuli kacis msxverplad Sewirva. magram stalinis mier amuSavebuli manqana ukve TavisTavad moqmedebda. yvela sazogadoebaSi arseboben Suriani adamianebi: danamSromels ukavia prestiJuli Tanamdeboba, romelic viRacas unda, viRacas bina aqvs ukeTesi, vidre mezobels da surs misi xelSi Cagdeba. rogorc zemod avRniSneT, 1930-iani wlebis sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi umagaliTod maRali iyo axalgazrdobis procenti, ambiciuri adamianebisa, romlebsac Zalian undodaT Tavisi socialuri statusis amaRleba. bunebrivia, rom bevr maTgans Surda ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenlebisa. wmendam, romelic partiasa da sabWoTa dawesebulebebSi tardeboda, maT win Tavbrudamxvevi SesaZleblobebi gadaSala. sakmarisi iyo ubralo dabezReba _ mniSvneloba ar hqonda imas, is absurduli iyo Tu ara, _ da arc erTi maRali Tanamdebobis partiuli muSaki an Sinsaxkomeli ar wavidoda riskze, rom igi sifxizlis modunebaSi daedanaSaulebinaT. garda amisa, ekonomikuri urTierTobebis arsebuli struqtura iZleoda imis gafiqrebis saSualebas, rom Sinsaxkoms gaaCnda gegma dapatimrebulTa raodenobis Sesaxeb. da Tu patimari aRmoCndeboda gamomZieblis xelSi, am ukanasknels samsaxurSi dawinaurebis (an Tundac sakuTar mxrebze Tavis SenarCunebis) gamo, radac ar unda dasjdomoda, unda mieRo aRiarebiTi Cvenebebi da SesaZleblobisdarad axali dabezRebebi, rasac Tan sdevda axali dapatimrebebi. da gamomZieblebica da braldebulebic uciloblad iyvnen Cabmulni saqmeSi. uadgilo arc meore kiTxva Cans: ratom SeCerda wmenda? erTi pasuxia, rom igi arasodes SeCerebula. uSiSroebis samsaxuri amJamadac ki inarCunebs stalinis mier misTvis miniWebul rwmunebebs _ yovel SemTxvevaSi ase fiqrobs ruseTis mosaxleobis didi nawili. dro da dro igi mas iyenebs rogorc stalinis dros. magram misi meTodebi orjer icvleboda _ 1939 wlisa da 1953 wlis Semdeg. rogorc Cans, pirvelis mizezi iyo is, rom 1938 w. eJovis nacvlad daniSnul lavrenti berias miuTiTes, rom ar gaemeorebina Tavisi winamorbedis qmedebebi. garda amisa, dapatimrebebma miaRwia iseT gaqanebas, rom igi ukve qveynis samrewvelo, samecniero da samxedro potencials daemuqra. am dapatimrebaTa tempebi rom SenarCunebuliyo im doneze, rogorc es iyo 1937-1938 wlebSi, qveynis mosaxleobis naxevarze meti sakoncentracio banakebSi aRmoCndeboda. erTaderTi

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gonivruli da SesaZloa dagvianebulic ki, iyo gadawyvetileba, rom xelSi aeRoT situaciis kontroli da SeewyvitaT gardauvalobis jaWvi. beriam es gaakeTa. ganTavisuflebul iqnen Ziebis qveS myofi zogierTi maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi, magram vinc banakebSi gaagzavnes, isini iqve darCnen. amitomac terorma miiRo sporaduli da amorCeviTi xasiaTi da igi ufro marTvis saSualebad iqca da ara isteriul kampaniad. SromiTi banakebi, sadac dapatimrebulebi xvdebodnen (bunebrivia, Tu cocxlebi rCebodnen) warmoadgendnen im sakoncentracio banakebis pirdapir memkvidreebs, romlebic leninis brZanebiT Seiqmna 1918 wels. magram mas Semdeg maTi buneba da funqciebi sagrZnoblad Seicvala. yvelaze didi cvlilebebi iyo pirveli xuTliani gegmis Sedegi. TiTqmis mTeli 1920-iani wlebi socialistebs, romlebic cixeebSi an politizolatorebSi isxdnen, hqondaT politikuris statusi da maTi gamoyeneba mZime fizikur samuSaoebze ar xdeboda. es ar exeboda sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebs, mmarTveli klasis yofil warmomadgenlebs da kontrrevoluciur elementebs. maT unda fizikurad emuSavaT, Tundac imitom, rom Tavisi SromiT sapatimroebi SeenaxaT. magram 20-iani wlebis bolos sabWoTa mTavroba Seejaxa muSaxelis ukmarisobis problemas, gansakuTrebiT mkacri klimatis mqone Soreul raionebSi. bunebrivia, rom SromiTi rezervebi swored banakebSi aRmoaCines. 1928 w. 26 martis dekretSi dasmul iqna ekonomikuri proeqtebis seriis sakiTxi, sadac ekonomiis da danaxarjebis Semcirebis mizniT navaraudevi iyo im pirTa farTod gamoyeneba, romlebic dapatimrebulebi iyvnen socialuri dacvis mizniT. gamasworebeli dawesebulebebis muSakTa konferenciaze 1929 w. oqtomberSi aRiniSna, rom adgilobrivi pirobebi zogjer seriozul siZneleebs qmnian muSaxelis daqiravebis saqmeSi. amitomac sapatimroebs, romlebsac didi raodenobiT gaaCndaT muqTa muSaxeli, SeeZloT daxmarebis aRmoCena sawarmoebisaTvis, romlebic muSaxelis naklebobas ganicdidnen. 1930 w. gosplanma gamosca instruqcia, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom aucilebelia gegmiur ekonomikaSi im pirTa Sromis gaTvaliswinebac, romlebic sapatimroebSi imyofebodnen. patimrebis Sromis gamoyenebis mizniT Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatSi Seiqmna specialuri sammarTvelo _ gulagi ( ). miuxedavad imisa, rom SromiT gamosworeba bolos da bolos sabWoTa ruseTSi aRar iyo patimrobis saboloo mizani, warwera Sroma aris didebis, mamacobisa da sindisis saqme mravali banakis WiSkars amSvenebda. pirveli didi mSenebloba, sadac farTod iqna gamoyenebuli patimarTa Sroma, iyo TeTri zRva _ baltiis sanaosno arxis, anu i.b.stalinis saxelobis belomorkanalis mSenebloba. mSeneblobis organizacias xelmZRvanelobda iagoda, SemdgomSi gpu-s meTauri. ucxouri valutis ekonomiis mizniT mSeneblobaze ar gamoiyeneboda Tanamedrove eqskavatoruli teqnika: amis nacvlad iyenebdnen patimrebis Sromas. arxis mSenebloba daiwyo 1931 w. noemberSi, damTavreba ki didi zarzeimiT aRiniSna 1933 w. maisSi. maqsim gorki mwerlebis jgufTan erTad Cavida am nagebobis sanaxavad. mcvelebis meTvalyureobis qveS mwerlebi gaesaubrnen zogierT patimars da Seudgnen SromiT xelaxla aRzrdisaTvis xotbis Sesxmas, romelic,rogorc maT yvelas gasagonad ganacxades, Catarda am mSeneblobaze. solJenicinma am mwerlebis erTobliv naSroms uwoda rusuli literaturis istoriaSi pirveli opusi, romelic xotbas asxamda monur Sromas. Tavdapirvelad arxis gamoyenebas varaudobdnen, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, baltiis flotis TeTr zRvaSi gadasayvanad, magram arxi metad TavTxeli aRmoCnda. es aixsneboda im siCqariT, romliTac es samuSaoebi tardeboda. solJenicini, romelmac es arxi moinaxula, ityobineboda, rom igi faqtobrivad aRar gamoiyeneboda. patimrebs, romlebic belomorkanals aSenebdnen, pirdebodnen amnistias, Tu isini samuSaos droze daamTavrebdnen, magram es dapireba ar Sesrulda da maTi umravlesoba sxva mSeneblobebze iqna gadasrolili. patimrebi _ zekebi _ Tu wminda rusul termins vixmarT, gamoiyeneboda ekonomikis ramdenime ZiriTad dargSi _ xetyis damzadebaSi, oqros sabadoebSi, platinisa da sxva feradi liTonebis, qvanaxSiris maRaroebSi da mSeneblobebze samuSaod. gansakuTrebiT didi moTxovnileba iyo maTze saSinel klimatur pirobebis mqone qveynis Zneladmisadgom raionebSi, sadac arcTu advili iyo Tavisufali muSaxelis mozidva. Tavdapirvelad SromiTi banakebis geografiuli centri mdebareobda kareliasa da TeTri zRvis sanapiros gaswvriv, sadac xetyis mopoveba warmoadgenda mrewvelobis ZiriTad dargs. Semdgom aRmocendnen msxvili centrebi ruseTis evropuli nawilis CrdiloeTSi, vorkutas irgvliv da mdinare peCoris auzSi, sadac qvanaxSiris maRaroebi iyo; dasavleT cimbirisa da yazaxeTis axal samrewvelo raionebSi, sadac patimrebi qmnidnen gzebisa da rkinigzebis, maRaroebisa da

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qarxnebis infrastruqturas; da bolos yvelaze metad saxeli gaiTqves banakebma magadanis raionSi da md. kolimis auzSi, Soreul aRmosavleTSi. aq iyo oqros, platinisa da sxva Zvirfasi liTonebis sabadoebi, agreTve xetyis mniSvnelovani maragi. es regioni warmoadgenda Tavidan bolomde gayinul materiks, romelic qveynis danarCen nawils mowyvetili iyo aseul kilometrze gadaWimuli gauvali WaobebiTa da taigiT. patimrebi iq CayavdaT specialuri gemebiT, romlebic patimrebis gadazidvis pirobebiT iwvevda Zveli transatlantikuri monaTvaWrobis saSineli suraTebis asociacias. 1930-iani wlebis bolosaTvis patimrebis banakebi ukve sabWoTa kavSiris TiTqmis yvela nawilSi iyo; zonebi aRmocenda TiToeul qalaqSi, moskovSic ki. isini SemosazRvruli iyo ekliani mavTulxlarTebiTa da koSkurebiT,xolo saSinlad mZime SromiT dakavebul patimrebidan ramdenime aseuli metris dacilebiT seirnobdnen Tavisufali adamianebi. am banakebis Sesaxeb dawerili wignebidan yvelaze gaxmaurebul naSromSi solJenicinma banakebis sistemas uwoda arqipelagi, romelic moqceuli iyo sabWoTa kontinentis SigniT da romelic hermetulad iyo gamoyofili danarCeni normaluri samyarosagan nebismieri kontaqtebis damyarebis SiSiT. ekonomikur TeoriaSi arsebobs debuleba monis Sromis araproduqtiulobis Sesaxeb, radgan mona srulebiT araa dainteresebuli maRali mwarmoeblurobiT. magram xuTwliani gegmebis Sesrulebis dros sabWoTa xelisufleba arad dagidevda am kanonzomierebas, maT sWirdebodaT maRali sawarmoo maCveneblebi _ Tundac monuri Sromis safasurad. da marTlac, zogjer banakebis patimarTa Sromis nayofiereba ufro maRali iyo, vidre im sawarmoebSi, sadac Tavisufali adamianebi muSaobdnen. iaraRi, romelic aiZulebda patimrebs emuSavaT, iyo SimSilobis SiSi. yoveldRiuri ulufa damokidebuli iyo normis Sesrulebaze. rogorc iuri margolini werda, normis asi procentiT Sesrulebis dros patimari Rebulobda 700 gram purs, wyal-wyala sups diliT da saRamoTi, fafas saRamoobiT da qaSayis naWers. ase iyo omis drosac, zogjer ulufa iyo odnav meti. arsebobda kidev staxanovuri racioni, normis 150%-iT gadaWarbebiT SesrulebisaTvis. igi Sedgeboda 900-1000 grami purisagan, supisagan, romelSic iyo makaroni da saRamos zogjer xorcis katletiT. igive margolinis cnobiT, mxolod aseTi racioni Seesabameboda adamianis realur moTxovnebs, romelic fizikuri SromiT iyo dakavebuli. is, rasac Rebulobdnen isini, vinc normas ver asrulebda, e.w. sajarimo racioni, absoluturad arasakmarisi iyo. es racioni Sedgeboda 500 grami purisa da wyal-wyala supisagan dilasa da saRamos. bunebrivia, rom TiToeuli sagani fasdeba SedarebiT sxvasTan, amitomac aseTi sakvebi SeiZleba kacs fufunebad moeCvenos imasTan SedarebiT, rasac Rebulobdnen leningradelebi blokadis dros omis wlebSi. maSin adamianebi, fizikuri SromiT dakavebulebi, dReSi iRebdnen 250-350 gram purs. aris monacemebi, rom omis dros glexebi kareliaSi xvdebodnen samuSaodan momaval CamoZonZil patimrebs da purs maT Txovdnen. patimrebze kolosalur zemoqmedebas axdenda is, rom maTi kveba damokidebuli iyo ara normis individualur Sesrulebaze, aramed brigadul Sesrulebaze. TiToeulis sakvebi damokidebuli iyo misi amxanagebis muSaobaze. saqmis amgvarad dayeneba anTavisuflebda mcvelebsa da zedamxedvelebs rom Tvalyuri edevnebinaT zarmaci patimrebisaTvis: maTi amxanagebi TviT kisrulobdnen am rols, raTa sakmao raodenobiT mieRoT sakvebi. miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, sruliad aSkaraa, rom adamianebis arsebobisaTvis, romlebic dakavebulni iyvnen aTi-TxuTmeti saaTis ganmavlobaSi mZime fizikuri SromiT saSinel klimatur pirobebSi, aseTi sakvebi ar iyo sakmarisi. gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo maTi mdgomareoba, vinc ar iyo miCveuli fizikur Sromas. maT umravlesobas warmoadgendnen politpatimrebi. kolimaze, erTerTma gonebamaxvilma patimarma sTxova banakis ufross, rom igi gadaeyvanaT cxenebis kategoriaSi, radgan am SemTxvevaSi igi miiRebda sakvebsa da samuSaos misi fizikuri SesaZleblobis Sesabamisad, agreTve TavlaSi Tavis bagas! komendantma igi aTi dRiT sajarimo izolatorSi gaagzavna, magram Semdeg daafasa misi iumori da misca ufro Tbili samosi da staxanovuri ulufa. magram kanoniT dawesebuli iyo is, rasac aRwers margolini. misi brigada verasodes ver asrulebda davalebas da ver Rebulobda sakmaris sakvebs. rac ufro SiodaT maT, miT ufro cudad muSaobdnen isini da rac ufro cudad muSaobdnen, miT ufro Zlier SimSilobdnen. ikvreboda erTgvari mojadoebuli wre. varlam Salamovis aRweriT oqros sabadoebi sami kviris manZilze fizikurad Zlier adamianebs invalidebad

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aqcevda, radgan iq gabatonebuli iyo SimSili, uZiloba, xangrZlivi mZime Sroma da cema. warsulis arc erTi monaTmflobeli ar gaflangavda Tavis kapitals ase uxeirod, magram Sinsaxkomi am monebis gamo safasurs ar ixdida da Tu isini ixocebodnen, maT advilad cvlidnen sxva, axladapatimrebulTa xarjze. solJenicinma sakmaod zustad uwoda am banakebs SromiT gamanadgurebel banakebs. am saSineli SimSilobis, gaZvaltyavebis, daavadebebis da neli sikvdilis wridan Tavis daRwevis mxolod erTi saSualeba arsebobda _ adamians mieRo Tbili adgili, romelic ar iyo fizikur SromasTan dakavSirebuli. am adgilebidan yvelaze kargi iyo muSaoba banakis administraciaSi, saavadmyofoebSi, samzareuloebSi an kulturul-saganmanaTleblo nawilebSi, zogierTi banakis am ucnaur damatebaSi, romelic aerTianebda politikur propagandas da piesebisa da speqtaklebis dadgmis cdebs. zogierTi banakis komendanti did siamovnebas naxulobda imaSi, rom hqonda ymebis Teatri. es Tbili adgilebi adamianebs sicocxles unarCunebda. margolini SeniSnavda, rom socialuri uTanasworoba arsad ar Rebulobda iseT amazrzen formebs, rogorc banakebSi, sadac sxvaoba samzareuloSi an nebismier sxva adgilze dasaqmebul zedamxedvelsa da ubralo patimars Soris, romelsac yovel diliT xetyis saWrelad mierekebodnen, ufro didi iyo, vidre sxvaoba milionersa da fexsacmlis mwmendavs Soris niu-iorkSi. zogierT banakSi politpatimrebs upiratesoba hqondaT aseTi adgilebisaTvis brZolaSi: mravali maTgani iyo ganaTlebuli, xolo zogierT maTgans administraciuli gamocdilebac gaaCnda. magram Cveulebriv Tbili adgilebi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebisaTvis, romelTa raodenobac Seadgenda banakebSi myofTa daaxloebiT 15%-s, magram swored maT ekavaT banakis ierarqiaSi maRali safexurebi. eduard buka aRwerda ra omisSemdgom kolimas, werda, rom qurdebs xelT epyraT yvela Tbili adgili, cxovrobdnen calke, SedarebiT komfortul nagebobebSi da iRebdnen ukeTes samossa da sakvebs. maT Tan moitanes sabWoTa periodis qurduli samyaros zneCveulebebi: sakuTari interesebis mkacrad dacva da sxvebis sastiki eqsploatacia. qurdebi umowyalod Zarcvavdnen politpatimrebs da banakebSi Tu samuSao adgilebSi amyarebdnen mafiis msgavs wesebs. magram am ubedur muSebs hqondaT gadarCenis raRac Sansi, Tu maT brigadaSi gaumarTlebdaT. ZiriTadi saSualeba iyo miwerebi, rac motyuebas niSnavda. ekonomia, romelsac Zlier afasebdnen moxsenebiT baraTebSi, xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida amgvari tyuilebisaTvis. solJenicins moyavda amgvari miwerebis kargi magaliTi xe-tyis damuSavebisas. brigadiri, SeZlebisdagvarad uTanxmdeboda normadars, romelic xSirad TviT iyo patimari da isic zrdida moWrili xeebis raodenobas, rac brigadas sakmao raodenobiT sakvebis Sovnis saSualebas aZlevda. mtvirTavebi, metiveebi da mzidavebi ar iyvnen dainteresebulni am tyuilis gamoaaSkaravebaSi, radgan amiT isinic Tavis normas asrulebdnen. aseve iqceodnen matareblebis brigadebi, romlebsac xe-tye bazebze mihqondaT. mxolod xe-tyis saboloo momxmareblebs _ avejis fabrikebs SeeZloT tyuilisaTvis fardis axda, magram arc isini akeTebdnen amas, radgan maTi momarageba imdenad mcire iyo, rom is mciredic uxarodaT, rasac Rebulobdnen. magram Tu isini mainc waradgendnen reklamacias danaklisis Sesaxeb, gamoZiebis damTavreba sulac ar uwyobda xels momaragebis gaumjobesebas. ubralod, damnaSave brigadebs ufro Soreul adgilebSi asaxlebdnen. sabWoTa sakoncentracio banakebSi gansakuTrebiT didi iyo sikvdilianoba. zusti gaTvlebis gakeTeba SeuZlebelia _ sxvadasxva banakSi aRwera sxvadasxvagvarad xdeboda. saSineli legendebi dadioda kolimasa da vorkutaze, Zalian cudi pirobebi iyo xe-tyis damuSavebaze. amerikeli istorikosis robert konkvistis gamoTvlebiT sikvdilianoba banakebSi 1950 wels Seadgenda, rogorc minimumi, 10%-s weliwadSi _ isic yvelaze karg pirobebSi da 30% _ yvelaze saSinel banakebSi. ufro rTulia imis dadgena, Tu saerTod ramdeni kaci imyofeboda sabWoTa banakebSi. praqtikulad yoveli aseTi gamoTvla eyrdnoba an erTi romelime gansazRvruli banakis gafantuli monacemebis eqstrapolacias, an gamoyavT sabWoTa kavSirSi dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis raodenobidan, sadac Zneli iyo patimrebis gamorCeva sxva muSakebisagan. gamoTvlebi, romlebic eyrdnoba am arasaimedo monacemebs, aCvenebs, rom patimrebis raodenoba 1930-iani wlebis bolosaTvis Seadgenda 3-dan 15 mln-de kacs. ukanaskneli cifri eyrdnoba im STabeWdilebebs, romelic iqmneboda moqalaqeebisa da inteligenciis baraTebis wakiTxvis Semdeg _ maT Soris ar iyo iseTi, visac ar

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daupatimres nacnobi an naTesavi. meores mxriv, Cven zustad ar viciT ramden ubralo muSas an glexs Seexo represiebi, isini ki qveynis mosaxleobis udides nawils Seadgendnen. robert konkvisti Tavis fundamentur naSromSi, romelic am problemisadmia miZRvnili, uTiTebs 8 mln patimars 1938 w. bolosaTvis sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebis gareSe. iRebda ra saSualod am cifrs 1936-1950 wlebis periodisaTvis, konkvisti akeTebda daskvnas, rom daiRupa 12 mln patimari. magram es cifric ar iTvaliswinebs daxvretilebs, gakulakebis msxverplT, romelTa didi umravlesoba daiRupa 1936 wlamde. Tu am msxverplsac gaviTvaliswinebT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom stalinuri teroris dros daiRupa 15-20 mln adamiani. SromiTi banakebi warmoadgenda stalinuri sazogadoebis ganuyofel nawils. igi mosalodnel Sedegs warmoadgenda mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis im gziT gardaqmnis dros, romlis gamoyenebac gadawyvita partiam, rodesac igi anadgurebda burJuaziul specialistebs da maT adgilebze svamda Tavis axalgzarda rCeul specialistebs. terori gamowveuli iyo im meTodebis gamoc, romelsac stalini iyenebda Tavisi mowinaaRmdegeebis Tavidan mosacileblad. arc erT qveyanas ar Seusanslavs Tavisi xalxi ase ugunurad da umowyalod. magram teroristul stalinur reJims ar SeiZleboda usasrulod earseba. amitomac misTvis bolos moRebas stalinis memkvidreebi metad seriozuli dilemebis winaSe unda daeyenebina. sazogadoeba stalinur periodSi stalinis Tanamedrove dasavleTeli damkvirveblebi cdilobdnen moeZebnaT axsna-ganmarteba ssrk-Si 30-iani wlebis bolos mimdinare am ucnauri da saSiSi fenomenisaTvis TviT beladis mdgomareobis axsniT. situaciaSi, rodesac qveyanaSi ar arsebobda mebrZoli presa an saparlamento opozicia, aseTi pirovneba, rogorc fiqrobdnen dasavleTeli mkvlevarebi, sWirdeboda qveyanas korufciis, sizarmacis da qveSevrdomTa mzardi daumorCileblobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. es brZola mimdinareobda ganuwyveteli mudmivi wmendis daxmarebiT, rodesac periodulad icvlebodnen sakmaod kargad mowyobili Cinovnikebi. maT cvlidnen isini, vin stalinis erTgulebi iyvnen. mudmivi wmenda unda gadaqceuliyo axali politikuri sistemis _ totalitarizmis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad. mis mTavar niSnebs warmoadgenda (I) ekonomikis centralizebuli marTva; (II) erTaderTi masobrivi partia, romelic masebs mobilizacias ukeTebda socializmis mSeneblobis, an mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi; (III) saxelmwifos monopolia masobrivi informaciis saSualebebze; (IV) teroristuli da yvelganmyofi saidumlo policia, romelic uTvalTvalebda TiToeul adamians; (V) beladis Tayvaniscema; (VI) erTaderTi oficialuri ideologia, romelic momavalSi xalxs hpirdeboda srulyofili sazogadoebis aSenebas da acxadebda Tavis upiratesobas kanonierebasa da pirovnebaze. arsebobda mosazreba, rom nacisturi germania da faSisturi italia (sadac iSva termini totalitarizmi) warmoadgendnen amgvari tipis sazogadoebis magaliTs. es miekuTvneba agreTve ukve omisSemdgom periodSi Seqmnil komunistur CineTs da axal socialistur qveynebs centralursa da aRmosavleT evropaSi. mTlianobaSi aseTi modeli damarwmuneblad moCans. sakiTxi mxolod imaSia, rom es modeli realurad ramdenad miesadageba nacistur germanias an faSistur italias. es sakiTxi sagangebo Seswavlas saWiroebs. maTi zusti Sesabamisoba im sazogadoebis maxasiaTeblebTan, romelic Cven zemod aRvwereT, eWvs ar iwvevs. da mainc igi ver aRwers sazogadoebas, rogorc erT mTlians: safiqrebelia, rom muSebi, glexebi da inteligencia iyvnen terorisa da samobilizacio kampaniebis pasiuri obieqtebi. aseve saTanado doneze arasodes Seswavlila mmarTveli klasi, romelic belads sWirdeboda Tavisi Zalauflebis gansaxorcieleblad. im upiratesobebis wyalobiT, rasac iZleva istoriuli perspeqtiva da istoriuli dokumentebis siuxvis wyalobiT, Cven SegviZlia dRes davinaxoT, rom mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebi ar iyvnen ubralod pasiurebi da rom maTi gavlena, moTxovnebi da miswrafebebi Zlier zegavlenas axdenda sistemis ganviTarebaze. sinamdvileSi ekonomikuri gardaqmnebisa da teroris aurzauris pirobebSi ibadeboda ara ubralod axali politikuri sistema, aramed sazogadoebis axali tipi. is ar SeiZleboda usasrulobamde yofiliyo mudmivi wmendis procesis qveS da bolos da

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bolos gadaiqca ierarqiul, Rrma konservatorul da gasaocrad stabilur sazogadoebad. mis guls warmoadgendnen axali teqnikuri specialistebi, romelTa kariera yalibdeboda partiul samuSaoze, amitomac isini Zalian gamosadegni iyvnen burJuaziuli specialistebis Sesacvlelad, romlebsac 20-ian wlebSi wamyvani adgili ekavaT ekonomikaSi da cxovrebis im sferoebSi, sadac saWiro iyvnen adamianebi umaRlesi ganaTlebiT. politikuri da teqnikuri ganaTleba, romelsac flobda axali ganaTlebuli klasi, maT warmomadgenlebs Seucvlels xdida. 1931 w. TebervalSi, stalinma, dascinoda ra Zvelmodur praqtikosebs (partiis wevrebs, romlebsac ar gaaCndaT specialuri ganaTleba), ganacxada, rom amieridan bolSevikebi TviT arian specialistebi. rekonstruqciis periodSi, rodesac teqnika wyvets yvelafers, stalinis sityvebiT, sameurneo muSaki, romelsac ar surs teqnikis Seswavla da mis arsSi Cawvdoma, meurne ki ara, takimasxaraa. is, rom adamianebi, romelmac pirveli xuTwledis periodSi miiRes teqnikuri ganaTleba da gadaurCnen wmendebs, moewyvnen Zalian kargad, Cans Semdegi biografiebidan. v.a. maliSevma daamTavra baumanis saxelobis instituti moskovSi 1932 w. ocdaaTi wlis asakSi da daiwyo damproeqteblad muSaoba kolomnis salokomotivo qarxanaSi, romlis direqtoric is 1937 wels gaxda; ori wlis Semdeg igi daniSna mZime manqanaTmSeneblobis saxalxo komisrad. maSin is ocdaCvidmeti wlisa iyo. a.n. kosiginma ocdaTerTmeti wlis asakSi 1935 w. daamTavra leningradis safeiqro instituti da ori wlis Semdeg ukve fabrikis direqtori iyo, xolo 1939 wlidan safeiqro mrewvelobis saxalxo komisari. d.T. ustinovma 1934 w. daamTavra samxedro-meqanikuri instituti; 1940 w. igi dainiSna samxedro qarxnis direqtorad leningradSi, xolo 1941 w., ocdacameti wlis asakSi dainiSna samxedro mrewvelobis saxalxo komisris umniSvnelovanes Tanamdebobaze. maTTan Sedarebi l.i. breJnevis kariera ufro nela miedineboda, Tanac is ufro partiul ierarqiasTan iyo axlos: man daamTavra dneproZerJinskis metalurgiuli instituti 1935 w. ocdacxra wlis asakSi da ramdenime weli inJinrad muSaobda. 1937 w. igi gaxda dnepropetrovskis sabWos Tavmjdomaris moadgile, xolo 1939 wlidan dnepropetrovskis partiis saolqo komitetis meore mdivani gaxda. n.s. xruSCovi saswavleblad gaigzavna moskovis industriul akademiaSi 1929 wels, rodesac igi ocdaTxuTmeti wlisa gaxda. raRac mizezis gamo man or weliwadSi swavla Sewyvita da gaxda partiis raikomis mdivani moskovSi, Semdeg, 1935 w. moskovis saqalaqo komitetis pirveli mdivani, xolo 1938 w. pirvel mdivnad dainiSna ukrainaSi. saxelebi, romlebic CamovTvaleT zemoT, uCveneben, rom 30-iani wlebis dasawyissa da Sua periodSi dawinaurebuli xalxi TamaSobda wamyvan rols sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobaSi XX s-is 80-ian wlebamde.stalinis gardacvalebis win, 1952 w., isini Seadgendnen ministebisa da maTi moadgileebis 50%-s. amaTgan 22%-s teqnikuri ganaTleba miRebuli hqonda nepis periodSi, xolo 65% warmoSobiT iyvnen muSaTa ojaxebidan, an TviTon garkveul periodSi iyvnen muSebi. 1980 welsac ki isini Seadgendnen politbiuros wevrTa umravlesobas: breJnevi,kosigini, kirilenko,ustinovi, gromiko, kunaevi da pelSe _ yvela isini, garda kunaevisa, warmoSobiT iyvnen muSebis an glexebis ojaxebidan. amgvarad, 1930-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi partiuli xelmZRvanelobis kadrebi mniSvnelovnad Seicvala rogorc warmoSobis, ise ganaTlebis mxriv. 20-ian wlebSi partias ZiriTadad xelmZRvanelobdnen saSualo fenebidan gamosulebi, romlebsac an iuridiuli an humanitaruli ganaTleba hqondaT miRebuli. 30-iani wlebidan maTi adgilebi daikaves muSaTa da glexTa fenebidan gamosulma adamianebma, romlebsac upiratesad teqnikuri ganaTleba hqondaT. yvelaze didi cvlilebebi moxda partiis XVII yrilobasa (1934 w.) da XVIII yrilobas (1939 w.) Soris periodSi: centraluri komitetis Zveli Semadgenlobis asocdacxrameti wevridan darCa mxolod ocdacxra. umravlesoba maTgani Sinsaxkomma daapatimra da daxvrita, an cimbiris Sroma-gasworebis banakebSi gauSva, mxolod mcireodeni gadarCa cocxali. axali adamianebi modiodnen xelisuflebis sam sferoSi: ekonomikis marTva, mTavroba da partia. magram samive es sfero mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da raRac TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTs dublirebdnen kidec. samTavrobo postebi dakavSirebuli iyo mrewvelobis garkveul dargebTan, radgan am dargebs saxalxo komisariatebi marTavdnen. partiis saolqo da saqalaqo komitetebi, aseve, gansakuTrebiT samrewvelo raionebSi, Tavisi samuSao drois udides nawils uTmobdnen maT saxelmZRvanelo teritoriaze mdebare sawarmoebis sameurneo reputaciis amaRlebas. es ki imas niSnavda,

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rom naklovanebebisa da maT saqmianobaSi viwro adgilebis aRmosafxvrelad, sawarmoebis saTbobiTa da nedleuliT normalurad momaragebisaTvis, saWiro iyo maTi piradi Careva. magaliTad, rodesac 1940 w. noemberSi mTavrobam gadawyvita, rom mZime artileriisaTvis saWiro iyo motoris axali tipi, man es daavala ribinskis manqanaTmSenebel qarxanas da adgilobrivi saolqo komitetis pirvel mdivans n.s. patoliCevs daavala droebiT Tavis Tavze aeRo qarxnis xelmZRvaneloba da Tvalyuri edevnebina qarxnis momaragebisaTvis axali danadgarebiT. patoliCevisaTvis, romelmac 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi miiRo samxedro inJinris ganaTleba, amocana sruliad nacnobi iyo. misi aryofnis periodSi saolqo komitets xelmZRvanelobda meore mdivani. yvela es adamiani, uwinares yovlisa, iyo partiis wevri. Cveulebriv maTi samsaxureobrivi saqmianoba iwyeboda partiaSi an komkavSirSi da TavianT teqnikur ganaTlebas isini uyurebdnen rogorc morig partiul davalebas, droTa ganmavlobaSi ki mzad iyvnen daetovebinaT Tavisi Tanamdebobebi da mieRoT partiis axali davaleba. kendal beilsma kompiuterze daamuSava teqnikuri inteligenciis 1100 warmomadgenlis monacemebi, romelTa saqmianobac 1958-dan 1968 wlamde sxvadasxva jildoebiT aRiniSna umravlesoba maTgani 20-30-ian wlebSi iyo axalgazrda adamiani. man gamoarkvia, rom arsebobda karieris ori ZiriTadi tipi, romelsac ikeTebdnen es adamianebi: pirvelebi iyvnen partiul-saxelmwifoebrivi ierarqiis warmomadgenlebi, meoreebs ekavaT ZiriTadad teqnikuri, sawarmoo Tanamdebobebi. pirveli jgufi Tavisi asakiT iyo kompaqturi (udidesi nawili iyo 1900-1914 ww. Soris periodSi dabadebuli), Tavisi warmoSobiT iyo ufro proletaruli da ganaTlebiT provinciuli, vidre meore. am ukanasknelebma ganaTleba miiRes 1928-1941 ww. Soris periodSi, gaxdnen metalurgebi, inJiner-meqanikosebi, romlebzedac moTxovnileba Zalian didi iyo pirveli sami xuTwledis ganmavlobaSi. maT Soris umravlesobas warmoadgendnen slavebi, upiratesad rusebi, gvxvdebodnen agreTve somxebi da qarTvelebi, magram Sua aziidan da qalebidan iyvnen Zalian cota, xolo ebraelebi saerTod ar iyvnen. eseni iyvnen adamianebi, romlebic aRmoCndnen nomenklaturuli sistemis centrSi 1930-iani wlebis bolos. analogiuri procesebi mimdinareobda sxva sferoebSic, gansakuTrebiT armiaSi, sadac yofili politkomisrebi igzavnebodnen saswavleblad samxedro akademiebSi da iqidan srulfasovan oficrebad brundebodnen. aseve ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis dacvis, iurisprudenciis, diplomatiis, xelovnebisa da sxva dargebSi adamianebi, romlebmac moipoves partiuli xelmZRvanelobis ndoba, Rebulobdnen saTanado ganaTlebas da dabrunebis Semdeg ikavebdnen adgilebs profkavSirebSi, umaRles saswavleblebsa da kvleviT institutebSi. ucnauri cxovrebiT cxovrobda es axali, Casaxvis procesSi myofi mmarTveli klasi. erTis mxriv, maTTvis iwyeboda komfortabeluri da uzrunveli cxovreba. nadeJda mandelStami literaturuli autsaideris simwriT werda, rom moskovSi cxovreba iseTive xdeboda, rogorc danarCen msoflioSi. adamianebi xsnidnen TavianT pirvel sabanko angariSebs, yidulobdnen avejs da werdnen romanebs. TiToeuls imedi hqonda samsaxurSi dawinaurebisa imitom, rom yovel dRe viRacas wyvetdnen normalur cxovrebas da mis adgils sxva ikavebda. isini, vinc xdeboda nomenklaturuli sistemis nawili, Rebulobdnen privilegiebs, romlebzedac mosaxleobis danarCen nawils mxolod ocneba Tu SeeZlo: farTo binebs, gansakuTrebul samedicino momsaxurebas, xarisxian kvebas da samomxmareblo saqonels specialur maRaziebsa da gamanawilebel dawesebulebebSi dabal fasebSi. maT eZleodaT anazRaurebadi Svebulebebi, xolo maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs agarakebi, sadac SeiZleboda samuSao kviris Semdeg dasveneba, eZleodaT avtomanqanebi mZRolebiT, raTa advilad mieRwiaT adgilebamde. magram, meores mxriv, am axladdaniSnuli Tanamdebobis pirebis cxovreba xifaTiT iyo aRsavse. isini ar iyvnen yovelive im sikeTis mflobelebi, romlebzedac zemod vsaubrobdiT: yovelive es am xalxs gaaCnda manam, vidre ekavaT Tavisi Tanamdebobebi, e.i. manamde, vidre maT stalini, an Sinsaxkomi, an partiis centraluri komitetis kadrebis ganyofileba swyalobda. nomenklaturis sistema, romelic sabolood Camoyalibda gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, dakavebuli iyo oficialuri postebisa da maTi Sesabamisi privilegiebis ganawilebiT. cneba nomenklatura exeboda or calcalke arsebul sias: pirvelSi CamoTvlili iyo Tanamdebobebi, meoreSi _saxelebi da gvarebi im pirebisa, romlebic gamodgebodnen am Tanamdebobebze. centraluri komitetis doneze es sia, moicavda mokavSire respublikebis da saolqo komitetebis mdivnebs; saxalxo komisrebs sakavSiro doneze da respublikur mTavrobaTa Tavmjdomareebs;

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maRali rangis diplomatebs, sasamarTlo sistemisa da prokuraturis ufros Cinovnikebs, umaRles saarmio Tanamdebobebs, Sinsaxkomis wamyvan TanamSromlebs (SesaZlebelia, am daniSvnebiT TviT stalini iyo dakavebuli). amaT ricxvs miekuTvnebodnen sakavSiro gazeTebis mTavari redaqtorebi, profkavSirebis, SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebis, axalgazrduli da qalTa organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebi, umaRlesi saswavleblebis reqtorebi da sakavSiro mniSvnelobis kvleviTi institutebis xelmZRvanelebi, sakavSiro mniSvnelobis qarxnebis direqtorebi. analogiuri siebi, oRondac ufro dabali donis Tanamdebobebisa da pirebisa gaaCndaT respublikur, saolqo da saqalaqo komitetebs. yvela sias amtkicebda Sinsaxkomi da Sesabamisi donis sakadro ganyofilebebi. amgvarad, nomenklaturuli siebis sistema iZleoda qveyanaSi arsebul yvela politikur Tu sazogadoebriv Tanamdebobebze dasaniSni pirebis SesaniSnavi kontrolis saSualebas. stalins yovelTvis SeeZlo imaTi mokvla, vinc man Soba. xSirad igi asec iqceoda. rodesac Cinovniki kargavda Tanamdebobas, an ufro uaresi _ mas apatimrebdnen, is da misi ojaxi kargavdnen privilegiebs, romlebsac ukve SeCveulebi iyvnen. dapatimrebis SemTxvevaSi isini kargavdnen sakuTrebaze yovelgvar uflebas. amitomac colebi xSirad eyrebodnen qmrebs, romlebsac patimroba emuqreboda. Cinovnikebs ori gza hqondaT amgvari xifaTis Tavidan asacileblad. jer erTi, maT SeeZloT amisgan Tavi daecvaT koleqtiurad, SeeqmnaT erTimeoris mxardamWri raRac jgufi. meore, maT SeeZloT emoqmedaT individualurad, gzidan CamoecilebinaT meqtoqeebi da emliqvnelaT adgilobrivi Sinsaxkomis winaSe. rodesac 1938 wels Semcirda dapatimrebaTa raodenoba, iyenebdnen pirvel meTods. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom stalinis mier dawinaurebuli kadrebi karieras kosmosuri siswrafiT ikeTebdnen. amis magaliTad SeiZleba motanil iqnas a.s. Cuianovis istoria, romelmac 1934 w. oci wlis asakSi daamTavra xorcis mrewvelobis moskovis qimiuri teqnologiis instituti. igi erTmaneTs uTavsebda qarxnis inJinrad muSaobasa da maSaobas partiis centraluri komitetis aparatSi. erTxel, 1938 w. igi gamoiZaxes a.a. andreevTan, centraluri komitetis maSindel mdivanTan, romelic kadrebs ganagebda. andreevma ganucxada Cuianovs, rom igi rekomendebulia stalingradis olqis partiis saolqo komitetis pirveli mdivnis Tanamdebobaze (rekomendeba niSnavda daniSvnas, magram formalurad pirveli mdivnis Tanamdeboba arCeviTi iyo). im dros stalingradi warmoadgenda axali samrewvelo centris Tavisebur sagamofeno nimuSs, mosaxleobiT, romelic TiTqmis naxevar milions aRwevda. Tanac qalaqi atarebda beladis saxels. Cuianovma, romelmac sul oTxi wlis win daamTavra instituti, gasagebi TavmdablobiT upasuxa, rom mas ar gaaCnia partiuli muSakisaTvis saTanado gamocdileba. amazed andreevma upasuxa, rom gamocdileba mas aqvs _ man exlaxans daamTavra instituti, icnobs soflis meurneobas da Tevzis mrewvelobas, ase rom misi kandidatura srulad Sesaferisia TanamdebobisaTvis. ukuagdo ra Semdgomi ceremonialebi, andreevma iqve uTxra Cuianovs, rom saolqo komitetis momaval mdivans ar ekadreba studentobis droindeli kostumiT siaruli. man iqve daureka centraluri komitetis saqmeTa mmarTvels da ubrZana Cuianovis Semosva centraluri komitetis xarjze ise, rogorc es saolqo komitetis pirvel mdivans ekadreba. Cuianovis daniSvna ise swrafad moxda, rom man Zlivs moaswro kostumis aReba da saxlSi wasvlis nebarTvac ki ar miiRo, rom Tavisi warmatebebi exarebina ojaxis wevrebisaTvis: igi pirdapir waiyvanes rkinigzis sadgurSi, sadac mas ukve eloda coli bargi-barxaniT! sagangeboobis Sexameba saWiro, sruliad burJuaziul zrunvasTan kargi tansacmlis Sesaxeb, saerTod damaxasiaTebeli iyo axali elitisaTvis. ramdenadac umravlesoba maTgani warmoSobiT iyo muSaTa klasidan da glexobidan, es axali adamianebi daretianebulebi iyvnen cxovrebis burJuaziuli da aristokratiuli gamovlinebebiT, romlebic ukve dasavleTSi gamosuli iyo modidan da aq ki Tavisi ugemovnebobiT vlindeboda. arqiteqturaSi, magaliTad, stalinma gasca gankarguleba kavSiri gaewyvitaT gaubraloebul arqiteqturul formebTan da meti yuradReba mieqciaT fasaduri motivebisaTvis. praqtikaSi aman Tavisi gamoxatuleba hpova grandiozul, detalebiT gadamZimebul stalinur barokoSi, romlis magaliTsac warmoadgenda moskovis metros, an universitetis Senoba, romlis mSeneblobac 1953 w. damTavrda. vera danhemma Tavis naSromSi, gamoiyena gvianstalinuri periodis mxatvruli nawarmoebebi imisaTvis, rom aRewera, Tu rogor amkobdnen TavianT saxlebs axali klasi fardebiTa da Cais servizebiT, xolo samsaxurSi kabinetebs sqeli Salis xaliCebiTa da sqeli portierebiT. adviladmisaRwevis, tradiciulis, monumentaluris

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gemovneba, romlis aRqmasac didi warmosaxva ar sWirdeboda, gabatonda xelovnebis yvela sferoSi, romlebsac amieridan akontrolebda sxvadasxva SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi, romlebic Sedgeboda profesionalebisagan, romlebic partiam daawinaura da misi erTgulebi iyvnen. wesrigisa da Zvelmodurobisadmi midrekilebam SeRweva iwyo sabWoTa sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi. amis magaliTad SeiZleba motanil iqnas saojaxo politika. 1920-ian wlebSi reJimi cdilobda ojaxis dasustebas, radgan mas Tvlidnen burJuaziul institutad, romelic eqspluatacias uwevda qalebs da xels uwyobda sakuTrebis patriarqaluri formebis SenarCunebas. im dros arsebuli kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad qalisa da mamakacis nebismieri formiT erTad cxovreba, iyo Tu ara igi registrirebuli, iTvleboda ojaxad, xolo amgvari Tanacxovrebis Sedegad gaCenili bavSvebi, sargeblobdnen Svilebis yvela uflebiT. abortebi nebadarTuli iyo saWiroebisda mixedviT. ganqorwinebis miReba SeiZleboda ubralo gancxadebis safuZvelze: sakmarisi iyo partniorisaTvis Setyobineba ganqorwinebis Taobaze, misi Tanxmoba ki saWiro ar iyo. amgvarad, ganqorwineba SeiZleboda ubralo safosto baraTis gagzavnis Sedegad. am RonisZiebebma da saerTo Zvrebma, romlebsac adgili hqonda im dros, didad daasusta ojaxi rogorc socialuri instituti. 1934 w. yovel as qorwinebaze modioda ocdaCvidmeti ganqorwineba. moskovis hospitlebsa da saavadmyofoebSi daregistrirebuli iyo 57 aTasi mSobiaroba, magram aqve maTze modioda 154 aTasi aborti. Sobadobis done rCeboda uaRresad dabali, rasac ar SeiZleboda xelisufalTa SeSfoTeba ar gamoewvia, radgan es dakavSirebuli iyo momavalSi saarmio samsaxurTan da SromiTi rezervebis SeqmnasTan. ojaxis ngreva iwvevda imasac, rom izrdeboda obol bavSvTa raodenoba, Tumca am saqmeSi sakmaod didi roli iTamasa deportaciam da dapatimrebebma. am upatrono bavSvebis nawili xvdeboda saxelmwifo sabavSvo koloniebSi, nawili ki rCeboda quCaSi, sadac maTxovrobda. upatrono bavSvebis nawili ixoceboda avadmyofobebisagan, magram sxvebi qmnidnen bandebs da Zarcvavdnen quCaSi gamvlelelebs, an qurdavdnen binebs. aseTi arasasurveli socialuri movlenebis gamo masobrivi informaciis saSualebebma 1934-1945 ww. daiwyes ojaxuri cxovrebis faseulobaTa wina planze wamoweva. Semdeg wamoiwyes propaganda gamravlebis sasargeblod. presa amtkicebda, rom saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia arseboba ojaxis gareSe. sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi qorwinebis umTavres faseulobas warmoadgenda is, rom col-qmari masSi samudamod ukavSirdeboda erTmaneTs. e.w. Tavisufali siyvaruli gamocxadda burJuaziuli mankieri zegavlenis Sedegad. ufro metic, qorwineba mxolod maSin iTvleboda srulyofilad, Tu mis Sedegad ibadebodnen bavSvebi da col-qmari amiT uaRresad bednierebi iyvnen. aRdgenil iqna saqorwino ceremoniali. nabrZanebi iyo SeeqmnaT samoqalaqo mdgomareobis aqtebis Caweris ganyofilebebi, daiwyes saqorwino beWdebis gamoSveba da gayidva. ganqorwinebis procedura garTulda da gaxda ZviradRirebuli da 1944 wlidan ukve sasamarTloebSi ganixileboda. aikrZala abortebi, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac mSobiaroba safrTxes uqmnida adamianis janmrTelobas. sajaro diskusiebis dros, romelic win uZRoda am sakanonmdeblo aqts, mravali qali werda gazeTSi da protests acxadebda amis winaaRmdeg. isini werdnen, rom am kanonis miRebis SemTxvevaSi dairRveoda maTi uflebebi swavlasa da Sromaze. me Tu davfexmZimdi, _ werda erTi a xalgazrda qali, _ me iZulebuli gavxdebi, rom wavide institutidan: saerTo sacxovrebelSi ar SeiZleba bavSvTan erTad cxovreba. amis pasuxad gazeTis saredaqcio statiaSi mocemuli iyo rekomendacia, rom gaumjobesebuliyo sabavSvo dawesebulebaTa muSaoba. gatarda RonisZiebebi ojaxis, rogorc sazogadoebis ekonomikuri erTeulis gansamtkiceblad. revoluciis Semdeg moispo sakuTrebis memkvidreobis instituti, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac es sakuTreba aucilebeli iyo kmayofaze myofTa Sesanaxad. axla TandaTanobiT iwyes memkvidreobis aRdgena da 1945 w. moixsna memkvidreobis odenobaze ukanaskneli SezRudvebi. es kanonebi Sors idga sakuTrebaze burJuaziuli uflebebis restavraciisagan, radgan sabWoTa kanonebi Zlier zRudavda sakuTrebas da misi roli rogorc faqtorisa, romelic gansazRvravda ojaxis an calkeuli piris socialur statuss, iyo uaRresad mcire, vidre dasavleTSi. magram amieridan ojaxis ufrosis uflebebi SesamCnevad izrdeboda: SesaZlebeli gaxda memkvidreobiT saqalaqo binis datoveba (Tumca yovelTvis ara), an agarakis, mimdebare miwis nakveTiTurT. es cota ar iyo qveyanaSi, sadac sagrZnobi iyo sacxovrebeli binebis nakleboba. ufro metic,

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praqtikulad aRdgenil iqna cneba ukanonod Sobili, ramdenadac bavSvebs araregistrirebuli qorwinebidan CamoerTvaT memkvidreobis miRebis ufleba. sabWoTa saxelmwifo aseve nel-nela scildeboda ganaTlebis sferoSic eqstravagantur kulturul revolucias. 1931 w. agvistoSi centraluri komiteti Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSnavda, rom skolebi ver uzrunvelyofen saTanadod zogad ganaTlebas da srulad ver wyveten yovelmxriv ganaTlebuli pirovnebis momzadebis amocanas, romelsac mecnierebis ZiriTad dargebSi codnis kargi maragi eqneboda. es dadgenileba Tanabrad asaxavda rogorc mSoblebis, ise warmoeba-dawesebulebaTa xelmZRvanelebis moTxovnebs, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom skoladamTavrebulebi TavianT pirvel samuSao adgilebze ver amJRavneben verc SromiT Cvevebs da verc fundamentalur codnas, romelsac skolebi unda iZleodnen. momdevno ori-sami wlis ganmavlobaSi saskolo ganaTlebis sistemaSic damyarda erTgvari wesrigi. amieridan mis safuZvels warmoadgenda maTematika, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebi, mSobliuri literatura, istoria da geografia. Semcirda socialur mecnierebaTa swavleba, isini Seicvala marqsizmleninizmis safuZvlebiT. dagmobil iqna praqtikuli swavlebis meTodi, daiwyes gakveTilebis regularulad Catareba skolebis SenobebSi, xolo xelosnobisa da fizikuri Sromis gakveTilebi saerTod amoiRes swavlebidan. swavleba amieridan warmoebda oficialurad mowonebuli saxelmZRvaneloebiT. aRdgenil iqna testebi da sagamacdo sistema, niSnebs amieridan svamdnen maswavleblebi da ara moswavleebi, rasac warsulSi hqonda adgili. axladdamtkicebul programaTa Soris interess iwvevda istoriis programa. istoriis maswavleblebs Tavi unda aeridebinaT abstraqtuli sociologiuri sqemebisaTvis da istoriuli ambebis Txrobisas miyolodnen qronologiur wess, moswavleTa gonebaSi CaenergaT mniSvnelovani movlenebis, saxelebisa da TariRebis codna. Zveli istorikosi-marqsisti pokrovski, romlis sityvac 20-ian wlebSi kanoni iyo, Tavidan moiciles. modaSi Semodioda im mefeTa saxelebi, im brZolebis adgilebis saxelebi da TariRebi, romlebSic rusebma gaimarjves. erovnul gmirebad iqcnen ivane mrisxane da petre pirveli, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini tipuri mCagvrelebi iyvnen. mZlavri rusuli nacionaluri saxelmwifos Seqmna gamocxadda ufro mniSvnelovan saqmed, vidre xalxis farTo masebis eqspluatacia. 40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi (1943) revoluciamdeli skolisadmi dabrunebis simbolod iqca skolebSi formiani tansacmlis aRdgena, gogonebisaTvis aucilebeli nawnavebiT. SemoRebul iqna fasiani swavleba saSualo skolebis ufros klasebSi, ramdenadac isini amzadebdnen moswavleebs umaRles saswavleblebSi Sesasvlelad. am RonisZiebis Sedegi unda yofliyo saxelosno da akademiuri swavlebis gamocalkeveba. es ukanaskneli xdeboda ufro privilegirebuli fenis xvedri. am procesebis ganviTarebis meore niSans warmoadgenda umaRles saswavleblebSi muSebis sistematuri miRebis Sewyveta. Tavdapirvelad Semcirda muSfakebis raodenoba, Semdeg ki saerTod gaauqmes isini. 1938 wlidan isini Secvala dauswrebelma fakultetebma, sadac ubralo muSebs SeeZloT GganaTlebis miRebis gagrZeleba an saRamos saaTebSi, an dauswreblad. nebismier SemTxvevaSi maT amieridan swavla SeeZloT mxolod samuSao dRis damTavrebis Semdeg da yovelgvari finansuri daxmarebis gareSe. muSebma da glexebma axla ukve dakarges is upiratesoba, romelic maT gaaCndaT umaRles saswavleblebSi miRebis dros. amieridan abiTurientebis miReba swarmoebda mkacrad gansazRvruli akademiuri kriteriumebis Sesabamisad. 1940 w. SemoRebul iqna fasiani swavleba weliwadSi 300-400 maneTis odenobiT, magram is studentebi, romlebic gamocdebze maRal niSnebs Rebulobdnen, ixdidnen naklebs, an saerTod Tavisufldebodnen gadasaxadisagan. 30-iani wlebis bolos ganaTlebis sistema imgvarad iqna reorganizebuli, rom aRdgenil iqna misi tradiciuli, e.i. revoluciamdeli formebi. es srulad Sesabameboda sazogadoebis saWiroebebs, romelic amieridan gaxda ierarqiuli, imperiuli da konservatoruli. mxolod erTi axali elementi gaCnda am sistemaSi da swored is iyo mTavari. saqme exeboda marqsizm-leninizmis aucilebel Seswavlas moswavleebisa da studentebis mier. es iyo mkacri da mosawyeni orTodoqsiis SemoReba inteleqtualur da kulturul cxovrebaSi, radgan swored is gaxda stalinisTvisac da axali mmarTveli klasisTvisac erTaderT kanonier ideologiad. es ideologia leninizmis mier iyo naSobi. magram saqmeSi CarTul iqna iseTi elementebi, romlebic mas aZlevdnen mkacrad monoliTur formas. stalinma dRis

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sinaTleze gamoitana specifiuri leninuri debuleba socializmis erT, calke aRebul qveyanaSi mSeneblobis Sesaxeb. lenini amgvar mosazrebas gamoTqvamda statiebSi, romlebic im periodSi iwereboda rodesac daimsxvra msoflio revoluciis imedebi da qveyanaSi samxedro komunizmi iyo gamefebuli. stalini amtkicebda, rom Tavisi bunebiT socialisturi revolucia gansxvavdeboda burJuaziulisagan. ramdenadac socialisturi ekonomika ar mwifdeboda burJuaziuli sazogadoebis SigniT (rogorc burJuaziuli ekonomika mwifdeboda feodaluri sazogadoebis SigniT), misi Seqmna socialisturi revoluciis Semdeg saxelmwifos upirveles amocanad xdeboda. burJuaziuli revolucia, Cveulebriv, mTavrdeboda xelisuflebis xelSi CagdebiT, maSin rodesac socialisturi revoluciis dros proletariatis mier Zalauflebis xelSi aReba es mxolod sawyisi etapia, romlis Semdegac Zalaufleba gamoiyeneba rogorc berketi Zveli ekonomikis gardasaqmnelad da axlis asaSeneblad. es debulebebi ewinaaRmdegeboda leninis azrebs, romlebic man gamoTqva naSromebSi imperializmi, rogorc kapitalizmis umaRlesi stadia da saxelmwifo da revolucia. am naSromebSi lenini amtkicebda, rom centralizebuli ekonomika viTardeboda burJuaziuli sazogadoebis SigniT, rac ubralo muSaTa klass saSualebas aZlevs aiyvanos igi Tavis kontrolqveS da SemdegSi igi gamoiyenos rogorc mzadmzareuli naxevradsocialisturi ekonomika. stalinis mier SemoTavazebul axal formulirebaSi ZiriTadi yuradReba eqceoda saxelmwifos, romlis pozitiur xelmZRvanel rols igi yovelTvis xazs usvamda. bunebrivia, rom amieridan laparakic ar SeiZleboda saxelmwifos kvdomis Sesaxeb, yovel SemTxvevaSi socializmis momwifebuli fazis miRwevamde. piriqiT, stalini amtkicebda, rom socializmis gzaze winsvlisas gaizrdeba Sinauri da gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdegoba; Sesabamisad, sabWoTa saxelmwifo unda iyos Zlieri, raTa winaaRmdegoba gauwios klasobriv mters da gaimarjvos. stalinis moZRvreba _ ukanaskneli damatebebiT man miiRo marqsizm-leninizmstalinizmis saxelwodeba _ sistemaSi moyvanili, mocemuli iyo skp(b) istoriis mokle kursSi, romelic warmoadgenda ZiriTad inteleqtualur sakvebs qveynis yvela studentisa da moswavlisaTvis. iq naCvenebi iyo, Tu rogor moawyo partiam leninisa da misi mowafis- stalinis brZnuli xelmZRvanelobiT oqtombris revolucia da Semdeg Seudga socialisturi sazogadoebis gegmazomier mSeneblobas, miuxedavad Sinagani da gareSe mtrebis gaafTrebuli Tavdasxmebisa. bolSevikebis yvela danarCeni lideri _ Tu maT gaumarTlaT da isini wmendis dawyebamde gardaicvalnen _ gamocxadebul iqnen mavneblebad, sabotaJis gamwevebad da moRalateebad, romlebic yvelafers akeTebdnen, rom aeZulebinaT partia gadaexvia am ori didi adamianis mier arCeuli kursidan. sabWoTa istoriis es primitiuli da miTologizirebuli Txroba Tavisi orCofexa gmirebiTa da borotmoqmedebiT gankuTvnili iyo mcireodeni ganaTlebis mqone, dabali fenebidan gamosuli adamianebisaTvis, romlebsac, axla ukve ekavaT ideologebis, propagandistebisa da agitatorebis adgilebi farTod gavrcelebul partiul organizaciebSi. gamocemis momentidan mokle kursi gadaiqca umaRles da Seuryevel avtoritetad yvela im sakiTxebSi, romlebic iq iyo gadmocemuli. sxva naSromebs unda gaemeorebinaT patronis mier gamoTqmuli wmindaTa wminda sityvebi. yvela moswavle da studenti valdebuli iyo gulmodgined Seeswavla igi da gamocdebze mTeli pasaJebis citireba moexdina iqidan. mokle kursi iqca stalinizmis kanonikur teqstad. sjeroda Tu ara yovelive amisa xalxs? es erTerTi im kiTxvaTagania, romelzedac Znelia pasuxis gacema, radgan saqme exeba dasrulebul epoqas. miTumetes, rom mxolod TiTebze CamosaTvleli aRiarebani gagvaCnia im pirebisa, vinc sistemis sayrdenad iTvleboda. axalgazrda adamianebisaTvis, ueWvelia, rom stalinizms didi momxibvleloba gaaCnda: igi iZleoda mizans, romlis misaRwevadac TiToeuli TavauReblad muSaobda, igi iZleoda imis rwmenis saSualebas, rom SeiZleboda sruli cxovrebiT gecxovra. zogierTi imdroindeli adamianis Semdgomi aRiarebiT maT undodaT, rom bednierebi yofiliyvnen da cxovrobdnen daxuWuli TvalebiT. isini uaryofdnen cxovrebis yvela uaryofiT mxares da mas ver xedavdnen TavianTi dabanguli azrovnebiT. isini igonebdnen, rom vinme rom mosuliyo maTTan da eTqva simarTle SimSilis, dadgmuli sasamarTlo procesebisa da SromiTi banakebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, mas arc daujerebdnen, piriqiT, aseT adamians xmas Caawyvetinebdnen. amgvarad, bevr maTgans, vinc sikvdilamde erTgulad emsaxureboda stalinur saxelmwifos, amoZravebda sakuTari interesebis, spontanuri optimizmisa da altruistuli Tavganwirvis sruliad bunebrivi narevi.

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am ideologiis meore mimzidvel mxares warmoadgenda misi gansazRvruloba, romelic iZleoda yovelgvari eWvisa da yoymanis ukugdebis saSualebas. germaneli komunisti volfgang leonhardi, romelic 1935-1940 ww. moskovSi swavlobda, mogvianebiT werda, rom marqsizm-leninizmi maTTvis warmoadgenda erTaderT mecnierul msoflmxedvelobas. yvela danarCens _ social-demokratebs, liberalebs, konservatorebs, gaaCndaT Tavisi eWvi da kiTxvebi, magram mxolod maT, marqsist-leninelebs, gaaCndaT mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba.. isini SeiZleba yofiliyvnen specialistebi sxvadasxva dargebSi, magram Cven vicodiT fundamenturi pasuxebi warsulis gamocanebze, yvela qveyisa Tu xalxis awmyosa da momavalze. am didebuli sinaTlis winaSe raRac piradi eWvebi, romelic SeiZleba aRmocenebuliyo SemTxveviTi dapatimrebebiT an Teatralizebuli sasamarTlo procesebiT, sruliad umniSvnelod moCanda. miuxedavad amisa, eWvs ar iwvevs is, rom mosaxleobis did umravlesobas ar sjeroda oficialuri ideologiisa. aba riT iyo es xalxi dakavebuli? aq Cven mivuaxlovdiT sabWoTa sazogadoebis ucnaur da paradoqsul zRvars. adamianebi xmamaRla gaiZaxodnen ideologiur lozungebs da locvebs, magram arasodes ar sjerodaT maTi seriozulad da ar iqceodnen maT Sesaferisad. TiToeuls unda mTeli rwmeniT gaemeorebina, rom 1936 wlis sabWoTa konstitucia iyo msoflioSi yvelaze demokratiuli, magram mxolod giJs SeeZlo moeTxova masSi gamocxadebuli demokratiuli uflebebiT sargeblobis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba sawinaaRmdego magaliTis motanac: masobriv dapatimrebebsa da SromiT banakebs aravin ara axsenebda masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi. magram yvelam icoda, rom adamianebi uecrad qrebodnen, rom isini saSinel mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen da rom mravali maTgani iRupeboda, _ reJims ki sWirdeboda, rom yvelas scodnoda amis Sesaxeb. amis gamo xalxis didi nawili iZulebuli iyo ormagi inteleqtualuri da sulieri cxovrebiT ecxovra. erTi iyo yvelasaTvis dasanaxi: adamiani imeorebda yvelaze groteskul tyuilsac ki da mdumared Sehyurebda saSinel sinamdviles. meore Semoifargleboda megobarTa Zalian viwro wriT, romlebic aRiarebdnen am saSinel simarTles, Tu ki romelime maTgans hyofnida vaJkacoba, rom daenaxa es simarTle. sxvebi saerTod ar endobodnen aravis, radgan yovladZlier Sinsaxkoms yvelgan yavda Tavisi jaSuSebi (CamSvebebi, rogorc Semdeg damkvidrda es termini). saxelmwifo monopolia informaciasa da masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebze, romelic amgvarad xorcieldeboda da gamyarebuli iyo politikuri dasmenebis gavrcelebuli praqtikiT, iwvevda eris inteleqtualuri da sulieri cxovrebis daqveiTebas. is, rac sxva sazogadoebaSi adamianebs aZlevda sakuTari Sexedulebis Seqmnis saSualebas ama Tu im politikur sakiTxze _ Sedarebebi da sajaro diskusiebi uxerxuli faqtebis Sesaxeb _ absoluturad SeuZlebeli gaxda. aseT pirobebSi adamianTa umravlesobam ubralod ar icoda Tu ra efiqra da an cinikosi xdeboda da Semguebeli, an iyo gaorebuli da dabneuli, rasac jorj oruelma daarqva orazrovneba. amgvarad, ideologiis funqcia SesamCnevad Seicvala mas Semdeg, vidre cocxali iyo lenini, romelmac ganacxada, rom marqsis moZRvreba yovladZlieria, imtom rom is sworia da moiTxovda am moZRvrebis miseuli interpretaciis mxardaWeras, radgan undoda raRac garkveuli SedegisaTvis mieRwia. misi amxanagebi, miuxedavad perioduli meryeobisa, mxars uWerdnen mas, radganac undodaT samyaros Secvla. magram utopiuri ocnebebis minavlebisa da im winaaRmdegobebis zrdis kvaldakval, romelsac reformatorebs realuri msoflio uwevda, partia gaiyo or jgufad. pirveli dajgufebis warmomadgenlebi (trocki da memarcxeneebi) cdilobdnen dabrunebodnen utopias da surdaT ufro meti Zaladobis gamoyeneba, vidre adre iyo. sxvebi (buxarini da memarjveneebi) mzad iyvnen Seguebodnen realobas da Seguebodnen mas. stalinma airCia mesame gza. igi iTvaliswinebda Zalauflebis Semdgom ganmtkicebas, romlis xelTgdebac erTaderTi SesamCnevi miRweva iyo bolSevikebisa da praqtikul saqmianobaSi utopiur miTebze uaris Tqmas. ise utopiuri miTebi kvlavindeburad iyo xmarebaSi, magram isini gamoiyeneboda ara rogorc sazogadoebis gardaqmnis saSualeba, aramed xelisuflebis arsebuli struqturis ganmtkicebisaTvis da mosaxleobis iZulebisaTvis, rom mas damorCilebodnen. axla axali ideologiuri stili ar iyo saxelmZRvanelo qmedebisaTvis, aramed warmoadgenda stilizebuli miTebisa da gamonagonebis sistemas, romlebisTvisac mosaxleobas simbolurad unda miego saTanado pativi. miTebisadmi WeSmarit rwmenas SeiZleba daeRupa sazogadoeba: axla iTxovdnen mxolod morCilebis garegan

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gamovlinebebs. gamonagoni imis Sesaxeb, rom cxovreba gaxda ukeTesi da ufro samxiarulo, aiZulebda adamianebs udrtvinvelad Serigebodnen dabal xelfass, gaxangrZlivebul samuSao dRes da saSinel sacxovrebel pirobebs. miTs marqsizmleninizm-stalinizmis mecnieruli bunebis Sesaxeb unda aeZulebina yvela, rom Seguebodnen arsebul reJims, radgan mas gaaCnda istoriis mecnieruli gageba da darwmunebiT cdilobs miaRwios Tavis istoriul mizans. miTebi klasobrivi brZolis gaZlierebis, xalxis mtrebis, imperializmis agentebis, jaSuSebis, diversantebis da sxva amgvari ambebis Sesaxeb amarTlebdnen saxlSi mezoblebis mimarT sifrTxilesa da eWvebs, agreTve uSiSroebis samsaxuris giganturi arakontrolirebadi aparatis arsebobas, iaraRis didi raodenobiT arsebobas da sayovelTao savaldebulo samxedro samsaxurs. mxolod erTma miTma umtyuna stalins, miTma imperialisturi safrTxis Sesaxeb. 1941 w. igi realobad iqca, Tanac erTob aratrivialurad. sayuradReboa, rom stalinma mZime nervuli stresi gadaitana, rodesac misi reJimis erTerTi miTi uecrad realobad iqca. sinamdvileSi hitleris Tavdasxmam komunistur reJims misca is legitimuroba, romelic man Zlier dakarga mosaxleobis TvalSi. stalinizmis ideologiis zogierTi aspeqtebi religias waagavda. igi pretenzias acxadebda masze, rom man srulad Seimecna adamianis buneba da samyaroc ki _ dialeqtikuri materializmis formiT. mis fons qmnidnen ritualebi da ceremoniebi, romlebic nawilobriv Camogavda religiurs. magram ramdenadac es doqtrina iyo politikuri da ekonomikuri, stalinizmma ver miaRwia warmatebas religiis zogierTi funqciis SesrulebaSi. adamianis rwmena da sulieri faseulobebi iTvleboda meoreulad _ marqsizm-leninizm-stalinizmis mixedviT maT ar gaaCndaT damoukidebeli mniSvneloba. es cnebebi iwvevda Zlier daukmayofileblobas da amitomac ideologiis im variantSi, rac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo publikisaTvis, ramdenadme daSvebul iqna subieqturoba. literaturasa da xelovnebaSi, uwinares yovlisa, aRmocenda gmirisadmi, ojaxuri simyudrovisadmi, romantikuli siyvarulisadmi Tayvaniscemis kulti. yovelive es Sors idga klasikuri marqsizmisagan, magram pasuxobda axali wiTeli specialistebis moTxovnebs, dabali socialuri warmoSobis da SezRuduli kulturuli Tvalsawieris mqone adaminebis moTxovnebs. adamiani, romelic yvelaze metad aRmoCnda dakavSirebuli axal tendenciebTan literaturaSi, aRmoCnda maqsim gorki. is Zlier ukmayofilo iyo adreuli bolSevikebis mmarTvelobis despoturi stiliT da amitomac 20-iani wlebis didi nawili gaatara italiaSi. dawyebuli 1928 wlidan partia cdilobda mis saxlSi dabrunebas, radgan mas sWirdeboda adamiani, romelmac didi proletaruli mwerlis saxeli moixveWa. bolos da bolos gorki danebda. amis axsna sxvadasxva gvarad SeiZleba: SeiZleba imitom, rom daberda da saxli moenatra, SeiZleba guli gautyda sxva emigrant mwerlebze, SeiZleba man marTlac daijera, rom misi samSoblo axal cxovrebas aSenebda. rogorc ar unda yofiliyo, is dabrunda da am ambavma didi sazogadoebrivi gamoxmaureba hpova. man sacxovreblad miiRo bina qalaqSi da ori vila qalaqgareT, romelTagan erTi yirimSi mdebareobda. avejiTa da sursaTiT mas Sinsaxkomis igive ganyofileba amaragebda, romelic emsaxureboda stalinsa da politbiuros sxva wevrebs da icavda mas. mwerlebi, romlebic rapp-Si iyvnen gaerTianebulni, maincadamainc didi aRfrTovanebiT ar Sexvedrian gorkis dabrunebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi gorkisTan erTad muSaobdnen, magaliTad wignze, romelic belomoris arxis mSeneblobas exeboda, maT sul ufro da ufro eZaleboda cudi winaTgrZnoba. rapp-ma da kulturuli revoluciis sxva danarCenma monawileebma Tavi moabezres ukve partias. 1932 w. 23 aprils gamoqveynda partiis centraluri komitetis dadgenileba, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom im dros arsebuli proletaruli literaturuli da mxatvruli organizaciebi erTob daviwrovda literaturuli muSaobis swori ganviTarebisaTvis. gamocxadda rapp-is daSla. mis nacvlad Seqmnil axal mweralTa kavSirs unda gaeerTianebina is mwerlebi, romlebic sabWoTa xelisuflebis platformaze idgnen da mzad iyvnen monawileoba mieRoT socializmis mSeneblobaSi. mwerlebis pirveli yriloba Catarda 1934 wels. gorkim iTamaSa misi mama damaarsebelis roli da Camoayaliba is amocanebi, romelic mweralTa kavSirma gansazRvra axali literaturisaTvis. amieridan literaturuli Semoqmedebis mTavar principad gamocxadda socialisturi realizmi.

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es doqtrina specialurad iqna formulirebuli imgvarad, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT misi erTob viwro gageba. terminebi proletaruli realizmis, komunisturi realizmis an Semoqmedebis dialeqtikur-materialur meTodis msgavsi ukugdebul iqna, radgan metad mWidro asociacias iwvevda garkveul literaturul Tu politikur mimdinareobasTan. socialisturi realizmi gamocxadebul iqna mTeli winamorbedi rusuli da sazRvargareTuli literaturis umaRles miRwevad. warsulis yvela didi mwerali ganixileboda, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, socialisturi realizmis winamorbedad: isini yvelani iyvnen saxalxo mwerlebi, aRwerdnen realur cxovrebas da iyvnen progresulebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi droisaTvis. yovel SemTxvevaSi maT ase warmosaxavdnen. zogierTi mwerlebi _ stendali, balzaki, dikensi, tolstoi, zola, _ iTvlebodnen socialisturi realizmis standartebTan yvelaze axlos mdgomebad. CerniSevski da gorki ukve TiTqmis socrealistebi iyvnen da TavianT nawarmoebebSi ansaxierebdnen msoflio literaturis saukeTeso tradiciebs. umaRles wertils ki msoflio literaturam miaRwia zogierT revoluciisSemdgomi periodis rusi mwerlis SemoqmedebaSi, kerZod f. gladkovis cementSi, d. furmanovis CapaevSi, a.fadeevis ganadgurebaSi da m. Soloxovis wynar donSi. es nawarmoebebi yovelTvis moixseneboda yvela adrindel diskusiaSi socialisturi realizmis Sesaxeb. nebismierSi am romanebidan aris xalxis wridan gamosuli gmiri, romelic mwifdeba partiis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic mis stiqiur miswrafebebs aqcevs misTvis damaxasiaTebel Segnebulobis CarCoebSi. Semdeg aseTi gmiri miuZRveba Tavis amxanagebsa da TanamebrZolebs mterze Semdgomi gamarjvebebisaken da im umSvenieresi momavlisaken, romelsac partia aSenebs. ase gamoiyureboda socialisturi realizmis nebismieri nawarmoebis tipuri siuJeti, Tu mas SemovacliT mravalricxovan dekoratiul da meorexarisxovan pasaJebs. ar arsebobs socialisturi realizmis oficialuri ganmarteba, sadac miTiTebuli iqneboda, rom siuJeti swored aseTi unda iyos; magram swored igi gaxda arqetipuri stalinuri periodis maRali literaturisaTvis. socialisturi realizmis doqtrinis gamocxadebisas maxvili keTdeboda ara imdenad mis revoluciur an proletarul bunebaze, ramdenadac mis gaigivebaze partiasTan, mzardi socialisturi saxelmwifos sulier arsTan da msoflio literaturis saukeTeso tradiciebTan. yofilma proletarulma mwerlebma aSkarad dauTmes yvelaze sapasuxismgeblo da prestiJuli Tanamdebobebi mweralTa kavSirSi pirebs, romlebic apolitikur Tanamgzavrebad iTvlebodnen. stalinuri saxelmwifo qmnida didi imperiis saxes, _ benebrivia, axali da umaRlesi tipis imperiis saxes, romelic msoflio civilizaciis saukeTeso miRwevebs flobda. miuxedavad aSkara sxvaobisa, sabWoTa kavSiris kulturuli cxovreba SeiZleba Sedarebul iqnes XVII s-is safrangeTis kulturul cxovrebasTan, rodesac mefe-mze lui XIV cdilobda safuZveli Caeyara didi literaturuli tradiciisaTvis da Tavis qveSevrdomebs uwesebda gemovnebis normebs, romelic man Zveli klasikuri periodidan aiRo. sabWoTa mwerlebis kavSiri daarsda partiuli kontrolis meTvalyureobis qveS uryevi imperiuli suliskveTebiT. misi struqtura da funqciebi SeiZleba gamodges modelad nebismieri sabWoTa profesiuli Tu SemoqmedebiTi kavSiris Sesaswavlad. iseve rogorc sxva profesionalur sferoebSi, partiuli kontroli xorcieldeboda nomenklaturuli sistemis meoxebiT _ partiisaTvis sasurveli mwerlebi iniSnebodnen sapasuxismgeblo Tanamdebobebze.. kavSiri Tavis mwerlebs uwevda daxmarebas, romelsac isini sxvagan versad ver miiRebdnen. igi aSenebda sacxovrebel saxlebs, qalaqgareT agarakebs, dasasvenebel saxlebs, saavadmyofoebs da sanatoriumebs. igi uzrunvelyofda mwerlebs samuSao pirobebiT, awyobda maTTvis mogzaurobebs masalebis Sesagroveblad, uzrunvelyofda maT simSvides SemoqmedebiTi Svebulebebis dros da aZlevda mdivnebs xelnawerebis gasawmendad. mza da mzadebis procesSi myof samuSaoebs regularulad ganixilavdnen seminarebze. kavSiri sinamdvileSi mweralTagan qmnida erovnul elitas, romelsac saTaveSi edgnen saukeTesoebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebiT pasuxsagebi Tanamdebobebi ekavaT kavSirSi. am organizaciis CarCoebSi moqceuli mwerlebi moculni iyvnen mzrunvelobiTac da meTvalyureobiTac. mweralTa kavSirs aseve gaaCnda didi raodenobiT Jurnalebi da gamomcemlobebi, e.i. aregulirebda mwerlebisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan sikeTes _ sakuTari nawarmoebis dabeWdvas. kavSiris maRali rangis Cinovnikebi mudmiv kavSirSi imyofebodnen centraluri komitetis muSakebTan, romlebic kurirebdnen kulturas, ase rom nebadarTulis sazRvrebi maT Zalian kargad icodnen. Cveulebriv, mweralTa kavSiris

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xelmZRvanelebi iyvnen meorexarisxovani mwerlebi da amitomac maTi avtoriteti da mdgomareoba didad iyo damokidebuli maT mier dakavebul Tanamdebobaze. maTi gemovneba da Sexedulebebi ufro met zegavlenas axdenda literaturul cxovrebaze, vidre sakuTriv marqsistul-leninuri ideologia. iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, isini iyvnen saSualo ganaTlebis da saeWvo kulturis mqone adamianebi. maTi gemovneba Camoyalibda nawilobriv xalxuri kulturis zegavleniT, nawilobriv ki masobrivi literaturis zegavleniT, romelmac ruseTSi Camoyalibeba iwyo revoluciamde cota xniT adre. eseni iyo deteqtivebi, saTavgadasavlo da sasiyvarulo romanebi. es narevi saSualebas iZleva gavigoT sabWoTa literaturis zogierTi specifiuri mxare, gansakuTrebiT mxatvruli. rogorc davinaxeT, iyvnen mwerlebi, romelTa nawarmoebebic qmnidnen maRali donis literaturas (gorki, a.tolstoi, Soloxovi, n. ostrovski, a. fadeevi). maTi Semoqmedeba atarebda heroikul-hiperbolur xasiaTs da dakavSirebuli iyo XIX s-is realistur literaturasTan da gmirul folklorTan. ufro farTo iyo saSualo niWis mqone mwerlebis wre, romelTa nawarmoebebic iryeoda partiulobasa da metros vagonebSi wasakiTx literaturas Soris. isini werdnen romanebs omebis, Tavgadasavlebis, Zveli ruseTis moRvaweebis Sesaxeb, deteqtivebs, sadac Cekistebi da milicionerebi niRabs xdidnen imperialistTa xrikebs. mTlianobaSi literaturuli biurokratebisa da maTi mkiTxvelebis gemovneba erTmaneTs emTxveoda. iyo siZneleebic da igi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom iyvnen mwerlebi, mcire raodenobiT, romlebsac Tavi moSorebiT ekavaT am struqturisagan. ra Tqma unda, swored isini iyvnen saukeTesoebi. isini ver itandnen politikur kontrolsa da sayovelTao umecrebas. revoluciis Semdeg da gansakuTrebiT stalinis dros, isini moRvaweobdnen dumilis JanrSi, rogorc ambobda isaak babeli, an gaxdnen Jurnalistebi, anac Targmnidnen sabavSvo literaturas, riTac sakuTari TavisaTvis uzrunvelyofdnen imis weris saSualebas, risi gamoqveynebac ar SeeZloT. zogierTebs, m. bulgakovis msgavsad, sjerodaT, rom xelnawerebi ar iwvis da agrZelebdnen weras, radgan swamdaT, rom momavali Taobebi mainc waikiTxaven maT nawarmoebebs. maT Soris, vinc dumils inarCunebda, iyvnen babeli, mandelStami, pasternaki, axmatova. oleSam xeli Jurnalistikas mokida, pilniakma da zoSCenkom scades stilis Secvla, magram Sedegi savalalo aRmoCnda. zamiatini emigraciaSi wavida, rac mas didad waadga. zogierTi didi mwerali _ babeli, pilniaki, mandelStami _ gadaasaxles SromiT banakebSi sasikvdilod. rusuli bedis ironiis Tanaxmad, stalinis dros igive bedi gaiziara maTma mdevnelma averbaxma. mweralTa kavSiris saqmianoba iZleva imis gagebis saSualebas, Tu rogor xorcieldeboda sabWoTa kavSirSi, dawyebuli 1930 wlidan, ideologiisa da kulturis marTva. kulturuli revoluciis memkvidreobas uzurpacia gaukeTes saxelmwifos mier Seqmnilma monoliTurma profesionalurma kavSirebma. iq muSaobdnen Zveli da wiTeli specialistebi, romlebic partiis mkacri kontrolis qveS imyofebodnen. amis Sedegad aucilebeli ar iyo gaemarjva marqsistul orTodoqsias. saqmeSi xSirad swored Zveli specialistebi (gorkis msgavsni) axdendnen gadamwyvet gavlenas da maT xelmZRvanel gankargulebebsa Tu brZanebulebebSi aRreuli iyo maTi sakuTari msoflmxedveloba, reformirebuli rusuli patriotizmi da marqsizm-leninizmidan amokrebili adgilebi. amis Sedegad aRmocenda ekleqtikuri narevi rusuli nacionalizmisa da socializmisa, gamosadegi maTTvis, visac ekava maRali adgilebi xelisuflebis struqturebSi da sWirdeboda Tavisi poziciebis ideologiuri ganmtkiceba. amgvarad, 30-ian wlebSi, aqamde arnaxuli masStabebis socialuri ryevebis pirobebSi, aRmocenda axali ierarqiuli socialuri struqtura, romelic dafuZnebuli iyo partiuli nomenklaturuli daniSvnebis sistemaze. axali mmarTveli elita ar SeiZleboda CaTvliliyo stabilurad an mTlianad Camoyalibebul socialur klasad. miuxedavad amisa, politikuri mmarTvelobis iaraRebma, romlebic maT xelT epyraT, droTa ganmavlobaSi maT misca saSualeba, rom ganemtkicebinaT Zalaufleba. axali klasis yvelaze saSiS mters garkveulwilad warmoadgenda misi Semqmneli stalini da mis mier kontrolirebadi uSiSroebis aparati. magram, meores mxriv, axal klass TviT sWirdeboda uSiSroebis aparati sakuTari Tavis dasacavad. axali elitis gauTlelma, gamoucdelma da xSir SemTxvevaSi axalgazrda warmomadgenlebma miiRes ganusazRvreli uflebebi, magram maT jer kidev aklda tradiciuloba da legitimuroba. RvTis samarTalma, romelic maT Tavs daatydaT 1941 wels, maT erTic misca da meorec.

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erovnuli politika sabWoTa kavSirSi sabWoTa kavSiris erovnuli politika muslimanur regionebSi, uwinares yovlisa, miznad isaxavda nebismieri panislamuri an panTurquli erTobis Seqmnas. swored amitom baSkirebma, TaTrebis axlo monaTesave xalxma, TiTqmis asimilirebulma maTTan, miiRes sakuTari respublika, romelSic baSkirebi mosaxleobis meoTxeds Seadgendnen. ufro farTod iyo gavrcelebuli baSkiruli ena, romelic gansxvavdeboda TaTrulisagan. orive respublikam _ baSkireTisa da TaTreTis, _ miiRo mxolod avtonomiis ststusi rsfsr-is (ruseTis respublika) SemadgenlobaSi. imave dros TaTruli diaspora sabWoTa kavSiris sxva adgilebSi (igi did rols TamaSobda panislamuri ideebis gavrcelebis saqmeSi) kargavda gazeTebis gamocemis da skolebSi mSobliur enaze swavlebis uflebas. TaTruli gavlena mkacrad iqna SemosazRvruli sakuTriv TaTreTis avtonomiuri respublikiT. kavkasiis mTebSi politikurma daqucmacebam Tavis zRvars miaRwia. Seiqmna didi raodenobiT patar-patara erovnuli respublikebi rsfsr-is SemadgenlobaSi, romelTagan TiToeuli Rebulobda politikur statuss tomobriv safuZvelze. zogjer axali administraciuli erTeulebi aerTianebdnen xalxebs, romlebic sxvadasxva enaze laparakobdnen, magram acalkevebdnen maT, visi enebic monaTesave iyo. swored ase moeqcnen yaraCai-CerqezeTis avtonomiur olqs da yabardo-balyareTis avtonomiur respublikas. aikrZala arabuli ena _ am xalxebis religiis saerTo ena. samxreTSi ki, amierkavkasiaSi, arCevani gakeTda azerbaijanul enasa da kulturaze, romelsac unda gaeerTianebina da moexdina sxvadasxva eTnikuri da lingvisturi jgufebis asimilacia. imis saSiSroeba, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi azerbaijani SeiZleboda gamxdariyo panTurquli moZraobis centri, ganeitaralebul iyo im saSiSroebiT, romelsac Tavis TavSi inaxavda azerbaijanelebis kavSiri sparsul kulturasTan. Sua aziaSi, TurqestanSi, romelic aseve SeiZleboda gamxdariyo panTurquli moZraobis msxvili centri, xelisuflebam gamoyo xuTi ZiriTadi xalxi: yazaxebi, yirgizebi,uzbekebi,tajikebi da Turqmenebi, romelTagan TiToeulma 1936 w. miiRo sakuTari mokavSire respublika. (saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom Sua aziaSi mosaxleoba iyofoda ara imdenad eTnikurad, ramdenadac meurneobrivad (momTabareebi/ miwaTmoqmedebi) an religiuri niSniT (Siitebi/sunitebi). magaliTad, yirgizeTis respublika iyo xelovnuri warmonaqmni, radgan misi xalxi laparakobda igive enaze, razedac yazaxebi da es ori xalxi erTmaneTisagan mxolod imiT gamoirCeoda, rom yirgizebi momTabareobdnen mTebSi, xolo yazaxebi dablob adgilebSi. TiTqmis 20-iani wlebis bolomde mezoblebi yazaxebs yirgizebs uwodebdnen. tajikebi iyvnen pamiris mTianeTSi mcxovrebi xalxi, romelic iranuli enis erTerT dialeqtze laparakobda. maT mWidro kavSirebi hqondaT Tavis TanamoZmeebTan avRaneTis sazRvris iqiT. tajikuri Temebi areuli iyo uzbekurSi, rac maT Soris konfliqtebs iwvevda. axla tajikebi, moqceulni uzbekur garemoSi, iZulebulni iyvnen evloT uzbekur skolebSi. uzbekebma, yvelaze mravalricxovanma da urbanizirebulma xalxma Sua aziaSi, Caylapa Turquli modgmis patar-patara xalxebi. uzbekurma enam Secvala regionis Zveli lingva-franka (saerTo xmarebaSi myofi, magram ara mSobliuri ena, romelzedac urTierToben mezobeli regionebis mcxovreblebi) _ CaRaTais ena. rac Seexeba Turqmenuli eris formirebas, igi mimdinareobda SedarebiT mSvidad: uzarmazari udabnos momTabareebma, romelic gadaWimuli iyo kaspiis zRvidan aRmosavleTiT, gamoimuSaves erTiani saliteraturo ena da Seqmnes saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi. kavkasiisa da Sua aziis yvela saxelmwifo enebma gaiares anbanis ormagi reforma. 1929 w. maT ubrZanes uari eTqvaT damwerlobis adgilobriv sistemebze laTinuri anbanis sasargeblod. aTi wlis Semdeg esec Secvales. SemoiRes kirilica _ rusuli anbani, ramac didi dezorientacia gamoiwvia am xalxebis revoluciis Semdgom pirvel TaobaSi, da mTlianada mowyvita momavali Taobebi am xalxebis warsul kulturas _ garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac sabWoebma SesaZlebeli gaxades Zveli wignebis dabeWdva axali anbaniT. wyvetam istoriul tradiciebSi mZime gavlena moaxdina muslimani xalxis kulturaze. amas emateboda adgilobrivi literaturis sovetizaciis cdebi. adgilobrivi poetebi, romlebmac orientiri dakarges sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da kulturaSi mkveTri cvlilebebis gamo, Tavis mfarvelobaSi aiyvanes Cinovnikebma mweralTa kavSiridan. maT misces samuSao _ unda eweraT adgilobriv enebze eposebi

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leninze, stalinze, soflis meurneobis koleqtivizaciaze. mTargmnelebi qmnidnen am nawarmoebebis rusulenovan versiebs. adgilobrivi mwerlebi, romlebsac ajildovebdnen, aZlevdnen privilegiebs, xdebodnen mravalerovani kulturuli elitis nawili. misi Stabbina imyofeboda moskovSi. mwerlebi kargavdnen TavianTi xalxis istoriasTan kavSirs da kulturul fesvebs. principma gaTiSe da ibatone miiRo Semdgomi ganviTareba imis wyalobiT, rom erovnul respublikebSi umTavresi administraciuli Tanamdebobebi ekavaT rusebsa da ukrainelebs. Teoriulad komunistebis politika mimarTuli iyo adgilobrivi elitis Sesaqmnelad, magram sinamdvileSi, ekonomikasa da mmarTvelobaSi swrafi cvlilebebis gamo, romelsac arcTu didi xalisiT xvdeboda adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, maT xelmZRvanelobdnen centridan movlenili pirebi. es gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli iyo soflis meurneobis koleqtivizaciis periodisaTvis, rodesac zogierTma respublikam xangrZlivi droiT dakarga adgilobrivi liderebi. gansakuTrebiT ar gaumarTla yazaxeTs, sadac koleqtivizacia, pirvel rigSi, dakavSirebuli iyo cdebTan, rom aeZulebinaT momTabare xalxi gadasuliyo miwaTmoqmedebaze. partiis mier wargzavnilebs metad bundovani warmodgena hqonda mesaqonleobaze, amitomac ver uzrunvelyves saqonlis uzarmazari jogebis movla, romlebic sakolmeurneo sakuTrebaSi aRmoCnda. 1929 _ 1932 ww. periodSi saqoneli, gansakuTrebiT cxvari, yazaxeTSi TiTqmis mTlianad amowyda. sabWoTa statistikis mixedviT cxvris suladoba 36 aTasidan daeca 3 aTasamde. maTi ricxvi ki vinc mesaqonleobis xarjze cxovrobda, mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis 80%-dan Semcirda erT meoTxedamde. es iyo erovnuli ekonomikisa da tradiciebis imdenad didi damaxinjeba, rom mis pasuxad daiwyo am regionSi samoqalaqo omi. xelaxla gamoCndnen 20-iani wlebis miwurulisaTvis gamqrali basmaCebi, romlebsac amjerad SeuerTdnen is pirebi, romlebsac ar undodaT kolmeurneobebSi gaerTianeba. amboxebulebi Tavs esxmodnen kolmeurneobebs, klavdnen ufrosobas da partiul muSakebs. aseul aTasobiT yazaxi, Tavis saqonelTan erTad gadavida ucxoeTSi, ZiriTadad Cinur TurqestanSi (uiRurebis provincia CineTSi). sabWoTa statistikis mixedviT daikarga mosaxleobis 15-20%. es iyo is xalxi, vinc daiRupa avadmyofobebisagan, an gaxdnen Zaladobis msxverplni, an wavidnen emigraciaSi. Sua aziis xalxebis erovnul siamayes garkveuli dartyma miayena xuTwlianma gegmebmac, radgan maTTan erTad moskovis damokidebulebaSi respublikebisadmi Tavi iCina koloniurma tonma. magaliTad, pirveli xuTwliani gegma iTvaliswinebda uzbekeTSi marcvleulis naTesebis Semcirebas, mis nacvlad ki gasaocar zomebamde unda gazrdiliyo bambis naTesebi. misi didi nawili unda gamxdariyo nedleuli ruseTis evropuli nawilis fabrikebisaTvis. aseTi savaWro politika safrTxes uqmnida uzbekeTs im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi SeiZleboda gadaqceuliyo monopolisturi bazris sanedleulo danamatad, e.i. gamxdariyo bananis respublikis Tavisebur nairsaxeobad. am politikam gamoiwvia adgilebze didi ukmayofileba. lozungiT Tqven ar SeiZleba bamba WamoT, uzbekeTis respublikis ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomarem f. xojaevma da partiis cemtraluri komitetis pirvelma mdivanma a. ikramovma SeimuSaves ekonomikuri ganviTarebis alternatiuli gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebda respublikis ekonomikis met damoukideblobasa da mravalferovnebas. gegma uaryofil iqna, xolo misi orive avtori daapatimres da daxvrites burJuaziuli nacionalizmis braldebiT. oqtombris revoluciam, mTlianobaSi, datova orazrovani memkvidreoba erovnul sakiTxSi. erTis mxriv, Sewyda Zaladobrivi rusifikaciis politika, romelsac mefis mTavroba atarebda da xalxebs Sepirdnen TviTgamorkvevis uflebas. ruseTis imperiaSi myofma zogierTma erma gamoscada erovnuli damoukideblobis xanmokle periodi. meores mxriv, 1921 w. Semdeg isini xelaxla aRmoCndnen axali tipis ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, romelsac monopoliurad marTavda partia, romelic iyo mkacrad centralizebuli da upiratesad rusebisagan Sedgeboda. 1920-ian wlebSi oqtombris revoluciis es orazrovani memkvidreoba sxvadasxvagvarad moqmedebda sxvadasxva respublikebSi. magaliTad, ukrainaSi, xelisuflebis saTaveSi myofi adgilobrivi komunistebi iyvnen avtonomiis Tavgamodebuli momxreebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, kulturisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi mainc. ukrainuli ena respublikis teritriaze gamocxadda saxelmwifo enad, romelic savaldebulo iyo yvela saxelmwifo dawesebulebasa da sasamarTloebSi. gadawyda, rom ukrainuli enis, literaturisa da istoriis Seswavla savaldebulo unda gamxdariyo yvela skolaSi. 20-iani wlebi marTlac ukrainuli kulturis ayvavebis wlebi gamodga.

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xelSewyoba miiRes istoriulma da eTnografiulma sazogadoebebma, xolo nabeWdma produqciam ukrainul enaze arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia. ukrainizaciis masStabebi imdenad didi iyo, rom gamoiwvia rusuli mosaxleobisa da ukrainaSi mcxovrebi ebraelebis umciresobis ukmayofileba, romlebic ZiriTadad cxovrobdnen qveynis samxreTsa da aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebare qalaqebSi. saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebis dasakaveblad rusebsa da ebraelebs, agreTve sxva erebis mcirericxovan warmomadgenlebs, romlebic ukrainaSi cxovrobdnen, unda scodnodaT ukrainuli ena, romelsac isini zizRiT glexebis enas uwodebdnen. isini uaryofiTad ekidebodnen imas, rom maT Svilebs am enaze unda eswavlaT skolebSi. analogiuri procesebi mimdinareobda belorusiaSic, sadac 1917 wlamde erovnuli kultura qalaqebSi kidev ufro susti iyo, vidre ukrainaSi. 20-iani wlebi gaxda gadamwyveti faza Tanamedrove belorusi da ukraineli erebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive eris udidesi nawili soflad cxovrobda da glexur Sromas eweoda, isini ar iyvnen wmindad agraruli erebi. ukrainelebsa da belorusebs Soris bevri iyo qalaqad macxovrebeli, sazogadoebis yvela fenis warmomadgeneli. orive xalxs gaaCnda sakuTar enaze literatura Tavisi tradiciebiT, sakuTari istoria, xolo enebi gamodgeboda nebismieri saswavlo programebisaTvis. intensiurma industrializaciam, romelic am respublikebSi daiwyo 20-iani wlebis miwurulSi, kidev ufro metad ganamtkica am ori xalxis poziciebi. glexobis udidesi nawili, romelic 30-ian wlebSi qalaqebSi Camosaxlda, laparakobda ukrainulad da belorusul enaze. bevrma maTganma icoda wera-kiTxva, bevrmac iswavla, rodesac gaxdnen samrewvelo sawarmoTa muSebi. bunebrivia, rom es procesi daemTxva mTavrobis mier gatarebul programas wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis likvidaciis Sesaxeb. rusi ebraeli lev kopelevi, romelmac axalgazrdoba xarkovSi gaatara (ukiduresad rusificirebuli qalaqi), igonebs, Tu rogor aigivebda igi sakuTar Tavs ukrainul kulturasTan. misi sityvebiT, fabrika-qarxnebis muSaTa umravlesobis didi nawili iyvnen ukrainelebi. magram partiis programis gamocxadebis Semdeg daiwyo ukrainuli da belorusuli enisa da kulturis gamodevna rusuli ganaTlebiT, rasac ukve didi xnis manZilze iTxovdnen iqauri inteleqtualebi da ganaTlebuli adamianebi. am movlenis Sedegebma srulad Tavi iCina mxolod erTi Taobis Semdeg, an odnav ufro gvaian. ra Tqma unda, stalini ar iyo aRfrTovanebuli erovnuli kulturebis aseTi mCqefare ayvavebiT. igi arasodes uSvebda SemTxvevas xelidan gaexsenebina Tavisi msmenelebisaTvis, rom garda erTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebisa, arsebobs agreTve muSaTa klasis ufleba, rom ganamtkicos Tavisi Zalaufleba. mravali xalxisaTvis es sityvebi gaisma rogorc mrisxane winaswarmetyveleba, ramdenadac maT qalaqebSi rusi muSebis didi raodenoba cxovrobda. 1917 w. es aRmoCnda ganxeTqilebis mizezad, romelic SeiZleboda kidev ganmeorebuliyo.. garda amisa, e.w. muSaTa klasis avangardi, komunisturi partia, aseve ZiriTadad rusebisagan Sedgeboda. Tu 1927 w. rusebi warmoadgendnen mTeli qveynis mosaxleobis 53%-s, partiaSi isini Seadgendnen 65%-s. stalinma mianiSna, rom nacionalur moZraobaTa Sefaseba damokidebulia politikur faqtorebze. magaliTad, Tavis mTavar leqciaSi erovnul sakiTxze, romelic man waikiTxa sverdlovis saxelobis universitetSi 1924 wels, stalini amtkicebda, rom erovnuli moZraoba egvipteSi XIX-XX saukuneebSi iyo progresuli, Tumca mas saTaveSi burJuazia edga. britaneTis cdebi ki, rom CaexSoT es moZraoba iyo reaqciuli maSinac ki, rodesac inglisis xelisuflebis saTaveSi idgnen socialistebi. sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT es debulebebi niSnavda, da sruliad araorazrovnad, rom nebismieri moZraoba, romlis mizansac warmoadgenda nacionaluri avtonomiis miReba da erovnuli Taviseburebebis damkvidreba, mimarTuli iqneba saxelmwifos erTianobis winaaRmdeg da Sesabamisad iqneba burJuaziuli da reaqciuli miuxedavad misi monawileebis klasobrivi kuTvnilebisa. ukve 1926 w. stalini sayvedurobda ukrainis ganaTlebis ministrs Sumskis imis Sesaxeb, rom mis mier gatarebuli politika Rebulobs saerTo sabWouri kulturisa da sazogadoebisagan ukrainuli kulturisa da sazogadoebis Camocilebis, moskovTan, rusebTan, rusul kulturasTan da mis umaRles miRwevasTan _ leninizmTan brZolis formas. 1930 wlidan stalinma daiwyo winaaRmdegobebis gamovlena ararusuli erovnuli siamayis winaaRmdeg. amitomac normad iqca raRac rusuli nacionalizmis modificirebuli varianti. Seicvala damokidebuleba revoluciamdeli istoriisadmi: mefis mTavrobas, romelsac 20-ian wlebSi pokrovskis msgavsi istorikosebi hkicxavdnen

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rogorc reaqciulsa da eqsploatatoruls, axla ufro gulmowyaled dauwyes yureba. swored mefeebma, sxvaTa Soris, Seqmnes am teritoriaze is saxelmwifo, romelsac ukve sabWoTa kavSiri erqva. carizmi aviTarebda da avrcelebda rusul enas, romelic axla axali socialisturi sazogadoebis mSenebelTa damakavSirebel rgols warmoadgenda. iseTi istoriuli pirebi, rogorebic iyvnen aleqsandre neveli (romelsac 1938 w. Tavisi filmiT saxeli gauTqva s. eizenSteinma) da petre didi (aleqsi tolstois apologeturi romanis gmiri) reabilitirebul iqnen rogorc istoriulad progresulebi. isini ki, vinc ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis imperiaSi CarTvas ar iTvlebodnen progresulebad da isini imperializmis agentebad xdebodnen. bogdan xmelnicki, kazakTa beladi XVII s-Si, romelic aujanyda polonelTa batonobas da ruseTTan kavSiri daamyara, SeuerTa ukraina ruseTs, axla ukve aRar iTvleboda ukraineli xalxis moRalated. igi gadaiqca progresul da gamoCenil saxelmwifo moRvawed. CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi carizmis winaaRmdeg mTielTa brZolis beladma Samilma sruliad sawinaaRmdego evolucia ganicada. magaliTad, meore msoflio omis wlebSi igi droebiT iqna reabilitirebuli, rac kavkasiis mTielTa mxardaWeris aucileblobiT iyo gamowveuli. edvard razinskis piesis gmiri, iyo ra istorikosi, ase aRwers amgvari nacionaluri politikis yvelanair gadaxra-gadmoxras: ...Cemi pirveli namuSevari Seexeboda Samils. Samils, rogorc erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis xelmZRvanels. magram Sexedulebebi Seicvala... da 30-iani wlebis bolos igi gadaiqca imperializmis agentad. da me vaRiare Cemi Secdoma. Semdeg, omis dros, is kvlav gaxda erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis beladi. da me maSinac vaRiare, rom vcdebodi da vaRiare Cemi Secdoma. Semdeg ormocdacxra welSi, igi xelaxla gaxda agenti, da me isev vaRiare, rom vcdebodi, rom vaRiareb Secdomas. me imdenjer vcdebodi, rom erTxelac momeCvena, rom me TviTona var Secdoma. aseTi farisevluri renegatoba gamomdinareobda im nacionaluri politikidan, romelsac sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba atarebda. miuxedavad amisa, mTlianobaSi igi 30-ian wlebSi mimarTuli iyo adgilobrivi nacionalizmis winaaRmdeg. Sewyda adgilobrivi enebis saxelisuflo organoebSi iZulebiTi gamoyeneba. dawyebiT da saSualo skolebSi daiwyes meore, rusuli enis Seswavla. imave dros gaizarda im skolebis raodenoba, sadac swavleba mxolod rusul enaze mimdinareobda. es or mizans isaxavda: jer erTi, uadvilebda rusul mosaxleobas cxovrebas nacionalur raionebSi, meore ki, mSoblebs, romlebsac ambiciuri gegmebi gaaCndaT Svilebis mimarT, saSualebas aZlevda Svilebi mieyvanaT skolebSi, sadac isini imperiul enaze Rebulobdnen ganaTlebas da amiT erTgvar upiratesobas Rebulobdnen TanamemuleebTan SeadrebiT. rusul enaze iyo ganaTleba umaRles saswavleblebSic. gamonakliss warmoadgendnen mxolod saqarTvelo da somxeTi, romelTa xalxebic erTgulad icavdnen TavianT enebsa da damwerlobas. Tumca ar SeiZleboda imis Tqma, rom rusuli enis SemoReba aucileblad niSnavda rusifikacias. antireligiurma kampaniam da soflis meurneobis koleqtivizaciam gamanadgurebeli dartyma miayena erovnul kulturebs, gansakuTrebiT maT, romlebic upiratesad agrarulni iyvnen da Seicavdnen Zlier religiur elementebs. magaliTad, belorusiasa da ukrainaSi, soflebis udides nawilSi, daangries eklesiebi, mospes samRvdeloeba, gamrje glexebi da miwaTmoqmedebis tradiciuli sistemebi _ yovelive is, rac erovnuli kulturis umniSvnelovanes elementebs Seadgenda. TviT rusebic aranakleb daziandnen, radgan maTi kulturis arsi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli marTlmadidebel sarwmunoebasa da glexobasTan. isini, vinc Tvlian, rom stalinis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi iyo rusifikacia, maT unda gaixsenon am RonisZiebebis damangreveli gavlena TviT rusul kulturaze. rusuli ena amieridan gaxda mravalerovani sabWoTa partiuli kulturis gamtarebeli da ara rusulisa, am sityvis tradiciuli gagebiT. magram araferia gasakviri imaSi, rom sxva xalxebi erTmaneTSi urevdnen sovetizacias da rusifikacias. stalinurma wmendam gaanadgura is nacionaluri komunistebi, romlebic cdilobdnen 20-iani wlebis politikis gatarebas. ukrainam ormagi wmenda gamoiara. pirveli Caatara pavle postiSCevma, romelmac saerTod arc ki icoda ukrainuli ena. stalinma postiSCevi gaagzavna ukrainaSi adgilobriv partiul muSakebTan angariSis gasasworeblad, romlebsac ar surdaT koleqtivizaciis gatareba, anda maT winaaRmdeg, vinc cdilobda ukrainuli kulturis dacvas. ganaTlebis ministris Tanamdebobaze Sumskis Semcvlelma skripnikma Tavi moikla; aseve moiqca im dros yvelaze cnobili ukraineli mwerali nikola xvilovii, romlis dasaflavebac gadaiqca moskalebis (ase

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uwodeben ukrainaSi rusebs _ g.b.) sawinaaRmdego grandiozul saprotesto aqciad. magram stalinis azriT postiSCevic ki ar iyo saTanadod mkacri: igi gaqra iseve, rogorc maSindeli centraluri komitetis wevrTa umravlesoba da 1938 w. ianvarSi ukrainis kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirvel mdivnad n. xruSCovis daniSvniT kievi uSualod daeqvemdebara moskovs. 1933 w. belorusiaSi wmendis Casatareblad gagzavnil iqna samkaciani komisia centraluri sakontrolo komisiis Tavmjdomaris n.k. antipovis meTaurobiT. maT Caatares wmenda ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatSi, skolebsa da umaRles saswavleblebSi da centrs acnobes, rom aRmoaCines SeTqmulTa organizacia belorusiis nacionaluri centri, romelic TiTqosda poloneTis davalebebs asrulebda da miznad hqonda dasaxuli ssrk-dan gasvla da belorusiis damoukidebeli demokratiuli saxelmwifos Seqmna. partiuli da sbWoTa xelmZRvanelobis umravlesoba Secvlil iqna rusebiT. Tanamedrovis cnobiT, belorusi prozaikosebisa da poetebis 90% daapatimres, umravlesoba maTgani an daxvrites da an cixeebSi awames. 1937-1938 ww., sul raRac ori wlis ganmavlobaSi faqtobrivad mTlianad iqna Secvlili erovnuli respublikebis partiuli da sameurneo xelmZRvaneloba, ganaTlebis, literaturisa da xelovnebis mravali wamyvani warmomadgeneli represirebul iqna. isini cdilobdnen Taviseburad gaetarebinaT partiis mier gamocxadebuli nacionaluri politika. am cdebis mizani iyo erovnuli kulturis ganviTareba da adgilobrivi kadrebis Seqmna, romlebsac SeeZlebodaT adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis uzrunvelyofa. Cveulebriv, maT cvlidnen rusebiT, romlebsac uSualod moskovidan agzavnidnen, zogjer ki morCil adgilobriv xelisufalT niSnavdnen. yvelaze aRmaSfoTebeli, garda ukrainisa, iyo mdgomareoba yazaxeTsa da TurqmeneTSi, sadac respublikuri politbiuroebis sruli Semadgenlobebi gaaqres. im arazusti monacemebis mixedviT, romlebic Cvens xelT aRmoCnda, Cans, rom wmendebis dros mkveTrad daeca adgilobrivi mosaxleobis warmomadgenelTa raodenoba respublikur partiul organizaciebSi (61%-dan 50%-de uzbekeTSi 1933-1940 ww.; tajikeTSi 53%-dan 45%-de, yirgizeTSi 1933-1941 ww-Si 59%dan 44%-de). eWvs ar iwvevs is faqti, rom wmenda da dapatimrebebi Zlier uwyobdnen xels partiuli rigebis rusifikacias, rac respublikur partiul organizaciebze moskovis kontrols aZlierebda. socializaciisa da politikuri kontrolis TvalsazrisiT sxva metad mniSvnelovan nabijs warmoadgenda wiTeli armiis erovnuli nawilebis gauqmeba. armia, iseve rogorc dawyebiTi skola, warmoadgens Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtors, romelic emsaxureba axalgazrda adamianebs Soris erovnuli erTianobis ganmtkicebis ideas. 1920-ian wlebSi sayovelTao savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuris SemoRebis Semdeg cdilobdnen, SesaZloa gauTviTcnobiereblad, eTnikurad homogenuri nawilebis Seqmnas, an iseTi nawilebisa, sadac adgilobrivi xalxebis warmomadgenlebi ricxobrivad metni iqnebodnen. magram am stadiazedac ki meTaurebi iyvnen an rusebi, an ukrainelebi. magram 1938 wlidan erovnuli niSniT samxedro formirebebis Seqmna Sewyda _ axalwveulebs Segnebulad agzavnidnen Sereuli eTnikuri Semadgenlobis mqone nawilebSi, romelnic maTi mSobliuri adgilebidan sakmaod Sors mdebareobdnen. rusuli ena gaxda samxedro swavlebis da meTaurebis ena da axladwveulebs amieridan raRac doniT unda aeTvisebinaT imperiis ena Tu dawyebiTi saswavlebeli maT saTanado codnas ar aZlevda. amgvarad, wiTeli armia, ufro metad, vidre adre, gadaiqca mravalerovani sazogadoebis gadasadnob Rumelad. rogorc mogvianebiT acxadebda breJnevi Cveni armia... internacionalizmis skolaao. stalinis axalma erovnulma politikam pirdapiri da uxeSi saxiT Tavi iCina axali teritoriebis xelTgdebis saqmeSi 1939-1940 ww. 1939 w. agvistos sabWoTa kavSirgermaniis paqtis Sesabamisad sabWoTa kavSirma daikava dasavleT belorusia da dasavleT ukraina da miiRo nebarTva moexdina estoneTis, litviisa da latviis aneqsia, rac ganxorcielda kidec 1940 wels. samma baltiispireTis saxelmwifom sakuTar Tavze gamoscada im erovnuli politikis wnexi, romelic tardeboda sabWoTa kavSirSi da Tanabrad ganicdida rusifikaciasa da sovetizacias.sabWoTa kavSiris mier am sami saxelmwifos gadaxarSvisaTvis Tvalyuris sadevneblad gaigzavnen specialuri rwmunebulebi: Jdanovi estoneTSi, viSinski latviaSi da sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisris moadgile dekanozovi litvaSi. isini cdilobdnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan rac SeiZleba meti adamianebis gadmobirebas, xolo maT, vinc uars ambobda TanamSromlobaze, apatimrebdnen. sabWoTa mTavrobis zegavleniT Catarda axali arCevnebi,

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romlis drosac opoziciis warmomadgenlebs CamoerTavaT arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, xolo maT mier mowveul mitingebs arbevdnen. mravali adamiani daapatimres. amgvari qmedebebis Sedegad arCeul iqnen prosabWouri mTavrobebi, romlebmac, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, moiTxoves maTi saxelmwifoebis ssrk SemadgenlobaSi miReba. momdevno wlebSi sabWoTa xelisuflebam Caatara baltiispireTis respublikebis socialuri struqturis sruli transformacia. gayines yvela sabanko angariSi, romlebic aRemateboda umniSvnelo Tanxas. nacionalizacia gaukeTda fabrikebsa da qarxnebs. soflad radikaluri reformebis gatarebis Sedegad yvela miwa, garda patarpatara nakveTebisa eqspropriirebul iqna. maTgan Camoyalibda saxelmwifo miwebis fondi. wmenda Catarda skolebsa da umaRles saswavleblebSi., iq SemoiRes standartuli sabWoTa programebi. biblioTekebidan yridnen wignebs, sadac xotbas asxamdnen erovnul damoukideblobas, an adidebdnen erovnul istorias. metnaklebad sagrZnobi opoziciis warmoSobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, sistematiurad tardeboda farTo deportaciebi. isini miznad isaxavdnen samSoblodan yvela cnobili arakomunisti saxelmwifo moRvawis, burJuaziuli reJimis yvela moxelis, miwaTmflobelis, mewarmis,sasuliero pirebisa da TvalsaCino inteleqtualebis gandevnas. marto erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi (1941 w. 14-15 ivniss) deportirebul iqnen 60 aTasi estoneli, 34 aTasi latvieli da 38 aTasi litveli. Sesakrebad maT sul ramdenime saaTi misces, ris Semdegac maT Tavi mouyares sarkinigzo sadgurebSi, Seyares saqonlisaTvis gankuTvnil vagonebSi, sadac maT ar hqondaT normaluri sakvebi da sasmeli da sruliad antisanitarul pirobebSi gauyenes cimbirisa da Sua aziis gzas. gzaSi mravali maTgani daiRupa. ojaxebs Ceulebriv yofdnen _ mamakacebs uSvebdnen SromiT banakebSi, qalebs ki gadasaxlebaSi. amgvarad gadasaxlebul iqna estonelTa 4% da litvelTa da latvielTa or-ori procenti, yvela isini, vinc SeiZleboda axali reJimisadmi opoziciaSi Camdgariyo. maTi saxlebi da samuSao adgilebi daikaves rusebma, romlebic specialurad Camoasaxles baltiispireTSi. amave dros cxovrebis done baltiispireTis respublikebSi gacilebiT maRali iyo da amitomac aq arsebul mraval qarxanas Slidnen da sxva respublikebSi agzavnidnen. konfiskaciaqmnili marcvleuli da saqoneli gamoiyeneboda kavSiris masStabiT qalaqis mosaxleobisa da armiis nawilebis gamosakvebad. dasavleT belorusiasa da dasavleT ukrainaSi ufro uaresi mdgomareoba iyo, sadac sabWoebi deportaciis iseTive politikas atarebdnen. uSualod omis win, 1941 w., Zalad gadasaxlebul iqna erT milionamde adamiani. sabanako cxovrebis mogonebebis umravlesobaSi xSirad moixseniebdnen TiTo-orola polonels am nakadidan. aqedan SeiZleba daskvnis gakeTeba, rom mravali poloneli iyo gafantuli gulagis imperiaSi. miuxedavad sabWoebis mier masobrivi daxvretebis faqtebis jiutad uaryofisa, Tanamedrove istorikosebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom swored es polonelebi iyvnen daxvretilebi Sinsaxkomis mier katinis maxloblad tyeSi, smolenskis dasavleTiT. germaniis saokupacio jarebma 1943 w. aRmoaCines masobrivi dasaflavebis adgilebi. bunebrivia, rom es aqcia Seesabameba im politikas, romelsac sabWoebi atarebdnen maT mier aneqsirebul teritoriebze 1939-1940 wlebSi. didi samamulo omis dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT saomari moqmedeba gaCaRda baltiispireTis yvela qveyanaSi. zoggan, sabWoTa xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebis saswrafod gaqcevis Semdeg, xelisufleba xanmokle droiT, germanelebis mosvlamde, kvlav daibrunes amboxebulebma. magram ramdenadac germanelebi srulebiTac ar iyvnen ganwyobilni nebismieri erovnuli xelisuflebis aRiarebisaTvis okupirebul teritoriebze, maT, vinc ibrZoda erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis aRaraferi aRar darCenodaT garda imisa, rom gadasuliyvnen iatakqveSeTSi, farulad daebeWdaT saagitacio furclebi an moewyoT sabotaJis aqtebi okupantebis winaaRmdeg. Seiqmna partizanuli razmebi, pirvelyovlisa, aRmosavleT litvis tyeebSi. baltiispireTis qveynebze batonobis aRdgenis Semdeg, 1944 wlidan sabWoebma gaagrZeles Tavisi omamdeli politika da igi daamTavres soflis meurneobis masobrivi koleqtivizaciiT 1949 wels. koleqtivizacias Tan axlda kulakebis deportacia. samocidan asi aTas kacamde, iseve rogorc wina 1940 wels, gadasaxlebulni iqnen cimbirsa da yazaxeTSi. glexebi, romlebic cdilobdnen, rom ar moxvedriliyvnen Sinsaxkomis saqonlis vagonebSi, garbodnen tyeebSi. isini uerTdebodnen partizanebs, an qmnidnen tyis Zmobebs. es ukansknelebi aerTianebdnen Tavis Zalisxmevas, rom winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT axali sabWoTa okupaciisaTvis da momzadebuliyvnen dasavleTis omisaTvis ssrk winaaRmdeg, romelsac mravali baltiispireli moeloda maSin. es

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adamianebi cxovrobdnen tyis qoxebsa da bunkerebSi, produqtebs iRebdnen adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan da iaraRdebodnen germanelebis mitovebuli iaraRiT. razmebi moiTvlida ramdenime aTeul aTas kacs, SesaZloa mTeli mosaxleobis 0,5%-s. isini Tavs esxmodnen sabWoTa eSelonebsa da klavdnen adgilobriv sabWoTa moxeleebs. zogjer isini ramdenime dRiT xelT igdebdnen patara dasaxlebul punqtebs da maSin eklesiebis Spilebze frialebda erovnuli droSebi. ra Tqma unda, mTlianobaSi tyis Zmebi upirispirdebodnen mters, romelsac sruli ricxobrivi upiratesoba gaaCnda. maT ar exmarebodnen garedan, amitomac maT ar SeeZloT axali iaraRis aramc Tu miReba, Zvelis SekeTebac ki. 1952 wlisaTvis tyis Zmebi nawilobriv gaanadgures, magram zogierT adgilebSi isini kidev daaxloebiT rva wlis manZilze moqmedebdnen. maTi sicocxlisunarianoba brZolis uTanabro pirobebSi miuTiTebs masze, Tu adgilobrivi mosaxleobis raoden didi mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen isini. dasavleT ukrainaSic partizanulma moZraobam TanmimdevrobiT gadaitana sabWoTa da germanuli okupaciis saSinelebebi. man iarseba 50-iani wlebis dasawyisamde. partizanebi Tavs afarebdnen tyeebs, awyobdnen moulodnel reidebs sabWoTa dawesebulebebis winaaRmdeg, Tavs esxmodnen partiul da sabWoTa muSakebs da sargeblobdnen xalxis mxardaWeriT. es omi ekuTvnis ucnobi omebis ricxvs evropis istoriaSi: TiTqmis arcerTi misi monawile ar gadarCa, rom moeTxro gadatanili ambebis Sesaxeb. ukraineli nacionalistebis lideri stepan bandera mokla sabWoTa specsamsaxurebma dasavleT germaniaSi 1959 wels. deportaciebs, romlebic ganicada sabWoTa kavSiris dasavleT nawilSi mcxovrebma xalxebma, ramdenadme faravs yirimisa da kavkasiis ramdenime mcirericxovani xalxis sruli deportacia. pirvelebi, vinc iwvnia deportacia, iyvnen volgispireli germanelebi. mogvianebiT, samamulo omis sxvadasxva etapze igive bedi ewiaT yirimel TaTrebs, saqarTveloSi mesxebsa da maT teritoriaze mcxovreb Turqebs, stepebSi mcxovreb yalmuxebsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis oTx xalxs _ CeCnebs, inguSebs, balyarelebsa da yaraCaelebs. (deportirebulTa Soris iyvnen agreTve SavizRvispireTSi mcxovrebi berZnebi). maT brali edebodaT kolaboracionizmSi, magram es ar iyo yovelTvis maTi gadasaxlebis mizezi. volgispireTis germanelebi gadaasaxles manamde, vidre maT amis saSualeba miecemodaT, Tumca es RonisZieba preventiuladac SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mxolod yirimelma TaTrebma da yalmuxebma ganicades germanuli okupacia SedarebiT xangrZlivi periodiT.. sinamdvileSi SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom swored am xalxebma gauwies gansakuTrebiT sastiki winaaRmdegoba 1930-ian wlebSi sovetizaciis politikas da rom stalini preventiulad cdilobda winaaRmdegobebis kerebis CaxSobas omisSemdgom gardamaval periodSi. es operaciebi tardeboda metad eSmakuri sisastikiT. am movlenebis monawileTa mogonebebis mixedviT, zogierT SemTxvevaSi sabWoTa xelisufleba, axsovda ra am xalxebis tradiciuli meomruli suliskveTeba, mamakacebs iwvevda banketze wiTeli armiis saiubileo dRis aRsaniSnavad, sadac dapatiJebulebi, tradiciis mixedviT, uiaraRod unda gamocxadebuliyvnen. vidre iq, yovelgvari sufruli wesebis dacviT sadRegrZeloebi warmoiTqmeboda, Cekistebs saxlebidan gamohyavdaT qalebi, moxucebi da bavSvebi, sxamdnen maT saqonlis gadasarek vagonebSi da mihyavdaT sadRac aRmosavleTSi. Semdeg igives ukeTebdnen gamaZRar da gamomTvral mamakacebs, romlebsac winaaRmdegobis gawevis Tavi aRar hqondaT. mTieli xalxebis didi nawili gadaasaxles yazaxeTis tramalebSi, sadac maT unda aeTvisebinaT maTTvis uCveulo miwaTmoqmedebis formebi. mravali garboda stepebidan da saxldebodnen qalaqgareT jurRmulebSi, ojaxebi xSirad cxovrobdnen erTad, bavSvebi ki dadiodnen skolebSi, sadac swavla rusul enaze mimdinareobda. mokled, iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom stalins surda am xalxebis amoZirkva rogorc TviTmyofadi Temebis, arTmevda maT samSoblos, tradiciul ekonomikas, adaT-wesebs, religiasa da enas. mxolod erT xalxs sabWoTa kavSirSi, ebraelebs, ekavaT gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba. ganuwyvetliv ganicdidnen ra mefis mTavrobis mxridan diskriminacias, isini, bunebrivia, warmoadgendnen revoluciuri moZraobis potenciur da aqtiur monawileebs. isini mravalmxriv mogebulebi darCnen 1917-1921 ww. movlenebis Semdeg. isini mravlad iyvnen komunisturi partiis rigebSic. rad Rirs Tundac is faqti, rom revoluciis mravali saxelganTqmuli moRvawe _ trocki, zinovievi, kamenevi,sverdlovi, radeki, uricki da sxvebi, _ iyvnen ebraelebi. sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom komunizmis

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Tavgamodebuli mowinaaRmdegeni mas (e.i. komunizms) Tvlidnen ebraelebis saerTaSoriso SeTqmulebad. revoluciam Sewyvita ebraelTa diskriminacia. axla maT SeeZloT qveynis nebismier nawilSi dasaxleba, ganaTlebis miReba da sxvadasxva profesiebis aTviseba. mravalma ebraelma datova dasaxlebis zRvari _ ruseTis dasavleTi nawili, romelic mefis mTavrobam gamoyo maT samosaxlo adgilad, da xeli mokides mewarmeobasa da iseT saqmianobas, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo msxvili qalaqebisaTvis. mgram mravali darCa dasaxlebis zRvaris farglebSi. da swored maSin aRmocenda sxvaoba sabWoTa ebraelebs Soris: maTi nawili gadasaxlda qalaqebSi, laparakobda rusul enaze da yalibdeboda rogorc rusul-sabWoTa eri. meore nawili darCa dasaxlebis zRvaris farglebSi, Tavis StetlebSi (patar-patara dasaxlebebi, ruseTis dasavleT nawilSi), laparakobdnen idiSze, SeinarCunes iudaizmisadmi erTguleba da erovnuli Taviseburebebi adaT-wesebsa da ojaxur cxovrebaSi. magram sabWoTa saxelmwifo gulmodgined cdilobda maT gaTanabrebas. Canaweri pasportSi erovnebis Sesaxeb gaCnda 1932 wlidan. gaCnda SemdgomSi sayovelTaod cnobili mexuTe punqti, sadac oficialurad iwereboda moqalaqis erovneba. ebraelebSi bavSvi Cveulebriv Rebulobs dedis erovnebas; magram Teqvsmeti wlis asaks miRweuls, rodesac igi iRebda pasports, SeeZlo aerCia, survilisamebr, mamis erovneba. erovnebis gamocvlis sxva saSualeba ar arsebobda. TviT mefis ruseTSic ki, ebraelebi, romlebic inaTlebodnen, iTvlebodnen rusebad. amgvarad, Canaweri erovnebis Sesaxeb iyo rasistuli RonisZieba, rac pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeboda marqsistul Teorias. erovnul identifikacias SeiZleboda ar hqonoda esoden didi mniSvneloba, rom ebraelTa mdgomareobaSi ar yofiliyo specifiuri faqtorebi. ivriti, ebraelTa religiuri ena, aikrZala.sxva xalxebisagan gansxvavebiT maT ar gaaCndaT sakuTari teritoria. marTalia, 20-iani wlebis bolos, Soreul aRmosavleTSi, manjuriis sazRvarTan, birobijanis raioni gamocxadda ebraul administraciul da teritoriul erTeulad, magram iq Zalian cota Cavida dasasaxleblad, radgan iqauri klimati iyo Zalian mkacri, xolo miwebi faqtobrivad daWaobebuli. aseTi aramimzidveli pirobebi srulebiTac ar miesadageboda ebraelebs, romlebsac miwaze muSaobis araviTari tradiciebi da gamocdileba ar gaaCndaT. amgvarad, birobijani ver iqca maT samSoblod da iq mcxovreb ebraelTa raodenoba arasodes ar asula 14 aTasze zemoT. amgvarad, ebraelTa umravlesoba, romlebmac datoves Stetelebi, saxldeboda did qalaqebSi. axal sacxovrebel adgilebSi isini ganaTlebis iseT maRal dones aRwevdnen, romelic ar gaaCnda kavSirSi mcxovreb arcerT xalxs. es ar aixsneba raRac gansakuTrebuli upiratesobebiT, romlebsac mTavroba ebraelebs aZlevda, ubralod maTTvis, ufro metad qalaqelebisaTvis, damaxasiaTebeli iyo umaRlesi ganaTlebisadmi didi swrafva.. mTavroba ki 20-30-ian wlebSi araviTar diskriminaciul RonisZiebebs ar atarebda maT winaaRmdeg. rogoradac ar unda yofiliyo, 1935 wels, yovel mesame axalgazrda ebraels, romelmac saTanado asaks miaRwia, miRebuli hqonda umaRlesi an specialuri ganaTleba. ebraelebi Tanmimdevrulad aRwevdnen warmatebebs profesiebSi, romelsac umaRlesi saswavlebeli iZleoda. magaliTad, eqimebs Soris ebraeli iyo 16%, universitetis profesor-maswavlebelTa Soris 10%, amdenive iyo kulturis muSakebsa da inJinrebs Soris. da es maSin, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobaSi ebraelebi sul 3%-s Seadgendnen. mxolod 30-iani wlebis Sua periodidan miubrunda sabWoTa xelisufleba ruseTisaTvis tradiciul antisemitizms. antisemiturma ganwyobilebebma ruseTSi jer kidev Tavi iCina revoluciis periodSi ruseTsa da ukrainaSi, rasac saSineli darbevebi sdevda Tan. momdevno wlebSi am crurwmenebma ar iklo. magaliTad, 1920-ian wlebSi nepmanebs xSirad ebraelebad miiCnevdnen, Tanac partiis zogierTi maRali Tanamdebobis piri arafers ar akeTebda am Sexedulebebis sawinaaRmdegod. mogvianebiT es SedarebiTi warmatebebi, romlebsac ebraelebma miaRwies ganaTlebasa da prestiJul profesiebSi, iwvevda ukmayofilebasa da sawinaaRmdego qmedebas. magram antisemitizmi ar iqca oficialur politikad 1945 wlamde, rodesac ebraelebma sakuTari tyaviT igrZnes mexuTe punqtis damRa. pasportebi am grifiT saWiro iyo umaRles saswavlebelSi Sesasvlelad, samsaxurSi mosawyobad an binis misaRebad. magaliTad, 1947 w. moskovis universitetSi daaweses mkacrad gansazRvruli qvota ebraelebis misaRebad da gaauqmes privilegiebi ebrael medalistebze, romlebic saSualo skolis oqros medalze damTavrebis SemTxvevaSi aRar abarebdnen sabWoTa kavSiris nebismier umaRles saswavlebelSi misaReb gamocdebs. viqtor perelmani, literaturnaia gazetas yofili TanamSromeli, igonebda, rom 1951 w.

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iuridiuli institutis damTavrebis Semdeg, igi ver poulobda samsaxurs specialobis mixedviT. Tavidan gaxda biblioTekari, Semdeg ki Jurnalisti. disidenti vladimer bukovski sircxvilis grZnobiT igonebda, rom mkvleli eqimebis SeTqmulebis periodSi mis erT Tanaklasel ebrael biWunas rogor scemdnen yoveldRe gakveTilebis dawyebis win da maswavleblebi amas gulgrilad uyurebdnen; isini bavSvs ki ar icavdnen, aramed uSvebdnen sisxlisa da WuWyis Camosabanad. 1948 w. israelis saxelmwifos Seqmnam ebraelebi ormagad gansxvavebuli gaxada sabWoTa kavSiris sxva xalxebTan SedarebiT. imis garda, rom maT ar hqonda ssrk farglebSi sakuTari eTnikuri teritoria, amis potenciuri saSualeba maT miecaT sazRvargareT. omisSemdgomi sifxizlisa Tu isteriis pirobebSi, moRalateebisa da jaSuSebis Sesaxeb, aseT mdgomareobas SeiZleboda gamoewvia da gamoiwvia kidec erTi ram: saxelmwifo politika ebraelebis mimarT ubralo diskriminaciidan gardaiqmna pirdapir represiebad. kosmopolitebis winaaRmdeg stalinuri brZolis kampania mimarTuli iyo uwinares yovlisa ebraelebis winaaRmdeg da swored maT emuqrebodaT yvelaze metad samuSaodan daTxovna an dapatimreba. adamianebs mouwodebdnen gamoevlinaT sionistebi,e.i. is xalxi visac miawerdnen socialisturi samSoblos Ralats da samsaxurs israelis erovnuli saxelmwifos sasargeblod. 1949-1952 ww. aRmosavleT evropis komunisti liderebis sasamarTlo procesebze ganuwyvetliv figurirebda sionizmis Sesaxeb braldebebi. ebraelTa lanZRva-ginebis kampaniam iseT dones miaRwia, rom yoveldRe elodnen maT winaaRmdeg saerTo nacionaluri masStabiT represiebis dawyebas. 1948 w. moulodnelad daSales omis dros Seqmnili ebraelTa antifaSisturi komiteti. komitetis Tavmjdomare, gamoCenili ebraeli msaxiobi da reJisori solomon mixoelsi moklul iqna stalinis miTiTebiT. daixura moskovSi ebraelTa Teatri, dapatimrebul iqnen TiTqmis yvela cnobili ebraeli mwerlebi da kulturis moRvaweni. 1952 w. maTgan daxvrites ocdaeqvsi kaci. maT brali edebodaT imaSi, rom isini TiTqos cdilobdnen yirimis gardaqmnas ebraul teritoriad, mis Camocilebas sabWoTa kavSirisagan da gadacemas inglis-amerikelebisaTvis. gavrcelda xmebi, rom yvela ebraeli cimbirSi unda gadaesaxlebinaT. swored am atmosferoSi daiwyo stalinma mkvleli ebraeli eqimebis saqmis fabrikacia, ramac Tavisi roli Seasrula misi saidumloebiT mocul sikvdilSi. mTlianobaSi stalini Seecada Tavidan aecilebina leninuri erovnuli politikis orazrovneba misi centriskenuli tendenciebis gaZlierebiT da erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis msxverplad SewirviT. es iyo ara imdenad xalxebisa da erebis rusifikacia, ramdenadac maTi sovetizacia da komunizacia. da am procesSi CarTulni iyvnen yvela xalxebi, maT Soris rusebic. ararusul regionebSi process Tan axlda adgilobrivi enebis gamoyenebis arealis Semcireba. ramdenadac rusuli ena warmoadgenda sovetizaciis enas, is aucileblad gamoiyureboda rogorc rusifikacia da asedac aRiqmeboda. arada praqtikaSi skolebSi ganaTleba mimdinareobda mSobliur enebze, gamoicemoda wignebi. ar keTdeboda erovnuli kulturis Zirfesvianad amoZirkvis cdebi, rogorc es iyo carizmis dros. piriqiT, wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis likvidaciam, sayovelTao dawyebiTi ganaTlebis organizaciam, milionobiT soflis mosaxlis qalaqad gadasaxlebam gamoiwvia adgilobrivi erovnuli TviTSegnebis zrda, Tumca stalinma sagrZnoblad Seumcira erovnul respublikebs politikuri da ekonomikuri Zalaufleba. sinamdvileSi axali erebi TavianT formas Rebulobdnen saSineli wnexis qveS, xolo Zvelebi cdilobdnen Tavisi kulturis SenarCunebas. ufro metic, partia cdilobda erovnuli elitebis Seqmnas, romelsac SeeZleboda Tavisi respublikis saTaveSi Cadgomas. stalinurma wmendebma 30-ian wlebSi amas xeli SeuSala, magram ver amoZirkva sabolood, ase rom, misi sikvdilis Semdegac gagrZelada partiuli elitebis formireba. kandidatebs arCevda nomenklaturuli sistema, romelic misi Semadgeneli nawili xdeboda. mogvianebiT es xalxi gaxda damakavSirebeli rgoli xelisuflebis funqcionirebis sistemaSi avtoritarul centrsa da sakuTar xalxSi erovnul Segnebas Soris. Tu stalinis politika mimarTuli iyo erTiani sabWoTa eris Seqmnisaken rusuli eniTa da kulturiT, unda iTqvas, rom am saqmeSi man garkveul warmatebas miaRwia. magram imave dros revoluciis Sedegebi da stalinis mier gatarebuli politikis gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi, imavdroulad iwvevda sawinaaRmdego tendenciebis warmoSobas, rac stalinis memkvidreebisaTvis qmnida paradoqsul mdgomareobas, romelic nebismier momentSi SeiZleboda afeTqebuliyo.

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didi samamulo omi omis mizezebi. meore msoflio omi miekuTvneba udides istoriul movlenaTa ricxvs. igi grZeldeboda eqvsi weli da moicva TiTqmis yvela kontinenti da yvela okeane. omSi monawileobda 61 saxelmwifo, maT Soris yvela didi saxelmwifo. misi masStabebi bevrad gascda pirveli msoflio omis masStabebs, romelic grZeldeboda 4 weli da romelSic 36 qveyana monawileobda. omma udidesi ubedureba, ngreva, tanjva da vaeba moutana kacobriobas. imave dros, meore msoflio omis wlebSi grZeldeboda iseTi procesebis ganviTareba, romlebmac Secvales omisSemdgomi msoflios saxe. didi warmatebebi iqna miRweuli mecnierebasa da teqnikaSi, maT Soris atomuri energetikis damorCilebaSi. kapitalistur qveynebSi mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda saxelmwifo-monopolisturi kapitalizmis sistema. daiwyo kapitalizmis koloniuri sistemis daSla. rig qveynebSi moxda revoluciebi, romlebsac Sedegad moyva iq socializmis ZaliT damkvidreba. gaizarda demokratiuli Zalebis gavlena. faSizmze gamarjvebis Sedegad Seicvala msoflios politikuri ruka, Seiqmna klasobriv ZalTa da politikur ZalTa axali Tanafardoba. pirveli msoflio omis msgavsad, meore msoflio omi aRmocenda imperializmis ekonomikuri da politikuri ganvTarebis uTanabrobis gamo, kapitalistur qveynebs Soris winaaRmdegobaTa mkveTrad gamwvavebis gamo. faSisturi da militaristuli saxelmwifoebi, romelTa saTaveSic idgnen germania, italia da iaponia, ukmayofiloni iyvnen versal-vaSingtonis sistemiT da surdaT msoflios xelaxali gadanawileba, koloniebis, nedleulis bazebisa da gasaRebis bazrebis xelTgdeba, romlebic maSin upiratesad inglisis, safrangeTis, aSS-sa da maTTan dakavSirebuli qveynebis xelSi imyofeboda. germanias surda Tavisi mezobeli qveynebis damoneba, sabWoTa kavSiris ganadgureba, afrikasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi axali koloniuri imperiis Seqmna. italias surda xmelTaSua zRvis gadaqceva "italiur tbad", balkaneTis da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebis damorCileba da aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT afrikis nawilis miTviseba. iaponia, romelmac jer kidev XX s-is dasawyisSi daipyro korea, lamobda CineTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris nawilis, agreTve birmis, malaiis, indoneziis, filipinebisa da "samxreTis zRvebis sxva qveynebis" dapyrobas. yvelaze didi faSistur-militaristuli qveynebi _ germania da iaponia _ cdilobdnen msoflio batonobis miRwevas. iaponiis mmarTveli wreebi sajarod acxadebdnen, rom maTi mizania "msoflios gaerTianeba rvakuTxovani saxuravis qveS" (e.i. iaponiis batonobis qveS). faSisturi germaniis lideri hitleri, germaniis samxedro sardlobis winaSe gamosvlisas 1939 w. 10 Tebervals, ase ayalibebda Tavisi politikis miznebs: "a) gabatoneba evropaSi, b) msoflioSi gabatoneba aswleulebis manZilze." jer kidev meore msoflio omis dawyebamde italiis, germaniisa da iaponiis mmarTveli wreebi daadgnen agresiis gzas. italiam xelT igdo eTiopia (abisinia) da albaneTi, germaniam _ avstria da Cexoslovakia. 1931 w. iaponiam moaxdina manjuriis (Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTi) okupacia, xolo 1937 w. daiwyo samxedro saqmianoba centralur CineTSi da daipyro didi teritoria, maT Soris CineTis udidesi qalaqebi pekini, Sanxai, nankini. 1938 w. iaponeli militaristebi SemoiWrnen sabWoTa teritoriaze xasanis tbis raionSi, xolo 1939 w. _ monRoleTis saxalxo respublikis teritoriaze mdinare xalxin-golis raionSi, magram sabWoTa da monRoleTis jarebma ukuagdes Tavdamsxmelebi. agresiis Semdgomi aqti iyo hitleruli germaniis Tavdasxma poloneTze 1939 w. 1 seqtembers, riTac daiwyo meore msoflio omi. poloneTis mokavSireebma inglisma da safrangeTma omi gamoucxades germanias. 1941 w. dekemberSi iaponiam daiwyo samxedro saqmianoba aSS-sa da inglisis winaaRmdeg. imavdroulad iaponiis jarebi SeiWrnen aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis qveynebSi. aziis xalxebisa da qveynebis brZola iaponeli militaristebis agresiis winaaRmdeg warmoadgenda faSizmis winaaRmdeg saerTo brZolis Semadgenel nawils, romelic 1945 w. agresorebis damarcxebiT damTavrda.

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omis xasiaTi. miuxedavad imisa, rom meore msoflio omis damTavrebidan 60 weli gavida, dRemde ar wydeba kamaTi istorikosebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis xasiaTis Sesaxeb. Cven aq ar SevudgebiT iseT sakiTxebis Sefasebas, romlebic saeWvo araa da kamaTs ar iwveven. magaliTad, araa aucilebeli omis Sefaseba, romelsac awarmoebdnen antihitleruli koaliciis qveynebi misi Seqmnis Semdeg. aseve Cven ar SevudgebiT istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli im omis Sefasebas, romelsac reaqciuli faSisturi blokis qveynebi awarmoebdnen. Cven mxolod SevexebiT or sakiTxs, romelTa Sesaxebac gansakuTrebiT mwvave kamaTi mimdinareobs. esaa, jer erTi, rogori iyo omis xasiaTi, romelsac awarmoebdnen inglisi da safrangeTi meore msoflio omis sawyis periodSi, kerZod 1939-1941 ww, ganasakuTrebiT ki e.w. ucnauri omis periodSi. da meore, rogor unda Sefasdes pozicia, romelic ekava sabWoTa mTavrobas 1939-1941 ww. am problemebis marqsistulma istoriografiam mravaljer da arsebiTi cvlilebebi ganicada. da mainc gabatonebuli tendencia im omis SefasebaSi, romelsac awarmoebdnen inglisi da safrangeTi 1939-1940 ww. imaSi mdgomareobda, rom xazi esmeboda an xdeboda absolutizacia dasavleTis qveynebis qcevis im mxareebs, romlebic mowmobdnen maTi mxridan omis imperialistur xasiaTs am wlebSi. rogorc wesi, aqcenti keTdeboda masze, rom omis dasawyisSi am qveynebis liderebi cdilobdnen kompromisebis miRwevas faSistur germaniasTan, da atarebdnen germaniisa da sabWoTa kavSiris erTmaneTze gadakidebis kurss. amave dros sabWoTa kavSiris politikas xatavdnen ukiduresad keTilmosurne ferebSi, Cqmalavdnen stalinuri xelmZRvanelobis politikis negatiur mxareebs, warmoaCendnen upiratesobebs, romelic TiTqosda miiRo sabWoTa kavSirma germaniasTan Tavdausxmelobis paqtis dadebiT, xolo germaniis mier am paqtis darRveva da samxedro moqmedebebis gadatana sabWoTa kavSirze, sabWoTa istorikosebis azriT, TiTqos kardinalurad cvlida meore msoflio omis xasiaTs. 80-90-ian wlebSi sabWoTa arqivebis nawilis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT, mecnieruli kvlevis ufro obieqturi meTodebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT daiwyo sabWoTa istoriografiis tradiciuli koncefciebis gadaxedva. magram am problemebisadmi axal midgomaSi Tavi iCina erTi ukiduresobidan meoreSi gadavradnam, ris gamoc miviReT sawinaaRmdego, magram aseve calmxrivi da negatiuri Sefaseba. 90-an wlebSi gamoqveynebul calkeul wignebsa da statiebSi ukve keTdeboda Taviseburi aqcenti inglisisa da safrangeTis moqmedebaTa Taviseburi reabilitaciaze omis sawyis periodSi, zogjer ki xdeboda pirdapiri uaryofa im imperialisturi tendenciebisa, romelic arsebobda inglisisa da safrangeTis xelmZRvanelTa politikaSi. am naSromebSi xdeba ssrk 1939-41 wlebis politikis kardinaluri gadafaseba, mocemulia germaniasTan Tavdausxmelobis paqtis ukiduresad negatiuri Sefaseba, ufro metic, es istorikosebi amtkiceben, rom es Tavdausxmelobis paqti ki ar iyo, aramed xelSekruleba urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb, rom sabWoTa kavSiri pirdapir exmareboda faSistur germanias da amitomac igi warmoadgenda germaniis arameomar mokavSires. zogjer imasac weren, rom omis sawyis etapze sabWoTa kavSiri faSistur germaniasTan erTad awarmoebda saomar operaciebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi saqme midioda hitleruli germaniis saqmianobis gamarTlebamde. magaliTad, 1993 w. sabWoTa samxedro dazvervis yofilma oficerma vladimer rezunma, romelic 1978 w. gaiqca sabWoTa kavSiridan, viqtor suvorovis fsevdonimiT gamoaqveyna naSromi yinulmWreli. vin daiwyo meore msoflio omi?. am wignSi avtori amtkicebs, rom faSisturi germania ar iyo agresori, rom man daiwyo omi ssrk winaaRmdeg imisaTvis, rom CaefuSa stalinis mier momzadebuli prevenciuli omi germaniis winaaRmdeg, romelic unda 1941 w. ivlisSi dawyebuliyo. ismeba kiTxva: sadaa WeSmariteba? meore msoflio omis xasiaTis Sefaseba, rogorc avRniSneT, araerTxel Secvlila 30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, roca sabWoTa politikasa da publicistikaSi pirvelad daiwyo am problemis ganxilva. am omiswinandel wlebSi, rogorc wesi, Tvlidnen, rom meore msoflio omi faqtobrivad daiwyo ukve 1936-38 ww. reaqciul-faSisturi blokis saxelmwifoTa agresiuli aqtebis Semdeg. meore msoflio omisaTvis mzadebis (maSindeli gagebiT ukve dawyebuli) Sefaseba oficialur sabWoTa propagandaSi, kominternis dokumentebsa da maSindel publicistikaSi gamomdinareobda 30-iani wlebis Sua periodSi sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis mier miRebuli sagareopolitikuri kursidan. es Sefaseba gamomdinareobda iqidan, rom 1933 w. germaniaSi nacional-socialistebis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg msofliosaTvis mTavar

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saSiSroebas warmoadgenda faSizmi. amitomac faSizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad kominternis VII kongresze wamoyenebul iqna lozungi saxalxo frontisa, rogorc yvela demokratiuli Zalebis gaerTianeba calke aRebul qveyanaSi. saerTaSoriso arenaze sabWoTa kavSirma jer kidev 1934-1935 ww. aiRo kursi kavSiris damyarebisa liberalurparlamenturi demokratiis qveynebTan reaqciul-faSisturi blokis qveynebis winaaRmdeg. Tavis SefasebebSi oficialuri sabWoTa propaganda 30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi emyareboda Teziss, rom saerTaSoriso situacia, romelic Seiqmna meore msoflio omis win, kardinalurad gansxvavdeboda situaciisagan, romelic arsebobda pirveli msoflio omis win. sabWoTa istoriografia amtkicebda, rom pirvel msoflio omSi erTmaneTs ebrZoda ori imperialisturi koalicia, romlebic erTnairad agebdnen pasuxs msoflio konfliqtis momzadebisaTvios, rom isini awarmoebdnen oms msoflios kardinaluri gadanawilebisaTvis, rogorc surdaT samTa kavSiris wevr qveynebs, an TavianTi koloniuri samflobeloebisa da gavlenis sferoebis SenarCunebisa da gafarToebisaTvis, rogorc es antantis qveynebs surdaT. Semdeg aRniSnavdnen, rom 30-iani wlebis bolos saerTaSoriso asparezze aseve ori imperialisturi koalicia upirispirdeboda erTmaneTs, magram amjerad es koaliciebi principulad gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan. keTdeboda daskvna, rom kacobriobis umTavresi mteri aris reaqciul-faSisturi blokis qveynebi germaniis meTaurobiT, radgan isini oms awarmoeben ara marto revanSis gamo pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebisaTvis, rogorc germania, an axali teritoriebis SeZenisaTvis, rogorc italia da iaponia, aramed imisTvisac, rom daemyarebinaT msoflio batonoba, moespoT nacionaluri damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi, gaenadgurebinaT saparlamento demokratia da daemyarebinaT axali msoflio wesrigi e.i. daemyarebinaT sastiki totalitaruli reJimi mTel msoflioSi. aqedan keTdeboda daskvna, rom germania da sxva faSisturi qveynebi warmoadgendnen kacobriobis uborotes mters. meores mxriv, inglis-safrangeTis blokis qveynebic imperialisturi qveynebia, magram araagresiuli, mSvidobis moyvare qveynebia, burJuaziul-demokratiuli wyobiT, romlebic ibrZvian status quo-s SesanarCuneblad. ra Tqma unda, inglisisa da safrangeTis mmarTvel wreebs aqvT TavianTi imperialisturi miznebi. maT surT koloniuri uRlis SenarCuneba, TavianTi koloniuri samflobeloebis gafarToeba. maT surT germaniis blokis qveynebis agresiis mimarTva sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. magram, amasTan erTad, isini gamodian axali msoflio wesrigis damyarebis faSisturi gegmebis winaaRmdeg da am TvalsazrisiT isini SeiZleba sabWoTa kavSiris mokavSireebi iyvnen. TiTqmis 1939 w. ivlisamde es koncefcia warmoadgenda sabWoTa propagandis oficialur Tvalsazriss da xSirad meordeboda presasa Tu wignebSi. 1939 w. ivlisSi sakavSiro komunisturi partiis (b) centraluri komitetis oficialur Teoriul organoSi JurnalSi bolSeviki daibeWda sadireqtivo ststia saxelwodebiT meore imperialisturi omi romelSic gatarebuli iyo or koalicias Soris mkafio gansxvaveba. statiaSi naTqvami iyo, rom agresorebi (germania, italia da iaponia) awarmoeben oms... iseTi didi araagresiuli qveynebis winaaRmdeg, rogorebicaa aSS, inglisi da safrangeTi. amaSi mdgomareobs axlandeli viTarebis Zireuli sxvaoba 1914 w. viTarebasTan sedarebiT, roca omi wamoiwyo orive imperialisturma koaliciam. Semdeg statiaSi amtkicebdnen, rom am araagresiulma qveynebma uari ar Tqves Caurevlobis politikaze da jer kidev ar daadgnen faSisturi agresorebisagan erToblivi aqtiuri Tavdacvis gzas. magram mainc omi, romelic wamoiwyes faSistma agresorebma (rogorc avRniSneT, 1936 -38 ww. agresiul aqtebs sabWoTa kavSirSi ukve omis dawyebad miiCnevdnen) saboloo jamSi mimarTulia inglisis, safarangeTisa da aSS kapitalisturi interesebis winaaRmdeg. omi warmoadgens safrTxes yvela mSvidobismoyvare qveynisaTvis da pirvel rigSi sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis. amitomac keTdeboda daskvna, rom SeTanxmeba sabWoTa kavSirsa da araagresiul qveynebs Soris iqneboda samarTliani, progresuli aqti da mas aRfrTovanebul mxardaWeras aRmouCendnen saerTaSoriso muSaTa klasi da yvela qveynis mSromelebi. amgvari iyo 1939 w. zafxulamde sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis oficialurad gamoTqmuli sagareopolitikuri xazi. magram sinamdvileSi stalinuri xelmZRvanelobis politikuri xazi 1939 w. ukve ewinaaRmdegeboda am oficialur gancxadebebs. saqme isaa, rom 1938-1939 ww. ukve SeiniSneboda stalinis ukusvla 1935-1936 ww. politikuri xazidan, romelic asaxuli iyo kominternis VII kongresis gadawyvetilebebSi. stalinis gamosvlebSi sul ufro ikveTeboda sxvaobis uaryofis tendencia faSistur qveynebsa da burJuaziul-parlamenturi demokratiis qveynebs Soris, tendencia, rom am or erTnairad

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imperialistur koaliciebs Soris ar arsebobda principuli sxvaoba, rom isini atareben sabWoTa kavSiris kapitalistur alyaSi moqcevis politikas gamarjvebuli socializmis qveynis gasanadgureblad. am tendenciam mkafiod iCina Tavi am periodSi gamoqveynebul skp(b) istoriis mokle kursSi da stalinis saangariSo moxsenebaSi partiis XVIII yrilobaze 1939 w. martSi. sainteresoa, rom arc mokle kursSi da arc moxsenebaSi erTi sityvac ar iyo naTqvami arc kominternis VII kongresze da arc saxalxo frontze. ssrk stalinuri xelmZRvaneloba am axali sagareopolitikuri xazis Sesabamisad awarmoebda ra molaparakebas inglisTan da safrangeTTan, aqcents akeTebda maTi miunxenuri politikis mxilebaze, magram, amasTan erTad, kontaqtebi daamyara faSistur germaniasTan da 1939 w. agvistoSi masTan Tavdausxmelobis paqtic dado. dasavleTis qveynebis komunisturi partiebisaTvis sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis Tavdausxmelobis paqtis dadeba did moulodnelobas warmoadgenda. arc kompartiebis xelmZRvanelebma, arc kominternis xelmZRvanelebma araferi ar icodnen xelSekrulebis saidumlo oqmis sesaxeb. TviT sabWoTa mTavroba, xels awerda ra xelSekrulebas germaniasTan, sazogadoebrivi azris dasamSvideblad acxadebda, rom es ar niSnavda molaparakebebis gawyvetas inglisTan da safrangeTTan. amitomac 1939 w. 22 agvistos, sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis Tavdausxmelobis paqtis xelmoweris win, kominternis aRmasrulebelma komitetma, moiwona ra sabWoTa kavSiris ganzraxva germaniasTan xelSekrulebis xelmoweris sesaxeb, imave dros scada gaegrZelebina agresiuli faSisturi blokis qveynebis winaaRmdeg brZolis xazi. aRmaskomis gancxadebaSi naTqvami iyo: Tavisi mzadyofniT rom xeli moaweros germaniasTan Tavdausxmelobis paqts, ssrk exmareba mezobel baltiispireTis patara qveyenbs da xels uwyobs sayovelTao mSvidobas... amiT ssrk fuSavs burJuaziuli, reaqciuli wreebis gegmebs..., romlebsac surT agresia mimarTon socializmis qveynis winaaRmdeg... ssrk TiSavs agresorebs, xelebs inTavisuflebs iaponiis agresiis winaaRmdeg da Cineli xalxisaTvis daxmarebis saqmeSi. da bolos, molaparakebebma germaniasTan SeiZleba aiZulos inglisisa da safrangeTis mTavrobebi, rom carieli laybobidan gadavidnen ssrk-Tan saswrafod paqtis dadebaze. kominternis aRmaskomis gancxadeba mTavrdeboda miTiTebiT, rom gagrZeldes brZola agresorTa winaaRmdeg kidev ufro meti energiiT, gansakuTrebiT germanuli faSizmis winaaRmdeg. kominternis am xazs aqtiurad dauWires mxari dasavleTis qveynebis komunisturma partiebma. 1939 w. 1 seqtembris Semdeg, rodesac faSisturi germania Tavs daesxa poloneTs, safrangeTis, inglisis, aSS, belgiis, hiolandiis, daniis, Sveicariis komunisturma partiebma mxari dauWires inglisisa da safrangeTis mier germaniisaTvis omis gamocxadebas. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo gavleniani safrangeTis kompartiis pozicia. safrangeTis kompartiis saparlamenti jgufma xma miosca samxedro kreditebs da ganacxada yvela komunistis mtkice gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb uyoymanod Cadges hitleruli faSizmis agresiis mowinaaRmdegeTa pirvel rigebSi, rom yoveli Rone izmaros, raTa uzrunvelyon hitleruli agresiis damarcxeba omSi, romelic antifaSistur xasiaTs atarebs. safrangeTis kompartiis xelmZRvanelTa nawili, maT Soris moris torezi, Caewernen safrangeTis armiis SemadgenlobaSi. magram es xazi, romelsac misdevda kominternis xelmZRavneloba, sruliad miuRebeli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris stalinuri xelmZRvanelobisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT germaniasTan dadebuli Tavdausxmelobis paqtis Semdeg. Tavis politikaSi igi gamomdinareobda im gaTvlebidan, rom miemarTa faSisturi germaniis agresia dasavleTis winaaRmdeg. omis dasawyisidanve ori koaliciis erTmaneTze gadakidebis xazi maTi urTierTdasustebis mizniT sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis politikis centrSi moeqca. sabWoTa kavSiris axali sagareopolitikuri kursi sruliad gulaxdilad stalinma Camoayaliba giorgi dimitrovTan pirad saubarSi 1939 w. 7 dekembers. g. dimitrovis canawerebSi sabWoTa lideris debulebebi ase gamoiyureboda: omi mimdinareobs kapitalisturi qveynebis or dajgufebas Soris (mdidrebi da Raribebi koloniebis mimarT, nedleulis da a.S.) msoflios gadanawilebisaTvis, msoflioze batonobisaTvis! Cven ar varT winaaRmdegni, rom maT kargad iCxubon da daasuston erTmaneTi. cudi ar iqneba, Tu ki germaniis xelebiT moiryeva umdidresi kapitalisturi qveynebis (gansakuTrebiT inglisis) mdgomareoba. hitleri, ise, rom TviTon ar icis da sakuTari survilis winaaRmdeg, Zirs uTxris kapitalistur sistemas... Cven SegviZlia manevrireba, erTi mxaris waqezeba meoris winaaRmdeg, raTa ukeT iCxubon. paqti

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Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb ramdenadme exmareba germanias. Semdegi momenti iqneba meore mxaris wabiZgeba. kapitalisturi qveynebis komunistebi mtkiced unda gamovidnen sakuTari mTavrobebis, omis winaaRmdeg. omamde demokratiuli reJimis dapirispireba faSizmisadmi savsebiT swori iyo. imperialistur qveynebs Soris omis dros es ukve arasworia. kapitalisturi qveynebis dayofam faSistur da demokratiul qveynebad azri dakarga. omma Zireuli gardatexa gamoiwvia. guSindeli dRis erTiani saxalxo fronti warmoadgenda kapitalisturi reJimis pirobebSi monebis mdgomareobis erTgvar Semsubuqebas. imperialisturi omis pirobebSi dgas monobis ganadgurebis sakiTxi! dRevandel dRes dgoma guSindeli dRis poziciebze (erTiani saxalxo fronti, erTiani eri da a.S.) _ niSnavs burJuaziis poziciebze daSvebas. es lozungi ixsneba... unda vuTxraT muSaTa klass: brZola mimdinareobs msoflioSi batonobisaTvis; omoben kapitalisturi qveynebis mesveurebi sakuTari imperialisturi interesebisaTvis. igi arafers ar aZlevs muSebs, mSromelebs, garda tanjva-wvalebisa. saWiroa mtkice gamosvla omisa da misi damnaSaveebis winaaRmdeg. saWiroa farda aexados burJuaziuli neitraluri qveynebis neitralitets, romlebic gamodian ra neitralitetis dasacavad Sin, oms uWeren mxars sxva qveynebSi mogebis mizniT. es iyo kardinaluri Semobrunebis momenti. misi zemoaRniSnuli debulebebidan gamomdinareobda moTxovna, rom SeewyvitaT germaniis faSizmis mxileba da propagandaSi ZiriTadi dartyma mimemarTaT zoghadad imperializmis winaaRmdeg, uari eTqvaT TanamSromlobaze burJuaziul-demokratiul ZalebTan, social-demokratiasTan. amtkicebdnen, rom saWiroa kritikis mTeli simWvave mimarTuli iqnas omis umTavresi damnaSaveebis _ inglisisa da safrangeTis winaaRmdeg. amis Sesabamisad stalinma moiTxova kominternis xelmZRvanelobisagan, dasavleTis qveynebis kompartiebisagan, da pirvelyovlisa inglisisa da safrangeTis kompartiebisagan, rom dauyovnebliv SeecvalaT TavianTi politikuri kursi. ukve 1939 w. 9 seqtembers kominternis aRmaskomma srulad dauWira ra mxari stalinur debulebebs, gamovida axali gancxadebiT omTan dakavSirebiT komunisturi partiebis politikisa da taqtikis Sesaxeb, romelSic stalinis ideebis Sesabamisad naTqvami iyo, rom inglisisa da safrangeTis omi araa omi faSizmis winaaRmdeg, rom mimdinareobs omi or imperialistur koalicias Soris msoflioSi batonobisaTvis da rom kompartiebma niRabi unda axadon omis imperialistur xasiaTs. am droidan moyolebuli termini faSizmi praqtikulad gaqra sabWoTa propagandistuli arsenalidan. mas mibaZa saerTaSoriso komunisturma moZraobamac. Tumca frontis esoden kardinalurad Secvlam didi siZneleebi Seuqmna saerTaSoriso komunistur moZraobas. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda safrangeTis komunisturi partia. dasavleTis sxva kompartiebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic TavianT qveynebis politikur cxovrebaSi ar sargeblobdnen didi politikuri gavleniT, safrangeTis komunisturi partia iyo didi politikuri zala da demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sakmaod didi avtoriteti gaaCnda. amitomac misTvis moulodnelma sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis Tavdausxmelobis paqtma da misma iZulebiTma mowonebam kompartiis xelmZRvanelobis mier swored mas miayena mZime moraluri dartyma. im dReebaSi komunistebs xSirad adanaSaulebdnen faSisturi germaniisaTvis xelis SewyobaSi. rogorc frangi komunisti artur rameti igonebda komunistebs Seuracxyofdnen quCebSi, fabrikaqarxnebSi... es iyo izolaciis saSineli dReebi. Cven xmis amoRebac ki ar SegveZlo, Cven aRaravin gvismenda. vidre safrangeTis kompartia mxars uWerda inglisisa da safrangeTis mier germaniisaTvis omis gamocxadebas, omis rogorc antifaSisturis Sefasebas, romelic mimarTuli iyo hitleruli germaniis winaaRmdeg, ramdenadme aCerebda samTavrobo wreebs safrangeTis kompartiisaTvis gadamwyveti dartymis miyenebisagan. magram situacia Seicvala, roca kompartiam daiwyo Tavisi politikuri xazis gasworeba stalinis axali direqtivebis Sesabamisad. aman gauadvila safrangeTis mTavrobas Cafiqrebuli aqciis ganxorcieleba. 1939 w. 26 seqtembers safrangeTis kompartia aikrZala. safrangeTis kompartiis mier xazis gasworebam da sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis axali kursisaTvis mxardaWeram seriozuli daeWveba da winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia kompartiis rigebSi. yoymanobdnen kompartiis iseTi cnobili moRvaweeebi rogorebic iyvnen kompartiis veterani marsel kaSeni da cnobili Jurnalisti gabriel peri. ufro metic,

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kominternis direqtivebma da misma morCilad Sesrulebam kompartiis xelmZRvanelobis mier safrangeTis parlamentSi komunisti deputatebis pirdapiri aRSfoTeba da dagmoba gamoiwvia. 27-ma deputatma, anu saparlamento fraqciis mesamedma sajarod dagmo kominternis da safrangeTis kompartiis xelmZRvanelobis axali kursi. maT Soris iyo kompartiis centraluri komitetis mdivani marsel Jitoni, romelsac araoficialur partiul ierarqiaSi mesame adgili ekava torezisa da diuklos Semdeg. kompartiis xelmZRvanelobam Jitoni moRalated da policiis provokatorad gamoacxada da didi moraluri zemoqmedeba moaxdina partiis moyoymane wevrebze, Tanac gamoaqveyna oficialuri gancxadeba ssrk stalinuri xelmZRvanelobis kursisadmi sruli solidarobis Sesaxeb. aman ki represiebis axali talRa gamoiwvia komunistebis winaaRmdeg da faqtobrivad dasca kompartiis avtoriteti. Tezisi meore msoflio omis imperialisturi xasiaTis Sesaxeb orive meomari mxaris mxridan rCeboda sabWoTa propagandis mudmiv Tezisad 1941 w. 22 ivnisamde. gansakutrebuli gulmodginebiT misi propagandireba xdeboda germaniastan 1939 w. 28 seqtembers xelmowerili megobrobisa da sazRvrebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis xelmoweris semdeg. omis gaCaRebisa da garZelebis brali sul ufro metad edeboda inglissa da safrangeTs. gansakutrebuli simkveTriT am Tezisma gaiJRera v.m. molotvis moxsenebaSi ssrk umaRlesi sabWos sesiaze 1939 w. 31 oqtombers. moxsenebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom omis dawyebis Semdeg cneba agresorma sul sxva azri SeiZina. axla, Tu vilaparakebT evropis did saxelmwifoebze, germania imyofeba im saxelmwifos mdgomareobaSi, romelsac saswrafod surs zavis dadeba, xolo inglisi da safrangeTi, romlebic jer kidev guSin gamodiodnen agresiis winaaRmdeg, moiTxoven omis gagrZelebas. molotovis moxsenebaSi gakritikebuli iyo inglisisa da safrangeTis xelmZRvanelebis gamosvlebi, romlebSic isini amtkicebdnen, rom ibrZvian hitlerizmis ganadgurebisaTvis, Semdeg ki amas mosdevda msjeloba, romelic SeuZlebeli iyo sabWoTa propagandisaTvis sul ramdenime Tvis win: ara marto uazrobaa, aramed danaSaulia iseTi omis warmoeba, rogoricaa omi hitlerizmis gasanadgureblad, rasac niRbaven demokratiisatvis brZolis yalbi droSiT. xolo TviT stalinma Tavis 1939 w. 30 noembris gancxadebaSi yovelive es Seajama: germania ki ar daesxa Tavs safrangeTsa da ingliss, aramed inglisi da safrangeTi daesxnen Tavs germanias, riTac aiRes am omisaTvis pasuxismgebloba Tavis Tavze. marTalia, 1940 w. zafxulidan, safrangeTis ganadgurebis Semdeg, inglisisa da safrangeTis poziciis odiozuri Sefasebebi, romlebic 1939 w. Semodgomaze gamoiTqmeboda, erTgvarad Serbilda. miuxedavad amisa, im drois propagandistul literaturaSi Tu samecniero SromebSi gabatonebuli iyo Tezisi omis imperialisturi xasiaTis Sesaxeb orive meomari mxaris mxridan. es iyo pirdapiri Sedegi maSindeli sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis sagareopolitikuri kursis Sedegi, romelic gaTvlili iyo xangrZliv omze dasavleTSi germaniisa da safrangeT-inglisis blokebs Soris maTi dasustebis imediT. mas Semdeg, rac es imedi ar gamarTlda da germaniam dasavleT evropis mravali qveyana daipyro safrangeTis CaTvliT, stalinuri politikis centrSi dadga amocana _ nebismier fasad SeenarCunebina mSvidoba sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis, gadaewia mosalodneli omis dawyebis dro. es iyo uwinares yovlisa omisaTvis mzadebis aucileblobasTan, ssrk samxedro sferoSi CamorCenilobis likvidaciasTan. magram am periodis sabWoTa propagandaSi SenarCunebuli iqna tradiciuli kominternuli kursis gamoZaxilic kapitalizmis revoluciuri gziT damxobis Sesaxeb. magalitad, Tavis erTerT statiaSi, romelic 1941 w. aprilSi gamoqveynda akademikosi e. varga werda, rom sabWota kavSiris interesebi moiTxovs mSvidobis SenarCunebas manamde, vidre ar momwifdeba revoluciuri krizisi kapitalistur qveynebSi. Semdeg igi statiaSi amtkicebda: Tu aRmocendeba iseTi situacia, rom zogierT qveyanaSi omis Sedegad warmoiSoba revoluciuri krizisi, burJuaziuli Zalaufleba dasustdeba da proletariati xelSi aiRebs Zalauflebas, maSin sabWoTa kavSiri unda wavides da wava kidec proletaruli revoluciebis daxmarebaze sxva qveynebSi. rogorc vxedavT stalinuri xelmZrvanelobis angarebiTi gaangariSebebi 1939-1941 wlebSi gadaxlarTuli iyo kominternis seqtantur-dogmaturi koncefciebis gadmonaSTebTan, romlebic 30-iani wlebis Sua periodidan iyo gabatonebuli kominternSi.

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faSisturi germaniis sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmis Semdeg oficialur sabWota propagandaSi maSinve moxda kardinaluri cvlileba, radgan sabWota kavSiri inglisis mokavSire gaxda. ukve Tavis 1941 w. 3 ivnisis gamosvlaSi stalinma gamoTqva rwmena, rom sabWoTa xalxis samamulo ganmaTavisuflebeli omi faSisti dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg SeuerTdeba evropisa da amerikis xalxebis brZolas maTi damoukideblobisaTvis, demokratiuli TavisuflebebisaTvis. 1941 w. 6 noembers oqtombris revoluciis 24-e wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil sazeimo sxdomaze gakeTebul moxsenebaSi stalinma kidev ufro mkafiod gansazRvra, rom germanelebi axla ukve awarmoeben dampyroblur, usamarTlo oms, romlis mizania ucxo teritoriebis dapyroba da ucxo xalxebis damoneba. hitleruli germaniisagan gansxvavebiT sabWoTa kavSiri da misi mokavSireebi awarmoeben ganmaTavisuflebel, samarTlian oms, romlis mizania evropisa da ssrk damonebuli xalxebis ganTavisufleba hitleruli tiraniisagan. meore msoflio omis damTavrebamde es Tvalsazrisi gabatonebuli iyo sabWoTa istoriografiaSi. ufro metic, meore msoflio omis damTavrebisTanave es Tvalsazrisi ara marto gameorebul iqna, aramed gavrcelda ara marto samamulo omis periodze, aramed wina 1939-1941 ww. periodzedac. Tavis gamosvlaSi amomrCevlebis winaSe 1946 w. 9 Tebervals stalinma ganacxada: meore msoflio omma RerZis saxelmwifoTa winaaRmdeg, pirveli msoflio omisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavidanve miiRo antifaSisturi, ganmaTavisuflebeli xasiaTi, romlis erTerT mizansac warmoadgenda demokratiul TaviosuflebaTa aRdgena. omSi sabWoTa kavSiris Cabmas RerZis saxelmwifoTa winaaRmdeg SeeZlo gaeZlierebina _ da marTlac, gaaZliera kidec _ meore msoflio omis antifaSisturi da ganmaTavisuflebeli xasiaTi. es Tvalsazrisi gabatonebuli iyo sabWota istoriografiaSi omisSemdgomi pirveli aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. oficialur propagandaSic, publicistur Tu samecniero SromebSi, rogorc wesi, amtkicebdnen, rom dasavleTis burJuaziuldemokratiuli qveynebis xelmZRvanelTa imperialisturi miznebi marTlac arsebobda, magram amas ar SeeZlo Seecvala omis antifaSisturi xasiaTi, romelsac 1939-1941 ww. awarmoebdnen inglisi da safrangeTi, xolo 1941 wlidan sabWoTa kavSiris Cabmam am omSi kidev ufro gaaZliera misi antifaSisturi, ganmaTavisuflebeli xasiaTi. marTalia, civi omis sawyis periodSi, 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi stalinis calkeul gamosvlebSi kvlav gaisma adrindeli Sefasebebis recidivebi, romlebic gabatonebuli iyo 1939-1941 wlebSi. magalitad, 1952 w. gamocemul naSromSi socializmis ekonomikuri problemebi ssrk-Si stalini amtkicebda: TiToeuli am ori kapitalisturi koaliciidan, romlebic erTmaneTs daetaknen omis dros, imedovnebdnen mowinaaRmdegis ganadgurebas da msoflioSi gabatonebas. magram mTlianobaSi Sefaseba, romelic 1946 w. gakeTda ucvleli rCeboda. meore msoflio omis xasiaTis Sesaxeb oficialuri Tvalsazrisis axali gadaxedva moxda 50-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi. mecnier-specialistTa viwro wreSi axali koncefciis (ufro zustad, Zveli koncefciis aRdgena) ganxilvis Semdeg igi gamoqveynda 1958 w. skkp ck-is Teoriul JurnalSi komunisti, Semdeg ki gameorda meore msoflio omis Sesaxeb mraval naSromSi. TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda am oficialuri koncefciis ramdenime varianti. yvelaze xisti varianti raRadebda, rom 1941 w. 22 ivnisamde meore msoflio omi atarebda imperialistur xasiaTs orive mxridan da gadaiqca ganmaTavisuflebel, antifaSistur omad nacisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli yvela qveynisaTvis mxolod mas Semdeg, rac omSi sabWoTa kavSiri Caeba. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi upiratesoba mieca am Sefasebis ufro Serbilebul variants. amtkicebdnen, rom meore msoflio omi daiwyo 1939 w. marTlac-da rogorc imperialisturi orive koaliciis mxridan. magram TandaTanobiT,gansakuTrebiT 1940 w. zafxulidan, roca safrangeTis damarcxebis Semdeg evropaSi gaizarda faSisturi axali wesrigis damyarebis safrTxe, daiwyo misi gadazrda antifaSistur, ganmaTavisuflebel omad germaniis yvela mowinaaRmdegisaTvis. omSi ssrk Cabmam daasrula es procesi da sabolood ganamtkica misi ganmaTavisuflebeli, antifaSisturi xasiaTi. da bolos, Camoyalibda mesame, ufro dialeqtikuri varianti oficialuri koncefciisa. diax, ambobdnen, misi momxreebi, meore msoflio omi daiwyo rogorc imperialisturi orive koaliciis mxridan. da mainc faSisturi germaniis dasavleTel

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mowinaaRmdegeTa moqmedebebSi imTaviTve SeimCneoda agreTve antifaSisturi, ganmaTavisuflebeli tendenciebi. Tavdapirvelad, 1939 w. da 1940 w. pirvel naxevarSi es tendenciebi ar TamaSobda gadamwyvet rols, iyo meorexarisxovani. magram TandaTanobiT, gansakuTrebiT 1940 w. zafxulidan meore tendencia jer gadaiqca Tansaworuflebian, Semdeg ki upirates tendenciad. sabolood es procesi dasrulda didi samamulo omis dawyebis Semdeg. yvela es samive varianti, gansakuTrebiT oficialuri koncefciis es ori Serbilebuli saxesxvaoba, Tanaarsebobda da meore msoflio omis Sesaxeb literaturaSi gamoiTqmeboda XX s-is 90-iani wlebis dasawyisamde. diskusias sabWiTa samecniero literaturaSi, romelic 80-iani wlebis miwurulsa da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi moewyo, ar moyva erTiani Tvalsazrisis gamomuSaveba. samecniero sta statiebsa da wignebSi, romlebic am periodSi gamoqveynda, gamoiTqmeboda ori sxvadasxva koncefcia faSisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg omis xasiaTis Sesaxeb mis sawyis, 1939-1941 ww. etapze: koncefcia antifaSisturi omisa, romelsac awarmoebdnen inglisi da safrangeTi, da koncefcia meore msoflio omis imperialisturidan antifaSistur omad gadazrdis Sesaxeb. romel koncefcias unda mieniWos upiratesoba am ori mosazrebidan? Cveni azriT pirveli _ is rom meore msoflio omi imTaviTve faSisturi germaniis mowinaaRmdege qveynebis mxridan iyo samarTliani da antifaSisturi _ ufro marTebuli koncefciaa. ratom? eWvs ar iwvevs is ambavi, rom meore msoflio omis dawyebamde inglisisa da safrangeTis mmarTvel wreebSi arsebobda erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ori sxvadasxva tendencia. erTis mxriv arsebobda Zlieri miswrafeba faSistur germaniasTan molaparakebisa, rom faSisturi agresia miemarTaT sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. magram, meores mxriv, inglisisa da safrangeTis brZolaSi faSisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg Tavs iCenda ara marto imperialisturi winaaRmdegoba am did qveynebs Soris, ara marto brZola msoflio arenaze batonobisaTvis, aramed isic, rom germanuli faSizmis eqspansiam seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna ara marto evropis qveynebis damoukideblobasa da demokratiul Tavisuflebebs, aramed mTel msofliosac. meore msoflio omis dawyebisas, miuxedavad inglisisa da safrangeTis samTavrobo wreebis erTgavari yoymanisa, mainc gaimarjva faSisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg brZolis tendenciam. amas mowmobs Tundac is faqti, rom 1939 w. seqtemberSi ar Sedga meore miunxeni, romlis mcdelobac araerTxel iyo. mniSvnelovani iyo agreTve isisc, rom umTavres amocanad cxaddeboda brZola hitlerizmis winaaRmdeg. Tqma ar unda, rom inglisisa da safrangeTis mmarTvel wreebs imperialisturi zraxvebic hqondaT. gamoucxades ra omi germanias, isini TiTqmis 1940 w. maisamde ar awarmoebdnen sabrZolo moqmedebebs. SemTxveviTi ar iyo rom omis am periods ucnauri omi uwodes. amasTan isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom dasavleTis mmarTveli wreebis zogierTi warmomadgeneli farul molaparakebebs awarmoebda germaniastan omis Sewyvetisa da ssrk winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis Sesaxeb. sabWoTa kavSir-fineTis omis dros isini awyobdnen am konfliqtSi samxedro Carevis gegmebs. magram TandaTanobiT mainc gaZlierda faSisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg aqtiurad brZolis momxreTa da ara masTan momrigebelTa poziciebi. 1940 w. maisSi inglisis mTavrobas saTaveSi caudga uinston CerCili, romelmac nacisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg ukompromiso brZolis lozungi wamoayena. amitomac, dasavleTis qveynebis mmarveli wreebis imperialisturi gaTvlebis miuxedavad, inglisisa da safrangeTis brZola germaniis winaaRmdeg TviT ucnauri omis drosac ki, 1939-1941 ww., iyo samarTliani, ganmaTavisuflebeli omi. imperialisturi omis antifaSistur omad gadazrdis koncefcia kidev imitom aris mcdari, rom gana 1941 w. 22 ivnisis Semdeg gaqra dasavleTis qveynebis mesveurTa imperialisturi miznebi da gaTvlebi? ra Tqma unda ara. inglisisa da aSS mmarTveli wreebis angarebiTi miznebi kargad mJRavndeboda meore frontis gaxsnis sistematurad gaWianurebaSi, sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis yvelaze mZime dros 1941-1942 ww. meore frontis gaxsnaze. meore fronti gaixsna mxolod 1944 w. maSin, rodesac dasavleTis qveynebis xelmZRvanelebi aRmoCndnen saSiSroebis winaSe, rom sabWoTa kavSiri marto gaumklavdeboda faSistur germanias. amas unda daematos isic, rom inglis-amerikis gegmebi sakmaod xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi iTvaliswinebda meore frontis gaxsnas ara safrangeTis atlantikis sanapirodan, aramed balkaneTze, da es srulebiTac ar

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aixsneboda samxedro mosazrebebiT. igi gamowveuli iyo politikuri gaTvlebiT, rom SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi gavlena samxreT-aRmosavleT da centraluri evropis qveynebSi. da bolos, omis damamTavrebel etapze, 1944 welsa da 1945 w. dasawyisSi aSS da inglisis warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen saidumlo molaparakebebis gamarTvas germaniasTan. maSasadame, imperialisturi tendenciebi dasavleTis qveynebis mesveurTa politikaSi arsebobda da garkveul gavlenas axdenda maT politikur kursze rogorc omis sawyis etapze, ise meore msoflio omis msvlelobaSi. magram, amasTan erTad, isini samdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen faSistur germaniasTan. amitomac maT politikaSi metnaklebad imperialisturi tendenciebis arseboba ar SeiZleba gamodges imis sababad, rom uaryofil iqnas dasavleTis qveynebis mxridan faSisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg omis samarTliani, antifaSisturi xasiaTi mTeli meore msoflio omis manZilze. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi _ rogor seiZleba Sefasdes ssrk stalinuri xelmZRvanelobis pozicia 1939-1941 ww? rogorc Cven vambobdiT, mis mizans omis dasawyisSi xom warmoadgenda inglis-safrangeTis blokis germaniaze gadakideba, rac SeiZleba didi mogebis miReba germania _ sabWoTa kavSiris Tavdausxmelobis xelSekrulebidan da Tavisi gavlenis gavrceleba aRmosavleT evropis qveynebze. yovelive aman ganapiroba is odiozuri aqciebi, romlebic sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam 1939-1941 wlebSi Caatara. maT Soris iyo: saidumlo oqmis xelmowera ssrk-sa da germanias Soris saxelmwifo interesebis gamijvnis Sesaxeb, Semdeg ki germaniasTan 1939 w. 28 seqtembers xelSekrulebis dadeba megobrobisa da sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, ritac ganmtkicda manamde, 1939w 23 agvistos xelmowerili saidumlo oqmi; 1939 w. 30 noembers fineTis winaaRmdeg usammarTlo, dampyrobluri omis gaCaReba; stalinuri totalitaruli reJimebis damyareba baltiispireTis qveynebSi maT sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi CarTvis Semdeg; axali molaparakebebi faSisturi germaniis xelmZRvanelobasTan 1940 w. noemberSi berlinSi v.m. molotovis oficialuri vizitis Semdeg da ssrk xelmZRvanelobis principuli Tanxmoba e.w. samTa kavSiris monawile qveynebTan _ germaniasTan, italiasa da iaponiasTan xelSekrulebebis dasadebad molaparakebebis gagrZelebis sesaxeb da amis Taobaze xelSekrulebis xelmowera 1940 w. 27 seqtembers; ssrk vaWroba germaniasTan, misi momarageba sursaTiTa da samrewvelo saqonliT, maT Soris zogierTi strategiuli nedleuliT; da bolos, progermanuli xazis gatareba sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis oficialur propagandistul saqmianobaSi. niSnavs Tu ara sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis yovelive es aqciebi imas, rom rogorc dRes xSirad weren, sabWoTa kavSiri 1939-1941 wlebSi warmoadgenda faSisturi germaniis mokavSires, rom sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis Tavdausxmelobis paqti warmoadgenda faqtobrivad paqts urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb, rom sabWoTa kavSiri iyo ara marto arameomari mokavSire, aramed sworedac rom meomari mokavSire germaniisa? vfiqrobT, rom amgvari daskvnebis gakeTeba ar iqneboda marTebuli. ratom? marTalia, rom ssrk da germanias Soris saxelmwifo interesTa sferoebis gamijvnis Sesaxeb saidumlo oqmis safuZvelze 1939 w. 17 seqtembers sabWoTa jarebi Sevidnen dasavleT ukrainasa da dasavleT belorusiaSi, Semdeg ki isini SeuerTes sabWoTa ukrainasa da sabWoTa belorusias. amave safuZvelze 1939w seqtembris bolosoqtombris dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSirma dado xelSekrulebebi urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb estoneTTan, litvasa da latviasTan, 1940 w. zafxulSi ki daikava es qveynebi. amave periodSi sabWoTa jarebi Sevidnen besarabiis teritoriaze. bolo drois sabWoTa publicistikaSi, zogjer ki samecniero literaturaSi am movlenebs miiCneven imis dasturad, rom sabWoTa kavSiri am aqciebiT gamodioda rogorc germaniis mokavSire, zogjer ki, rogorc es iyo 1939 w. seqtemberSi awarmoebda erTobliv samxedro operacias poloneTis winaaRmdeg faSistur germaniasTan erTad. magram vfiqrobT, rom amgvari Sefaseba calmxrivia da arasakmarisad iTvaliswinebs im rTul realiobebs, romelic 1939-1941 ww. arsebobda. Tu Sefasebis erTaderT kriteriumad Cven aviRebT moralur normebs, maSin sabWoTa mTavrobis yvela aqcia, romelic man 1939-1941 ww. ganaxorciela, veravitar gamarTlebas ver poulobs. magram aq mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli isic, rom sabWoTa kavSirs maSin upirispirdebodnen iseTi qveynebi, romelTa xelmZRvanelebic, da ara marto faSisturi germaniisa, aramed inglis-safrangeTis blokisac, maRali moraluri TvisebebiT ar gamoirCeodnen. amitomac ar viqnebodiT marTlebi, rom gamogveyenebina ormagi standartebi da mxolod sabWoTa kavSirisagan mogveTxova maRali moraluri normebis dacva saerTaSoriso problemebis gadawyvetisas. Tanac sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis mTeli

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rigi nabijebis ganxilva am periodSi ar SeiZleba martod marto moraluri noemebiT. magaliTad, cnobilia, rom poloneTis aRmosavleTi raionebi, romlebic ZiriTadad ukrainelebiTa da belorusebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, poloneTma 1920 w. Caigdo xelSi miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleTis saxelmwifoTa xelmZRvanelebma omisSemdgomi samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadebisas winadadebas iZleodnen, rom poloneTis aRmosavleT sazRvrebi dadgeniliyo e.w. kerzonis xazis Sesabamisad, romelic poloneTis teritorias ar miakuTvnebda dasavleT ukrainasa da dasavleT belorusias. amitomac am raionebis SeerTeba sabWoTa ukrainasTan da sabWoTa belorusiasTan SeiZleba gamarTlebulad CaiTvalos TviT moraluri TvalsazrisiTac ki. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom am raionebis mosaxleoba 1939 w. seqtemberSi sabWoTa jarebs rogorc ganmanTavisufleblebs ise Sexvda. moralurad gamarTlebuli iyo aseve besarabiis dabrunebac, romlis dapyrobasac rumineTis mier 1918 w. arasodes ar cnobda sabWoTa kavSiri. vimeorebT, rom sabWoTa kavSiris es aqciebi gamarTlebuli unda iyos ara marto moraluri, aramed samxedro-politikuri TvalsazrisiTac. faSisturi germaniis mier sabWoTa kavSiris dasavleTeli mezoblebis teritoriebis SesaZlo xelTgdebis pirobebSi germaniis jarebis winsvlisaTvis raRac garkveuli zRvaris dawesebac ramdenadme gamarTlebuli RonisZieba iyo. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom poloneTis samxedro sardlobam ubrZana poloneTis armiis nawilebs, rom maT ar gaewiaT winaaRmdegoba sabWoTa armiis nawilebisaTvis da Tumca maT Soris Setakebebs mainc hqonda adgili, isisni SemTxveviT xasiaTs atarebda. TviT baltiispireTis mosaxleobis didi nawili sabWoTa kavSirTan dadebul xelSekrulebebs urTierTdaxmarebis da maT teritoriebze sabWoTa jarebis ganlagebis Sesaxeb ufro nakleb borotebad Tvlida, vidre baltiispireTis qveynebis dapyrobas faSisturi germaniis mier. Cven sruliadac ar vamarTlebT sabWoTa jarebis Sesvlas mezobeli qveynebis teritoriebze, gansakuTrebiT moraluri TvalsazrisiT, magram vfiqrobT, rom am aqciebis gamocxadeba rogorc hitleruli germaniis samokavSireo aqciad da amis safuZvelze ssrks germaniis mokavSired gamocxadeba ar iqneba swori. aqve unda avRniSnoT, rom am raionebis CarTva sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi da aq stalinuri tiranuli reJimis gavrceleba ar SeiZleba iyos gamarTlebuli raime mosazrebiT. magram am faqts ukve ara aqvs kavSiri 1939 w. sabWoTa kavSiris mier ganxorcielebuli aqciebis samxedropolitikur SefasebasTan. rogor SeiZleba raime gamarTleba moeZebnos sabWoTa kavSiris iseT odiozur aqcias, rogoric iyo omis dawyeba fineTis winaaRmdeg 1939 w. 30 noembers. sabWota mTavrobis cdebi, rom es omi gaemarTlebina kareliis yelze sabWoTa kavSir-fineTis sazRvris gadaweviT, romelic sul 32 km-is manZilze mdebareobda leningradidan da amiT daecva Tavisi usafrTxoeba, ewinaaRmdegeboda saerTaSoriso samarTlis elementarul normebsac ki. omi fineTis winaaRmdeg dawyebul iqna 1939 w. germania-sabWoTa kavSiris tavdausxmelobis paqtis saidumlo oqmis Sesabamisad mas semdeg, rac fineTis mTavrobam uari ganacxada ssrk-Tan urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebis dadebaze. am omis mizani iyo fineTis CarTva sabWoTa gavlenis orbitaSi, Semdeg ki misi ssrk-Tan SemoerTeba. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom omis pirvelsave dReebSi sabWoTa kavSiris teritoriaze Seiqmna e.w. fineTis demokratiuli respublikis saxalxo mTavroba kominternis erTerTi xelmZRvanelis oto kuusinenis meTaurobiT, Semdeg ki gaisma mowodebebi fineli xalxis gasanTavisufleblad kapitalisturi monobis uRlisagan. aSkara iyo, rom fineTs umzadebdnen igives, ra bedic ewia baltiispireTis qveynebs da mxolod fineli xalxis gmirulma winaaRmdegobam uzrunvelyo maTi damoukideblobis SenarCuneba. rac Seexeba am oms samxedro-politikuri TvalsazrisiT, igi warmoadgenda lokalur epizids da ara meore msoflio omis Semadgenel nawils. inglis-safrangeTis xelmZRvaneloba 1940 w. dasawyisSi apirebda fineTisaTvis samxedro daxmarebis aRmoCenas skandinaviis qveynebis gavliT, agreTve frontis gaxsnas amierkavkasiaSi TurqeTis teritoriis gavliT. am gegmebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi sabWoTa kavSiri marTlac aRmoCndeboda faSisturi germaniis meomari mokavSiris rolSi. magram es gegmebi ver ganxorcielda, radgan 1940 w. martSi fineTTan omi damTavrda da daido sazavo xelSekruleba. sabWoTa kavSiris Cabma meore msoflio omSi germaniis mxareze arc TviT faSistur germanias awyobda, radgan igi sabWoTa kavSirs Tavis ZiriTad mowinaaRmdeged Tvlida. masTan dadebul Tavdausxmelobis paqts germaniis mTavroba ganixilavda rogorc droebiT taqtikur svlas, romelic germanias sWirdeboda

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mxolod inglis-safrangeTTan omis periodSi. amitomac sabWoTa kavSir-fineTis omis dros faSisturi germania icavda neitralitets, magram, amasTan erTad, cdilobda Tavisi gavlenis gazrda-gaZlierebas am qveyanaSi. did da amasTan mraval aspeqtSi sruliad samarTlian moralur aRSfoTebas iwvevs ssrk sagareo saqmeta sazxalxo komisris v. m. molotovis viziti berlinSi 1940 w. noemberSi da misi molaparakebebi hitlerTan, ribentropTan, heringTan da hesTan. magram am sakiTxis ganxilvisasac arsebobs mTeli rigi niuansebi. jer erTi, sabWoTa liderebis mowvevis iniciativa ekuTvnoda germaniis nacistur xelmZRvanelobas. es iyo hitleris gaTvlili taqtikuri svla. saqme isaa, rom safrangeTis ganadgurebis Semdeg germaniis uRelqveS aRmoCnda TiTqmis mTeli dasavleT evropa, magram germaniis gegmebi, rom 1940 w. moepovebina gamarjveba inglisze da igi daeCoqebina, faqtobrivad CaiSala. amitomac 1940 w. zafxulSi germaniis xelmZRvanelobam gaakeTa arCevani: agrZelebda ra imis mtkicebas, rom germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semdgomi nabiji iqneba gadajdoma didi britaneTis kunZulebze da misi ganadgureba, hitlerma 1940 w. 31 ivliss gasca brZaneba moemzadebinaT e.w. barbarosas gegma, e.i. sabWota kavSiris winaaRmdeg elviseburi omis warmoebis gegma. imave dros germaniam iwyo samxedro kavSiris gafarmeba italiasa da iaponiasTan. 1940 w. 27 seqtembers xelmoweril iqna samta paqti, romelic faqtobrivad mimarTuli iyo rogorc inglisis, ise sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg. magram, amasTan erTad, dezinformaciis mizniT, rom ar gamJRavnebuliyo misi WeSmariti zraxvebi, hitleruli xelmZRvaneloba cdilobda Seeqmna STabeWdileba, TiTqos igi cdilobs gaagrZelos aqtiuri TanamSromloba sabWoTa kavSirTan 1939 w. paqtis safuZvelze. swored am miznebs emsaxureboda germaniis mxaris iniciativa daewyo molaparakebebi sabWoTa kavSirTan 1940 w. noemberSi. noembris molaparakebebis dros berlinSi hitlerma da molotovma rigi mniSvnelovani winadadebebi SesTavazes molotovs. zogierTi istorikosis mosazrebiT SeTavazeba exeboda TiTqosda sabWoTa kavSiris mierTebas samTa paqtisadmi. magram axali saarqivo masalebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom SeTavazeba exeboda ara sabWoTa kavSiris mierTebas samTa paqtisadmi, aramed mxolod politikur TanamSromlobas samTa paqtis wevr qveynebTan. magram saboloo jamSi es arsebiTad ar cvlida saqmes. molaparakebebis dros hitlerma da ribentropma araerTxel ganacxades, rom inglisma faqtobrivad ukve ganicada damarcxeba, rom moaxloebulia misi saboloo ganadgurebis saaTi da rom wina planze gamodis inglisis mowinaaRmdegeebis mier momakvdavi britaneTis imperiis uzarmazari samflobeloebis da evropaSi gavlenis sferoebis ganawilebis sakiTxi. sabWoTa kavSirs SesTavazes am ganawilebaSi monawileobis miReba, Tanac mas sTavazobdnen gzas iranze gavliT sparseTis yurisa da indoeTis okeanisaken. sabWoTa mxares arc Tanxmoba ganucxadebia am winadadebaze da arc aRSfoTeba gamouTqvams mouklavi daTvis tyavis gayofis gamo; es ki miuTiTebs, rom sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas kargad esmoda 1940 w. miwurulSi evropasa da msoflioSi Seqmnili situaciis sirTule da saSiSroeba sakuTriv sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam srulad Seigno, rom misi varaudebi evropaSi omis gaWianurebisa da germaniis SesaZlo dasustebis Sesaxeb ar gamarTlda. mas esmoda, rom axlovdeboda masze germaniis samxedro Tavdasxma im pirobebSi, rodesac igi ar iyo mzad didi da msxvilmasStabiani samxedro moqmedebebisaTvis. sabWota kavSir-fineTis omma srulad gamoaaSkarava sabWoTa kavSiris sisuste samxedro sferoSi. amasobaSi ki, 1940 w. zafxulsa da Semodgomaze germaniam daiwyo msxvili samxedro SenaerTebis gadasrola sabWoTa kavSiris sazRvrebisaken. man jarebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba Seiyvana rumineTsa da fineTSi. aSkara iyo, rom germaniis mier SemoTavazebuli gavlenis sferoebis ganawileba ssrk monawileobiT iyo mxolod Sirma, romliTac unda SeeniRbaT nacisturi germaniis namdvili zraxvebi sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT da amasTan erTad gaefuWebinaT ssrk-inglisis urTierTobebi Tu ki gaJonavda informacia ssrk monawileobis sesaxeb britaneTis koloniebis danawilebaSi. swored amitomac aarida sabWoTa kavSrma Tavi samTa paqtis qveynebTan politikur TanamSromlobas da britaneTis imperiis gavl;enis sferoebad ganawilebis sakiTxis ganxilvas. amis nacvlad molotovma hitlersa da molotovs SesTavaza maTTvis sruliad miuRebeli winadadebebi, kerZod man moiTxova fineTidan germaniis yvela jarebis dauyovnebliv gamoyvana, agreTve ganacxada ssrk usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis aucileblobaze Savi zRvis regionSi, bulgareTisaTvis

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sabWoTa garantiis micema da ssrk monawileoba yvela im sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi, romlebic Seexeboda balkaneTis naxevarkunZulsa da TurqeTs. germaniis mTavroba sabWoTa delegaciis am moTxovnebs didi ukmayofilebiT Sexvda. mixvda ra, rom Tavisi winadadebebiT berlinis molaparakebebze ver moaxdenda sabWoTa mxaris dezinformirebas da ver Seborkavda mas raime valdebulebebiT, germaniis mxarem moxsna Tavisi winadadebebi. amis Semdeg araviTar politikur problemebze saubari sabWoTa mxaresa da germanias Soris ar yofila. nacisturi germania emzadeboda sabWoTa kavSirze TavdasxmisaTvis. rogor SeiZleba Sefasdes sabWoTa delegaciis pozicia berlinis molaparakebebze 1940 w. noemberSi? ra Tqma unda molotovis gamosvlebSi da mis saubarSi hitlerTan da ribentropTan kvlavindeburad SeiniSneboda sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis miswrafeba, rom rac SeiZleba meti sargebeli enaxa 1939 w. sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis xelSekrulebebisagan da gaefarToebina Tavisi gavlena aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis mraval qveyanaze. moralis principebidan es pozicia, Tqma ar unda, rom dasagmobia. magram obieqturi SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia 1940 w. miwurulSi sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis uaRresad rTuli da saSiSi situaciis gaTvaliswinebac. sul ufro metad izrdeboda germaniidan mosalodneli safrTxe. aseT pirobebSi germaniis winadadebebze kategoriulad uaris Tqma niSnavda mastan dauyovnebliv urTierTobebis gawyvetas, rac maSindel pirobebSi ukve ugunurobis tolfasi iqneboda. meores mxriv, sabWoTa kavSiris mier sakuTar Tavze raRac mtkice valdebulebebis aReba samTa paqtis monawile qveynebTan, rasac germanuli mxare sTavazobda ssrk-s da isic dezinformaciis mizniT, niSnavda sabWoTa kavSiris urTierTobebis kidev ufro metad gamwvavebas inglisTan da erTob gavlenian antisabWoTa Zalebs kidev erT sababs miscemda germaniasTan garigebaze wasasvlelad sabWoTa kavSiris xarjze. amitomac sabWoTa delegaciis erTob frTxili da imave dros gamozomili da mtkice pozicia berlinis molaparakebebze gamarTlebuli unda iyos. marTalia, stalinuri xelmZRvaneloba 1940 w. bolosa da 1941 w. dasawyisSi jer kidev darwmunebuli iyo, rom gadaavadebda mosalodnel konfliqts germaniastan, magram yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan im daskvnis gamotana, rom 1940 w. ssrk iyo nacisturi germaniis mokavSire, rogorc amas aRniSnaven zogierTi Tanamedrove rusi istorikosebi, araa marTebuli. sabWoTa kavSirsa da nacistur germanias Soris 1939-1941 ww. savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi aseve xSirad moyavT maT Soris samokavSireo urTierTobebis damadastureblad. sabWoTa kavSirsa da germanias Soris 1940 w. 11 Tebervals dadebuli sameurneo SeTanxmebebis mixedviT sabWoTa kavSiri 1941 w. 22 ivnisamde germanias awvdida marcvleuls, navTobs, bambas, rkinis madans, ferad liTonebs, fosfatebsa da sxva saqonels. Tqma ar unda, rom es erTgvarad aZlierebda germaniis poziciebs. magram aqve mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, rom igive xelSekrulebiT germania ssrk-s awvdida am ukanasknelisaTvis metad saWiro dazgebs, samrewvelo mowyobilobebs da rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, didi raodenobiT sxvadasxva saxis samxedro teqnikas. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom raoden mniSvnelovanic ar unda yofiliyo germaniisaTvis importi sabWoTa kavSiridan, igi germaniis importis metad mcire nawils Seadgenda _ daaxloebiT 650 mln markas 7 mlrd markis saerTo Tanxidan, e.i. Seadgenda sadrac 10%-s. Tavisi importis ufro mniSvnelovan nawils germania Rebulobda SvedeTidan, magram es ar gvaZlevs imis uflebas, rom neitraluri SvedeTi germaniis mokavSired gamovacxadoT. amgvarad, miuxedavad 1939-1941 ww. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis mTeli rigi odiozuri aqciebisa, mainc ar arsebopbs imis safuZveli, rom sabWoTa kavSiri germaniis TviT arameomar mokavSiredac ki gamovacxadoT, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT sabrZolo kavSirze. mTlianobaSi, meore msoflio omis dasawyisSi sabWoTa kavSirs ekava neitraluri pozicia, zogjer keTilmosurne neitralitetis poziciac ki oficialuri propagandis progermanuli kursis pirobebSi. bolo wlebSi gamoCnda mTeli rigi mosazrebebi da imis damtkicebis cdebi, rom stalini apirebda 1941 w. preventuli dartymis miyenebas germaniisaTvis, rom TiTqos mas surda daeswro germanelebisaTvis dartymis miyeneba. magaliTad, v. suvorovis da zogierTio sxva rusi avtorebis SromebSi gamoCnda mosazrebebi, rom 1940 _ 1941 ww. sabWota kavSirs aravin ar emuqreboda da rom piriqiT, sabWoTa kavSiri emzadeboda germaniaze TavdasxmisaTvis. am mizniT sabWoTa kavSirSi gamalebuli tempebiT mimdinareobda operatiuli samxedro gegmebis Semusaveba, igeboda axali gamagrebuli

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raionebi, mimdinareobda jarebis gadasrola, aqtiurad tardeboda saStabo TamaSebi da samxedro manevrebi. gamomdinare aqedan keTdeba daskvna, rom sabWoTa kavSiris Tavdasxma germaniaze navaraudevi iyo 1941 w. 6 ivliss da rom hitlerma mxolod daaswro stalins, roca igi 1941 w. 22 ivniss Tavs daesxa sabWoTa kavSirs. saqme isaa, rom sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam kargad icoda, rom omi germaniasTan gardauvalia da swored amitomac mimdinareobda aqtiuri mzadeba germaniis mxridan mosalodneli agresiis mosagerieblad, musavdeboda samxedro operatiuli gegmebi. ra Tqma unda, startegiul operatiul gegmaSi, romelic sabWoTa kavSirSi SemuSavda 1941 w. gazafxulisaTvis, gaTvaliswinebuli iyo agresiis swrafad mogerieba da wiTeli armiis gadasvla kontrSetevaze. es dakavSirebuli iyo sabWoTa propagandis mier ganuwyvetliv ganmeorebad tezisTan, rom wiTeli armia ibrZolebda mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze. maam propagandistul gancxadebebs araferi saerTo ar hqondaT preventiul omTan germaniis winaaRmdeg, razedac 1941 w. gazafxulze operatiuli gegmis ganxilvisas laparakic ki ar iyo. ufro metic, cnobilia, rom 1941 w. sabWoTa kavSiri jer kidev sakmaod Sors iyo saomari mzadebis damTavrebisagan. swored amiT iyo ganpirobebuli stalinis mcdeloba nebismiwer fasad gaeWianurebina omis dawyeba 1942 wlamde. 1941 w. ivnisis bolo dReebamde stalini nebas ar rTavda, rom sasazRvro jarebi sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi moeyvanaT, raTa germaniis provocireba ar gamoewviaT. fiqri imis Sesaxeb, rom aseT pirobebSi stalins surda preventiuli omis dawyeba, ra Tqma unda sisulelea. da gana sabWoTa kavSiris katasrofuli marcxi omis dasawyisSi ar amtkicebs imas, rom sabWoTa armiis TavdacviTi brZolebic ki, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT SeteviT operaciebze, uzarmazar siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli?! 1941 w. 22 ivnisis movlenebma Zireulad Secvala situacia. inglisis premierministrma uinston CerCilmac da aSS prezidentma f.d. ruzveltmac ganacxades, rom yovelmxriv daexmarebodnen sabWoTa kavSirs, romelsac faSisturi germaniis agresia daatyda Tavs. aman safuZveli Cauyara mZlavr antihitlerul koalicias, romelmac ganmanTavisuflebeli omi mimarTa germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg, miuxedavad garkveuli imperialisturi tendenciebis arsebobisa inglisisa da aSS politikaSi. da gana sabWoTa kavSiris stalinistur xelmZRvanelobas ar gaaCnda am omis dros sakutari angarebiTi zraxvebi, romlebic sakmaod Sors iyo samarTlianobis keTilSobiluri idealebisagan. witeli armia evropas antavisuflebda yavisferi Wirisagan, xolo stalinuri xelmZRvaneloba, gansakutrebiT omis daskvniT etapze cdilobda Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebas aRmosavleT evropis qveynebze. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom didi sameulis Sexvedrebze saubari mimdinareobda evropasa da aziaSi gavlenis sferoebis ganawilebaze, magram amjerad inglis-aSS bloksa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris. swored am omis dros eyreboda safuZveli im bipolarul msoflios, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis bipolarul sistemas, romelic omisSemdgom wlebSi Camoyalibda. magram yovelive es odnavadac ar amcirebs sabWoTa kavSirisa da misi dasavleTeli mokavSireebis _ inglisisa da amerikis uzarmazar damsaxurebas faSizmis damarcxebis saqmeSi. faSisturi germaniis Tavdasxma sabWoTa kavSirze. TiTqmis mTeli wlis manZilze emzadebodnen germaneli faSistebi sabWoTa kavSirze TavdasxmisaTvis. barbarosas gegmis mixedviT, romelsac hitlerma xeli 1940 w. 18 dekembers moawera, germaniis saxedro Zalebs unda gaenadgurebinaT sabWoTa ruseTi moklevadian kampaniaSi manam, vidre damTavrdeboda omi inglisTan. germaniis saarmio dajgufebebs sami mimarTulebiT unda ganeviTarebinaT Seteva: leningrad-arxangelskis, moskovis da kievis mimarTulebiT, swrafi dartymebiT alyaSi unda moeqciaT sabWoTa armiis nawilebi da gaenadgurebinaT isini. saboloo miznad hitlerelebi Tvlidnen arxangelsk _ volgis xazze gasvlas. rac Seexeba uralis samrewvelo raions, romelic am xazis aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda, igi aviaciis daxmarebiT unda moespoT. Tavdapirvelad Tavdasxma dagegmili iyo 1941 w. maisisaTvis, magram SemdegSi balkaneTze samxedro operaciebis gamo igi gadatanil iqna 22 ivnisisaTvis. hitlerelebis mier dagegmili elviseburi omi (blickrigi) sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg maTi azriT unda gagrZelebuliyo ara umetes 8-10 kvirisa da damTavrebuliyo zamTris dadgomamde. germaniis armiis umaRlesi mTavarsardlobisadmi Tavis mimarTvaSi hitleri xazgasmiT aRniSnavdam rom momavali kampania _ es ufro metia, vidre SeiaraRebuli brZola, esaa konfliqti msofmxedvelobebs Soris. igi moiTxovda omis warmoebas ssrk winaaRmdeg ukiduresi sisastikiT, mis mospobamde, komisrebisa da sabWoTa inteligenciis ganadgurebas. ruseTis mTeli teritoria unda daiyos calkeul

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saxelmwifoebad sakuTari mTavrobebiT, romlebic CvenTan sazavo xelSekrulebebs dasdeben _ ambobda hitleri. misi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRlesma mTavarsardlobam saerTaSoriso samarTlis yovelgvari normebis darRveviT gamosca saidumlo brZaneba ar aeyvanaT tyved da dauyovnebliv moespoT saxelmwifo politikuri ideis matareblebi da politikuri xelmZRvanelebi (komisrebi). direqtiva gansakuTrebuli gansjadobis Sesaxeb barbarosas raionSi iTvaliswinebda masobrivi represiebis gatarebas ssrk mSvidobiani mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg, yvelas dauyovnebliv daxvretas, vinc ki okupantebs winaaRmdegobas gauwevda. faSistebs odnavadac ar eparebodaT eWvi elvisebur gamarjvebaSi da surdaT ssrk evropuli nawili gadaeqciaT germaneli kolonistebis sasicocxlo sivrced. generaluri gegma ostis (aRmosavleTi) mixedviT cimbirSi unda gaesaxlebinaT ssrk dasavleTi raionebidan, agreTve poloneTidan da Cexoslovakiidan daaxloebiT 31 mln adamiani (mogvianebiT gasasaxlebelTa raodenoba gazardes 45-50 mln-de). maTTvis CamorTmeul miwebze unda daesaxlebinaT 10 mln germaneli. faSistebi varaudobdnen daaxloebiT 14 mln-de adgilobrivi mcxovrebis datovebas am teritoriaze da maT gagermanelebas. hitlerelebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen imas, rom gaenadgurebinaT rusebi rogorc xalxi, amoeZirkvaT maTi biologiuri Zala, moespoT maTi kultura. hitlerma gasca brZaneba mieRoT RonisZiebebi aragermaneli xalxis gamravlebis sawinaaRmdegod okupirebul aRmosavleTis teritoriebze, ar CaetarebinaT iq samedicino acrebi da sxva gamajansaRebeli RonisZiebebi, SemoezRudaT ganaTleba mxolod anbanis SeswavliT da ar ezrunaT qalaqebisaTvis, radgan adgilobriv mosaxleobas ar unda gaaCndes ufro maRali cxovrebis done, vidre germanelebso. poloneTis teritoriaze agebdnen sikvdilis banakebs, sadac gansakuTrebul razmebs (zonderkomando) masobrivad unda gaenadgurebinaT faSistebisaTvis arasasurveli mosaxleoba. daimorCila ra mTeli kontinenturi evropis ekonomika, faSistebma uzarmazari samxedro zalebi moamzades. faSisturma germaniam ssrk winaaRmdeg mimarTa mTeli Tavisi jarebis 80%. garda amisa, maTTan erTad moqmedebdnen italiis, rumineTis, ungreTisa da fineTis jarebi. 1941 w. zafxulisaTvis sabWoTa sazRvrebTan Tavmoyrili iyo 190 divizia, romelTagan 153 germanuli iyo. germaniis jarebis SemadgenlobaSi iyo 19 satanko da 14 motomeqanizirebuli divizia. germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis SeiaraRebuli zalebis saerTo raodenoba Seadgenda 5,5 mln kacs. maT gankargulebaSi iyo 47 aTasi qvemexi da naRmsatyorcni, 4300 tanki da saieriSo danadgari, 5 aTasamde sabrZolo TviTmfrinavi. jarebisa da sabrZolo iaraRis amgvari koncentracia jer kidev ar axsovda omebis istorias. emzadeboda ra omisaTvis ssrk winaaRmdeg, hitlerelebi imedovnebdnen mis izolacias da ar kargavdnen inglisTan SeTanxmebis imeds. 1941 w. 10 maiss hitleris moadgile r. hesi gadafrinda TviTmfrinaviT SotlandiaSi da iq paraSutiT daeSva. man ganucxada inglisis xelisufalT, rom Camoitana winadadebebi sazavo xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb Tu ki ingliselebi germanelTa dapyrobebs scnobdnen. magram inglisis mTavrobam hesi daapatimra da did britaneTTan morigi garigebis mcdeloba CaifuSa. 1941 w. 22 ivniss dilis 3 saaTze faSisturi jarebi omis gamoucxadeblad SemoiWrnen sabWoTa kavSirSi. cdilobda ra tavisi agresiis SeniRbvas, hitleruli mTavroba acxadebda, rom igi iZulebuli iyo daewyo samxedro moqmedebebi, raTa daeswro sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis. sxva qveynebSi simpatiebis mopovebis mizniT faSisturi germania acxadebda, rom igi awyobda jvarosnul laSqrobas bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg. germaniastan erTad sabWoTa kavSirze TavdasxmaSi monawileobdnen rumineTi, ungreTi, fineTi, italia, slovakeTi da xorvatia. frankistulma espaneTma da safrangeTis viSis mtavrobam sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis frontze gamoagzavnes moxaliseTa formirebebi _espaneTma cisferi divizia, xolo safrangeTma antibolSevikuri legioni. abWoTa kavSir-germaniis fronti gaxda meore msoflio omis mTavari fronti. faSist agresorTa moulodnelma Tavdasxmam sabWoTa kavSirze maT mniSvnelovani, Tumca droebiTi, upiratesoba misca. 1941 w. zafxulisaTvis sabWoTa kavSirs jer kidev ar hqonda damTavrebuli armiis gadaiaraReba da gamagrebuli raionebis mSenebloba axal sazRvrebze. jarebi ar iyo srulad dakompleqtebuli da imyofebodnen samSvidobo drois mdgomareobaSi. sabWoTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebis saerTo raodenoba im dros Seadgenda 5,3 mln kacs, magram dasavleTis sazRvarze ganlagebuli iyo mxolod 2,7 mln, saerTo jamSi

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170 divizia. sabWoTa jarebs faSistur blokTan SedarebiT ufro meti tankebi Dda TviTmfrinavebi gaaCndaT magram isini moZvelebulni iyvnen da teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebiT CamorCebodnen germanul tankebsa da TviTmfrinavebs. sazRvrispira raionebSi sabWoTa sardlobas ganlagebuli yavda 1475 axali tanki da 1540 axali tipis TviTmfrinavi. sasazRvro dacvis jarebs gaaCndaT 37,5 aTasi qvemexi da naRmmtyorcni, es ki naklebi iyo, vidre agresorebs gaaCndaT. sabWoTa armiis brZolisunarianobis daqveiTebaze erTgvari gavlena moaxdina dausabuTebelma represiebma. represiebis msxverplni gaxdnen sabWoTa kavSiris xuTi marSalidan sami (m.n. tuxaCevski, v.k. bliuxeri, a.i. egorovi), flotisa da aviaciis sardlebi, samxedro olqebis jarebis yvela sardali, korpusebis meTaurebi, diviziebisa da brigadebis TiTqmis yvela meTauri, polkebis meTaurTa TiTqmis naxevari. marto 19371938 ww. represirebul iqna 40 aTasi meTauri da politxelmZRvaneli. yovelive amis sedegad 1941 w. zafxulisaTvis meTaurTa 75% da politxelmZRvanelTa 70% TavTavianT Tanamdebobebze erTi welic ki ar imyofebodnen. sabWoTa kavSiris Tavdacvis gegma gamomdinareobda mcdari varaudidan, rom omis SemTxvevaSi germania Tavis mTavar dartymas mimarTavda ara centrSi, aramed ukrainis mimarTulebiT, TiTqosda misi marcvleulisa da qvanaxSiris xelSi Casagdebad. amitomac sabWoTa jarebis ZiriTadi nawili (daaxloebiT 100 diviziaze meti) imyofeboda samxreTdasavleTSi da ara dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. sabWoTa samxedro da saxelmwifo xelmZRvanelobam seriozuli SecdomebSi dauSva samxedro-politikuri situaciis Sefasebisas. endoboda ra hitleris gancxadebas Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb da imas, rom germania ver gabedavda or frontze brZolas, stalini ar aniWebda mniSvnelobas cnobebs germanelTa mier sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg agresiis momzadebis Sesaxeb da maT mcdarad an provokaciad miiCnevda. 1941 w. 14 ivniss gamoqveynda sakdesis gancxadeba, romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom xmebi germaniis zraxvebis Sesaxeb daarRvios paqti da Tavs daesxas sabWoTa kavSirs, yovelgvar niadagsaa moklebuli. eSinoda ra germaniisaTvis Tavdasxmis sababis micemisa sabWoTa mTavroba aWianurebda samxedro nawilebis sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi moyvanas. mxolod omis dawyebamde ori-sami kviriT adre daiwyes TadarigSi myofTa jarSi gawveva da xuTi armiis gadasrola axali sazRvrebisaken. magram es RonisZiebebi dagvianebuli aRmoCnda. jarebis Tavmoyra da ganlageba ar iyo damTavrebuli omis dasawyisisaTvis. pirveli eSelonis diviziaTa didi nawili saswavlo banakebSi imyofeboda; artileria, sainJinro Zalebi da kavSirgabmulobis nawilebi mowyvetilni iyvnen TavianT SenaerTebs. meqanizirebuli korpusebi sazRvridan sakmaod Sors iyvnen ganlagebulni. 22 ivniss diliT germanulma aviaciam aerodromebze moulodneli dartymiT mospo sabWoTa aviaciis mniSvnelovani nawili. ukve omis pirvelsave dRes sabWoTa aviaciam 1200 TviTmfrinavi dakarga. kavSirgabmulobis mravali kvanZi da xazi mwyobridan iqna gamoyvanili. jarebis marTva moiSala. Tavdacvis mTliani ZRudis aRmarTva ver moxerxda. uaxlesi teqnikiT aRWurvili, maRali manevrulobis mqone da sabrZolo gamocdilebiT aRWurvili germanuli satanko da motomeqanizirebuli nawilebi, romlebsac haeridan iq gabatonebuli germanuli aviacia icavda, swrafad miiwevda win. 28 ivniss maT minski aiRes. ivlisis Sua ricxvebisaTvis isini mtel baltiispireTsa da belorusias daepatronnen, daikaves ukrainis mniSvnelovani nawili da moldaveTi, miuaxlovdnen leningrads, smolensksa da kievs. sabWoTa jarebi didi danaklisiT ixevdnen ukan. 170 diviziidan, romlebic sasazRvro zonaSi imyofebodnen, 70-ma Semadgenlobis naxevari da mTeli teqnika dakarga, xolo 28 divizia mTlianad gamovida mwyobridan. tyved aRmoCnda aseul aTasobiT sabWoTa jariskaci da oficeri. droebiT okupirebul teritoriebze faSistebi arnaxul mxecobas sCadiodnen: Zarcvavdnen da anadgurebdnen mSvidobian macxovreblebs, awamebdnen tyveebs, wvavdnen qalaqebsa da soflebs, anadgurebdnen samrewvelo sawarmoebsa da kulturis Zeglebs. elviseburi omis gegmebis CaSla. brZolebi moskovTan. pirveli warmatebebiT Tavbrudaxveuli germanelebi fiqrobdnen, rom sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg elviseburi omi ukve mogebuli iyo. sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmidan erTi kviris Tavze hitlerma daamtkica direqtiva mzadeba barbarosas ganxorcielebis Semdgomi periodisaTvis. masSi naTqvami iyo, rom sabWoTa kavSiris ganadgurebis SEmdeg germaniis mTavari Zalisxmeva unda mimarTuli yofiliyo inglis-amerikuli koaliciis winaaRmdeg. gamomdinare aqedan samxedro warmoebaSi upiratesoba unda miniWiboda samxedro-sazRvao da samxedro-sahaero Zalebis uzrunvelyofas. 1941 w. Semodgomaze xelT unda CaegdoT gibraltari, suecis arxi

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da mTeli CrdiloeT afrika, Semdeg ki egviptis, bulgareTisa da TurqeTis gavliT unda dawyebuliyo Seteva axlo aRmosavleTze, agreTve amierkavkasiidan iranze gavliT indoeTisaken. kvlavac unda gagrZelebuliyo mzadeba inglisis dasakaveblad, raTa metropoliaSi SeeboWaT ingliselTa Zalebi da gamoewviaT didi britaneTis daSla. magram hitlerelebi motyuvdnen. omis pirvelsave dReebidanve isini gadaawydnen sabWoTa armiisa da xalxis Tavganwirul winaaRmdegobas. qveynis yvela Zalis erTad gaerTianebisaTvis erTiani xelmZRvanelobis qveS 1941 w. 30 ivniss Seiqmna Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komiteti i.b. stalinis meTaurobiT. mis xelSi iyo Tavmoyrili mTeli Zalaufleba. 1941 w. 29 ivnisis saxalxo komisarTa sabWisa da sakavSiro komunisturi partiis centraluri komitetis (bolSevikebi) direqtivaSi da TviT stalinis gamosvlaSi radioTi 1941 w. 3 ivliss dasaxuli iyo dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg sayovelTao saxalxo brZolis programa. sabWoTa adamianebis sabrZolo lozungad iqca yvelaferi frontisaTvis, yvelaferi gamarjvebisaTvis! mrewveloba, soflis meurneoba, transporti saswrafosd gadadioda samxedro yaidaze. samrewvelo sawarmoTa didi nawili gadaerTo samxedro produqciis, uwinares yovlisa, tankebis, TViTmfrinavebis, avtomatebis, tyvia-wamlis warmoebaze. gaizarda samuSao dRis xangrZlivoba, gauqmda Svebulebebi, SemoRebul iqna momaragebis sabaraTo sistema. armiaSi mobilizebul mamakacTa nacvlad mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi muSaoba iwyes qalebma da mozardebma. sabWoTa mTavroba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda mrewvelobis saswrafo ganviTarebas ssrk aRmosavleT raionebSi, romelic mtrisaTvis miuRweveli iyo. uralSi, cimbirSi, yazaxeTSi igeboda axali maRaroebi, fabrikebi da qarxnebi. aRmosavleTisaken gadahqondaT is samrewvelo sawarmoebi, romlebsac okupaciis saSisroeba moelodaT. maTtan erTad gahqondaT nedleuli da sursaTi, gadahyavdaT muSebi, inJinrebi. milionobiT adamiani garboda okupantebisagan, Tan mihyavdaT pirutyvi, anadgurebdnen naTesebs, rom mters ar cavardnoda xelSi. 1941 w. bolosaTvis evakuacia gaukeTda 10 mlnze met kacs, 1500-ze met samrewvelo sawarmos, maT Soris 1360 msxvil sawarmos. msxvil sawarmoTa naxevarze meti, romlebic dasavleT raionebidan gaitanes, ganalages uralSi, danarCenebi cimbirsa da Sua aziaSi. Rrma zurgSi xdeboda axali saarmio nawilebis formirebac. frontze sabWoTa jarebi, miuxedavad didi danakargebisa gmirobisa da Tavdadebis saswaul magaliTebs aCvenebdnen. gansakuTrebuli mamacoba gamoiCines brestis cixe-simagris damcvelebma, romlebic alyaSi moqceulebi erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi igeriebdnen mtris ieriSebs. smolenskTan brZolaSi sabWoTa jarebma TiTqmis ori TviT SeaCeres mtris winsvla, kievTan brZolebSi aseve ori TviT. alyaSi moqceuli odesa ori Tve umklavdeboda mters, sevastopoli ki rva Tvis manZilze. 1941 w. Semodgomaze faSistebma SeZles alYaSi moeqciaT da moexdinaT leningradis blokireba. leningradis blokada grZeldeboda 900 dRe, TiTqmis ornaxevari weliwadi. aseul aTasobiT leningradeli daiRupa saartilerio da saaviacio dabombvebis, SimSilobisa da avadmyofobebis Sedegad, magram faSistebma qalaqis aReba ver SeZles. amave dros okupirebul raionebSi iqmneboda partizanuli razmebi. ukve 1941 w. bolosaTvis germanelTa zurgSi moqmedebda daaxloebiT 3500 partizanuli razmi da dajgufeba. zogierT raionSi partizanebi mniSvnelovan teritoriebs akontrolebdnen, iqmneboda partizanuli mxareebi. pirveli aseTi mxareebi Seiqmna 1941 w. Semodgomaze belorusiasa da smolenskis olqSi. sabWoTa jarebisa da partizanebis saqmianobis Sedegad faSistebi mniSvnelovan zarals ganicdidnen, romlis Sedarebac ki ar SeiZleboda maT danaklisTan dasavleT evropasa da balkaneTze. TviT oficialuri germanuli monacemebiT, ukve 1941 w. ivlisis Sua ricxvebisaTvis germanel faSistTa armiam 100 aTasze meti kaci da 1284 TviTmfrinavi dakarga. tankebis danakargma Seadgina Tavdapirveli ricxvis 50%. miuxedavad am danakargebisa faSistebi mainc win miiwevdnen. 1941 w. bolosaTvis maT ukve dakavebuli hqondaT baltiispireTi, belorusia, mTeli ukraina da ruseTis federaciis nawili, isini moskovsac miuaxlovdnen. im teritoriaze, romelic germanelebs okupirebuli hqondaT, omamde cxovrobda ssrk mosaxleobis 49%, moipoveboda qvanaxSiris 70%, iwarmoeboda foladis daaxloebiT 60% da aluminis aseve 60%. es raionebi iZleodnen marcvleulis mosavlis 40%-s da aq imyofeboda msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis suladobis 40%. ssrk teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawilis okupaciis gamo sabWoTa mrewvelobis saerTo produqciis raodenoba 1941 w. noembrisaTvis TiTqmis orjer Semcirda, xolo

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muSaTa raodenoba _ 1,5-jer. didi zarali ganicada soflis meurneobam. marcvleuli kulturebis moyvana 95,6 mln tonidan Semcirda 56 mln tonamde, TiTqmis erTi mesamediT. msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis raodenoba semcirda 45%-iT, cxenebisa _ 2-jer, Rorisa TiTqmis samjer. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareoba Seiqmna 1941 w. bolosaTvis, roca mravali sawarmo evakuirebul iqna, magram jer kidev ar iyo Casuli daniSnulebis adgilze. 1941 w. Semodgomaze jer kidev gzaSi imyofeboda evakuirebuli saaviacio qarxnebis mowyobilobebi, romlebzedac omamde sabWoTa saaviacio produqciis sami meoTxedi modioda. TviT iseTi samrewvelo gigantebi, rogorebic iyo magnitogorskisa da kuzneckis metalurgiuli kombinatebi gaCerebis safrTxis winaSe idgnen, radgan ar yofnidaTqvanaxSiri da rkinis madani. mxolod sabWoTa xalxis mamacuri Sroma, romelic gamarjvebisaTvis Zal-Rones ar iSurebda, gaxda am siZneleebis daZlevis sawindari. sabWoTa samxedro ekonomikis ganvitarebaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSes aRmosavleTis raionebma, gansakuTrebiT ki uralma. 1941 w. bolos uralis mrewvelobam gamouSva ssrk-Si nawarmoebi Tujis 60%, foladis 50%, alumini mTlianad, qimiuri produqciis uzarmazari masa. uralis wilad modioda mTeli sabWoTa samxedro produqciis 40%; aq iwarmoeboda Wurvebis 50%, saSualo Tankebis 60% da yvela mZime tanki. CeliabinskSi satraqtoro qarxnis da evakuirebuli satanko qarxnebis bazaze Seiqmna tankebis mwarmoebeli uzarmazari kombinati, romelsac tankogradi (satanko qalaqi) uwodes. yovelive amis Sedegad sabWoTa kavSirSi 1941 w. bolosaTvis tankebis warmoeba gaizarda 2,8-jer omamdel donestan sedarebiT, TviTmfrinavebisa 1,6-jer, saartilerio danadgarebisa TiTqmis samjer. 1941 w. Semodgomaze germaniis sardlobam moawyo misi azriT gadamwyveti Seteva moskovze (operacia taifuni). or mZlavr damrtymel saarmio dajgufebas moskovisaTvis unda Seetia samxreTidan da CrdiloeTidan, moeqciaT igi alyaSi, qalqi daengriaT umowyalo dabombviT, xolo mosaxleoba gaeJlitaT. Tavi mouyares ra msxvil dajgufebebs, germanelebma gaarRvies sabWoTa TavdacviTi zRudeebi da moskovs 20-30 km manZilze miuaxlovdnen. magram sabWoTa jarebma daqances ra germanelebi TavdacviT brZolebSi da miiRes ra mniSvnelovani rezervebi Soreuli aRmosavleTidan, 1941 w. 5 dekembers gadavidnen Setevaze da faSistebi 100-250 km-iT ukuagdes dedaqalaqidan. imave dros sabWota jarebma ganavitares seteva qveynis samxreTSi, donis rostovis raionSi da CrdiloeTSi tixvinis raionSi. sabWoTa jarebma gaanTavisufles rostovi da SeaCeres mowinaaRmdege leningradis misadgomebTanac. brZolebi moskovTan, rostovTan da tixvinTan iyo germanel faSistTa armiis pirveli didi damarcxebebi. Dres mravali faSisti generali da dasavleTeli istorikosi moskovTan damarcxebas 1941/42 ww. arnaxuli mkacri zamTris pirobebiT xsnis. magram sabWoTa jarebsac xom igive zamTris pirobebSi uxdebodaT moqmedeba?! germanel-faSistTa damarcxebis WeSmariti mizezebi mdgomareobda sabWoTa xalxisa da armiis mobilizaciaSi, rezervebis warmatebiT gamoyenebaSi, jariskacebisa da oficrebis mamacobaSi, romlebic TavianT miwas icavdnen. antihitleruli koaliciis Seqmna. faSisturi germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis Tavdasxmam sabWoTa kavSirze da sabWoTa xalxis gmirulma winaaRmdegobam mTels msoflioSi gamoiwvia didi simpatiebi da TanagrZnoba sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT. bunebrivia, rom komunisturma partiebma erTsulovnad dauWires mxari sabWoTa kavSirs. sabWoTa kavSirisadmi solidarobis Sesaxeb gancxadebebi gaakeTes sxvadasxva antifaSisturi da demokratiuli sazogadoebebis warmomadgenlebma.. TviT is burJuaziuli saxelmwifo moRvaweebi, romlebic gmobdnen komunizms, magram gamodiodnen faSizmis winaaRmdeg, grZnobdnen, rom omSi iseTi didi saxelmwifos monawileobam rogoric sabWoTa kavSiri iyo, SeiZleba uzrunvelyos faSizmze gamarjveba. yovelive es qmnida pirobebs sxvadasxva xalxebisa da saxelmwifoebis farTo antifaSisturi koaliciis Sesaqmnelad. gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda hitlerizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli sami didi saxelmwifos inglisis, sabWoTa kavSirisa da aSS erTianobas. miuxedavad komunizmisadmi maTi didi xnis siZulvilisa inglisisa da aSS mTavrobebma gamoacxades, rom isisni mxars dauWerdnen sabWoTa kavSirs. 1941 w. 22 ivniss saRamos inglisis premier-ministri CerCili gamovida radioTi da ganacxada: aravin ar iyo komunizmis iseTi sastiki mowinaaRmdege, vidre me... magram axla ganviTarebuli movlenebis winaSe yovelive es meore planze gadadis. safrTxe, romelic

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emuqreba ruseTs, _ is safrTxea, romelic gvemuqreba Cven da SeerTebul Statebs. iseve, rogorc es TiToeuli rusis saqmea, romelic ibrZvis Tavisi saxlisa da keriisaTvis, _ aseve esaa Tavisufali adamianebis, Tavisufali xalxebis saqme dedamiwis yvela nawilSi. 1941 w. 23 ivniss analogiuri deklaracia gamoaqveyna aSS mTavrobam. Seaxsnebda ra xalxs, rom igi gmobda komunizmis doqtrinebsa da principebs, miuxedavad amisa mTavroba xazgasmiT aRniSnavda: hitlerizmisagan yovelgvari dacva, hitlerizmis winaaRmdeg mdgari Zalebis nebismieri gaerTianeba, rogoric ar unda iyos misi warmomavloba, moaaxlovebs germaniis axlandeli liderebis damxobas, riTac moemsaxureba Cvens sakuTar usafrTxoebasa da Tavdacvas. 1941 w. 24 ivniss aSS prezidentma f.d. ruzveltma ganacxada, rom aSS daxmarebas aRmouCens sabWoTa kavSirs, Tumca prioriteti daxmarebis miRebis saqmeSi mainc ingliss mieniWebao. amasTan erTad, iyvnen politikuri moRvaweebi inglisSic da SeerTebul StatebSic, romlebic ar eTanxmebodnen daxmarebis politikas da ufro sasurvelad germaniisa da sabWoTa kavSiris mier erTmaneTis sisxlisagan dacla miaCndaT. magalitad SemdgomSi aSS prezidenti, magram imxanad senatori hari trumeni acxadebda, rom Tu cven davinaxavT, rom igebs germania, Cven unda davexmaroT ruseTs, xolo Tu ruseTi daiwyebs mnogebas, maSin unda davexmaroT germanias da amgvarad, dae Jliton maT erTmaneTi rac SeiZleba metad, Tumca me aravitar SemTxvevaSi ar msurs hitleris gamarjveba. inglisSi, magalitad, analogiur azrebs gamoTqvamda saaviacio mrewvelobis ministri mur-brabazoni. magram inglisisa da aSS mTavrobaTa xelmZRvanelebi, gamomdinare sakuTari interesebidan, aucileblobad miiCnevdnen sabWoTa kavSirTan TanamSromlobas faSisturi germaniis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. Tavis mxriv sabWoTa kavSiric cdilobda yvela im zalis gaerTianebas, visac ki odnav mainc SeeZlo winaaRmdegobis gaweva hitlerizmisaTvis. sabWoTa saxelmwifos meTauri i.b. stalini Tavis gamosvlaSi radioTi 1941 w. 3 ivliss acxadebda, rom didi samamulo omis mizania ara marto im safrTxis likvidacia, romelic Cven qveyanas emuqreba, aramed evropis yvela xalxebisadmi daxmareba, romlebic germanuli faSizmis uRelqveS gminaven... Cveni brZola Cveni samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis SeuerTdeba evropisa da amerikis xalxebis brZolas maTi damoukideblobisa da demokratiuli TavisuflebebisaTvis. ramdenadac sabWoTa kavSiri da inglisi, aSS-gan gansxvavebiT, germaniasTan ukve imyofebodnen saomar mdgomareobaSi, sabWoTa mTavrobam SesTavaza ingliss dauyovnebliv daedoT SeTanxmeba erToblivi moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. inglisis mTavrobam miiRo es winadadeba. 1941 w. 12 ivliss xelmowerili iqna seTanxmeba sabWoTa kavSir-inglisis erToblivi moqmedebis Sesaxeb germaniis winaaRmdeg omSi. ssrk da inglisi kisrulobdnen valdebulebas gaewiaT erTmaneTisaTvis daxmareba da aRmoeCinaT mxardaWera, agreTve ar ewarmoebinaT molaparakeba, ar daedoT droebiTio zavi an sazavo xelSekruleba erTmaneTtan seTanxmebis gareSe. hitlerel agentTa saqmianobis aRmofxvris mizniT iranSi, ssrk-ma da inglisma 1941 w. 25 agvistos SeTanxmebis safuZvelze am qveyanaSi Seiyvanes sakuTari sajariso nawilebi. iranis Sahi, romelic hitlerelebze iyo orientirebuli taxtidan gadadga da gaiqca iranidan. iranis axalma mTavrobam xelSekrulebebi gaaforma inglisTan da ssrk-Tan kavSiris sesaxeb, kerZod, kisrulobda valdebulebas gaetarebina sakutar teritoriaze ssrk-saTvis gankuTvnili tvirTebi, xolo ssrk da inglisi kisrulobdnen valdebulebas gamoeyvanaT iranidan Tavisi jarebi germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg saomari operaciebis damTavrebidan eqvsi Tvis Semdeg. sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis frontze 1942 w. mZafri brZolebi mimdinareobda. gaanadgura ra germanelebi moskovTan, sabWoTa jarebi SeteviT operaciebs awarmoebdnen 1942 w. gazafxulamde. am droSi sabWoTa jarebma gaanTavisufles ssrk droebiT okupirebuli miwebis nawili da gaanadgures mowinaaRmdegis 50 divizia. am marcxiT gaafTrebulma hitlerma Tanamdebobebidan gadaayena 35 generali, maT Soris saxmeleTo jarebis sardali da saarmio dajgufebaTa xelmZRvanelebi. mxolod dasavleTidan sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis frontze damatebiTi nawilebis gadmosrolis Semdeg SeZlo germaniam sabWoTa Setevebis seCereba. 1942 w. gazafxulze, isargebla ra dasavleTSi meore frontis ararsebobiT, faSisturi germaniis sardlobam gadawyvita axali Setevis wamowyeba aRmosavleTSi. ar gaaCnda ra msxvili Zalebi mTel frontze SetevisaTvis, germanelebma mTavari dartyma mimarTes samxreTSi, raTa xelT egdoT kavkasiis navTobis sabadoebi da moexdinaT sabWoTa ekonomikis paralizeba.

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germanelTa gegmis mixedviT, romelic Camoyalibebuli iyo hitleris 1942 w. 5 aprilis direqtivaSi, samxreTSi mTavari operaciis mizans warmoadgenda mowinaaRmdegis ganadgureba donis dasavleTiT, raTa Semdeg davepatronoT kavkasiis sanavTobo regionebi da gadavideT kavkasiis mTebze. CrdiloeTSi germanelebi imedovnebdnen leningradis aRebas. mxolod centrSi varaudobdnen isini TavdacviT brZolebs. hitleruli germaniis xelmZRvanelobam kvlav scada iaponiis CaTreva ssrk winaaRmdeg omSi, magram iaponiis sardloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlavac yavda manjuriaSi kvantunis uzarmazari armia, ver bedavda sabWoTa kavSirze Tavdasxmas. iaponiam acnoba germanias, rom surs Tavidan aicilos Zalebis daqsaqsva da amitomac gadawyvetili aqvs Semoifarglos samxedro operaciebiT samxreTSi da CineTSi. 1942 w. maisSi daiwyo hitlerelebis Semoteva sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis frontze. sabWoTa sardloba Tvlida, rom germanelebi mTavar dartymas warmarTaven frontis centralur monakveTze da amitomac misi gamagrebiT iyvnen garTulebi. amasobaSi ki germanelebma, Tavi mouyares ra Warb Zalebs samxreTSi, gaarRvies sabWoTa TavdacviTi zRudeebi kurskTan da xarkovTan da swrafad gaemarTnen ori _ stalingradisa da kavkasiis mimarTulebiT. miuxedavad didi danakargebisa, germaniis jarebi jiutad miiwevdnen win. 1942 w. Semodgomaze isini gavidnen stalingradis misadgomebTan da kavkasiis mTiswineTSi. daiwyo stalingradisa da kavkasiis gmiruli dacva, romelic TiTqmis oTxi Tve gagrZelda. antihitleruli koaliciis ganmtkiceba. omis masStabebis gafarToeba da faSisturi safrTxis zrda moiTxovda antifaSisturi koaliciis ganmtkicebas. 1942 w. 1 ianvars 26 qveynis, maT Soris ssrk, aSs, didi britaneTis, CineTis, indoeTis, avstraliis, faSistebis mier okupirebuli evropuli qveynebis da omSi Cabmuli laTinuri amerikis qveynebis warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres gaerTianebuli erebis deklaracias. uerTdebodnen ra atlantikuri qartiis miznebsa da principebs, isini acxadebdnen, rom ibrZolebdnen faSisturi koaliciis winaaRmdeg, iTanamSromlebdnen erTmaneTtan da ar dadebdnen separatistul SeTanxmebas an zavs mtrebTan. mas Semdeg, rac aSS meomari mxare gaxda, SesaZlebeli gaxda antihitleruli koaliciis sam did saxelmwifos Soris politikisa da samxedro gegmebis ufro mWidro koordinaciisa. 1941 w. dekemberSi CerCilis aSS-Si vizitis Semdeg SeTanxmebul iqna inglis-amerikis gegmebi omis erToblivad warmoebis Sesaxeb. CerCilisa da ruzveltis mier mowonebuli gegma gamomdinareobda im principidan, rom umTavres mters warmoadgens germania da rom samxedro-sahaero da sazRvao zalebis ZiriTadi dartymebi swored mis winaaRmdeg unda mimarTuliyo. rac Seexeba evropaSi meore fronts, romlis gaxsnasac sabWoTa kavSiri moiTxovda, am gegmiT igi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. mis nacvlad unda dawyebuliyo inglis-amerikis jarebis gadasxma CrdiloeT afrikis frangul koloniebSi, romlebsac viSis mtavroba akontrolebda. amgvar operacias ar seeZlo ssrk-germaniis frontidan germanelTa mniSvnelovani zalebis mizidva, magram igi ganamtkicebda inglisamerikis poziciebs xmelTaSua zRvis regionSi. wynari okeanis raionSi ruzvelti da CerCili iTvaliswinebdnen TavdacviT brZolebs, vidre evropaSi germaniaze ar iqneboda gamarjveba miRweuli. SeaTanxmes ra TavioanTi samxedro gegmebi inglisma da aSS-ma daiwyes diplomatiuri molaparakebebi sabWoTa kavSirTan. 1941 w. dekemberSi sabWoTa kavSirSi Camovida didi britaneTissagareo saqmeTa ministri a. ideni. 1942 w. mais-ivnisSi Sedga ssrk sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisaris v.m. molotovis viziti londonsa da vaSingtonSi. am molaparakebebis sedegad 1942 w. 26 maiss xeli moewera sabWoTa kavSir-inglisis xelSekrulebas evropaSi hitleruli germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg omSi kavSirisa, TanamSromlobis da urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb omis Semdeg. xelsekruleba adasturebda 1941 w. 12 ivlisis SeTanxmebas erToblivi moqmedebebis Sesaxeb germaniis winaaRmdeg omSi da agreTve iTvaliswinebda erTobliv moqmedebebs omisSemdgom periodSi Tu ki xelsekrulebis damdebi erTerTi mxare kvlav aRmoCndeba omSi CaTreuli germaniastan an masTan kavSirSi myof qveyanasTan. ssrk da didi britaneTi SeTanxmdnen, rom ar dadebdnen araviTar kavSirebs da ar miiRebdnen monawileobas raime koaliciebSi, mimarTuls meore mxaris winaaRmdeg. xelSekruleba gaformda 20 wlis vadiT. 1942 w. 11 ivniss vaSingtonSi xeli moaweres sabWoTa kavSir-amerikis SeTanxmebas principebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gamoiyeneba erTmaneTis dasaxmareblad ag resoris winaaRmdeg omSi. mxareebi kisrulobdnen valdebulebebs uzrunveleyoT erTmaneTis dacva da amisaTvis erTmaneTisaTvis masalebis, momsaxureobisa da informaciis miwodeba.

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sabWoTa mTavroba kisrulobda valdebulebas imis damTvarebis Semdeg aSS-Tvis daebrunebina mowodebuli TavdacvisaTvis saWiro masalebi, romlebic ar iqneboda ganadgurebuli, dakarguli da SeiZleboda maTi aSS TavdacvisaTvis gamoyeneba. saboloo angariSsworebis dros aSS-is mxedvelobaSi unda mieRo yvela is qoneba, informacia da sxva sargebeli, rac maT omis dros ssrk-sagan miiRes. omisSemdgom periodSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda yofiliyo orive qveyanas Soris SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba urTierTsargebliani ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebisaTvis atlantikuri qartiis suliskveTebiT. am xelSekrulebebis xelmoweriT damTavrda sami didi saxelmwifos _ didi britaneTis, sabWoTa kavSirisa da aSS-is kavSiris formireba. moskovSi, londonsa da vaSingtonSi molaparakebebis dros ssrk daJinebiT moiTxovda evropaSi meore frontis gaxsnas. aSS da inglisSi sazogadoebrivi azri, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom faSizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis mTeli simZime ssrk mxrebze gadadis, tavianTi qveynebis mTavrobebisagan moiTxovda meore frontis dauyovnebliv gaxsnas. 1942 w. 3 aprils ruzvelti daufaravad werda CerCils: Tqveni da Cemi xalxi moiTxovs meore frontis Seqmnas imisaTvis, rom Sesustdes zewola rusebze da am xalxebma kargad ician, rom dRes rusebi ufro met germanelebs xocaven da angreven ufro met danadgarebs, vidre Cven erTad aRebulni. wavida ra daTmobebze ssrk da sakuTari xalxebis moTxovnebis winaSe, inglisma da aSS-ma 1942 w. zafxulSi dades piroba rom gaxsnidnen meore fronts evropaSi. v. molotovis londonsa da vaSingtonSi yofnis dros xelmoweril iqna ssrkinglisisa da ssrk-aSS komunikeebi, sadac naTqvami iyo, rom samive saxelmwifos Soris miRweulia sruli Tanxmoba evropaSi meore frontis gaxsnis gadaudebeli amocanebis Sesaxeb 1942 w. inglisma Tavis dapirebebs Tan daurTo gamouqveynebeli daTqma, romelSic igi amtkicebda, rom Znelia imis Tqma, Tu rogori iqneba mdgomareoba da SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Tu ara am operaciis ganxorcieleba, roca dadgeba daTqmuli dro. sinamdvileSi inglisi da aSS sulac ar fiqrobdnen Tavisi danapirebis Sesrulebas. meore frontis Sesaxeb komunikes gamoqveynebidan ori kviris Semdeg CerCili kvlav Sexvda ruzvelts da moilaparakes, rom gadadebdnen evropaSi meore frontis gaxsnas. ruzveltma da CerCilma gadawyvites dabrunebodnen Zvel gegmas _ gadaesxaT inglisur-amerikuli desanti safrangeTis CrdiloeT afrikaSi. imavdroulad, imizezebdnen ra xomaldebis didi raodenobiT dakargvas, romlebsac tvirTi sabWoTa kavSirSi CrdiloeT yinulovani okeaniT gadahqondaT, inglisma da aSS-ma Seamcires lend-liziT ssrk-Tvis gaTvaliswinebuli daxmarebebi. acnoba ra stalins amis sesaxeb jer weriliT, xolo Semdeg piradi Sexvedris dros 19542 w. agvistoSi moskovSi, cerCilma dado piroba, rom meore fronts aucileblad gaxsnida 1943 w. amgvari qmedebebi, im dros, roca germanelebi gaafTrebiT utevdnen aRmosavleTis fronts, did zians ayenebda faSizmis winaaRmdeg erTobliv brZolas. sabWoTa kavSirs kvlav marto uwevda brZola evropaSi germanelebisa da misi mokavSireebis mTavari Zalebis winaaRmdeg. sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis frontze mZime brZolebSi faSisturi germania TandaTanobiT kargavda mopovebul upiratesobebs. igi did zarals ganicdida cocxal ZalaSi, kargavda upiratesobas tankebsa da aviaciaSi. omis pirvelsave wels faSisturi germaniis armiam dakarga daaxloebiT 2 mln adamiani, anu im SeiaraRebuli Zalebis 40%, romlebic Tavs daesxnen sabWoTa kavSirs. 1942 w. sazafxulo Setevis dros faSisturi blokis qveynebma dakarges daaxloebiT 800 aTasi jariskaci da oficeri, agreTve didZali teqnika. marto stalingradTan oTxTviani TavdacviTi brZolebis dros germanelebma dakarges aTasi tanki da daaxloebiT 1400 TviTmfrinavi. zalian did zarals okupantebs ayenebdnen partizanebi, romelTa ricxvic ganuxrelad izrdeboda. 1942 w. gazafxulisaTvis ssrk droebiT okupirebul teritoriaze arsebobda 11 partizanuli mxare. partizanebi akontrolobdnen teritorias, romelic utoldeboda iseTi saxelmwifoebis farTobs, rogorebic iyo belgia, holandia da dania erTad aRebuli. 1942 w. bolosaTvis partizanul razmebSi moqmedebda 125 atasi kaci. partizanebis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis faSistebi iZulebulni iyvnen gamoeyoT qveiTi nawilebis 10%, romlebic aRmosavleTis frontze iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom droebiT okupirebul sabWoTa teritoriaze mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili darCa, miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa kavSiri iZulebuli iyo Soreul aRmosavleTSi yoloda msxvili samxedro SenaerTebi, sabWoTa sardlobam SeZlo saWiro rezervebis momzadeba. sabWoTa kavSiris mrewveloba da soflis meurneoba, miuxedavad kolosaluri siZneleebisa uzrunvelyofda fronts saWiro sursaTiT, aRWurvilobiT, sabrZolo teqnikiT.

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19542 w. gazafxulidan, mas Semdeg, rac faqtobrivad evakuacia dasrulda, daiwyo sabWoTa kavSirSi samrewvelo warmoebis aRmavloba. gansakuTrebuli siswrafiT viTardeboda samxedro warmoeba, romelic sabWoTa mrewvelobis erToblivi produqtis 7080%-s iZleoda. 1942 w. martisaTvis samxedro teqnikis warmoebam ssrk aRmosavleT raionebSi omamdel dones miaRwia. 1942 wlis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa mrewvelobam gamouSva samxedro teqnika da aRWurviloba gacilebiT meti, vidre germaniam mis evropel mokavSireebTan da okupirebul qveynebTan erTad. sabWoTa armiam ricxobrivad gadaaWarba faSisturi blokis armiebs, agreTve teqnikiT, maT Soris tankebiT-1,4-jer, TviTmfrinavebiT-1,3-jer, artileriaSi _ 1,5-jer. sabWoTa T-34 tipis tankebi, s.v. iliuSinis konstruqciis -2 tipis moieriSeebi, reaqtiuli naRmmtyorcnebi katiuSa msoflioSi saukeTesod iTvleboda. 1942 w. miwurulSi, sabWoTa mTavrobam miiRo ra cnoba germaniasa da amerikaSi atomuri bombis proeqtebze muSaobis Sesaxeb, manac miiRo gadawyvetileba birTvuli iaraRis sferoSi muSaobis dawyebis Sesaxeb. proeqtis mTliani xelmZRvaneloba daekisra l.p.berias, xolo samecniero xelmZRvaneloba cnobil mecniers i.v. kurCatovs. stalingradisa da kavkasiis gmirulma dacvam, samxedro ekonomikis warmatebebma, msxvili rezervebis Seqmnam moamzada pirobebi sabWoTa armiis kontrSetevisaTvis. sabWota sardlobis gegmis mixedviT Tavdapirvelad Seteva unda dawyebuliyo stalingradTan (operacia urani), Semdeg Seteva unda gagrZelebuliyo donis sua welze (operacia saturni) da bolos centralur frontze (operacia marsi). 1942 w. 19 noembers sabWoTa jarebi stalingradTan kontrSetevaze gadavidnen. es kontrSeteva iqca meore msoflio omSi Zireuli gardatexis dasawyisad. Seqmna ra dartymis umTavres mimarTulebebze mniSvnelovani Zalebi tankebSi, artileriasa da aviaciaSi, sabWota jarebma gaarRvies faSistebis TavdacviTi zRudeebi stalingradis CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT da mtris uzarmazari dajgufeba, daaxloebiT 300 aTasi kaci alyaSi moaqcia. germaniis sardlobam dasavleTidan alyaSi moqceulTa dasaxmareblad 6 divizia gadmoisrola da Tavi mouyara ra did Zalas, Seecada alyaSi moqceulTa deblokireba moexdina, magram germanelTa es Zalebi SeCerebul iqna. 1943 w. 2 Tebervals alyaSi moqceuli jgufebis narCenebma kapitulacia gamoacxades. tyved Cavarda stalingradis frontis mTeli germanuli sardloba feldmarSal pauliusis meTaurobiT. germaniaSi samdRiani glova gamocxadda. stalingradis brZolebis dros setevaze gadavidnen sabWoTa jarebi donis Sua welzec. maT daamarcxes germanelTa nawilebi, romlebic stalingradSi alyaSi moqceulTa dasaxmareblad emzadebodnen. warmatebis SenarCunebis mizniT sabWoTa jarebma faSistebs centralur frontsa da samxreT-dasavleTSic Seuties. maT gaanTavisufles kavkasia, donbasis mniSvnelovani nawili da ruseTis centraluri raionebi; garRveul iqna leningradis blokada. sabWoTa jarebis 1942/43 ww. zamTris kampaniis dros sabWoTa jarebis setevis Sedegad ganadgurda mowinaaRmdegis 100 diviziaze meti. faSisturma blokma dakarga 1700 aTasi jariskaci da oficeri, 24 aTasi qvemexi, 3500-ze meti tanki, 4300 TviTmfrinavi. stalingradis brZolaSi germaniam imdeni teqnika dakarga, ramdenic winamorbedi brZolebisas sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis frontze. didi zarali ganicades germaniis mokavSireebma _ italiam, ungreTma da rumineTma. stalingradisa da donze brZolebSi ganadgurda maTi ZiriTadi Zalebi, romlebic aRmosavleTis frontze imyofebodnen. kerZod moispo italiis me-8, ungreTis me2 da rumineTis me-4 da me-5 armiebi. stalingradis brZolasa da sabWoTa armiis Semdgom Setevas didi saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba hqonda. am brZolebma aCvena, rom faSisturma germaniam dakarga droebiTi samxedro upiratesoba da aSkara gaxda, rom mas aRar unda hqonoda gamarjvebis imedi. amitomac faSisturi italiisa da germaniis sxva mokavSireTa mmarTvel wreebSi SedarebiT saRad moazrovneni mixvdnen, rom faSisturi germania damarcxebisaTvis iyo ganwiruli. am qveynebSi gamoCndnen germaniasTan kavSiris gawyvetis momxreebi, romlebmac daiwyes antihitleruli koaliciis qveynebTan kontaqtebis damyarebis an omidan gamosvlis saSualebaTa Zieba. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda sabWoTa kavSiris avtoriteti gavlena. stalingradis brZolis Semdeg didi britaneTis mefem jorj VI stalingradis moqalaqeebs gamougzavna sapatio maxvili mterze gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad. aSS prezidentma ruzveltma gamoagzavna sapatio sigeli, sadac igi amerikeli xalxis saxeliT gamoTqvamda aRfrTovanebas stalingradis damcvelTa mimarT, romelTa simamace, sulis zala da

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Tavdadeba... samaradJamod aRafrTovanebs yvela Tavisufali adamianis gulebs. maTma saxelovanma gamarjvebam, _ miuTiTebda ruzvelti, _ SeaCera momxdurTa talRa da gaxda agresiis Zalebis winaaRmdeg mokavSire erebis omis Semobrunebis punqtad. kurskis brZola. stalingradTan dawyebuli Zireuli gardatexa ganmtkicebul iqna kurskis Sverilze brZolebiT 1943 w. zafxulSi. stalingradTan damacxebis Semdeg faSisturma germaniam gamoacxada mTeli adamianuri Zalebisa da materialuri resursebis totaluri mobilizacia. mobilizacias eqvemdebarebodnen mamakacebi 16-dan 65 w. asakamde da qalebi 17-dan 45 wlamde. samxedro samsaxurisaTvis avargisi mamakacebi igzavnebodnen armiaSi, yvela danarCeni ki samxedro warmoebaSi. maspbrivad ixureboda wvrili sawarmoebi, saxelosnoebi, sastumroebi, restornebi, xolo iq dasaqmebulni igzavnebodnen samxedro qarxnebSi. imisaTvis, rom SeevsoT muSaxeli, hitlerelebs germaniaSi SemoyavdaT ucxoeli muSebi, farTod gamoiyeneboda samxedro tyveebis, sakoncentracio banakebis tyveTa katorRuli Sroma, romlebic germaniaSi ZaliT iyvnen garekilebi. 1943 w. maisis bolosaTvis ucxoel muSaTa da samxedro tyveTa saerTo raodenoba, romlebic germaniaSi iZulebiT samuSaoebze iyvnen dasaqmebulebi, Seadgenda 6300 aTas kacs. ar gaaCnda ra germaniis samxedro-sazRvao flotis mezRvaurebiT momaragebis saSualeba, hitleris brZanebiT ganaiaraRes rigi msxvili samxedro xomaldi, xolo maTi ekipaJebi gadaiyvanes wyalqveSa navebze, romlebsac hitleri zRvaze brZolis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad Tvlida. didi yuradReba mieqca iaraRis axali saxeobebis warmoebas. 1942 w. oqtomberSi Sedga germanuli balistikuri raketebis pirveli sacdeli gaSveba, xolo 1943 w. zafxulSi saraketo programa prioritetulad gamocxadda. samagierod samuSaoebi atomuri bombis Sesaqmnelad, romelic uzarmazar saxsrebs moiTxovda da romelsac sedegebis motana SeeZlo mxolod 4-5 wlis Semdeg, SeCerebul iqna. 1943 w. zafxulisaTvis germaniam SeZlo Tavisi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ricxovanebis aRdgena da mniSvnelovnad gazarda samxedro teqnikis warmoeba. tankebis, qvemexebisa da TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba 1943 w. gaizarda TiTqmis 70%-iT 1942 welTan SedarebiT. Seiqmna axali tipis TviTmfrinavebi da vefxvisa da panteras tipis axali tankebi. eSinoda ra axali sabWoTa Setevisa, germaniis samxedro sardlobam gadawyvita daeswro misTvis da wamoewyo Seteva kurskis raionSi, sadac sabWoTa jarebis didi dajgufeba iyo ganlagebuli. operaciis gegmis mixedviT, romlis koduri saxelic iyo citadeli, germanelTa sardloba varaudobda oriolidan da belgorodidan Semxvedri mimarTulebebiT ganxorcielebuli Setevis Sedegad kurskis mimarTulebiT alyaSi moeqciaT kurskis Sverilze myofi sabWoTa jarebis dajgufeba da maTTvis moewyoT germanuli stalingradi. germanel jariskacebisadmi Tavis mowodebaSi hitleri acxadebda, rom am did SeteviT brZolas kurskTan SeiZleboda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonoda mTlianobaSi omis SedegebisaTvis. totalurma mobilizaciam da evropaSi meore frontis ararsebobam germanias msxvili Zalebis Tavmoyris saSualeba misca. kurskis Sverilze SetevisaTvis germanelebma Tavi mouyares 50 divizias, maT Soris 16 satankos. am mimarTulebiT germanelebma Tavi mouyares sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis frontze myofi Tavisi tankebis 70%-s da TviTmfrinavebis 65%-s. magram miuxedavad amisa, maT sabWoTa armiaze upiratesobis mopoveba ver SeZles. piradi SemadgenlobiT sabWoTa jarebi mowinaaRmdeges 1,2-jer aRemateboda, xolo qvemexebis, tankebis da TviTmfrinavebis raodenobis mxriv ormagi upiratesoba gaaCnda. Seiqmna Taviseburi mdgomareoba, rodesac Tavis damcavi mxare Semtev mxaresTan SedarebiT upiratesobas flobda rogorc cocxal ZalaSi ise teqnikis mxriv.ram gamoiwvia aseTi mdgomareobis Seqmna? saqme isaa, rom sabWoTa sardlobam amoicno mowinaaRmdegis ganzraxva da gadawyviTa germanelTa SemotevisaTvis daexvedrebina mZlavri TavdacviTi zRudeebi, daeqanca mteri am brZolebSi da Semdeg TviTon gadasuliyo Setevaze. mosalodneli Setevis raionSi sabWoTa sardlobam Seqmna Tavdacvis mtkice zRudeebi, romlebic siRrmeSi 250-300 km manZilze grZeldeboda, Tavi mouyara didZal sarezervo nawilebs. sabWoTa dazvervam winaswar Seityo germanelTa Setevis dro dartymis mTavari mimarTulebebi. sardlobis brZanebiT 100 aTasma partiznma mtris zurgSi daiwyo saliandago omi, afeTqebda ra sarkinigzo xidebsa da liandagebs 1000 km -is manZilze. yovelive amis Sedegad faSistTa Seteva, romelic 1943 w. 5 ivliss daiwyo CaifuSa. sastiki brZolebis sedegad sabWoTa jarebma gaanadgures mowinaaRmdegis damkvreli jgufebi da

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wyobidan gamoiyvanes maTi teqnika. gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gamoirCeoda meore msoflio omis istoriaSi udidesi satanko brZola sofel proxorovkasTan, romelSic orive mxridan 1200 tanki da TviTmavali qvemexi monawileobda. aseve didi daZabulobiT gamoirCeoda sahaero brZolebi, romlebSic sabWoTa mfrinavebTan erTad monawileobda franguli eskadrilia normandiis mfrinavebi. moigeria ra mowinaaRmdegis Setevebi sabWoTa jarebi TviT gadavidnen Setevaze da 5 agvistos gaanTavisufles qalaqebi orioli da belgorodi. am gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad moskovSi pirvelad mieca gamarjvebis saluti, romelic Semdeg tradiciulad iqca. kurskis brZolebi damTavrda 23 agvistos xarkovis ganTavisuflebiT. es brZolebi grZeldeboda 50 dRe da Tavisi masStabebiT gadaaWarba moskovisa da stalingradis brZolebs. Tu moskovTan brZolaSi orive mxridan monawileobda 1,5 mln samxedro piri, xolo stalingradis brZolaSi _ 2 mln., kurskis Sverilze brZolebSi 4 mln kaci monawileobda. kurskis brZolebma faSisturi germania katastrofis winaSe daayena. amieridan igi iZulebuli iyo rom mxolod TavdacviTi brZolebi ewarmoebina. misma mtavarma damkvrelma Zalam _ satanko SenaerTebma iseTi zarali ganicada, romlis Sevsebac maT omis bolomde veRar SeZlo. sabWoTa aviacia aseve haerSic gabatonda. ZalTa saerTo Tanafardoba sabWoTa armiis sasargeblod Seicvala. kurskis brZolebis Semdeg sabWoTa armiam Seteva gaagrZela ukrainis da centraluri frontebis monakveTebze. 1943 wlis ganmavlobaSi ganTavisuflebul iqna donbasi da mTeli marcxena napiris ukraina; 1943 w. Semodgomaze sabWoTa jarebma gadalaxes dnepri da gaanTavisufles kievi. warmatebiT grZeldeboda Setevebi centrSic, sadac faSiostebisagan gaanTavisufles brianski, smolenski, belorusiis aRmosavleTi nawili. germanelebs did zarals ayenebdnen partizanebi. 1943 w. maT 5-jer meti diversia moawyes da gaanadgures 4-jer meti faSisti, vidre 1942 w. sabWoTa Setevebis Sedegad ganadgurda mowinaaRmdegis 118 divizia. germaniis qveiTma nawilebma dakarges 1400 aTasi kaci da didZali sabrZolo teqnika. sabWoTa jarebis dartymebis sedegad ukuqceuli germanelebi anadgurebdnen qalaqebs, wvavdnen soflebs, masobrivad anadgurebdnen mSvidobian macxovreblebs an mierekebodnen germaniaSi katorRul samuSaoebze. erTerT tragikul magaliTad faSisturi mxecobisa gamodgeboda belorusiis sofel xatinis bedi (minskis olqi). 1943 w. okupantebma gadawves mTeli sofeli da mospes soflis yvela macxovrebeli, maT Soris 76 bavSvi. sami didi saxelmwifos meTaurebis _ stalinis, ruzveltisa da CerCilis Sexvedra, romelic Sedga TeiranSi 1943 w, noembris miwurulsa da dekembris dasawyisSi. Teiranis konferenciis muSaobaSi mTavari adgili daikava samxedro moqmedebaTa gegmebis seTanxmebam. miuxedavad vaSingtonis, kvebekisa da moskovis konferenciebis gadawyvetilebebisa, CerCilma kvlav wamoayena sakiTxi meore frontis safrangeTSi gaxsnis gadadebis sesaxeb, radgan balkaneTze ufro mniSvnelovania zogierTi operaciis ganxorcielebao. misi winadadebebis arsi aSkara iyo konferenciis monawileebisaTvis. ma, pirvelyovlis, surs soliseburad SeiWras centralur evropaSi, raTa ar SeuSvas wiTeli armia avstriasa da rumineTSi da Tu SesaZlebelia, ungreTSic _ eubneboda ruzvelti Tavis Svils. sabWoTa delegacia mtkiced aRudga win CerCilis am winadadebas. mas arc amerikis delegaciam dauWira mxari. Teiranis konferenciam miiRo saboloo gadawyvetileba CrdiloeT safrangeTSi inglis-amerikis jarebis gadasxmis Sesaxeb 1944 w. maisSi da samxreT safrangeTSi mis mxardasaWeri operaciis ganxorcielebis sesaxeb. imisTvis, rom gaeadvilebina mokavSireebisaTvis jarebis gadmosxma, sabWoTa mxarem ikisra valdebuleba wamoewyo mZlavri operacia aRmosavleTis frontze. sabWoTa delegaciam principSi daadastura Tanxmoba iaponiasTan omis dawyebis Sesaxeb evropaSi omis damTavrebis Semdeg. omisSemdgomi mowyobis problemebis ganxilvisas ruzveltma da CerCilma kvlav wamoayenes germaniis dayofis gegma: ruzvelts surda germaniis xuT nawilad dayofa, CerCils _ or saxelmwifod. sabWota kavSirma ar dauWira mxari am winadadebebs da konferencias am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT araviTari gadawyvetileba ar miuRia. CerCilma wamoayena winadadeba, rom poloneTis aRmosavleT sazRvrebad dadgeniliyo kerzonis xazi, xolo dasavleTisa mdinare oderze, ris sedegadac poloneTis SemadgenlobaSi gadavidoda germaniis xelSi myofi polonuri miwebi. magram am sakiTxis ganxilvac gadaido.

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Teiranis konferenciis saboloo Sedegebi dadebiTi iyo. man ganamtkica TanamSromloba antifaSisturi koaliciis umTavres saxelmwifoebs Soris da SeaTanxma germaniis winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebaTa gegmebi. Teiranisaken mimavali da Teiranidan dabrunebuli ruzvelti da CerCili egviptis dedaqalaq kairoSi Sexvdnen CineTis mTavrobis liders Can kaiSis. am Sexvedrebis dros ZiriTadad ixileboda iaponiasTan omis sakiTxebi. kairoSi inglisis, amerikisa da CineTis mier miRebul deklaraciaSi gacxadebuli iyo, rom isini erToblivad ganaxorcielebdnen samxedro operaciebs, raTa uzrunvelyon iaponiis usityvo kapitulacia. isini acxadebdnen, rom iaponia gandevnil iqneba yvela teritoriidan, romelic man ZaliT Caigdo xelT Tavisi sixarbis gamo. gaTvaliswinebuli iyo iaponiisaTvis CamoerTvaT yvela kunZuli wynar okeaneSi, romelic man xelT igdo an okupacia moaxdina pirveli msoflio omis dawyebidan, CineTisaTvis daebrunebinaT yvela teritoria, romelic iaponiam miitaca CineTisagan, da saWiro dros koreisaTvis miecaT Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba. 1944 w. dasawyisisaTvis hitleruli germaniis mdgomareoba uimedo gaxda. jarebis raodenobiT da SeiaraRebis ZiriTadi saxeobebis _ artileriis, tankebis, TviTmfrinavebis _ mixedviT sabWoTa armia 1,5-2-jer aRemateboda germaniis samxedro Zalebs. inglisisa da aSS jarebi emzadebodnen safrangeTSi gadmosxdomisaTvis. germaniis mokavSireebs aRar SeeZloT misTvis mniSvnelovani daxmarebis gaweva da cdilobdnen omidan gamosvlas. germaniis sardlobis samxedro-strategiuli gegmebi amieridan Tavdacvaze iyo gaTvlili. igi imedovnebda arMosavleTSi frontis SenarCunebas, mokavSireTa desantis mospobas maTi safrangeTSi gadmosxdomis SemTxvavaSi da Semdeg isev aqcentis gadatanas aRmosavleTSi. magram maT am gegmebs asruleba ar ewera. 1944 w. dasawyisidan sabWoTa armia gadavida Setevaze mTeli sabWoTa kavSirgermaniis frontis manZilze. 1944 w. ianvarSi sabWoTa jarebma sabolood gaarRvies leningradis blokada, daamarcxes geranuli jarebis dajgufeba CrdiloeTi da igi baltiispireTis sazRvrebTan mirekes. TiTqmis imavdroulad daiwyo sabWoTa jarebis Seteva ukrainaSic, sadac sabWoTa jarebTan erTad operaciebSi monawileobda Cexoslovakiis pirveli armia general l. svobodas meTaurobiT. 1944 w. gazafxulisaTvis sabWoTa armiam TiTqmis mTeli marjvena napiris ukraina, yirimi da moldaveTi gaanTavisufla da rumineTis sazRvrebs miadga. 1944 w. zafxulSi daiwyo sabWoTa armiis Seteva fineTis armiis winaaRmdeg kareliis yelze da centris germanuli jarebis winaaRmdeg belorusiaSi. daamarcxa ra fineTis armia, sabWoTa jarebi gavidnen fineTis sazRvarze. fineTis mTavrobam dazavebis TxovniT mimarTa sabWoTa kavSirs. gamanadgurebeli dartyma miadga germanul saarmio dajgufeba centrs. misi mravali nawili tyved Cavarda, 17 divizia mTlianad ganadgurda, xolo 50-ma diviziam TiTqmis TavianTi Semadgenlobebis naxevari dakarga. am operaciis Sedegad, romlebSic sabWoTa jarebTan erTad monawileobda poloneTis pirveli armia general z. berlingis sardlobiT, mTlianad ganTavisuflda belorusia, litvisa da latviis nawili da gavidnen poloneTisa da aRmosavleT prusiis sazRvrebTan. 1944 w. Semodgomaze dasrulda baltiispireTis srulad ganTavisufleba; mxolod latviis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi SemorCa germaniis saarmio dajgufeba CrdiloeTis mcireodeni nawili. sabWoTa kavSiris TiTqmis mTeli dasavleTi nawili ganTavisuflda okupantebisagan. 1944 w. Semodgomaze sabWoTa jarebi ukve brZolebs awarmoebdnen rumineTis, poloneTis, Cexoslovaliis, iugoslaviisa da ungreTis teritoriebze. 1944 w. oqtomberSi sabWoTa jarebi, romlebic imierpolareTSi moqmedebdnen, miadgnen norvegiis sazRvars da norvegiis emigrantul mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT sabrZolo moqmedebebi am qveynis teritoriaze gadaitanes. 1945 w. dasawyisisaTvis faSisturi bloki sabolood daiSala. mokavSireTa armiebi miadgnen germaniis sazRvrebs da emzadebodnen gadamwyveti SetevisaTvis. germaniis ekonomika, romelsac moaklda okupirebuli qveynebis resursebi, veRar umklavdeboda omis moTxovnebs. 1944 w. zafxulidan germaniis samrewvelo produqciis moculoba ganuxrelad ecemoda. zetotalurma mobilizaciam verc adamianTa danaklisi Seavso. saswaulebrivi saraketo iaraRis imedebmac ar gaamarTla, Tumca germanelebma 1944-45 wlebSi ingliss 10 aTasze meti TviTmfrinav-yumbara fau-I da aTasze meti raketa fau-2 dauSines. maT didi ziani miayenes mSvidobiam macxovreblebs, magram veraferi ver daakles mokavSireebis samxedro Zalasa da Zlierebas, romlebsac ukve didi upiratesoba gaaCndaT germanelebze.

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axla germanelebs mxolod imis imediRa hqondaT, rom mokavSireTa Soris Tavs iCenda ganxeTqileba da isini SeZlebdnen inglisTan da aSS-Tan separatuli zavis dadebas. maTi Canafiqri imaSi mdgomareobda, rom Zlieri TavdacviT SeeCerebinaT sabWoTa jarebi, moegoT dro da epovaT inglisTan da amerikasTan faruli SeTanxmebis gzebi. 1945 w. ianvarSi sabWoTa jarebma ganaaxles Seteva; 17 ianvars maT gaanTavisufles varSava, Semdeg ki mTlianad poloneTi. male isini Sevidnen germaniis teritoriaze da 1945 w. Tebervlis dasawyisSi gavidnen mdinare oderze da berlins 60-70 km manZilze miuaxlovdnen. sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis frontis samxreT monakveTze sabWoTa armia agrZelebda Cexoslovakiisa da ungreTis ganTavisuflebas. sastiki brZolebis Semdeg sabWoTa jarebma iugoslaviis, bulghareTisa da rumineTis sajariso nawilebTan ertad mospes germanuli jarebis samxreTi gaerTianeba, 13 Tebervals gaanTavisufles budapeSti, xolo 4 aprils daamTavres ungreTis ganTavisufleba. imave dRes gaanTavisufles slovakeTis dedaqalaqi bratislava. sabWoTa armiis mier ganTavisuflebul qeynebSi grZeldeboda revoluciuri gardaqmnebi, xdeboda adgilobrivi saxalxo xelisuflebis organoebis ganmtkiceba. 1945 w. 6 marts rumineTSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi movida saxalxo-demokratiuli mTavroba p. grozas meTaurobiT, romelSic komunistebi wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen. 7 marts Camoyalibda iugoslaviis droebiTi saxalxo mTavroba marSal iosip broz titos meTaurobiT. ungreTis droebiTi mTavrobis Zalaufleba gavrcelda mTeli ungreTis teritoriaze. dRiTi dRe Zlierdeboda poloneTis droebiTi mTavrobis poziciebi, romlis Zalauflebac ukve mTel poloneTze vrceldeboda. 1945 w. 5 aprils Cexoslovakiis ganTavisuflebul teritoriaze qalaq koSiceSi Seiqmna Cexebisa da slovakebis nacionaluri frontis mTavroba memarcxene social-demokratis z. firlingeris meTaurobiT, romelic mWidrod TanamSromlobda komunistebTan. mTavrobis mier miRebul koSices programaSi miTiTebuli iyo, rom axali mTavroba Tavis miznad isaxavs mWidro kavSirsa da TanamSromlobas sabWoTa kavSirTan. amave dros programa iTvaliswinebda demokratiuli uflebebis gafarToebas, axali saxelmwifo aparatis Seqmnas nacionaluri komitetebis safuZvelze, reaqciuli partiebis saqmianobis akrZalvas, im pirTa dasjas, romlebic okupantebTan TanamSromlobdnen, maTi qonebis nacionalizacias da a.S. faqtobrivad es iyo slovakeTis ajanyebis dros dawyebuli nacionalur-demokratiuli revoluciis gagrZelebis programa. aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi sabWoTa kavSiris daxmarebiT dawyebuli socialisturi gardaqmnebi iwvevda inglis-amerikis mmarTveli wreebis did winaaRmdegobas. isini moiTxovdnen rumineTisa da poloneTis mTavrobaTa Semadgenlobebis Secvlas da mxars uWerdnen antisamTavrobo elementebs sxva saxelmwifoebSi. amastan dakavSirebiT, bunebrivia, izrdeboda winaaRmdegoba sabWoTa kavSirsa da inglis-amerikas Soris. gansakuTrebiT xisti poziciebi ekava CerCils, romelic Tvlida, rom miuxedavad yirimis konferenciaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebisa, saWiro iyo daeswroT sabWoTa jarebisaTvis da TviT aeRoT berlini, vena da praRa. 1945 w. 8 Tebervals inglis-amerikis jarebi eizenhauerisa da mongomeris sardlobiT gadavidnen Setevaze dasavleTis frontze. warmatebiT miiwevdnen ra win isini martSi gavidnen mdinare rainze, gadalaxes igi da aprilis daswyisSi germanelTa didi dajgufeba moaqcies alyaSi ruris raionSi. 9 aprils daiwyo inglis-amerikis Seteva italiaSic. germaniis Tavdacva dasavleTSi mTlianad moiSala. mokavSireTa Zalebi, romlebsac araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar xvdeboda, swrafad daiZrnen germaniis siRrmeSi. Tumca sabWoTa kavSirma inglisma da amerikam winaswar moilaparakes TavianTi jarebis winsvlis saboloo sazRvrebisa da saokupacio zonebis Sesaxeb, inglisisa da amerikis mTavrobebi fiqrobdnen Tu rogor daeswroT sabWoTa jarebisaTvis da aeRoT berlini, romelic sabWoTa saokupacio zonaSi Sedioda. 1945 w. 1 aprils CerCili werda ruzvelts: rusuli armiebi ueWvelia xelT igdeben mTel avstrias da Sevlen venaSi. Tu isini aseve xelT igdeben berlins, xom ar SeeqmnebaT maT erTob gazviadebuli warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom maT gadamwyveti wvlili Seitanes Cvens gamarjvebaSi... amitomac me vTvli, rom politikuri TvalsazrisiT Cven germaniaSi rac SeiZleba aRmosavleTiT unda waviwioT da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu berlini CvenTvis xelmisawvdom manZilze aRmoCndeba, Cven is aucileblad unda aviRoT. ruzvelti ar daeTanxma am Tvalsazriss, magram aSS administraciis mravali warmomadgeneli iziarebda CerCilis am antisabWoTa mosazRebebs. 1945 w. 12 aprils ruzvelti gardaicvala. aSS prezidenti gaxda antisabWourad ganwyobili yofili vice-

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prezidenti hari trumeni. antisabWoTa ganwyobilebebma aSS mmarTvel wreebSi sul ufro metad imZlavra. ukve 23 aprils trumenma TeTr saxlSi Caatara TaTbiri, romelzedac misi mrCevlebi, TviTmxilvelTa gadmocemiT muStebs araxunebdnen magidaze da moiTxovdnen ruseTis mimarT xisti politikis gatarebas da masTan laparaks mxolod Zalis poziciidan. mxedvelobaSi iRebdnen ra uTanxmoebebs antihitlerul koaliciaSi da cdilobdnen ra usityvo kapitulaciis Tavidan acilebas, hitlerelebi farulad cdidnen SesaZleblobas inglisisa da amerikis winaSe nawilobrivi kapitulaciis SesaZleblobas ssrk monawileobis gareSe. isini imedovnebdnen, rom ruzveltis sikvdilis Semdeg antifaSisturi koalicia daiSleboda, magram maTi imedebi CaifuSa. 1945 w. 13 aprils sabWoTa jarebi venaSi Sevidnen. 24 aprils maT alyaSi moaqcies berlini da brZolebi berlinis quCebSi gaCaRda. 25 aprils amerikis jarebis mowinave nawilebma miaRwies mdinare elbas qalaq torgaus raionSi da SeuerTdnen sabWoTa jarebs. germanel faSistTa jarebis fronti gairRva: armiebi, romlebic imyofebodnen CrdiloeT germaniaSi, samxreT germaniasa da italiaSi erTmaneTisagan mowyvetilni aRmoCndnen. CrdiloeT italiaSi nacionaluri ganTavisuflebis komitetebis mowodebiT daiwyo masobrivi SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba. partizanulma razmebma, romelTa raodenobamac 250 aTas kacs miaRwia, iwyes e.w. salos respublikis faSistTa narCenebisagan gawmenda. maT xelT igdes musokini da daxvrites. aseTive bedi ewiaT musolinis axlo TanamebrZolebs, faSisturi saxelmwifosa da partiis xelmZRvanelebs. 29 aprils germaniis jarebma italiaSi kapitulacia gamoacxades. amasobaSi sabWoTa jarebma berlinis mniSvnelovani nawili gawmindes faSistebisagan. 30 aprils hitlerma Tavi moikla, magram manamde Tavis memkvidred daniSna admirali denici, romlis Stabic CrdiloeT germaniaSi imyofeboda. 2 maiss berlinis garnizonma kapitulacia gamoacxada. 5 maiss daiwyo SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba praRaSi. aages ra erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi 1600 barikada ajanyebulebma daxmarebisaTvis sabWoTa armias mimarTes. denicis mTavroba, romelmac faqtobrivad movlenaTa ganviTarebaze kontroli dakarga, cdilobda mxolod erTs _ Tavidan aecilebina usityvo kapitulacia da Tavisi jarebis naSTebi inglis-amerikelebisaTvis Caebarebina. igi sTxovda inglisis jarebis sardals, feldmarSal mongomeris, rom neba daerToT jarebisaTvis, romlebic sabWoTa armiis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian, gaiaron mokavSireTa fronti, rom am jarebs ar mouwioT rusebis winaSe kapitulacia. mongomerim uaryo es winadadeba magram daTanxmda mieRo CrdiloeT germaniis fgaSisturi jarebis nawilobrivi kapitulacia. mravali wlis Semdeg CerCili aRiarebda: jer kidev omis damTavrebamde, im dros, roca germanelebi aseul aTasobiT bardebodnen, xolo Cveni quCebi savse iyo mozeime xalxiT, me gavugzavne mongomeris depeSa, sadac vavalebdi geranuli iaraRis guldasmiT Segrovebas da dasawyobebas, raTa SesaZlebeli yofiliyo maTi xelaxla darigeba germaneli jariskacebisaTvis, romlebTanac mogviwevda TanamSromloba, Tu ki sabWoTa Seteva gagrZeldeboda. magram maSin inglisisa da amerikis mmarTvel wreebs jer kidev ar SeeZloT gaewyviTaT urTierTobebi sabWoTa kavSirTan, radgan sWirdebodaT misi daxmareba iaponiastan omSi da rarda amisa, sabWoTa kavSirTan omi im momentSi maT kargs arafers ar uqadda da arc raime upiratesobas aZlevda. amitomac daTanxmdnen ra ama Tu im samxedro nawilis nawilobriv kapitulacias, isini sabWoTa kavSirTan erTad moiTxovdnen denicis mTavrobis kapitulacias. 1945 w. 7 maiss mokavSireTa jarebis sardlis general eizenhaueris mTavarbanakSi, romelic safrangeTis qalaq reimsSi imyofeboda, xelmowerili iqna kapitulaciis winaswari pirobebi. 8 maiss berlinSi sabWoTa sardlis marSal g.k. Jukovis TavmjdomareobiT sazeimod moewera xeli faSisturi germaniis usityvo kapitulacias. faSisturi germaniis jaris nawilebi, miuxedavad kapitulaciis aqtis xelmowerisa, ganagrZobdnen samxedro operaciebs ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg praRis raionSi, magram sabWoTa armiis swrafi Setevis gamo maTac Sewyvites winaaRmdegoba. 1945 w. 9 maiss sabWoTa jarebma praRa gaanTavisufles. samxedro moqmedebebi evropaSi damTavrda. 9 maisi sabWoTa kavSirSi gamarjvebis dRed gamocxadda. faSisturi germaniis usityvo kapitulaciis Semdeg mokavSireebma denicis xelisufleba daSales. ssrk, aSS, inglisisa da safrangeTis mTavrobebma ganacxades, rom isini sakuTar Tavze Rebuloben germaniaSi umaRles xelisuflebas. yirimis konferenciis gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad maT germaniis teritoria oTx saokupacio zonad _sabWoTa,

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amerikis, inglisisa da safrangeTis zonebad dayves. berlini, romelic sabWoTa saokupacio zonaSi imyofeboda, aseve oTx seqtorad daiyo, romlebSic mokavSireTa saokupacio nawilebi ganlagdnen. TiToeul saokupacio zonaSi Zalufleba ekuTnoda saokupacio jarebis mTavarsardals. germaniaSi mokavSireTa umaRles xelisuflebas ganasaxierebda sakontrolo sabWo, romelSic Sediodnen oTxive qveynis saokupacio jarebis mTavarsardlebi. TavianT gadawyvetilebebs isini Rebulobdnen oTxive saxelmwifos erTsulovani gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze. berlins ganagebda mokavSireTaSorisi komendatura, romelic oTxi _ sabWoTa, amerikeli, ingliseli da frangi komendantebisagan Sedgeboda. yirimis konferenciis gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisad 1945 w. 25 aprils sanfranciskoSi gaixsna gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis damfuZnebeli konferencia. konferenciis muSaobaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb mowveva gaegzavna 42 saxelmwifos, romlebmac xeli moaweres gaerTianebuli erebis deklaracias da omi gamoucxades germanias. maT Soris iyo laTinuri amerikis 19 saxelmwifo da inglisis 5 dominioni. evropa warmodgenili iyo 12 saxelmwifoTi, romelTa Sorisac iyvnen ssrk, ukrainisa da belorusiis sabWoTa respublikebi. neitraluri da yofili mowinaaRmdege qveynebi konferenciaze ar iqnen mowveulni. konferenciis muSaobaSi aseve monawileoba ver miiRes qveynebma, romelTa mTavrobebic ar cnes inglisma da amerikam (albaneTi, poloneTi, monRoleTis saxalxo respublika). konferenciis dRis wesrigSi iyo erTaderTi sakiTxi _ gaeros wesdebis miReba. dasavleTis qveynebis erTma nawilma gailaSqra uSiSroebis sabWoSi kenWisyris dros erTxmovanebis winaaRmdeg an cdilobda SeezRuda am organos uflebamosilebani. magram maTi Sesworebebi uaryves. meore mwvave problema, romelsac aseve xangrZlivi diskusia moyva, iyo mzrunvelobis, anu koloniebisa da damokidebuli qveynebis marTvis problema. miuxedavad koloniuri qveynebis winaaRmdegobisa, romlebsac yofil koloniebSi adrindeli wesebis SenarCuneba surdaT, sabWoTa kavSirma miaRwia gaeros wesdebaSi im debulebis Setanas, romelic uzrunvelyofda yofili daqvemdebarebuli teritoriebis mosaxleobis ganviTarebas TviTmmarTvelobisa da damoukideblobisaken. 1945 w. 26 ivniss konferenciam miiRo gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba da daamTavra tavisi musaoba. man gamoacxada, rom gaeros upirvelesi amocanaa saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis dacva. gaeros wesdebaSi, romelic amJamad ukve saerTaSoriso samarTlis umniSvnelovanes dokuments warmoadgens, dafiqsirebuli iyo mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis umTavresi da sxvadasxva sistemebis mqone saxelmwifoTa Soris mSvidobiani TanamSromlobis principebi; xalxebis Tanasworuflebianoba da TviTgamorkveva; saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba da sxva qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevloba; saerTaSoriso sadavo sakiTxebis mSvidobiani gzebiT gadawyveta; Zalis gamoyenebis muqarisagan TavSekaveba. rogorc wesdebaSi aRiniSna, gaeros erTerT umTavres mizans warmoadgenda saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba adamianis uflebebis da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis pativiscemis suliskveTebiT, miuxedavad rasisa, sqesisa, enisa da religiisa. gaeros mier am demokratiuli principebis gamocxadebam xeli Seuwyo maT Semdgom ganmtkicebasa da gavrcelebas. omisSemdgomi mowyobis gadaudebeli sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad gadawyda mowveuliyo did saxelmwifoTa _ inglisis, amerikisa da sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifoTa meTaurebis axali Sexvedra. misi momzadeba uaRresad rTul pirobebSi mimdinareobda. 1945 w. zafxulisaTvis aSS-inglisis uTanxmoeba sabWoTa kavSirTan, rac dakavSirebuli iyo aRmosavleT evropaSi saxelmwifo mowyobis da saxalxo-demokratiuli revoluciebis gamarjvebis sakiTxebTan, iqamde gamwvavda, rom CerCilma ubrZana kidec inglisis generalur Stabs moemzadebinaT moxseneba ruseTis winaaRmdeg SesaZlo samxedro moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, Tu Semdgomi molaparakebebis msvlelobaSi mastan urTierTobebi garTuldeba. ar gaaCndaT ra SesaZleblobebi, rom sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis Tavs moexviaT sakuTari neba da sWirdebodaT ra ssrk daxmareba iaponiis winaaRmdeg, aSS da inglisis mTavrobebma gadawyvites molaparakebebis gagrZeleba. ssrk-ze zemoqmedebis iaraRad aSS mTavroba varaudobda atomuri bombis gamoyenebas, romelic maSin sabWota kavSirs ar gaaCnda. trumenis mTavrobis erTerT pirvel sxdomaze aSS saxelmwifo mdivanma birnsma ganacxada: atomuri bombi mogvcems SesaZleblobas vukarnaxoT sazavo pirobebi omis damTavrebisas. gamomdinare am mosazrebebidan trumeni cdilobda, rom sami saxelmwifos meTaurebis TaTbiri Catarebuliyo aSS-Si atomuri bombis gamocdis Semdeg.

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1945 w. 16 ivliss Catarda atomuri bombis pirveli gamocda, romelmac TvalnaTliv aCvena misi kolosaluri damangreveli Zala. meore dRes, berlinis SemogarenSi, potsdamSi gaixsna berlinis (potsdamis) konferencia sami didi saxelmwifos meTaurebisa _ i. b. stalinis, h. trumenis da u. CerCilis, romelic Semdeg Secvala inglisis axalma premier-ministrma k. etlim. konferenciis muSaobas Taviseburi daRi daasva sabWoTa kavSirsa da inglis-amerikas Soris mzardma winaaRmdegobam. aSS delegaciam inglisis mxardaWeriT moiTxova bulgareTis, rumineTisa da ungreTis mTavrobebis dauyovneblivi reorganizacia. isini agreTve moiTxovdnen poloneTis mTavrobis Semadgenlobis secvlas da surdaT iugoslaviis mTavrobis politikaze garkveuli zemoqmedebis moxdena. sabWota kavSirze zegavlenis mosaxdenad trumenma stalins acnoba aSS-is mier gansakuTrebuli Zalis atomuri bombis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amgvari uTanxmoebebisa aSS-ma, ssrk-ma da inglisma garkveul SeTanxmebebs miaRwies mraval politikur Tu samxedro sakiTxebSi. potsdamis konferenciis muSaobaSi centraluri adgili daikava germaniisadmi damokidebulebis politikam. sabWoTa kavSirma, inglisma da amerikam ganacxades, rom Ggeremaniis militarizmi da nacizmi amoiZirkveba, raTa germania momavalSi aRarasodes daemuqros Tavis mezoblebs an mSvidobis SenarCunebas mTel msoflioSi. mokavSireebma gadawyvites germaniis srulad ganiaraReba da demilitarizacia, faSisturi partiis ganadgureba, militaristuli da nacisturi propagandis akrZalva, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo tribunalisaTvis mTavari samxedro damnaSaveebis gadacema. amastan erTad konferenciis gadawyvetilebebSi miTiTebuli iyo, rom mokavSireebs ara aqvT gadawyvetili germaneli xalxis ganadgureba an damoneba. isini iZleodnen dapirebas, rom germanel xalxs miscemdnen maTi cxovrebis Semdgomi rekonstruqciis saSualebas demokratiul da mSvidobian safuZvelze. germaniaSi unda aRmdgariyo sityvis, beWdvisa da religiis Tavisufleba, iZleodnen Tavisufali profkavSirebis da demokratiuli partiebis Seqmnis saSualebas. mxedvelobaSi iRebda ra germanuli monopoliebis rols meore msoflio omis momzadebis da warmoebis saqmeSi, konferenciam miiRo germaniis ekonomikis decentralizaciis gadawyvetileba arsebuli ukiduresad koncentrirebuli ekonomikuri Zalis ganadgurebis mizniT, romelic warmodgenili kartelebis, sindikatebis, trestebis da sxva monopolisturi SeTanxmebebis saxiT. amasTan gansakuTrebiT xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli, rom germania unda ganixilebodes rogorc erTiani ekonomikuri mTlianoba. inglisma, amerikam da sabWoTa kavSirma SeaTanxmes reparaciebis sakiTxi, romelic germanias unda gadaexada im qveynebisaTvis, romlebic faSisturi agresiis Sedegad dazaraldnen. yoveli okupirebuli qveynis sareparacio pretenziebi unda dakmayofilebuliyo okupirebul zonebSi anakrefi Tanxebidan, magram sabWota kavSirs, rogorc yvelaze dazaralebul qveyanas, damatebiT unda mieRo im samrewvelo mowyobilobebis 25%, romelic sareparacio miznebiT amoiReboda dasavleTis saokupacio zonebidan. sabWoTa kavSirs unda daekmayofilebina poloneTis sareparacio pretenziebi Tavisi wili reparaciebidan. potsdamis konferenciam daadgina axali poloneT-germaniis sazRvari odra_nises (oder_neises) xazze, sabWoTa kavSirs gadasca kenigsbergis (amJamad kaliningradis) olqi. Seiqmna sagareo saqmeTa ministrebis sabWo, romelsac daekisra samSvidobo xelSekrulebebis momzadeba italiasTan, rumineTTan, bulgareTTan, ungreTTan da fineTTan. sabWoTa kavSirma konfidencialurad daadastura, rom igi Caebmeboda omSi im pirobebis safuZvelze, romelzedac SeTanxmdnen ialtaSi. amgvarad, potsdamis konferenciaze kvlav iqna dadasturebuli sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis mqone qveynebs Soris TanamSromlobis SesaZlebloba ara marto agresorebis winaaRmdeg omSi, aramed omiSemdgomi msoflios mowyobis sakiTxebSic. awarmoebdnen ra oms iaponiis winaaRmdeg, inglisisa da amerikis mTavrobebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen am omSi ssrk monawileobas. s amaxsovro baraTSi, romelic aSS mTavrobam moamzada amerikis delegaciisaTvis yirimis konferenciaze, miTiTebuli iyo: Cven Zalian gvWirdeba sabWoTa kavSiri iaponiasTan omSi germaniasTan omis damTavrebis Semdeg. da marTlac, germaniis kapitulaciis Semdeg iaponias jer kidev sakmao Zala gaaCnda omis gasagrZeleblad. misi saxmeleTo jarebis saerTo raodenoba 4 mln kacs aWarbebda. iaponia inarCunebda kontrols indoCineTze, tailandze, malaiziaze da TiTqmis mTel indoneziaze. iaponiis Zalauflebis qveS rCeboda korea da CineTis teritoriis mniSvnelovani nawili. Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTSi ganlagebuli iyo iaponiis qveiTi

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jarebis yvelaze Zlieri dajgufeba kvantunis armia, romlis ricxvic 1 mln kacs aRemateboda. miuxedavad germaniis kapitulaciisa, iaponiis mTavrobam gadawyvita omis miyvana bolomde, raTa SenarCundes saxelmwifo struqtura, daicvas saimperatoro teritoria da miaRwios omis miznebs. wamoyenebul iqna lozungi vibrZoloT ukanasknel jariskacamde! iRebda ra mxedvelobaSi am garemoebas, agreTve mZime brZolebs kunZulebis ivoZimasa da okinavasaTvis, mokavSireTa sardloba fiqrobda, rom iaponiasTan omi jer kidev did Zalebasa da xangrZliv dros moiTxovda. ramdenadac TviT iaponiaSi, agreTve CineTSi, manjuriasa da koreaSi imyofeboda iaponiis saxmeleTo jarebis mniSvnelovani nawili, inglisisa da amerikis mTavrobebi Tvlidnen, rom Tu dros aiTvlidnen germaniis kapitulaciidan, gamarjvebisaTvis maT kidev saerTo jamSi 18 Tve mainc dasWirdebodaT da igi gagrZeldeboda 1947 wlamde. swored amitomac, prezidenti trumeni miemgzavreboda ra potsdamis konferenciaze, Tavis upirveles amocanad Tvlida piradad stalinisagan mieRo dasturi iaponiis winaaRmdeg omSi Cabmis Sesaxeb. imavdroulad aSS mTavrobam SeimuSava gegma iaponiis winaaRmdeg atomuri bombis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, romelic unda gamxdariyo ara marto iaponiis damarcxebis iaraRi, aramed saSualeba ssrk-ze zewolis mosaxdenad. 1945 w. 1 ivniss trumenis mTavrobam miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom mombi unda iqnas gamoyenebuli iaponiis winaaRmdeg rac SeiZleba male, Tanac ara marto samxedro obieqtebis, aramed mSvidobiani mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg. darwmunda ra, rom sabWoTa kavSiri Seasrulebs Tavis sityvas da Caebmeba omSi iaponiis winaaRmdeg, amerikam, didma britaneTma da CineTma 1945 w. 26 ivliss potsdamSi gamoaqveyna deklaracia iaponiis usityvo kapitulaciis Sesaxeb. potsdamis deklaracia moiTxovda iaponiaSi militaristebis Zalauflebisa da gavlenis mospobas, romlebmac iaponia omSi gadaCexes, iaponiis armiis ganiaraRebas da samxedro damnaSaveTa dasjas. igi iTvaliswinebda iaponiis okupacias, iaponiis mier dapyrobili teritoriebis ganTavisuflebas, iaponiis suverenitetis SezRudvas oTxi kunZuliT da demokratiuli tendenciebis aRorZinebasa da ganmtkicebas, agreTve adamianis uflebebis dacvas. mokavSireebi xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen, rom isini ar eswrafvian rom daimonon iaponelebi rogorc rasa, an ganadgurdes rogorc eri, da iZleodnen dapirebas, rom gamoiyvandnen qveynidan saokupacio jarebs rogorc ki Sesruldeba deklaraciaSi gancxadebuli miznebi da Seiqmneba mSvidobianad ganwyobili da pasuxismgebluri mTavroba iaponeli xalxis Tavisuflad gamoxatuli nebis Sesabamisad. iaponiis mTavrobam uaryo es deklaracia. yirimisa da potsdamis konferenciebis gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad sabWoTa kavSiri Seudga mzadebas iaponiis winaaRmdeg samxedro operaciebis dasawyebad. iaponiis winaaRmdeg omSi monawileoba gadawyviTa monRoleTis saxalxo respublikamac, romelsac sabWoTa kavSirTan akavSirebda xelSekruleba megobrobisa da urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb. Tavis mxriv aSS mTavrobac cdilobda swrafad daemTavrebina iaponiis atomuri bombardirebisaTvis mzadeba, raTa is ganexorcielebina omSi ssrk Cabmamde. aSS xelSi ori atomuri bombi iyo. 1945 w. 5-6 agvistos Rames amerikis samxedro bazidan marianis kunZulebze afrinda bombdamSenTa jgufi, romlebsac nabrZanebi hqondaT iaponiaze pirveli atomuri bombis Camogdeba. saflagmano TviTmfrinavi, romelis bortzedac atomuri bombi iyo, mihyavda polkovnik tibets. man Tavis bombdamSens uwoda dedis saxeli _ enola geitsi. tibets brZaneba hqonda daebomba qalaqi xirosima, xolo Tu is RrublebiT iqneboda dafaruli, SeerCia sxva samizneebad qalaqebi an kokura da an nagasaki. 6 agvistos diliT enola geim miaRwia xirosimas. qalaqis Tavze ar iyo Rrubeli da aman gadwyvita misi bedi. pirveli atomuri bombi, romelsac amerikelebma pawia uwodes, Camoagdes xirosimaze, rasac saSineli Sedegebi moyva. qalaqis 306 aTasi macxovreblidan maSinve daiRupa 90 aTasi adamiani. aTeul aTasobiT adamiani daiRupa mogvianebiT Wrilobebis, damwvrobisa da radiaqtiuri mowamvlis gamo. Senobebis 90% daiwva, danarCeni ki daingra. 1945 w. 8 agvistos sabWoTa kavSirma omi gamoucxada iaponias da SeuerTda potsdamis deklaracias. 9 agvistos RamiT sabWoTa armiam daiwyo saomari moqmedebebi Soreul aRmosavleTSi. operaciebis gegma iTvaliswinebda samxreT saxalinisa da kuriliis kunZulebis dakavebas, Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTis da CrdiloeT koreis ganTavisuflebas. samxreT korea aSS mTavrobastan SeTanxmebiT unda gamxdariyo aSS jarebis moqmedebis zona. sabWoTa armiis ZiriTadi dartyma mimarTul iqna kvantunis

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armiis winaaRmdeg. masze midioda Seteva sami frontidan, romelic aerTianebda 11 saerTo sajariso, 1 satanko da 3 sahaero armias. raodenobrivad, SeiaraRebiTa da sabrZolo gamocdilebiT isini bevrad aRematebodnen kvantunis armias. sabWoTa jarebTan erTad moqmedebda monRoleTis saxalxo respublikis armia, romelmac 10 agvistos gamoucxada omi iaponias. ukve sabWoTa jarebis Setevis pirveli dRis bolosaTvis tokiom miiRo cnoba, rom kvantunis armia ver gaumklavdeboda sabWota armiis Setevas. iaponiis damarcxeba gardauvali gaxda. cdilobda ra sabWoTa armiis SetevebiT momxdari STabeWdilebis gaqarwylebas, amerikis mTavrobam gadawyviTa meore bombis Camogdeba iaponiaSi. 1945 w. 9 agvistos aSS-ma meore atomuri bombi, saxelwodebiT sqelua, Camoagdes qalaq nagasakze. qalaqi ganadgurda. mosaxlebam didi danaklisi ganicada, Tumca qalaqis mTagoriani reliefis gamo, romelmac Seasusta ngrevis efeqti, igi xirosimasTan SedarebiT naklebi iyo. mTlianobaSi ori atomuri bombis Camogdebis Sedegad mTlianobaSi daiRupa 100 aTasi kaci, xolo 400 aTasi daiWra an miiRo sasikvdilo dozis radiaqturi dasxiveba. aseul aTasobiT iaponeli daiRupa omisSemdgom wlebSi radiaqtiuri mowamvlis Sedegad. dasavleTis istoriografia Cveulebriv aWarbebs-xolme iaponiis atomuri dabombvis samxedro mniSvnelobis Sefasebisas, amtkicebs ra, rom swored am bombardirebam aiZula iaponia moexdina kapitulacia. sinamdvileSi omis bedi ukve gadawyvetili iyo da araviTar aucileblobas ar warmoadgenda maTi gamoyeneba. saqme isaa, rom sabWota kavSiris omSi Cabmis Semdeg iaponiam acnoba did britaneTs, aSS-s da sabWoTa kavSirs, rom miiRebda potsdamis deklaracias Tu igi ar Seexeboda imperatoris prerogativebs. 11 agvistos sabWoTa kavSirma, amerikam, inglisma da CineTma iaponias upasuxes, rom kapitulaciis momentidan imperatoric da iaponiis mTavrobac mokavSireTa umaRles sardlobas unda damorCileboda, xolo sabolood mmarTvelobis forma dadgindeboda iaponeli xalxis nebis Tavisufali gamoxatviT. iaponiis mTavrobam maSinve ar upasuxa am werils da omic gagrZelda. sabWoTa armiis Setevis Sedegad, romelTan erTadac sabrZolo operaciebSi monRoleTis armiac monawileobda, ramdenime dReSi ganadgurda kvantunis armia. ver xedavda ra sxva gamosavals, iaponiis mTavrobam kapitulacia gadawyviTa. 14 agvistos man ganacxada, rom Rebulobs potsdamis deklaracias, magram vinaidan mTavrobas jer kidev ar hqonda iaraRis dayris Sesaxeb brZaneba gacemuli, sabWoTa jarebi agrZelebdnen Setevas. 18 agvistos isini SeuerTdnen CineTis me-8 saxalxo-ganmaTavisuflebeli armiis nawilebs, romlebic jer kidev 11 agvistos gadaviodnen Setevaze kvantunis armiis winaaRmdeg. 19 agvistodan kvantunis armiis jariskacebma da oficrebma daiwyes iaraRis dayra. gaanadgures ra kvantunis armia, sabWoTa jarebma gaanTavisufles CrdiloaRmosavleT CineTi da CrdiloeT korea, daikaves samxreT saxalini da kuriliis kunZulebi. marionetuli manjou-gos imperia daiSala. misi mTavroba imperator pu iT saTaveSi tyved iqna ayvanili. Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTSi Sevidnen CineTis saxalxoganmaTavisuflebeli armiis nawilebi. masve gadaeca kvantunis armiisaTvis CamorTmeuli SeiaraReba. aq kompartiis TaosnobiT daiwyo xelisuflebis saxalxo organoebis formireba, iqmneboda axali sajariso nawilebi. amgvarad sabWota armiis daxmarebiT Seiqmna manjuriis revoluciuri baza, romelmac gadamwyveti roli Seasrula CineTis revoluciuri moZraobis Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. aseve Seicvala CrdiloeT koreis xalxis cxovreba, sadac kompartiis TaosnobiT iqmneboda xelisuflebis axali organoebi _ saxalxo komitetebi. rac Seexeba samxreT koreas, iq gadasxdnen amerikelebi da ar dauSves revoluciuri gardaqmnebi qveynis am nawilSi. cnobam iaponiis damarcxebis Sesaxeb gamoiwvia ganmaTavisuflebeli ajanyebebi iaponeli okupantebis mier dakavebul sxva qveynebSi.

stalinis ukanaskneli wlebi 1945 w. sabWoTa kavSiri warmoadgenda gamarjvebul, magram mTlianad dangreul qveyanas. imisaTvis, rom msoflio istoriaSi udidesi omi moego, sabWoTa saxelmwifom ganicada iseTi danakargebi, romlebic gacilebiT aRemateboda mowinaaRmdegis danakargebs da saerTod, nebismieri eris danakargebs aqamde warmoebul omebSi. ukanaskneli

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monacemebis mixedviT, sabrZolo moqmedebebis dros danakargebi Seadgendnen 7,5 mln kacs, xolo danakargebi mSvidobian mosaxleobaSi 6-8 mln kacs. 1939 w. bolosaTvis ssrk mosaxleoba moiTvlida 194,1 mln kacs; 1950 w. _ 178,5 mln kacs da es aneqsirebuli baltiispireTis, imierkarpatebis (1945 w. CexoslovakebisaTvis warTmeuli) da moldaveTis (rumineTisaTvis 1940 w. warTmeuli) CaTvliT. samxedro danakargebs unda mivakuTvnoT sikvdilianoba sakoncentracio banakebSi, romlebic omis wlebSi sruli datvirTviT funqcionirebdnen, asrulebdnen avralur samuSaoebs, amzadebdnen xe-tyes, samTo-mopovebiT samuSaoebs kolosaluri masStabebiT. am patimrebis sakvebi norma kidev ufro naklebad Seesabameboda adamianis fizikur moTxovnebs, vidre mSvidobianobis dros. mTlianobaSi 1941 wlidan 1945 wlamde rogorc varaudoben 20-25 mln adamiani daiRupa. bunebrivia, rom didi danakargebi iyo mamakacTa Soris. saSineli iyo 1910-1925 ww. dabadebul mamakacTa Soris danakargebi, ramac ganuwyveteli disproporcia gamoiwvia qveynis demografiul struqturaSi. mravali qali, amave asakobrivi jgufidan, darCa meore naxevris gareSe. Tanac, umravles SemTxvevaSi, isini iyvnen martoxela dedebi, romlebic agrZelebdnen samxedro relsebze gadayvanil sawarmoebSi muSaobas, romelic muSaxelis did naklebobas ganicdida. 1959 w. Catarebuli mosaxleobis aRweris mixedviT ocdaTxuTmetidan ormoc wlamde asakis yovel 1000 qalze modioda 633 mamakaci. yovelive amis Sedegi iyo Sobadobis mkveTri dacema 1940-ian wlebSi da amaSi omi ar iyo erTaderTi mizezi _ es tendencia, Tumca ufro rbil formebSi, SenarCunebul iqna TiTqmis 1970-ian wlebamde. ukraina, belorusia da ruseTis evropuli nawilis didi monakveTi sruliad iyo dangreuli, daaxloebiT 25 mln adamiani darCa sacxovreblis gareSe. erTni Seekedlnen naTesavebs, romlebic isedac saSinel pirobebSi cxovrobdnen, sxvebi cxovrobdnen miwurebSi, romlebic qalaqebis nangrevebSi iyo agebuli. ekonomika mTlianad morRveuli da sruliad gamofituli iyo. marcvleulis warmoeba daeca ori mesamediT _ yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTi cifri figururebs imdroindel oficialur angariSebSi. mrewvelobaSi SeiniSneboda mxolod im produqciis zrda, romelic uSualod samxedro saWiroebisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, xolo saxalxo moxmarebis sagnebis da yovelive imis warmoeba, rac omisSemdgom aRmSeneblobas unda momsaxureboda, iyo Zalian dabal doneze. foladis gamodnoba Seadgenda 12,3 mln tonas (1940 w. 18,3 mln tonasTan SedarebiT); navTobi moipoveboda 19,4 mln t. (31,1 mln t.); cementi iwarmoeboda 1,8 mln t. (5,7 mln t); matylis qsovilebi 53,6 mln metri (119,7 mln metrTan SedarebiT), tyavis fexsacmeli _ 53,6 mln wyvili (211 mln wyvili). sacxovrebeli saxlebis mSenebloba da Zveli saxlebis SekeTeba saerTod ar xdeboda da es miuxedavad mosaxleobis didi odenobiT migraciisa. garda sacxovrebeli binebisa, adamianebs, uwinares yovlisa, sWirdebodaT sakvebi. omis wlebSi mTavroba nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda kerZo sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebasa da bazars, radgan saWiro iyo masobrivi SimSilobis Tavidan acileba. amitomac mravali glexi imedovnebda, rom omis Semdeg kolmeurneobebs daSlidnen da maTi gavlena SenarCunebuli iqneboda e.w. rgolebis doneze. politbiuros wevri a. a. andreevi, romelic soflis meurneobas kurirebda, ramdenadac cnobilia, gamodioda rgolebis farTod danergvis momxred, rogorc koleqtiuri miwaTmoqmedebis formisa. igive Tvalsazrisze idga n.a. voznesenski, omis periodis saxelmwifo dagegmarebis (gosplani) komitetis Tavmjdomare.. igi imasac ki moiTxovda, rom waexalisebinaT glexebis mier sakarmidamo nakveTebis damuSaveba da SeeqmnaT saxelmwifo savaWro qseli kerZo mesakuTreebis mier produqtebis gasayidad. amgvari politika niSnavda axali ekonomikuri politikis ramdenadme reabilitacias aqedan gamomdinare yovelgvari SedegebiT, rac esoden arasasurveli iyo partiis mravali wevrisaTvis. yovel SemTxvevaSi, stalini saerTod ar fiqrobda am problemebze. piriqiT, dadgenileba, romelic gaCnda 1946 wlis seqtemberSi, glexobis mier dakavebul yvela miwas abrunebda sakolmeurneo sakuTrebaSi. amgvarad, mravali glexi, romlebic omis periodSi kerZod amuSavebdnen sakolmeurneo miwebs, axla valdebuli iyo isini daebrunebina kolmeurneobisaTvis. moZraoba privatizaciisaken SeCerebul iqna da saxelmwifo politikis mTeli simZime gadatanil iqna sawarmoo gegmebsa da iZulebis wesiT saxelmwifo damzadebaze. es iyo Taviseburi safasuri fasebis sayovelTao vardnisaTvis. kartofilis fasi, magaliTad, ver faravda mis satransporto xarjebsac ki soflidan qalaqad. amitomac kolmeurneobebi zogjer gasaocar sisuleleebs Cadiodnen _ isini bazarSi yidulobdnen kvercxs, bostneulsa da rZes, romelic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo maT mier saxelmwifos winaSe nakisri valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad. es ufro

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momgebiani iyo, vidre saxelmwifosaTvis sakuTari produqtebis Cabareba. imave dros gaizarda gadasaxadebi kerZo sakarmidamo nakveTebze da kolmeurneobebis Tavmjdomareebs aukrZales sakolmeurneo inventaris _ guTanis, sxva sasoflo iaraRis, furaJis gacema kerZo mesakuTreebisaTvis. ZroxisaTvis Tivis Sovnac ki problema gaxda, rac did drosa da Zalisxmevas moiTxovda. am RonisZiebebis damatebiT, 1950 w. gazeT pravdaSi gamoqveynda statia, romelSic dagmobil iqna rgolebis sistema, romlebiTac Secvlili iyo 30-iani wlebis brigadebi. rgolebis gakicxvis sababad iqca is, rom isini xels uSlidnen soflis meurneobis meqanizacias. andreevma moinania codvebi da aRiara, rom cdeboda, rodesac rekomendacias aZlevda rgolebs da uari ganacxada maT Seqmnaze. soflis meurneobis produqtebis warmoebaze kontroli xelaxla gadaeca manqana-traqtorebis sadgurebs (mtsebi) da maT partiul organizaciebs. mts-ebma kvlav daiwyes sagegmo davalebebis ganawileba, meqanizaciis samuSaoebis Sesruleba da amis gamo safasuris naturiT akrefa, awarmoebdnen iZulebiT damzadebebs. amasTan, zomaze metad gaamsxviles kolmeurneobebi, ris mizezadac gamoiyenes soflis meurneobis meqanizaciis gaadvileba. sinamdvileSi es RonisZieba uadvilebda mts-ebs da soflebis partiul organizaciebs glexobis kontrols. ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, gamsxvilebis Sedegad, kolmeurneobebis raodenoba Semcirda 250 aTasidan 97 aTasamde. industrializaciis suliskveTebis Sesabamisad, zogierTi maTgani gardaqmnes sabWoTa meurneobad, romelic, Cveulebriv, specializirdeboda produqciis romelime saxeobis warmoebaSi. sabWoTa meurneobis muSakebi Rebulobdnen xelfass, rogorc samrewvelo sawarmoTa muSebi. am RonisZiebaTa Sedegebi damangreveli iyo. im dros, rodesac mwvaved SeigrZnoboda kvebis produqtebis nakleboba, soflis meurneoba Tavisi produqtiulobiT odnav Tu faravda omamdel dones. 1946 w. ukrainas Tavs daatyda saSineli gvalva, magram saxelmwifo sagegmo davalebebi odnavadac ar Semcirebula. iseve, rogorc 1933 wels, saxelmwifom kvlav waarTva glexebs mTeli maragi. iseve, rogorc adre, kvlav Zala iqna gamoyenebuli. erTerTi kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomare werda maSin nikita xruSCovs, romelic im dros ukrainis kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivani iyo: Cven saxelmwifos Cveni norma CavabareT. Cven mogeciT yvelaferi. TviTon aRaraferi aRar dagvrCa. darwmunebulebi varT, rom partia da saxelmwifo ar dagviviwyeben da dagvexmarebian. magram maTi imedebi amao aRmoCnda. glexebs SimSiliT sikvdi lis saSualebas aZlevdnen. soflad kanibalizmis SemTxvevebic ki aRiniSneboda, magram ara presaSi, romelic malavda SimSilobas da xatavda kolmeurneTa bednier cxovrebas Semwvari goWebiTa da wiTeli RviniT. rodesac xruSCovma, cudi winaTgrZnobiT gamsWvalilma, mainc gadawyvita amis Sesaxeb ecnobebina stalinisaTvis, man dascina xruSCovs: Sen advilad damjeri xar! isini gatyvileben! isini grZnoben, rom SenSi gaaRviZeben sentimentebs da amitomac gweren amgvar ambebs. amis Sedegi iyo is, rom xruSCovi mis Tanamdebobaze droebiT kaganoviCma Secvala, romelic cnobili iyo Tavisi simkacriT. marcvleulis warmoeba nel-nela aRwevda Tavs im ufskruls, romelSic igi aRmoCnda omisSemdgom wlebSi. TviT mosavlianobis TvalsazrisiT xelsayrel 1952 welsac ki, man jer kidev ver miaRwia 1940 wlis omamdel dones, xolo erTi heqtaris produqtiuloba ufro dabali iyo, vidre 1913 wels. amitomac malenkovis saqebar sityvebs imis Sesaxeb, rom qveyanam gadawyvita marcvleulis problema, romlebic gaisma imave wels partiis XIX yrilobaze, araviTari safuZveli ar gaaCnda. sasoflo sameurneo warmoebis sxva sferoebSi mdgomareoba ufro uaresi iyo. 1953 welsac ki sabWoTa kavSirSi msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi ufro naklebi iyo, vidre 1916 wels da es maSin, rodesac qveynis mosaxleoba mas Semdeg gaizarda 30-40 mln kaciT, Tanac, mniSvnelovanwilad gaizarda qalaqis mosaxleoba. rZe da rZis produqtebi xelmisawvdomi iyo did qalaqebSi, romlebic ukeTesad maragdeboda. sakarmidamo nakvetebis produqcia, miuxedavad oficialuri akrZalvebisa, iqca arsebobis ZiriTad saSualebad rogorc qalaqSi, ise soflad. 1952 wels, aseT nakveTebze, romlebic miwebis 1-2%-s Seadgenda, iwarmoeboda bostneuli kulturebis TiTqmis naxevari, xorcis, rZisa da kartofilis ori mesamedi da kvercxis cxra meaTedi. kerZo meurneobebsa da koleqtivis miwebze ZiriTad samuSao Zalas warmoadgendnen qalebi. omSi gadarCenili mravali mamakaci, romlebmac Sromisunarianoba SeinarCunes, yvelafers akeTebdnen imisaTvis, rom ukan sofelSi aRar dabrunebuliyvnen, sadac maTxovruli da uimedo arseboba unda gaegrZelebinaT. Tu risgan garbodnen isini,

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kargad Cans kolmeurneobaTa Semosavlis statistikidan. erT SromadRes kolmeurnesaTvis mohqonda erTi maneTis an ufro naklebi Semosavali. es iyo bazarSi asi grami Saqris fasi. alek nouvma gamoiTvala, rom saSualo SeZlebis kolmeurnes mTeli weliwadi unda emuSava, rom eyida sakmaod iafi kostumi. daTrgunuli suli da politikuri Sexedulebebi, romlebic warmoadgenda am siRatakis Sedegs, mSvenivradaa aRwerili cnobili rusi mwerlis fedor abramovis romanSi, romelic ruseTis CrdiloeTSi mdebare soflis cxovrebas asaxavda. masSi moTxrobilia, Tu rogor Cavida raikomis mdivani sofelSi kolmeurneobis Tavmjdomarisa da misi colis mosanaxuleblad, romelic vidre misi qmari frontze imyofeboda, faqtobrivad marTavda kolmeurneobas. igi, Civis, rom ager ukve eqvsi weli gavida omis damTavrebidan, magram adamianebi kvlavindeburad SimSiloben, xolo saxelmwifo isev metsa da mets iTxovs. maSin raikomis mdivani sayvedurobs Tavmjdomares, rom is cudi mepatronea, razedac Tavmjdomare mas pasuxobs: me mepatrone? amas damixedeT! ginaxavs iseTi mepatrone, romelic Teqis Ceqmebs TerTmet kapikad yidis, xolo mas TviTon es Ceqmebi maneTi da oci kapiki ujdeba? me rZes marTmeven _ ise, TerTmet kapikad, me ki igi ori maneTi mijdeba. _ ki, magram, vin garTmevs? saxelmwifo? _ sityvaze nu miWer! _ lukaSinma mkveTrad awia Tavi. _ diax, saxelmwifo! leninma imis, ai samoqalaqo omis Semdeg ra Tqva? saWiroao, sofelTano swori urTierTobebis damyareba, glexisaTvis yvelafris uklebliv CamorTmeva... magaliTad me wamiyvanon... mepatrone... me mxolod is vici, rom saxres viqnev. imitom, rom saxrisa da saylapavis meti araferi gamaCnia. arada saWiroa Svria, Svria cxenis samuSaod... raikomis mdivans isRa darCenoda, rom daTanxmebuliyo Tavmjdomaris am simarTles. Semdeg orivem gadawyvita, rom ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu orive daiviwyebda am saubars. da miuxedavad imisa, rom xmadabla laparakobdnen, iyvnen partiul muSakebsa da soflis Tavkacebs Soris iseTebic, vinc eloda gardaqmnebs da sixaruliT miesalmebodnen imas, vinc gabedavda am gardaqmnebis dawyebas. arc saqalaqo cxovreba iyo karg dReSi. isinic ki, vinc sakmaod SeZlebuli iyo saimisod, rom ar ecxovraT miwurebSi, barakebsa da qoxmaxebSi, itanjebodnen mZime cxovrebisagan. umaRlesi elitis gamoklebiT, mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba cxovrobda komunalur binebSi, sadac erT ojaxze, rogorc wesi, modioda erTi oTaxi, xolo samzareulo, abazana da tualeti saerTo iyo. zogjer oTaxebi ar iyo gadatixruli da ojaxebi erTmaneTisagan gamoyofili iyo Weridan CamoSvebuli zewrebiT. istorikosi aleqsandre nekriCi aRwerda SemTxvevas, rodesac erT oTaxSi cxovrobda sami ojaxi cameti kacis saerTo SemadgenlobiT. oTaxi iyo oci kvadratuli metris farTobis da masSi idga Svidi sawoli: zedmet eqvs kacs iatakze eZina. SeiZleba es SemTxveva gamonaklisi iyo, magram garemoebebi migvaniSnebdnen masze, rom marto isini ar iyvnen aseT mdgomareobaSi: miuxedavad regularuli gancxadebebisa adgilobriv sabWoebSi, am adamianTa cal-calke binebSi dasaxleba mxolod 60-ian wlebSi daiwyo, rodesac e.w. xruSCovkebis aSenda. stalini amjobinebda uzarmazari pompezuri saxlebis mSeneblobas, sadac aTavsebdnen Statgaberil Zvel saministroebs da axal saministroebs romelTa ricxvic izrdeboda (omis Semdeg saxalxo komisariatebs saministroebi uwodes _ kidev erTi magaliTi Zveli leqsikisaken dabrunebisa). cxovrebis pirobebi kidev ufro metad uaresdeboda mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT 1946 w., rodesac gaauqmes gadasaxadebis sistema, romelic omis dros arsebobda da muSebs aZlevda SedarebiT iafad produqtebis SeZenis saSualebas. yvela saqonelze sacalo fasebi dawesda Tavisufali bazris doneze: sxvagvarad, mTavroba mSromelTa mxrebze gadaitana yvela is simZime, rac omiT iyo gamowveuli. amis Sedegad 1 kg Savi puris fasi 1 rublidan gaizarda 3 rublsa da 40 kapikamde, kilogrami Saqari xuTi rublidan 15 rablsa da 50 kapikamde. Semdeg, 1947 w., gaauqmes sasursaTo baraTebi (ufro adre, vidre omis monawile sxva qveynebSi) da gatarda fuladi reforma.mis mizans warmoadgenda inflaciiT moculi fulis miTviseba, romlebic dagrovda mosaxleobaSi Sav bazarze saqmianobiT, agreTve glexobis mier kerZo vaWrobiT gakeTebuli danazogebisa. saxelmwifo bankebSi gakeTebuli anabrebi, romlebic ar aRemateboda 3000 rubls, icvleboda axal fulze SefardebiT erTi erTze. ufro msxvili anabrebi icvleboda nakleb sargeblianad, xolo xelze arsebuli fuli proporciiT erTi aTze. amgvarad is fuli, romelsac glexebi, sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveni da Savi bazris saqmosnebi muTaqebSi inaxavdnen, uecrad gaufasurda. TviT im obligaciebis Sesaxebac ki, romlebic omis dros iqna

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gamoSvebuli, gamocxadda, rom maTi axali fasi Seadgenda nominalis mesameds. amis Sesaxeb brZanebulebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli is faqti, rom omis dros saxelmwifos sesxad aZlevdnen gaufasurebul fuls. amgvarad saxelmwifom ubralod Camowera Tavisi valebi da Tavi daicva inflaciisagan xalxis keTildReobis klebis xarjze. amis Semdeg mokle xanSi iklo puris fasma 3 rublidan da 40 kapikidan 3 rublamde. es iyo pirveli RonisZieba sursaTze fasebis regularulad daklebisa 1948 wlidan 1954 wlamde, rasac Tan sdevda xalxis cxovrebis donis gaumjobeseba. amasobaSi imata qalaqebSi realurma xelfasmac da gadaaWarba im dones, romelzedac igi gayines jer kidev 1928 wels. meoTxe xuTwliani gegma, romelic viznesenskim 1946 wels daiwyo, iTvaliswinebda ekonomikis yvela dargis swaraf zrdas. gauqmda omisdroindeli kanonebi, da amitomac muSaxeli mgegmavebis mier mimarTul iqna ekonomikis nebismier seqtorSi. imave dros ZalaSi rCeboda drakonuli sasjelebi samuSaoze dagvianebis, gacdenis, loTobis da a.S. mizezebis gamo. praqtikaSi sagegmo davalebebs mxolod mZime mrewveloba asrulebda. 1950 wlisaTvis gadaaWarbes omamdel dones Tujis, foladis, qvanaxSiris, navTobis eleqtroenergiisa da cementis warmoebaSi. da bolos, 1950 wels samjer meti traqtori iqna gamoSvebuli, vidre 1940 wels. es marTlacda gasaocari miRwevebi omisSemdgomi aRdgeniTi periodisa iZleva imis axsnis saSualebas Tu raSi mdgomareobda soflis aRorZinebis procesis mizezebi, romelic odnav mogvianebiT daiwyo. es cifrebi zogjer imiTac aixsneboda, rom mraval sawarmos aSenebdnen xelaxla, Zvelebis adgilze, romelTa evakuaciac 1941 w. moxda. isini ki kvlavindeburad uSvebdnen produqcias uralsa da cimbirSi da iwvevdnen muSebis ukmayofilebas, romlebsac saxlebSi dabruneba undodaT. samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoebaSi, binaTmSeneblobaSi, momsaxureobasa da soflis meurneobaSi gegma mTlianobaSi ver Sesrulda. kapitaldabandebebi iq gacilebiT naklebi Caido da Tanac maT ufro nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, vidre mZime mrewvelobas. amgvarad, im modelma, romelic arCeul iqna omisSemdgomi ekonomikis aRorZinebisaTvis, qveyana moisrola ukan, 30-iani wlebisaken, da es miuxedavad imisa, rom omma gamoaaSkarava ekonomikis susti mxareebi. omisdroindeli teqnologiuri miRwevebi, magaliTad, plastmasebis warmoebasa da sinTetikur qimiaSi, ar iqna mrewvelobis mier aTvisebuli da ganviTarebuli. arabunebrivad gaberili saministroebi, romlebsac gacilebiT meti resursebi hqondaT, CanasaxSive axSobdnen yovelgvar iniciativas. ucxouri gavlenisadmi mtrulma damokidebulebam, romelic aRmocenda lend-lizis programis damTavrebis Semdeg, kidev ufro gaaRrmava novaciebisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba. iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom gegmiur ekonomikas gaaCnda struqtura, romelic ar icvleboda da usulgulod ekideboda momxmareblis saWiroebebs, teqnikur miRwevebs. imave dros igi SesaniSnav Sedegebs aCvenebda mZime mrewvelobaSi. omis Semdeg sazogadoebis im fenebma, romlebmac omis Sedegad miiRes Zalaufleba da gazardes TavianTi socialuri statusi, yvelaferi gaakeTes imisaTvis, rom ganemtkicebinaT poziciebi. rogorc adamiani, romelsac sxvis dauxmareblad uyvarda marTva, stalinma, imisaTvis, rom moexdina zogierTi mis mier daSvebuli Secdomebis kompensacia, gawira ramdenime mniSvnelovani figura. man Seqmna SedarebiT damoukidebeli mdgomareoba oficerTa korpusisaTvis, uSiSroebis samsaxurisa da saxelmwifo aparatisaTvis _ da yovelive es partiis xarjze. am ukanasknelma dakarga mravali Tavisi funqcia masebis moralurad mobilizaciis, maTi organizaciis, armiis xelmZRvanelobisa da ZiriTad samrewvelo saxalxo komisariatebis saqmeSi. mravali partiuli mdivani (im raionebSi, romlebic ar iyvnen okupaciis qveS) gaxda ufro Tavdajerebuli da gauCnda erTgvari korporaciuli suliskveTeba, rac maTs mdgomareobaSi srulebiTac ar iyo zedmeti. magram partiuli xelmZRvanelobis dabali fenebi dakompleqtebuli iyo saswrafod da cudad SerCeuli kadrebiT, romelTa disciplinac moSlili iyo, xolo ideologia Sors iyo simtkicisagan. saerTod, ideologia omis Semdeg delikatur saqmed iqca: misi siwminde aamRvria masSi nacionalisturi elementebis SeRwevam. Tanac omma gamoavlina sabWoTa moqalaqeebis orazrovneba. omis saSinelma pirobebma idealebs, romlebiTac isini suliT xorcamde iyvnen gamsWvalulni, praqtikiT mouwyo sastiki gamocda. adamianebi iyvnen sazRvargareT da SeeZloT Tavisi cxovrebis Sedareba sxva qveynebis cxovrebasTan. Tu ramdenad saSiSad Tvlida amas uSiSroebis samsaxuri, Cans misi damokidebulebidan im sabWoTa adamianebis mimarT, romlebic tyveobaSi imyofebodnen, an raRac drois ganmavlobaSi sazRvargareT cxovrobdnen. maT uwyobdnen sastik dakiTxvebs

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da mraval maTgans xangrZlivi droiT asaxlebdnen cimbiris banakebSi. zog SemTxvevaSi Sinsaxkomi am formalurobasac aRar mimarTavda da ubralod xvretdnen repatriantebs navsadgurebSi, rodesac isini napirze gadmodiodnen. ucxoelma Jurnalistebma, romlebic eswrebodnen marSal Jukovis mier 1945 w. ivnisSi berlinSi mowyobil preskonferencias, miaqcies yuradReba imas, rom wiTeli armiis gamarjvebebs igi miawerda sakuTar Tavs, xolo stalini sakmaod gvian gaaxsenda. bunebrivia, aseTi Tavdajerebuloba ar darCa stalinis yuradRebis gareSe da man male Jukovi gaagzavna SedarebiT meorexarisxovani odesis samxedro olqSi da gadaayena yvela Tanamdebobidan. yvelaferi gakeTda imisaTvis, rom aRedginaT partiis mniSvneloba da partiuli disciplina armiaSi. 1946 wlidan sajariso nawilebSi partiuli mdivnebis arCevis ufleba CamoerTvaT SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sardlobas da isev partiul ierarqias daeqvemdebara. da Tumca politkomisrebis instituti ar iqna aRdgenili, oficrebs unda aemaRlebinaT politikuri momzadeba specialur skolebSi, romlebic 1947 w. Seiqmna. sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, miuxedavad imisa, rom oficrobis mdgomareoba axla stabiluri iyo, partiam daiwyo RonisZiebebis gatareba, rom oficroba amieridan ufro partiulad moazrovneebi gaexada. ukve 1944 wlidan kidev ufro metad gamkacrda partiaSi miRebis wesebi. iseve, rogorc 1941 wlamde, kandidatebisagan iTxovdnen partiis Zveli wevrebis daxasiatebarekomendacias. maT unda gaevloT kandidatobis sakmaod xangrZlivi periodi, vidre isini partiis sruluflebiani wevrebi gaxdebodnen (omis dros es praqtika xmarebidan iqna amoRebuli). amis Sedegad partiis axal wevrTa raodenoba mkveTrad Semcirda da partiuli organizaciebi met-naklebad ganTavisufldnen axladgamomcxvari, moumzadebeli partiis wevrebis zemoqmedebisagan. umaRles partiul doneze meti yuradRebis daTmoba dauwyes formalur momzadebas, romelic aucilebeli gaxda samsaxurSi dawinaurebisaTvis.centraluri komitetis 1946 w. 2 agvistos dadgenilebiT Seiqmna partiuli skolebis qseli. isini iyo yvela mokavSire respublikis dedaqalaqebSi, agreTve ukrainisa da ruseTis ocdaxuT saolqo centrSi. aq raionuli donis partiis mdivnebi, instruqtorebi da propagandistebi gadiodnen orwlian momzadebas. niWier kursdamTavrebulebs SeeZloT swavlis gagrZeleba prestiJul umaRles partiul skolaSi, romelic moskovSi partiis centralur komitetTan arsebobda. aseve umaRles doneze wiTeli profesuris institutis nacvlad Seiqmna sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa akademia, romelsac unda Seevso mecnierebisa da profesor-maswavlebelTa danaklisi umaRles partiul skolebSi. amgvarad, sabolood Camoyalibda partiuli kadrebis tabeli rangTa Sesaxeb _ tyavis qurTukebSi gamowyobili winamaswarebisaTvis, rac esoden damaxasiatebeli iyo 20-iani wlebisaTvis, ukve adgili arar iyo im samyaroSi, sadac gabatonda protokoli da formaluri diplomebi. axali cxovreba daiwyes partiis xelmZRvanelma organoebmac. 1945 w. seqtemberSi gauqmda Tavdacvis saxelmwifo komiteti da amitomac politbiurom regularulad daiwyo Tavisi sxdomebis Catareba. centraluri komitetic ukve aRar moCanda zedmet organod, rogoradac igi aRiqmeboda omis wlebSi da airCia axali samdivno da orgbiuro. magram partiis yriloba mowveul iqna mxolod 1952 wels. omisdroindelma literaturam da xelovnebam ramdenadme igrZno Tavisufleba partiis yoveldRiuri Carevisagan Tavis saqmeebSi. bunebrivia, mwerlebisa da mxatvrebis umravlesoba eloda, rom gamarjvebuli eri Semdgomac Seamsubuqebda cenzuris artaxebs, magram centraluri komiteti sxvagvarad fiqrobda. partiis mxridan mkacri kontrolis ganaxlebas moaswavebda 1946 w. agvistoSi partiis centraluri komitetis dadgenileba literaturuli Jurnalebis zvezdasa da leningradis Sesaxeb, romelSic dagmobil iyo dasavleTis winaSe qedis moxra. sayuradReboa, rom orive Jurnali gamodioda leningradSi, qalaqSi, romelsac stalini maincadamainc ar endoboda. kritikis gansakuTrebul obieqtebad kulturis partiulma kuratorma andrei Jdanovma amoarCia ori leningradeli mwerali. erTma maTganma, satirikosma mixeil ziSCsenkom gamoaqveyna moTxroba patara maimunis Sesaxeb, romelic gaiqca zooparkidan, erTi dRe gaatara TavisuflebaSi da Tvalyurs adevnebda sabWoTa qveynis cxovrebas da roca igi mosawonad ver SeigrZno, ukan dabrunda galiaSi. Jdanovma brali dasdo zoSCenkos dampal uideobaSi, vulgarulobasa da apolitikurobaSi, romelic Tavgzas ubnevs axalgazrdobas da wamlavs maT gonebas. Jdanovis azriT zoSCenkos ar ainteresebda sabWoTa xalxis SromiTi saqmianoba, misi gmiroba da maRali moraluri da

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sazogadoebrivi Tvisebebi. Jdanovis Tavdasxmis meore obieqti gaxda poeti ana axmatova, romlis Rrma piradul lirikul poezias, aRsavses sasiyvarulo gancdebiT (romlebic ar ibeWdeboda 30-ian wlebSi) Jdanovma brali dasdo pesimizmsa da dekadansSi... burJuaziularistokratiul esTetizmSi. yovelive es uCvenebda, rom partia kvlavac Tavis Tavs aigivebda maRali (xelovnur, mogonil) moraluri principebis, gmiruli urTierTobebis, koleqtivizmisa da sabWoTa sinamdvilis idealizaciis mqone literaturasTan, romelic iqmneboda revoluciuri ganviTarebis procesSi. amis gageba imgvarad SeiZleboda, rom mwerlebs cxovreba unda aesaxaT ara isetad, rasac is warmoadgenda, aramed isetad, rogoric unda yofiliyo. garda am pompezuri optimizmisa, ufro meti ganviTareba hpova meore Temam: yovelive sabWoTas, rusulis (revoluciamdelisac ki) upiratesoba yovelgvar sazRvargareTulze. amtkicebdnen, rom yovelive marTlac progresuli Seiqmna ruseTSi. yovelive es ki Tanaarsebobda Zlier SiSTan imis Sesaxeb, rom ucxouri da uwinares yovlisa dasavluri ideebi SeiZleboda mimzidveli aRmoCeniliyo sabWoTa adamianebisaTvis. opusebSi, romlebic eZRvneboda sabWoTa adamianebis cxovrebas, amieridan ganuwyvetliv amtkicebdnen dogmas partiis xelmZRvaneli rolis Sesaxeb, miTumetes, rom igi ramdenadme Seirya omis dros. aleqsandre fadeevma, mweralTa kavSiris pirvelma mdivanma da sabWoebis mimarT erTgulma adamianma, 1945 w. gamoaqveyna romani axalgazrda gvardia, sadac aRwerili iyo donbasSi axalgazrda partizanebis brZola germaneli okupantebis winaaRmdeg. rodesac gaisma oficialuri kritika, rom romanSi saTanadod araa warmoCenili partiis roli, mwerals mouwia romanis faqtobriovad xelaxla dawera. meore versia gamoqveynda 1951 wels da masSi kargadaa warmoCenili stalinuri sazogadoebis faseulobebi da simboloebi. analogiuri ram inergeboda xelovnebis sxva dargebSic, iseve rogorc mecnierebasa da ganaTlebaSi. Teatrebi saguldagulod iqna Semowmebuli da dasavleteli avtorebis yvela piesa iqna amoRebuli repertuaridan, radgan isini wamlavdnen sabWoTa xalxis Segnebas mtruli ideologiiT. cnobili kinoreJisori sergei eizenSteini gakritikebul iqna imisaTvis, rom man saTanado gmiruli ieriT ar warmoaCina amave saxelwodebis filmSi ivane mrisxane misi uSiSroebis samsaxuriT _ opriCnikebiT. paraleli stalinTan da SinsaxkomTan aSkara iyo, Tumca pirdapir ar iyo es gamoTqmuli. aseve mayurebels Caagonebdnen, rom amieridan ruseTis mefeebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc gamoirCeoda sisatikiTa da despotizmiT, iTvlebodnen karg mefeebad. gakritikebuli iyo SostakoviCis, prokofievis da sxvaTa musika imisaTvis, rom igi arafers ar Seicavda disonansis garda, rom maTSi ar iyo erTiani melodia, romlis waRiRinebac SeeZleboda ubralo muSas. partiis mkacr kontrols kvlav daemorCila sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebi. viSnski, 30-iani wlebis sasamarTlo procesebis ceremonimaisteri, iqamde davida, rom oTxsaaTiani leqciac ki waikiTxa samarTlis institutSi saxelmwifos, rogorc proletariatis xelSi msaxvreli iaraRis rolis Seufaseblobis Sesaxeb (yovel SemTxvevaSi, leqciaSi ramdnjerme iyo gakeTebuli uadgilo SeniSvna saxelmwifo kvdomis Sesaxeb). Tanamdebobidan moxsnes institutis direqtori. Catarda samecniero sabWos specialuri sajaro sxdomebi, sadac adamianebs brals debdnen ujiSo kosmopolitizmsa da burJuaziuli avtoritetebis winaSe qedis moxraSi. kampanias mravali ebraeli mecnieri emsxverpla, romelTa Sorisac iyo profesori gurviCi, 1936 w. sabWoTa konstituciis erTerTi avtori. es iyo finaluri kampania burJuaziuli specialistebis winaaRmdeg da ubralod, piradi angariSsworeba. institutis TiToeul TanamSromels SeeZlo amdgariyo da brali daedo nebismieri kolegisaTvis: Tu es xdeboda, Tavis dacva SeuZlebeli iyo, saqmes TviTkritikac ki veRar Sveloda. msgavsi ram moxda enaTmecnierebaSic, sadac akademikos maris Teoria didi xnis manZilze iyo gabatonebuli. igi kargad miesadageboda klasikur marqsizms, ramdenadac mari amtkicebda, rom yvela ena warmosdgeba erTi saerTo praenisagan da sazogadoebrivi da politikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad kvlav gaerTiandebian saerTaSoriso proletariatis erTian enad. magram es pirvelyofili internacionalizmi ar miesadageboda stalinis omisSemdgom ganwyobilebebs. 1950 w. stalini mivida daskvnamde, rom mxolod rusuli ena da araviTar SemTxvevaSi sxva ena, unda iyos proletariatis erTiani ena da TviTon dawera statia, sadac gaakritika maris Teoria rogorc aramecnieruli da antimarqsistuli. TviT stalinis poziciac ar iyo marqsistuli maris TeoriasTan

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SedarebiT, radgan amtkicebda, rom ena imanenturadaa damaxasiaTebeli erovnuli kulturisaTvis da mianiSnebda, rom igi araa SeuRwevadi socialuri cvlilebebiT gamowveuli gavlenebisaTvis. ase iyo Tu ise, axali avtoritaruli Teoria gaxda is sastarto meqanizmi, romlis saSualebiTac crumecnierebma da moSurneebma daiwyes kolegebis winaaRmdeg devnisa da samsaxurebidan gaZevebis axali kapmpania. am personalur gadaadgilebebs partiam daumata sakuTari arasasurveli kadrebic. naklebadwarmatebul partiis Zvel wevrebs ki arar apatimrebdnen, rogorc es iyo 30-ian wlebSi. amis nacvlad maT uSvebdnen akademiur sferoSi, iq sadac maTi CamorCeniloba da siClunge ver azaralebda mexnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebas, e.i. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maT agzavnidnen humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi, an Sesabamis fakultetebze. zedmetia imaze laparaki, rom aq isini didi mondomebiT kidebdnen xels partiis generaluri xazis gatarebas im formiT, romelic maT ukanasknel miRwevad eCvenebodaT. Jdanovs Zlier aSfoTebda dasavleTis mecnierebisa da filosofiis ganviTarebis tendenciebi, radgan isini safrTxes uqmnidnen martiv, materialisturi determinizmis mowesrigebul samyaros, romelsac savaldebulo sagnad aswavlidnen skolebSi. filosofosebis specialurad mowveul krebaze, 1947 w. ivnisSi, man gaafrTxila mecnierebi, rom Tanamedrove meatome fizikosebis kantianur Wirveulobebs isini miyavT daskvnamde, rom eleqtrons gaaCnia Tavisufali neba, rom saqmis arss isini xsnian talRebis SejaxebiTa da sxva satanisturi ganmartebebiT. igi Tavs daesxa g.f.aleqsandrovs, hegelis filosofiis specialists, marqsizmSi dasavleTevropuli wvlilis mniSvnelobis gazviadebisaTvis (mxedvelobaSi yavda TviT hegeli). marqsi da engelsi gadaiqcnen Tavisebur sapatio rusebad, romlebsac wilad xvda ubedureba, rom sazRvargareT daibadnen. kosmopolitizmis amoZirkvis kampania marto humanitarul da sazogadoebriv mecnierebebs ar Seexo. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebic daiyo socialistur da burJuaziul mecnierebebad da es ukanasknelebi anaTemas mieca. amis naTel magalitad gamodgeba biologia, sadac kanongareSe aRmoCnda burJuaziuli fsevdomecniereba genetika, xolo misi adgili daikava trofim lisenkos da misi mowafeebis progresuli agrobiologia. lisenko acxadebda, rom mas SeuZlia Seamciros marcvleuli kulturebis momwifebis periodi da gazardos mosavlianoba im procesis gamoyenebiT, romelsac man iarovizacia uwoda. lisenkos pirvel eqsperimentebs raRac warmateba moyva. isini tardeboda 1927-1929 ww. ukrainaSi da daemTxva partiuli xelmZRvanelobis miswrafebebs, romlebic SeSfoTebulni iyvnen marcvleuli kulturis warmoebis mdgomareobiT da eZebdnen raRac panaceas, romelic daemateboda dawyebul koleqtivizacias. miuxedavad akademiuri wreebis winaaRmdegobisa iarovizaciis meTods farTo gasaqani mieca, xolo TviT lisenko dainiSna soflis meurneobis akademiis prezidentad. swored mis intrigebs Seewira didi mecnieri n.i.vavilovi, romelsac mTeli msoflios mcenareuli safari, maT Soris marcvleuli kulturebi hqonda Seswavlili. omisSemdgomma atmosferom da kosmopolitizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis kampaniam lisenkos saSualeba misca, rom sabolood gasworeboda Tavis oponentebs. yovelive amis Sedegad ganadgurebuli aRmoCnda ara marto genetika, aramed botanikis, zoologiisa da agronomiis didi danayofebi. paralizebul iqna mecnierTa didi raodenoba, romlebic xangrZlivi drois manZilze muSaobdnen am problemebze. isini moedvnen qveynis Saragzebs kampaniiT fexSiSvela mecnierTa Sesaxeb, romlebsac gasayidic araferi hqondaT, rom Tavi erCinaT. stalinis cxovrebis bolo periodi aRiniSna ssrk inteleqtualuri da kulturuli cxovrebis degradaciiT. marqsizmic da rusuli nacionalizmic warmoSobdnen sastik, primitiul da paranoidalur msoflmxedvelobas, romelic aucilebeli iyo yvela kulturis moRvawisa Tu mecnierisaTvis, saerTod yvelasaTvis, visac Tavisi naSromis gamoqveyneba surda. rac Seexeba omisSemdgomi wlebis maRal politikas, igi imdenadaa burusiT moculi, rom Znelia masSi sinaTlis Setanaze pretenziis gancxadeba. TviT amomwuravma kremlenologiurma gamokvlevebmac ki ver gafantes oficialuri gasaidumloebis is burusi da ver Seqmnes xelisuflebisaTvis im brZolis saimedo versia, romelsac pravdis furclebs miRma hqonda adgili. rogorc Cans, omisSemdgom pirvel wlebSi stalinis Semdeg yvelaze gavlenian figuras warmoadgenda Jdanovi. swored am gavlenis asociireba xdeba partiis

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xelisuflebis gaZlierebasTan. magram 1948 w. agvistoSi igi moulodnelad gardaicvala, rasac moyva raRac veluri wmenda leningradis partiuli organizaciisa, romelTanac Jdanovi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli leningradis blokadis dReebSi. am msxverplTagan yvelaze cnobili figura iyo voznesenski, romelic leningradSi JdanovTan ertad muSaobda manam, vidre saxelmwifo sagegmo komitetis Tavmjdomare gaxdeboda. leningradisa da leningradis olqis yvela wamyvani partiuli da sabWoTa muSakebi daapatimres da daxvrites. SeiZleba am wmendis ramdenime versiis wamoyeneba. magaliTad, am wmendis Semdeg, saswrafod, kominformis rigebidan garicxes iugoslavia. kominformi, da es yvelasaTvis cxadi iyo, Seiqmna Jdanovis wyalobiT. es organizacia Seiqmna evropis sxvadasxva komunisturi partiebis saqmianobis koordinaciis mizniT, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom warmatebas ver miaRwia. iugoslaviis komunistTa delegaciam 1947 wels moinaxula leningradi da sulis siRrmemde SeZruli darCa im gmirobiT, romliTac leningradelebma blokada gadaitanes. delegaciis erTerTi wevri milovan jilasi, aRniSnavda ra am gmirobas, mogvianebiT werda, rom igiaRemateboda iugoslaviis revolucias da gmirobas, miTumetes Tavisi msxverpliT. leningradsa da iugoslavias Soris amgvari urTierTobebis damyarebam stalins aRuZra eWvi, radganac igi saerTod eWvis TvaliT uyurebda leningradelTa korporciulobas da damoukideblobis grZnobas. Tu zogierTi wyaros mixedviT vimsjelebT, omis Semdeg seriozulad ganixileboda leningradis rsfsr dedaqalaqad da ruseTis kompartiis Stab-binad gadaqcevis Sesaxeb (saqarTvelos kompartiis magaliTis mixedviT, magram ricxobrivad ufro didis, vidre nebismieri sxva mokavSire respublikebis partia). Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mravali partiuli muSakis nacionalistur ganwyobilebas omis Semdeg, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom amgvari gegmebi popularobiT sargeblobda. magram araviTar eWvs ar iwvevda is, rom amgvari saxiT aRorZinebuli leningradi moskovis mZlavr konkurentad gadaiqceoda. daubalansebloba, romelic stalinis daxmarebiT Caido sabWoTa sistemaSi, axla SeiZleba mis sawinaaRmdego RonisZiebad qceuliyo. amitom, rogorc Cans, stalinma winaaRmdegoba gauwia amgvari gegmebis ganxorcielebas. zogierTi garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs swored amas, Tu arada ras unda mieweros im dros rsfsr ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris m.i.rodionovis daxvreta, romelsac saerTod araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda leningradis saqmesTan. rogoradac ar unda yofiliyo saqme, yvelaferi gakeTda imisaTvis, rom amoZirkvuliyo xalxis mexsierebidan leningradelTa gmiroba omis wlebSi. daixura leningradis dacvis muzeumi, misi direqtori daapatimres, xolo arqivebi daluqes. aikrZala blokadis masalebis gamoqveyneba, xolo omisdroindeli leningradis gazeTebis Sekvrebi biblioTekebSi aikrZala da specsacavebSi iqna gadamaluli. Jdanovis mzis Casveneba (am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba aRar aqvs ifaqts, rom misi sikvdili bunebrivi iyo, Tu ara) da leningradis partorganizaciis ganadgureba, rogorc Cans, niSnavda scenaze ori axali figuris _ beriasa da malenkovis win wamowevas, romlebic 30-iani wlebis meore naxevridan iwyeben aRmasvlas. beria iyo saxelmwifo saidumlo policiis xelmZRvaneli, xolo malenkovi rogorc partiis ck-is mdivani, kurirebda kadrebTan muSaobas, e.i. warmoadgenda pirovnebas, romelic ganagebda nomenklaturul sistemas. magram es versia ar SeiZleba absolutur WeSmaritebad iqnes miCneuli. magaliTad, beriaseuli imperia gayofili iyo or nawilad: sus (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis saministro, rusuli abreviatura _ ) romelsac eqvemdebareboda saidumlo policia da misi sxva damxmare organoebi da Sinagan saqmeTa saministro, romelic Cveulebriv policias, samoqalaqo marTlwesrigis dacvas da SromiT banakebs ganagebda. TviT beria Sinagan saqmeta saministros xelmZRvanelobda. uSiSroebis samsaxurs ki xelmZRvanelobda xalxi, romlebic, rogorc Cans, ar iyvnen mastam mWidro kavSirSi _ 1951 wlamde mas xelmZRvanelobda b.s. abakumovi, xolo Semdeg s.d. ignatievi. am ukanasknelma wmendac ki Caatara samagreloSi, saqarTvelos im nawilSi, saidanac beria iyo warmoSobiT. rogorc zemod davrwmundiT, 30-iani wlebis miwurulis wmendebma sayovelTao xasiaTi dakarga da amieridan ewyoboda arCeviT da sporadulad. sayovelTao teroris saWiroeba aRar igrZnoboda: 30-iani wlebis koSmaruli mogonebebi xalxSi imdenad iyo gamjdari, rom sakmarisi iyo mcireodeni gafrTxileba, rom es mogonebebi gacocxlebuliyo. inteleqtualebi, romlebic Jdanovis wmendis msxverplni gaxdnen, magaliTad, saerTod ar iyvnen dapatimrebulni, rac maT ar ascdeboda aTiode wlis win. maT monuri arsebobis saSualeba eZleodaT, SeeZloT emuSavaT laborantebad da Ramis darajebad.

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miuxedavad amisa, mravali ram mowmobs imas, rom sicocxlis bolo wlebSi stalini erT did wmendas kidev amzadebda. partiisa da saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneli kadrebi Sedgebodnen adamianebisagan, romlebic ager ukve TxuTmeti wlis manZilze imyofebodnen xelmZRvanel samuSaoebze. maT Soris camoyalibebuli iyo mtkice piradi kavSirebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom urTierTsolidarobis grZnobac ki. amgvarad, momavalSi isini SeiZleboda win aRsdgomodnen stalinis ganusazRvrel zalauflebas. amitomac stalinma gadawyvita, rom dadga dro maTi ufro axalgazrda kadrebiT Secvlisa, romelic, yovel SemTxvevaSi Tavdapirvelad mainc, marTvadi iqneboda da mis neba-survils daemorCileboda. 1952 wels, pirvelad 1939 wlis Semdeg, Catarda partiis rigiT XIX yriloba. man daakanona rigi partiuli saqmeebi, romlebic tardeboda 1945 wlidan. imavdroulad igi SeiZleba CaTvliliyo pirvel nabijad, romelic gadaidga stalinis mier Cafiqrebuli grandiozuli wmendis mosawyobad. gauqmda centraluri komitetis politbiuro da orgbiuro. isini Secvala axalma organom, prezidiumma, romelSic ocdaTeqvsmeti kaci Sedioda. Zveli politbiuros Semadgenlobidan datoves aTi kaci (andreevis gareSe), danarCenebi ki axalgazrda partiuli muSakebidan daawinaures. n. xruSCovi mogvianebiT am reformis Sesaxeb werda, rom politbiuros Zveli wevrebis moxsniTa da prezidiumis SemadgenlobaSi axali, naklebad gamocdili wevrebis SeyvaniT stalini sakutar tavs gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi iyenebda. amgvarad, xruSCovis azriT,SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom stalini amzadebda politbiuros Zveli wevrebis ganadgurebisaTvis niadags. Tu xruSCovi marTali iyo, es iZleva im movlenebis axsnas, romlebic yrilobis muSaobis damTavrebas moyva. 1953 w. ianvarSi gamocxadda, rom eqimebis jgufi (romelTa gvarebic ebraulad JRerda) cdilobdnen samedicino preparatebis saSualebiT ssrk xelmZRvaneli kadrebis ganadgurebas. braldebebi, romlebic wauyenes eqimebs, Zalian waagavda 1936-1937 wlebis praqtikas. es iyo mavnebloba, terorizmi, SpionaJi amerikis sasargeblod. uSiSroebis samsaxurs bralad edeboda yuradRebis moduneba da sifxizlis dakargva. gamomdinare aqedan dapatimrebis Semdegi kandidati SeiZleboda yofiliyo beria da kidev RmerTma icis vin. magram wmenda ver daiwyo. 1953 w. 5 marts moulodnelad gardaicvala stalini. icodnen ra misi gegmebis Sesaxeb axlo TanamebrZolebis mimarT, Zneli araa kiTxvis dasma: iyo Tu ara es sikvdili bunebrivi? nateli pasuxi am kiTxvaze ar arsebobs. erTis mxriv, stalini iyo moxuci da avadmyofi: pirveli insulti man ramdenime wlis win gadaitana. meores mxriv, stalinis tanamebrZolebs (Tu SeiZleba maT es saxeli ewodoT) mravali mizezi hqondaT saimisod, rom misi sikvdili daeCqarebinaT. stalinis sikvdilamde ramdenime TviT adre, samsaxuridan gaanTavisufles misi piradi mdivani poskrebiSevi, dacvis ufrosi, generali vlasiki da piradi fsiqiatri, doqtori vinogradovi. es ori ukanaskneli daapatimres kidec. stalini mivida daskvnamde, rom maTi ndoba aRar SeiZleboda. rogorc cans misi eWvianoba im donemde mivida, rom sakuTar uSiSroebasac ki Seuqmna safrTxe. rodesac 1-dan 2 marts gardamaval rames mas meored caeqca tvinSi sisxli, misi agaraki izolirebul iqna garesamyarosagan uSuSriebis zalebiT. arsebobda SesaniSnavi saSualeba xeli SeeSalaT misTvis samedicino daxmarebis aRmoCenis saqmeSi an gaekeTebinaT iseTi nemsi, romelic daaCqarebda mis saiqioSi gastumrebas. stalinis Svili svetlana alilueva mogviTxrobda, rom rodesac man ukanasknelad naxa mam, mas irgvliv ucnobi eqimebi exvia. magram yovelive es mxolod varaudebia. aSkara sxva ramea _ stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg misma memkvidreebma yvelferi gaakeTes saimisod, ro uSiSroebis samsaxuri Tavisi kontrolis qveS daeyenebinaT da Tavidan aecilebinaT Semdgomi wmenda. eqimebis saqme maSinve daixaura. beriam kvlav gaaerTiana Sinagan saqmeTa da uSiSroebis saministroebi Tavis xelmZRvanelobis qveS. amis gamo danarCenma beladebma gadawyvites, rom swored igi warmoadgens maTTvis yvelaze saSiS da did safrTxes da gaerTiandnen mis winaaRmdeg. ivlisSi ck-as prezidiumisa da ministrTa sabWos gaerTianebul sxdomaze, romelsac eswreboda ramdenime maRali Tanamdebobis mqone samxedro piri (maTi monawileoba saqmeSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania), beria daapatimres da brali dasdes antisaxelmwifoebriv da antipartiul saqmianobaSi. Tu xruSCovs davujerebT, igi adgilzeve iqna daxvretili, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT uSiSroebis samsaxuris mier misi ganTavisuflebis cdebi. sxva wyaroebis mixedviT igi daxvrites dekemberSi saidumlo sasamarTlos ganaCeniT. beria sikvdiliT dasajes SpionaJis braldebiT didi britaneTis sasargeblod.

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amgvarad, wminda stalinuri meTodebi gamoyenebul iqna imisaTvis, rom moespoT misi yvelaze saSiSi memkvidre. berias sikvdilis Semdeg cocxlad darCenili danarCeni beladebi Seecadnen TavianTi koleqtiuri kontrolisaTvis daeqvemdebarebinaT uSiSroebis samsaxuri da Tavidan aecilebinaT misi gamoyeneba vinmes mier piradi iaraRis saxiT. xruSCovi da destalinizaciis procesi 1953 wlidan sabWoTa kavSirSi uprecedento movlenebi viTardeboda. Secvla iwyo TviT totalitarulma sazogadoebam, Tanac ara garedan zemoqmedebis gamo, aramed Signidan zewolis, sakuTari Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis gamwvavebis gamo. cvlilebebma iseT wertils miaRwia, rom eWvic ki gaCnda, SeiZleboda Tu ara aseTi sazogadoebisaTvis totalitaruli gewodebina. SeiZleboda varaudi, rom stalinma Tavisi sicocxlis bolo wlebSi miaRwia totalitarizmis im zRvars, romlis iqitac mas ukve arar SeeZlo arseboba Tu ar moSlida sazogadoebis yvela socialur kavSirebs. Cven zemod nawilobriv vaCveneT, rom sistema autaneli gaxda TviT misi liderebisTvisac ki: sazogadoebis meore polusze, banakebSi, igi aranakleb damangrevlad moqmedebda. uwinares yovlisa, moxda demografiuli krizisi. 30-iani wlebis represiebma da omma gamoiwvia qveynis mosaxleobis da pirvel rigSi mamakacebis sagrZnobi Semcireba. axla sakoncentracio banakebs es tendencia saxifaTo donemde dahyavda. Tu gamoviyenebT robert konkvistis erTob mokrZalebul cifrebs, romelic banakebis patimarTa raodenobas 30-iani wlebis bolos 8 mln kacad afasebda, SeiZleba daskvnis gakeTeba, rom qveynis mozrdili mosaxleobis erTi meaTedidan erT mexuTedamde omis Semdeg imyofeboda patimrobaSi da muSaobda iseT pirobebSi, sadac yvelaze namdvili gamosavali iyo sikvdili droze adre. aseT mdgomareobasTan ar SeiZleboda Serigeba, Tu ar waxvidodi mrewvelobisa da samxedro Zalebis seriozul dasustebaze, rac dauSvebeli iyo didi saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelTaTvis. 40-iani wlebis bolos aSkara gaxda, rom qveynis xelmZRvanelebi SeSfoTebulebi iyvnen Seqmnili viTarebiT, da cdilobdnen rogorme mis gamosworebas. dawyebuli daaxloebiT 1948 wlidan banakebis administraciam daiwyo patimrebis sursaTiT ukeT momarageba, gazarda ulufebis raodenoba da maTSi ufro meto xorcis produqtebi da cximeuli Seitana, _ igi iZulebuli gaxada aSkara SimSilobam banakebSi. pirvelad patimrebma daiwyes mcireodeni xelfasis miRebac. banakebSi gaixsna sasursaTo maraziebi, sadac patimrebs SeeZloT mcireodeni sakvebi produqtebis yidva. amave dros banakebis ufrosebs ebrZanaT, rom yovel gardacvlil patimarze daeweraD raporti zemdgomi organoebisaTvis. albad, swored amis gamo, banakebis xelmZRvanelobam mcireodeni zrunva daiwyo patimarTa tansacmelsa da samedicino momsaxureobaze. magram reJimis amgvari Semsubuqeba yvelas ar Seexo. 1948 w. gamoica gadawyvetileba, rom calke kategoriad gamoeyoT gansakuTrebiT seriozuli politikuri damnaSaveebi da isini moeqciaT mkacri reJimis specialur koloniebSi. reJimi iq marTlac sastiki iyo, radgan patimrebs miwer-mowerisa da naTesavebTan Sexvedris uflebac ar hqondaT. amasTan am banakebSi sasjelmoxdilebs, rac Cveulebriv ocdaxuT wels grZeldeboda, ufleba ar hqondaT dabrunebuliyvnen saxlebSi. isini unda darCeniliyvnen banakebis maxloblad, samudamo gadasaxlebaSi. es imas mowmobs, rom stalini jer kidev ganagrZobda Tavisuflebis aRkveTis gansakuTrebiT sastiki formebis Ziebas. magram sinamdvileSi, rogorc es sakuTar tyavze gamoscada solJenicinma, specialuri banakebis patimarTa moralurma mdgomareobam Zlieri cvlileba ganicada. amis erTerTi mizezi iyo 58-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac politikurebi amieridan arar ijdnen sisxlis saqmeTa damnaSaveebTan erTad, eseni datoves saerTo reJimis banakebSi. saerTod, politpatimrebi omis wlebSi Zlier Seicvalnen: amjerad isini ZiriTadad wiTeli armiis oficrebisagan Sedgebodnen, romlebsac kargad esmodaT, rom qveynis dasacavad maT ufro meti gaakeTes, vidre Sinsaxkomis oficrebma. aq iyvnen paltiispireTis xalxebis, belorusiis, ukrainisa da poloneTis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic ver itandnen rusebs da gaaCndaT maT winaaRmdeg partizanuli brZolis gamocdileba. 30-iani wlebis uZluri glexebisa da fizikurad susti inteligentebisagan gansxvavebiT, isini miCveulebi iyvnen Zaladobas, iyvnen gamocdili mebrZolebi da icodnen risTvisac ibrZodnen. amis gamo solJenicini SeniSnavda: daTrgunvis mTeli sistema, SemuSavebuli mis (stalinis) dros, efuZneboda

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ukmayofiloTa Soris ganxeTqilebis Setanas; imas, rom maT erTmaneTisaTvis TvalebSi ar CaexedaT, erTmaneTi ar daeTvalaT _ Tu ramdenni arian; imas, rom yvelasaTvis CaenergaT, TviT yvelaze ukmayofiloebsac ki, rom aravi araa ukmayofilo, rom arian mxolod gaborotebuli da ganwiruli martoxela adamianebi daclili sulierebisagan. magram gansakuTrebul banakebSi ukmayofiloebi Sexvdnen mravalatasian masebs. da daiTvales, Tu ramdenni iyvnen. da gaarkvies, rom sulierad isini daclilni ki ar arian, aramed aqvT umaRlesi warmodgena cxovrebaze mecixovneebTan SedarebiT; gamyidvelebTan SedarebiT; TeoretikosebTan SedarebiT, romlebic asabuTebdnen, Tu ratom unda Campaliyvnen isini banakSi. am banakebidan zogierTSi Cveulebriv saqmed iqca CamSvebebis mokvla _ patimrebs, romlebsac ocdaxuTi wliT patimroba hqondaT misjili, araferi hqondaT dasakargi, radgan axali ganaCeni ar cvlida maT mdgomareobas. es imas niSnavda, rom banakis ufrosobas aRar hyavda informaciis wyaro, romelic maT amaragebda informaciiT, Tu ras laparaloben patimrebi da ris gaketebas apireben. zogierT banakSi aRmocenda winaaRmdegobis jgufebi. Cveulebriv, eseni iyvnen erTi romelime eris warmomadgenlebi. zogjer isini kavSiris amyarebdnen garesamyarosTan, sargeblobdnen ra yofili patimrebis daxmarebiT, romlebic banakTan axlos cxovrobdnen. civi omis gaZlierebasTan ertad, banakebSi gavrcelda xmebi, rom cota xanSi daiwyeboda omi amerikasa da ruseTs Soris da amitomac dadga ajanyebis dro. TviT saerTo reJimis banakebSic ki sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveni, romlebsac blatianebs uwodebdnen uars ambobdnen banakis ufrosebis samsaxurze da qmnidnen TavianT saZmoebs, eyofodnen danarCen patimrebs da brZolas ucxadebdnen danarCen kriminalebs anu Zukna ZaRlebs, romlebic amjobinebdnen naklebad sapatio, magram ndobiT aRWurvili pirebis SedarebiT komfortul cxovrebas. zogjer es dapirispireba zogierT banakSi gadaizrdeboda-xolme aSkara sabrZolo moqmedebebSi, romlis drosac aseulobiT adamiani iRupeboda. patimrebis Secvlilma pirobebma xeli Seuwyo banakebSi amboxebis suliskveTebis gaZlierebas, rac bolos da bolos zogierT banakSi ajanyebaSi gadaizarda. politikur patimrebs hqondaT miznebi, romlisTvisac Rirda brZola, maT dasakargi araferi hqondaT, xolo solidarobis grZnoba axla ufro Zlieri iyo, vidre 30-ian wlebSi. cnobam stalinis gardacvalebisa da berias daxvretis Sesaxeb SeZra banakebi. ramdenadac cnobilia, patimrebis didi gamosvlebi moxda norilskSi (CrdiloeT cimbiri) 1953 w. maisSi, vorkutaSi 1953 w. ivlisSi da kengirSi (yazaxeTi) 1954 w. maisSi. albad gamosvlebi iyo sxva banakebSic. norilsksa da kengirSi amboxebis uSualo mizezi gaxda patimarTa mkvleloba, romlebic akrZalul zonaSi moxvdnen. vorkutaSi amboxeba daiwyo mas Semdeg, roca iq yaragandidan Camoiyvanes eSelonebi patimrebiT. maT Turme pirdebodnen ukeTes pirobebs da mcireoden anazRaurebas, magram Semdeg uari uTxres. sxvagvarad rom iTqvas, amieridan patimrebi veRar itandnen maTi adamianuri Rirsebis Selaxvas, rasac isini didi xnis manZilze urigdebodnen. yvela SemTxvevaSi patimrebma moaxerxes dacvis ganiaraReba, banakis teritoriis xelTgdeba, ris Semdegac uari ganacxades samuSaod gamosvlaze. maTi moTxovnebi yvelgan erTnairi iyo: patimarTa saqmeebis gadaxedva, kvebis gaumjobeseba, samuSao dRis Semcireba, axloblebTan mimoweris ufleba, patimarTa tansacmelze nomrebis gauqmeba, represiebis Sewyveta da a.S. sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, patimrebi moiTxovdnen kanonierebis aRdgenas da maTi adamianuri Rirsebisadmi pativiscemas. yvela SemTxvevaSi amboxebulebma uari ganacxades adgilobriv xelisuflebTan molaparakebaze da iTxovdnen moskovel emisarebTan Sexvedras. amboxebulebi sastikad dasajes. mravals tyviebiT gaumaspnZldnen, zogierT banakSi ki patimrebi tankebiT gasrises. droTa ganmavlobaSi stalinis memkvidreebi mixvdnen, rom banakebi maT did Tavsatexs gauCendnen. SromiTi banakebi manamde iyo efeqturi da iafi muSaxelis wyaro, vidre patimrebi iyvnen mona-morCilni. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maTi Senaxva Zviri daujdeboda saxelmwifos. gansakuTrebiT did SiSs iwvevda imis gafiqreba, rom vai Tu patimrebma ganaiaraRes dacva SeiaraRdnen da xelT igdes adgilebze mmarTveloba. mxedvelobaSi iRebdnen ra maTmravalricxovnobas, maT SeiaraRebasa da partizanuli omis gamocdilebas, romelic patimarTa erT nawils gaaCnda, daskvna iyo aseTi, rom maTi ajanyebis CaxSobas didi da farTomasStabiani samxedro operacia dasWirdeboda. Cven xelT ar gvaqvs dokumentebi, rom aseT varaudebs hqonda adgili, amitomac zomodnaTqvami mxolod varaudia. magram SromiTi banakebis sistemis krizisi daemTxva werilebis im uzarmazar nakads, romelic qveynis xelmZRvanelobas Tavs daatyda berias daxvretis

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Semdeg: werilebi dawerili iyo partiis wevrebisa Tu upartioebis mier, romlebSic isini moiTxovdnen TavianTi naTesavebis saqmeebis gadaxedva. prokuraturam marTlac daiwyo am saqmeebis gadaxedva da 1955 w. bolosaTvis 10 aTasi kaci iqna ganTavisuflebuli. es mxolod umniSvnelo nawili iyo im adamianebisa, romlebic ukanonod iyvnen dapatimrebulni. magram ufro mniSvnelovani iyo TviT faqti, rom prokuraturam daiwyo saqmeebis xelaxla gadasinjva da reabilitaciis procesi. Ra Tqma unda, mravali adamiani reabilitirebul iqna sikvdilis Semdeg. SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: ra saWiro iyo yovelive es? gana ufro advili ar iyo gamoecxadebinaT amnistia da gaenTavisuflebinaT yvela politpatimari, vinc cocxali gadarCa? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema erTob Znelia, magram ori mizezi yvelaze aSkarad moCans. jer erTi, adamians, romelsac mouxsnes yvela braldeba, iseve rogorc mis uaxloes naTesavebs, SeeZloT pretenzia ganecxadebinaT saxelmwifos mier maTTvis camorTmeul qonebaze, samuSaoze, romelic maT statuss Seefereboda, damatebiT privilegiebze (magaliTa, romelime did qalaqSi cxovrebis ufleba). es xels uwyobda mmarTveli zedafenisa da misi politikis popularobas. meorec, aSkarad Cans, rom prokuratura da sasamarTlos undoda Tavisi damoukideblobis aRdgena da ganTavisufleba uSiSroebis samsaxuris klanWebisagan, e.i. surdaT ramdenadme kanonierebis aRdgena. im dros presa did yuradRebas uTmobda socialistur kanonierebas. am miznis misaRwevad, male, berias daxvretis Semdeg, likvidirebul iqna Sinagan saqmeTa saministros sasamarTlo ganyofileba da gansakuTrebuli saTaTbiroebi, anu sameulebi, romlebsac yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe gamohqondaT ganaCeni didi raodenobiT adamianebisaTvis. es niSnavda, rom SemdgomSi sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulebaTa gamoZieba, prokuratura da sasamarTlo Camoscilda uSiSroebis samsaxurs, xolo saqmeebi gansaxilvelad unda gadascemoda Cveulebriv sasamarTloebs, romlebic angariSvaldebulebi iyvnen umaRlesi sabWos winaSe, sinamdvileSi ki skkp centralur komitets. amave dros mniSvnelovnad Sesustda uSiSroebis samsaxuris Zliereba. igi xelaxla Camoaciles Sinagan saqmeTa saministros imperias da uwodes suk-i (saxelmwifo uSiSroebis komiteti) da daumorCiles ministrTa sabWos _ e.i. igive partiis centralur komitets. amieridan igi aRar SeiZleboda aRmoCeniliyo erTi kacis da misi morCili kancelariis xelSi. suk-Si daniSnen adamianebi, romlebmac kariera gaikeTes ara policiaSi, aramed partiaSi. mravali maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi am organizaciaSi iyvnen komkavSiris yofili muSakebi, magaliTad, a.n. Selepini (igi saTaveSi edga suk-s 1958-1961 ww.) da v.e. semiCastni (1961-1967 ww). mkveTrad Semcirda daqiravebul agentTa raodenoba. es RonisZiebebi miznad isaxavda, rom uSiSroebis samsaxuri gaexadaT ufro metad pasuxismgebeli partiuli xelmZRvanelobis winaSe da misgan mieRwiaT kanonierebis Tundac garegnulad dacvisaTvis. yovelive es saWiro iyo, uwinares yovlisa, partiulsaxelmwifoebrivi elitis momavlis garantirebisaTvis. swored rom minimaluri kanonmdeblobis dacvam, rogorc mogvianebiT davinaxavT, daayena sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba mTeli rigi problemebis winaSe. reabilitaciis Taobaze sistematurma muSaobam gamoavlina is safrTxe, romelic TviT sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebs emuqreboda. 1954 w. partiis centralurma komitetma p.n. pospelovis TavmjdomareobiT Seqmna specialuri komisia, romlis mizansac warmoadgenda informaciis Segroveba stalinuri represiebis Sesaxeb partiis xelmZRvaneli muSakebis winaaRmdeg. rodesac komisiam daasrula Tavisi muSaoba, mis Tvalwin gadaisala dapatimrebaTa da daxvretebis saSineli suraTi, romelTagan mxolod ramdenime aTeuli Tu CaiTvleboda dasabuTebulad. n. xruSCovi Tavis memuarebSi igonebda, rom stalinis danaSaulebaTa masStabebi misTvis sruliad moulodneli iyo. magram aq aSkaraa, rom xruSCovi tyuis. ogo Tavs imiT imarTlebs, rom Cven viyaviT reJimis nawili, romlis Sesaxebac Cven TiTqos yvelaferi vicodiT da yovelive danarCens zurgs vaqcevdiT. aSkaraaa, rom xruSCovsac aranaklebi wvlili miuZRvnis am represiebSi, vidre berias an malenkovs, romelic erT dros kadrebTan musaobas kurirebda. magram dilema, romelic gaCnda sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebis winaSe mas Semdeg, rac pospelovma maT gadasca Tavisi moxseneba, ufro mtanjveli iyo, vidre personaluri pasuxismgeblobis zomebis gansazRvra. ramdenze unda Tqvan maT simarTle danaSaulis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanamonawilenic isini iyvnen? da is simarTle, romelsac Tan moitanen banakebidan ganTavisuflebuli da reabilitirebuli adamianebi, xom ar moaxdenda maT diskreditacias ufro metad, vidre is, rasac TviTon gamoaqveyneben?

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am dilemas isic arTulebda, rom stalinis Semdeg darCenili memkvidreoba jer kidev ar iyo sabolood ganawilebuli xelmZRvanel muSakTa Soris. im pirobebSi, rodesac ar arsebobda xelisuflebis gadacemis sayovelTaod miRebuli procedura, xelmZRvanelebma gainawiles ZiriTadi movaleobebi erTmanets Soris da gamoacxades koleqtiuri xelmZRvanelobis principi. mravali partiuli muSaki ZiriTad pretendentad Tvlida malenkovs, romelic stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomare gaxda. magram iseve, rogorc leninis sikvdilis Semdeg, pirveli mdivnis Tanamdeboba ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda, vidre mTavrobis Tavmjdomarisa. xruSCovi, romelmac es tanamdeboba daikava, aravis ar miaCnda stalinis memkvidred. Tumca mas ar daukargavs Tavisi muSur-glexuri warmomavlobis organuloba, ybedobis unari, impulsuroba, demokratiuli idealizmisadmi midrekileba. mas uyvarda xalxSi gamoCena, daleva muSebTan da glexebTan erTad _ yovelive es mas xdida ucxo sxeulad ucxo TvalisaTvis mouwvdomeli agarakebisa da fardaCamofarebuli limuzinebis samyaroSi, romelic sakuTari TavisaTvis Seqmna sabWoTa elitam. man mSvenivrad gamoiyenais SesaZleblobebi, romelsac mas centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis Tanamdeboba aZlevda. iseve, rogorc Tavis droze stalinma, manac mravali axali adamiani daniSna saolqo da respublikuri donis partiul aparatSi. am axlad daniSnul pirebs ufro meti uflebebi gaaCndaT, vidre stalinis droindel muSakebs. Tanac uSiSroebis samsaxuri maT ukve arar akontrolebda _ igi TviTon imyofeboda maT kontrolqveS. amis Sedegad isini TavianT sdamflobeloebSi TviT gadaiqcnen patara stalinebad, darwmunebulebi TavianT Zalauflebasa da privilegiebSi. Tanac xruSCovma Tavis samsaxurSi Caiyena maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli idealizmi Tavisi avantiuristuli agraruli politikis wyalobiT, romelic iZleoda qmediT gardaqmnebs ekonomikaSi. malenkovi ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobidan gadayenebul iqna 1955 w. TebervalSi. igi jerjerobiT rCeboda prezidiumis SemadgenlobaSi, organosi, romliTac 1952 w. Seicvala politbiuro, romlis mravalricxovani Semadgenlobac mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. malenkovi Secvala n.a. bulganinma, politikosma generalma, romlis aRmasvlac daemTxva general Jukovis daqveiTebas 1946 wels. maTgan, vinc stalinis garSemo oyvnen Semokrebilni wmendis yvelaze saSinel wlebSi, prezidiumis SemadgenlobaSi rCebodnen molotovi, kaganoviCi, miqoiani da voroSilovi. Cven zustad ar viciT, Tu raze kamaTobdnen isini erTmaneTSi, rodesac fiqrobdnen xalxisaTvis simarTlis Tqmas represiebis Sesaxeb. magram maT partiis XX yrilobis, stalinis gardacval;ebis Semdeg pirveli yrilobis win kargad esmodaT, rom am koSmarze pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi maT Tavze damokles maxviliviT ekida. xruSCovi Tavis memuarebSi werda, TiTqos igi mouwodebda kolegebs gulaxdili aRiarebisaken, Tu ras akeTebda partiuli xelmZRvaneloba im wlebSi. es SesaZlebeli iyo, magram ver mtkicdeba. magram is sawinaaRmdego mosazreba, romlebic xruSCovis sityvebiT, gamoTqves voroSilovma da kaganoviCma, erTgvar simarTled moCans. maT ganacxades, rom maT miscemen pasuxisgebaSi, rom partias aqvs ufleba pasuxi agebinos maT yovelive imis gamo, rac stalinis dros xdeboda. Semdeg maT ganacxades, rom Tumca isini iyvnen umaRlesi partiuli xelmZRvanelobis SemadgenlobaSi, magram TviT maTac ar icodnen am saSinelebebis Sesaxeb, da miuxedavad amisa, maT mainc pasuxs agebinebdnen am danaSaulebebisTvis. saboloo jamSi miRebul iqna kompromisuli winadadeba. xruSCovis mier yrilobaze wakiTxul oficialur moxsenebaSi araferi ar iyo naTqvami stalinis danaSaulebriv qmedebebze. magram yrilobis muSaobis oficialuri nawilis damTavrebisTanave Catarda specialuri daxuruli sxdoma. am sxdomaze, sadac delegatebs specialuri saSvebebiT uSvebdnen, xruSCovma warmoTqva vrceli sityva stalinis danaSaulebebis Sesaxeb, agreTve waikiTxa leninis anderZi, romelic misma memkvidrem damala 1924 wels. xruSCovis ganmartebiT stalinis pirovnebis kultma gamoiwvia partiuli principebis, partiuli demokratiisa da revoluciuri kanonierebis mTeli rigi seriozuli da mZime damaxinjebebi. yrilobis delegatebi xruSCovs sulganabulebi usmendnen. moxsenebis damTavrebisTanave maT maSinve datoves yrilobis darbazi. xelisuflebam ar dauSva moxsenebis ganxilva da mis garSemo kamaTis gamarTva. xruSCovis moxseneba ar iqna gamoqveynebuli sabWoTa kavSirSi, magram Zalian swrafad gavrcelda sazRvargareT. male misi ganxilva daiwyes partiul krebebze sabWoTa kavSirSic. rogorc Cans partiis zogierTi lideri ar malavda xruSCovis saidumlo moxsenebas (igi am

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saxeliT gaxda cnobili), magram isini arc misi farTod gaxmaurebisaTvis aRmoCndnen mzad. xruSCovis moxseneba iyo kompromisuli, ramdenadac, aucileblobis gamo, igi unda yofiliyo partiis xelmZRvanelobis miznebis Sesabamisi, romelic amieridan orad gaiyo. xruSCovi represiebis dasawyisad miiCnevda 1934 wels da amgvarad gaamarTla mTeli winamorbedi politika _ sxvadasxva opoziciebis ganadgureba, Saxtis saqme, specialistebis winaaRmdeg aRZruli saqmeebi da koleqtivizaciis sisastike. ufro metic, xruSCovma represiebSi daadanaSaula marto stalini da uSiSroebis samsaxuris xelmZRvanelebi da Tavi aarida rogorc sakuTari Tavis, ise prezidiumis sxva wevrebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs. amgvarad, xruSCovma aCvena is sazRvrebi, romlis farglebSic unda warmarTuliyo diskusiebi am sakiTxze. igi specialurad usvamda xazs industrializaciis aCqarebas, koleqtivizaciis aucileblobas, emijneboda im politikas, romelic SeiZleboda gaigivebuliyo memarjvene an memarcxene opoziciasTan. xruSCovis saidumlo moxsenebaSi ZiriTadad yuradReba gamaxvilebuli iyo xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mimdinare represiebze partiisa da saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelebis, agreTve cnobil szogado moRvaweTa winaaRmdeg. TiTqmis yvela, vinc xruSCovis moxsenebaSi iyo naxsenebi, miekuTvneboda nomenklaturis umaRles fenebs. Tu ar CavTvliT ramdenime deportirebuli xalxis xsenebas, moxsenebaSi saerTod sityva ar iyo Tqmuli ubralo muSebze, glexobasa da mosamsaxureebze. xruSCovis moxsenebas SeiZleba vuwodoT sifrTxilis erTgvari RonisZieba, romelsac mmarTvelma zedafenam mimarTa, raTa Tavi daezRvia stalinuri politikis suliskvetebisagan, romelic SeiZleboda gasCenoda stalinis zogierT memkvidres. xruSCovis apelacia leninuri tradiciebisadmi miuTiTebda masze, rom swored es iqneboda momavlis programa. pirovnebis kulti unda Secvliliyo koleqtiuri xelmZRvanelobiT, mkacrad unda daciliyo partiis wesdeba (e.i. regularulad unda Catarebuliyo partiis yrilobebi da centraluri komitetis plenumebi), farTod unda danergiliyo kritikisa da TviTkritikis meTodebi, mtkiced daecvaT sabWoTa konstituciisa da socialisturi kanonierebis principebi. gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xruSCovis gamosvlam namdvili revolucia moaxdina sabWoTa adamianebis azrovnebaSi. igive moxda aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSic.. igi gaxda umniSvnelovanesi da erTaderTi faqtori, romelmac daamsxvria SiSis, fanatizmis, gulubryvilobisa da orazrovnebis is narevi, romelic warmoadgenda adamianur reaqcias komunistur xelisuflebaze. gasakviri ar aris, rom aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, sadac stalinizmis fesvebi jer kidev susti iyo, xruSCovis moxsenebam gamoiwvia dauyovneblivi reaqcia, romelmac aqa-iq Zaladobrivi formebi miiRo. gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo muSebis, saxalxo respublikebis motyuebuli memkvidreebis, agreTve samecniero da SemoqmedebiTi inteligenciis aRSfoTeba, romelic ganuwyvetliv imyofeboda ideologiuri orTodoqsiis wnexis qveS. daZabuloba gaizarda gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rodesac 1953 wlidan xruSCovma Sewyvita mtroba titosTan, riTac aRiara socializmisaken mimavali sxvadasxva gzebis arseboba. pirvelebi gamovidnen poloneli inteleqtualebi. maT daiwyes sadiskusio klubebisa da jgufebis Seqmna, romlebic esoden damaxasiatebeli iyo am qveynis omiswina periodisaTvis. gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobda klubi krivoi krug (saxeli warmosdgeba quCis saxelwodebisagan, romelzedac es klubi mdebareobda), romelic Camoyalibebul iqna Jurnal Po prostu-s irgvliv Semokrebili axalgazrdobis mier. Sexvedraze, romelic moawyo kulturisa da xelovnebis samTavrobo sabWom 1956 w. martSi, poetma anton slominskim ganacxada: Cven sityvebs unda davubrunoT maTi Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba da siwminde... Cven unda gavwmindoT gza... SiSis epoqis miTologiisagan. ivnisSi inteligencias SeuerTdnen muSebi. poznanis samrewvelo sawarmoebSi daiwyo gaficvebi sawarmoo normebis zrdis winaaRmdeg, rac muSebisaTvis realuri xelfasis Semcirebas niSnavda. demonstraciaze muSebs mohqondaT plakatebi warwerebiT Tavisufleba da puri da fasebi dabla, xelfasebi maRla. demonstrantebs SeuerTdnen rigiTi moqalaqeebic, romlebic ukve wminda politikuri lozungebiT gamovidnen: Tavisufleba kardinal viSinskis! (poloneTis kaTolikuri eklesiis meTauri) da Zirs sabWoTa okupacia! demonstrantebi Tavs daesxnen radiocentris Senobas, saidanac axSobdnen ucxour gadacemebs da policiis ganyofilebebs. mTavrobam demonstrantebs daupirispira uSiSroebis samsaxuris Singani jarebi, ris Semdegac daiwyo masobrivi

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Sejaxebebi. oficialuri cnobebiT daiRupa ormocdacameti adamiani, xolo samasze meti daiWra. am represiebs moyva ara marto demonstraciebi sxva qalaqebSi, aramed warmoSva Rrma krizisi TviT partiul xelmZRvanelobaSi.. misma sakmaod mniSvnelovanma nawilma ganacxada, rom gaficva imperialisturi xrikebis Sedegi ki ar iyo, rogorc amas oficialuri presa acxadebda, aramed mcdari politikis Sedegi. isini moiTxovdnen vladislav gomulkas dabrunebas, romelic 1951 w. iyo dapatimrebuli titoizmis braldebiT. 1954 w. igi Cumad gamouSves cixidan. maRali rangis sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebis saCqaro vizitebis Semdeg poloneTSi, sabWoTa kavSiri mivida daskvnamde, rom gomulkas reabilitacia da xelmZRvanelad dasma iqneboda ufro ukeTesi, vidre mRelvarebebis sabWoTa tankebis daxmarebiT CaxSoba. gomulkas programa iTvaliswinebda nacionaluri komunizmis aSenebas poloneTSi. es termini gulisxmobda patriotizmis Sexamebas socializmis gansakuTrebul, sakuTar gzebTan. aq poloneTis moTxovnebs raRac saerTo hqonda iugoslaviis gamocdilebasTan: glexebs eZleodaT kolmeurneobebis datovebis da sakuTar miwis nakveTebze muSaobis ufleba. fabrika-qarxnebSi administraciis gadawyvetilebebs akontrolebda arCeviTi muSaTa sabWoebi. da mainc erTi faqtori iyo specifiurpolonuri: saqme exeboda Tavisuflebis im dozas, romelic eZleoda kaTolikur eklesias. 1939 wlidan dawyebuli, igi sul ufro metad eqceoda xalxis erovnuli da sulieri miswrafebebis centrSi. gomulkas erTerTi pirveli nabiji iyo kardinal viSinskis ganTavisufleba. SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, romelic maT Soris iqna miRweuli, saxelmwifo aZlevda eklesiias skolebSi religiis swavlebis uflebas mSoblebis neba-surviliT (amis survili TiTqmis yvelam gamoTqva). amis sanacvlod eklesia scnobda socialisturi saxelmwifos legitimurobas da mxars uWerda mTlianobaSi mis socialur politikas. kaTolike deputatebis mcireodeni jgufi dauSves seimSi (poloneTis parlamenti). am fraqciam miiRo saxelwodeba znak (niSani) da iqca erTaderT fraqciad aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi arsebul parlamentebSi, romelic ar imyofeboda komunisturi partiis pirdapir kontrolqveS. Tavdapirvelad ise Canda, rom gomulkas dros poloneTi marTlac SeZlebda socializmis alternatiuli modelis mSeneblobas. magram sabWoTa kavSiris zegavleniT, igi droTa ganmavlobaSi, sul ufro da ufro ubrundeboda komunisturi sistemis normebs. es uwinares yovlisa Seexo muSaTa sabWoebs, romlebic StanTqa nomenklaturis partiulma sistemama da amgvarad sruliad uvnebeli gaxada isini. TandaTanobiT gamkacrda cenzura. mgram aseT rTul brZolaSi mopovebuli zogierTi ufleba SenarCunebul iqna: kerZo soflis meurneoba, xelosnoba da vaWroba, agreTve SedarebiT damoukidebeli eklesia. saerTod poloneTi rCeboda imis magaliTad, rom sazogadoebis im tips, romelic ruseTSi dakavSirebuli iyo nep-Tan, Tavis uflebebis SenarCunebisa da dacvis pirobebSi, SeiZleboda earseba komunisturi xelisuflebis pirobebSi. e.i. sazogadoebis calkeul socialur jgufebs SeiZleboda raRac donis damoukideblobisaTvis mieRwia. magram ar SeiZleba am faqtoris gazviadeba, raTa sworad iqnas Sefasebuli situacia. partiulsaxelmwifoebrivi ierarqia odnavadac ar iyo kmayofili Seqmnili mdgomareobiT da ganuwyvetliv cdilobda am tavisuflebebis Sekvecas da srulad aRedgina partiis kontroli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela mxareze. ungreTSi movlenebis amgvarad Semobrunebas xeli Seuwyo 1956 w. movlenebma. am qveyanaSi mzard ukmayofilebas ufro xangrZlivi droiT, vidre poloneTSi, amuxruWebda stalinist rakoSis mTavroba. ungreTSi partia imdenad ucxo iyo xalxisaTvis, rom realur xelisuflebaSi Seiqmna vakuumi, romlis Sevsebac SeeZlo nebismier jgufs, romelsac odnav manc WeSmaritad moraluri avtoriteti Tu eqneboda. rogorc poloneTSi, aqac, Tavdapirvelad es roli itvirTes mwerlebma. naperwkali, romlidanac saprotesto moZraoba abrialda, iyo mitingebis seria, romelsac atarebda petefis (XIX s-is ungreli romantikosi-poeti) wre. isini moiTxovdnen rakoSis partiidan garicxvas da uSiSroebis samsaxuris ufrosis farkaSis gasamarTlebas da mis msxverplTa reabilitacias. amave periodSi ayenebdnen moTxovnebs, rom aRedginaT patriotuli saxalxo fronti (omisSemdgomi koalicia, romelSic komunistebic Sediodnen) rogorc politikuri forumi da daewesebinaT muSaTa kontroli fabrika-qarxnebSi. rogorc poloneTis magaliTi aCvenebda, amgvari programa SeiZleboda yofiliyo sruliad misarebi sabWoTa mTavrobisaTvis. magram 23 oqtombers, poloneTidan gamamxnevebeli cnobebis miRebis Semdeg, studentur mitingebsa da demonstraciebze gaisma

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sruliad sxvagvari moTxovnebi: presis Tavisufleba, arCevnebis Tavisufleba da sabWoTa saokupacio jarebis gayvana. stalinis Zegli budapeStis centrSi gadmogdebul iqna kvarcxlbekidan da daamsxvries, xolo erovnuli droSis SuagulSi gamoxatuli CaquCi da namgali amoWres. naCqarevad daniSnuli premier-ministri imre nadi, gomulkas msgavsad, iyo stalinuri represiebis msxverpli. iseve, rogorc gomulka, igi xelisuflebaSi daabruna xalxis aRSfoTebis talRam. vidre SeeZlo, igi umklavdeboda am moTxovnebs. magram sul male _ amiT ungreTi gamoirCeva poloneTisagan, _ misTvis cxadi gaxda, rom dasayrdeni ar gaaCnda, radgan partias saSineli laqa edo da Zalian iyo damokidebuli Tavis sabWoTa patronebze. daiwyo sayovelTao gaficva, sadac wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen budapeStis udidesi qarxnebis muSebi. mixvda ra, rom partia aravitari mxardaWeriT arsargeblobda, nadma daTmo da Seasrula opoziciis moTxovnebi. man varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciis xelSekrulebis denonsaciac ki moaxdina, romelic manamde, erTi wliT adre iyo dadebuli aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis samxedro politikis koordinaciis mizniT da ungreTi neitralur qveynad gamoacxada. man Tavisi qveynis statusis Sesaxeb gamoacxada calmxrivad, Tumca avstriamac da fineTmac igives miaRwies sabWoTa kavSiris TanxmobiT. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT poloneTis gamocdilebas, ungreTis am nabijs masTan araferi saerTo ar hqonda. albad aman gamoiwvia movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTareba. 4 noembers diliT sabWoTa jarebi kvlav SeiWrnen ungreTSi da iq revoluciur muSa Ta da glexta mTavroba dasves ianoS kadaris meTaurobiT, romelic manamde mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli imre nadTan, magram ar daeTanxma mis bolodroindel nabijebs. kadari mzad iyo SeenarCunebina erTguleba sabWoTa kavSirisadmi. man aRiara, rom 23 oqtombris revolucia iyo samarTliani, magram Semdeg moZraobas saTaveSi kontrrevoluciuri elementebi Caudgneno. amgvarad, kadarma Tavi gamoacxada zomieri destalinizaciis kursis momxred. kadars surda igive gziT wasuliyo, romliTac midioda gomulka, magram, ramdenadac sabWoTa tankebi ukve ungreTSi imyofebodnen, es ukve SeuZlebeli iyo. kadaris mtavrobisadmi yvelaze mtkice opozicias warmoadgendnen muSebi. maT dasayrdens warmoadgendnen muSaTa sabWoebi, romlebic fabrika-qarxnebSi Seiqmna jer kidev sabWoTa armiis SemoWramde qveyanaSi. sabWoebma sawarmoebidan gandevnes komunisturi partiis komitetebi. maT datoves mxolod Zveli profkavSirebis ganyofilebebi, magram isinic iq, sadac Catarda Tavisufali arCevnebi. am sabWoebis muSaobis principebi axlos idga iugoslaviis magaliTebTan: isini irCeodnen mocemuli qarxnis an saamqros yvela muSis mier, isini niSnavdnen direqcias da akontrolebdnen mis moqmedebas, itovebdnen uflebas, rom mieRoT saboloo gadawyvetilebebi kontraqtebis dadebis, xelfasebis gansazRvris, muSaxelis daqiravebis da muSebis daTxovnis Sesaxeb. ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT marTlac gaarTves Tavi am amocanebis gadaWras 1956-1957 ww. zamTarSi, magram SeZles 14 noembers, sabWoTa jarebis SemoWridan meaTe dRes, SeeqmnaT didi budapeStis centraluri muSaTa sabWo. maT moiTxoves imre nadis ganTavisufleba (im momentSi igi Tavs afarebda iugoslaviis saelCos), sabWoTa jarebis gayvana da Tavisufali arCevnebis Catareba. am moTxovnebis Sesrulebamde sabWom gamoacxada sayovelTao gaficva, romelic ukve dawyebuli hqonda zogierT muSaTa sabWos. magram, bolos da bolos, zamTris periodis siZneleebma, romelsac daemata gaficvebiT warmoSobili problemebi, Seqmna autaneli pirobebi. xangrZlivi da mtanjveli debatebis Semdeg muSata centralurma sabWom gadawyvita gaficvis Sewyveta, radgan saqme exeboda ukve muSebis TviT fizikur arsebobas. male amis Semdeg, kadaris mTavrobam welSi gatexa mowinaaRmdegeebi, daapatimra muSaTa sabWoebis liderebi, qarxnebSi aradgina komunisturi partiis komitetebi da sabolood daiTxova muSaTa sabWoebi. ungreTis revoluciis movlenebma aCvena, rom komunistebis erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis yvelaze sastiki mowinaaRmdegeni aRmoCndnen muSebi, swored isini, visi saxeliTac komunistebi qveyanas marTavdnen. meore daskvna, romlis gaketebac SeiZleba ungreTis movlenebidan iyo is, rom muSebs surdaT TviTmmarTvelobis im tipis aRdgena, romelic Tavdapirvelad gamoacxada leninma 1917-1918 wlebSi, Semdeg ki TviTonve mospo igi. magram sabWoTa okupaciis da mosaxleobis sxva fenebisagan izolaciis pirobebSi, maT ver SeZles daecvaT sakuTari, socializmis alternatiuli modeli. rac Seexeba TviT sabWoTa kavSirs, aq sazogadoebis, rogorc damoukidebeli zalisa aRdgena mimdinareobda gacilebiT nela. monopoliuri mmarTvelobisa da

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sxvagvarad azrovnebis CaxSobis Sedegebi aq ufro seriozuli iyo. magram aqac ki xruSCovis moxsenebis qveteqsti uerTdeboda im mxilebebs, romelsac akeTebdnen kerZo pirebi, isini, vinc gadasaxlebebidan brundeboda da ibrunebda (zogierT SemTxvevaSi) Tavis uflebebs. isini brundebodnen Tavis qalaqebsa da soflebSi gabarotebulni, SurisZiebis grZnobiT aRsavseni. maT awvalebda mogonebebi im jojoxeTis Sesaxeb, romelic aqamde dafaruli iyo sazogadoebis Tvalisagan. maT aiZules adamianTa didi nawili, rom sxva TvaliT SeexedaT sakuTari cxovrebisaTvis. aleqsandr fadeevma, romelic mweralTa kavSiris mdivani iyo da amtkicebda Tavisi im kolegebis siebs, romlebic unda daepatimrebinaT, ver aitana yovelive es. staJiani alkoholiki fadeevi, mTvrali, ugergilod cdilobda zogierTi Tavisi msxverplis gulis mogebas, ris Semdegac moulodnelad mianeba Tavi smas, vrceli werili miwera partiis centralur komitets da SublSi tyvia ikra. suk-ma swrafad moaxdina werilis konfiskacia da misi Sinaarsi dRemde ucnobia. dadioda xmebi, TiTqos TviTmkvlelobamde cota xniT adre mas, gamwarebuls uTqvams: vfiqrobdi, rom vicavdi taZars, is ki sapirfareSo yofila. diskusia, romelic gacaRda mweralTa kavSirSi 1956 w. martSi, _ sabednierod misi stenograma Semonaxulia, _ iZleva zogierT warmodgenas im ganwyobilebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic met-naklebad Riad ifeTqebda-xolme qveynis ama Tu im nawilSi. zogierTebi cdilobdnen sakuTar TavSi Cawvdomas da usvamdnen kiTxvas sakuTar Tavs: rogor SemeZlo me xma mimeca kargi adamianebisa da patiosani komunistebis garicxvisaTvis mimeca xma? sxvebi sruliad axali TvalebiT Sehyurebdnen Tavis profesiul kavSirs da pirvelad sicocxleSi bedavdnen sajarod eTqvaT imis Sesaxeb, rasac yovelTvis xedavdnen. literaturasa da xelovnebaSi inergeboda patronaJis sistema mecenatobis msgavsi. yvelafers partiis cnobili moRvaweebis gemovneba gansazRvravda. sxvebi laparakobdnen, rom arsebiTad araferi ar Seicvala am xelisuflebis struqturaSi: CvenSi dRemde gabatonebulia telefonebis samarTali _ centraluri komitetis romeliRac instruqtori Tavis azrs asaRebs mTeli centraluri komitetis azrad. sxvebi im daskvnamde midiodnen, rom saWiroa energiuli qmedeba, raTa Zirfesvianad amoZirkvuliyo stalinizmi: pirovnebis kulti kvlavac arsebobs centraluri komitetis prezidiumTan mimarTebaSi... Cven unda xelaxla gaviaroT aparatisa da partiis wmenda. am ukanasknelma moTxovnebma yvelaze metad SeaSina xelisufleba. 1960-iani wlebis Sua periodSi disidenti vladimer bukovski specialur fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi gadaawyda adamians, romelic iq 1956 wlidan imyofeboda. man centralur komitets miwera werili, sadac moiTxovda im pirTa saqmis gamoZiebas, romlebsac pasuxi unda egoT stalinuri danaSaulebebisaTvis. ufro naklebad xmauriani formiT universitetebsa da kvleviT institutebSi axalgazrdebi da studentoba xruSCovis gulaxdilobebidan da iugoslaviis, poloneTisa da ungreTis ambebidan kidev ufro metad radikalur daskvnebs akeTebdnen. xelisuflebas gansakuTrebiT didi sazrunavi gauCina jgufma, romelic moskovis universitetSi Camoayaliba studentma istorikosma l.n. krasnopevcevma. is fakultetis komkavSiris komitetis mdivani da bunebrivia, mmarTveli klasis potenciuri wevri. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom Tavdapirvelad igi fiqrobda TviT partiis SigniT muSaobas momavali, ufro metad socialisturi sazogadoebis asaSeneblad, magram ungreTis ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg man es iluziebic dakarga. amis nacvlad man gadawyvita iatakqveSa organizaciis Seqmna, romlis mizanic iyo komunisturi partiis namdvili istoriis Seswavla da misi alternatiuli programis Seqmna. man piradi kontaqtebi daamyara poloneTis axalgazrdul komunistur moZraobasTan da JurnalTan Po prostu. Tavisi yvelaze mTavari aqcia jgufma Caatara 1957 w. zafxulSi, rodesac moskovis muSaTa raionebis safosto yuTebSi Caawyo proklamaciebi. isini mSromelebs mouwodebdnen socialisturi reformebisaken XX yrilobis suliskveTebiT, WeSmaritad muSaTa sabWoebis Seqmnas, gaficvebisaken fabrika-qarxnebSi da im adamianebis sajaro sasamarTlo procesebs, romlebic monawileobdnen pirovnebis kultis periodis danaSaulobebSi. am furclebis metad saintereso maxasiaTebeli iyo damcinavi da zizRiani damokidebuleba xruSCovisadmi, romelic furcelSi moxsenebuli iyo rogorc loTi da mesiminde. jgufis wevrebi daapatimres da miusajes eqvsidan aT wlamde patimroba antisabWoTa propagandisa da agitaciisaTvis. es dapatimreba moxda swored im wlebSi, roca xruSCovi ificeboda, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi arcerTi politpatimari aRar iyo. msgavsi ram moxda leningradSic, sadac studentma trofimovma partiis XX yrilobis Semdeg moiTxova buxarinis reabilitacia. man Seqmna aralegaluri komunistTa

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kavSiri, romelic avrcelebda proklamaciebs, sadac dagmobili iyo ungreTis okupacia rogorc stalinuri fenomeni. kavSiris programa Seicavda muSata sabWoebis Seqmnis moTxovnebs da kerZo sakuTrebis zogierTi elementis aRdgenas, agreTve saokupacio jarebis gamoyvanas socialisturi qveynebidan. araa araviTari niSani imisa, rom romelimes am jgufebidan gaaCnda iaraRi anda cafiqrebuli hqonda ufro seriozuli ram, vidre ideebis gavrceleba, romlebisTvisac adgili ar iyo sabWoTa presis furclebze. miuxedavad amisa suk-i Tvalyurs adevnebda maT TiToeul nabijs agentebis saSualebiT da axdenda maT izolirebas, rogorc ki isini iwyebdnen arcTu gabedul moqmedebebs. xalxis ukmayofilebis am gamovlinebebiT SeSfoTebuli da xruSCovis, rogorc TviTon uwodebdnen, demagogiiT gaRizianebulebi, misma mowinaaRmdegeebma prezidiumSi gadawyvites gamosuliyvnen mis winaaRmdeg. isini SeuTanxmdnen Sepilovs, centraluri komitetis erTerT mdivans da sameurneo dargis xelmZRvanelebs, romlebic axal Taobas miekuTvnebodnen, _ pervuxinsa da saburovs. es ukanasknelni opoziciaSi edgnen xruSCovis sameurneo reformebs. reformebis arsi ki imaSi mdgomareobda, rom ekonomikis xelmZRvaneloba CamoerTva centralur saministroebs da gadaecaT regionalur organoebs, saxalxo meurneobaTa sabWoebs. magram araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs is, rom ukmayofilebis ZiriTad mizezs warmoadgenda destalinizaciis procesi da is aCqareba, romliTac igi mimdinareobda. isini arc Tanmdevi movlenebiT iyvnen aRfrTovanebulebi, iseTebiT, rogorebic iyo titosTan urTierTobis aRdgena da dasavleTTan mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis gzebis Zieba. 1957 w. ivnisSi am jgufma, romelSic prezidiumis umravlesoba Sedioda, daiwyo Seteva xruSCovis politikaze mTlianobaSi da marTvis voluntaristul meTodebze kerZod. isini moiTxovdnen mis gadadgomas pirveli mdivnis Tanamdebobidan (rogorc Cans iyo misi soflis meurneobis ministrad daniSvis gegmac). xruSCovi Tavs icavda da imowmebda partiis wesdebas. igi acxadebda, rom am Tanamdebobaze arCeuli iyo centraluri komitetis mier da datovebda Tavis posts mxolod misi nebiT. ramdenadac xruSCovis oponentebs ar SeeZloT, an ar undodaT moqceodnen mas ise, rogorc moeqcnen berias 1953 w., isini daTanxmdnen centraluri komitetis plenumis mowvevas, sadac imedovnebdnen umravlesobis mxardaWeris miRebas. moxda ki piriqiT. centralurma komitetma mxari xruSCovs dauWira. Cven zustad ar viciT, rogor mimdinareobda sxdomebi, romlebic erTi kvira gagrZelda, magram SeiZleba vivaraudoT, Tu ra mizezebis gamo dauWira mxari centraluri komitetis umravlesobam xruSCovs. im dros centraluri komitetis 60%-s Seadgendnen respublikuri da saolqo daqvemdebarebis partiuli komitetis mdivnebi. xruSCovi warmoadgenda pirvel mdivans da bunebrivia, iyo maTi mfarveli. Tanac maTi umravlesoba mis mier iyo daniSnuli. maT SeeZloT undobloba gamoeCinaT malenkovis, molotovisa da kaganoviCis mimarT im TvalsazrisiT, rom isini SeiZleboda damuqrebodnen maT mier uSiSroebis samsaxuris zedamxedvelobisagan mopovebul Tavisuflebas. saxalxo meurneobis regionaluri sabWoebis sistema partiul mdivnebs ufro met Zalauflebas aZlevda, vidre maT hqondaT adre, centralizebuli samrewvelo saministroebis dros. SesaZlebelia, bevri maTgani fiqrobda, rom xruSCovis mier wamoyenebuli soflis meurneobis programa warmoadgenda qveynis winaSe mdgari umZimesi problemis gadaWris gzas. garda amisa, maT esmodaT, rom xruSCovma uaRresad gazarda partiis mniSvneloba, romelmac xelisuflebis struqturaSi pirveli adgili daikava. rogori mosazrebiTac ar unda yofiliyo es nakarnaxevi, magram centralurma komitetma uaryo prezidiumis rezolucia da mxari xruSCovs dauWira. man SeinarCuna pirveli mdivnis Tanamdeboba, rasac moyva Tavisi ZiriTadi oponentebis gandevna centraluri komitetisa da misi prezidiumis Semadgenlobidan, daarqva ra maT antipartiuli jgufi. xruSCovma Secvala bulganini premier-ministris Tanamdebobaze 1958 wels da gaaerTiana es Tanamdeboba centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis postTan, rogorc es 1941 w. gaaketa stalinma. marSali Jukovi, romelmac didi roli iTamaSa xruSCovis mxardaWeraSi, gaxda prezidiumis sruluflebiani wevri. is, Tu rogor moeqca xruSCovi Tavis damxobil mowinaaRmdegeebs, warmoadgenda raRac siaxles sabWoTa sinamdvileSi. imis nacvlad, rom daepatimrebina oponentebi rogorc xalxis mtrebi da imperializmis agentebi, man isini daniSna umniSvnelo, magram mainc aradamamcirebel Tanamdebobebze: molotovi gaigzavna elCad monRoleTSi, xolo malenkovi gaxda eleqtrosadguris direqtori cimbirSi. yvela maTganma SeinarCuna

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privilegiebis nawili, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo maRal TanamdebobebTan, maT Soris personaluri pensiis ufleba. SesaZloa amiT xruSCovs surda Tavisi sakutari momavlis uzrunvelyofa, _ masac xom SeiZleboda msgavsi ram damarToda. yovel SemTxvevaSi aman Secvala zedafenebSi xelisuflebisaTvis brZolis xasiaTi _ sikvdili da gacimbireba Seicvala gacilebiT ukeTesi, SeiZleba iTqvas, jentlmenuri qceviT. es gaxda sakvanZo momenti stalinis mier Seqmnili uuflebo mmarTveli elitis sruluflebian mmarTvel klasad gadaqcevis saqmeSi am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT. am momentidan mmarTveli klasis wevrebi SeiZleboda darwmunebulni yofiliyvnen, rom politikur daviwyebas micemulebsac ki SeeZloT SeenarCunebinaT cxovrebis Cveuli done, xolo maT Svilebs SeeZloT arsebiTi upiratesobebis miReba maRali socialuri mdgomareobisaTvis brZolaSi. 1957 w. krizisis Sedegebma aCvena, rom destalinizaciis politika amaTuim formiT gagrZeldeboda, miuxedavad riskisa. igi marTlac gafarTovda da gaRrmavda partiis XXII yrilobaze 1961 w., rodesac stalins sabolood axades niRabi. yrilobis bolos misi sarkofagi gamoitanes mavzoleumidan, sadac igi leninis gvardiT esvena 1953 wlidan. xalxis ukmayofilebis talRam aCvena, rom axal partiul xelmZRvanelobas sWirdeboda legitimurobis axali wyaro, romliTac SeiZleboda Secvliliyo terorisa da pirovnebis kultis is narevi, romelic masve uTxrida Zirs. rogorc amerikeli politologi karl lindeni SeniSnavda, Tavis xatTmebrZoleobaSi xruSCovi Seejaxa damxobili kerpebis Secvlis aucileblobas sxva raRaciT. aryevda ra saZirkvels, romelzedac stalinma aago Tavisi xelisuflebis Senoba, igi cdilobda sakuTari nagebobis saZirkvlis Cayras. nawilobriv es iyo xelmZRvanelobis stilis problema da imTaviTve xruSCovis stili sruliad gansxvavdeboda stalinurisagan. arsebiTad is xelmZRvanelobac ar iyo: mravali gamocdili damkvirvebeli im dros fiqrobda, rom is Zalian bevrs laybobda, svamda da takimasxaras hgavda. magram es gamomdinareobda xruSCovis midrekilebidan farTo Jestebisa da gulRia urTierTobebisadmi. aleqsandre verti, gamocdili britaneli Jurnalisti, werda mis Sesaxeb: es iyo sruliad fantastikuri energiis da sicocxlisadmi siyvarulis mqone adamiani. mas uyvarda qveyanaSi mogzauroba, usasrulobamde gamodioda glexTa mitingebze da mecxoveleobisa da memcenareobis uwvriles detalebamdec ki wvdeboda sakiTxebs. es Zlier ganasxvavebda xruSCovs stalinisagan, romelic 30-iani wlebidan dawyebuli, ubralo xalxs arar gahkarebia da mxolod mavzoleumis tribunidan Sehyurebda demonstrantTa kolonebs. xruSCovs marTlac uyvarda kamaTi glexebTan da muSebTan, yuradRebiT usmenda maT, maSinac ki, rodesac gacxarebuli uaryofda maT. igive populizmi SeimCneva mis sxva politikuri problemebisadmi midgomebSi: igi cdilobda teroris Secvlas masebis CarTviT politikur procesebSi. axalma midgomebma Camoyalibebuli saxe hpoves partiis axal programaSi, romelic xruSCovma partiis XXII yrilobas warudgina 1961 wels. mis mTavar niSans warmoadgenda is, rasac xruSCovi leninuri normebisadmi dabrunebas uwodebda. bunebrivia, rom kacs, romelmac stalins niRabi axada, unda Seeqmna raRac axali, leninis kultis msgavsi. magram saqme marto amaSi ar iyo: TviT xruSCovis politikur stilSi iyo maxasiatebeli niSnebi, romlebiTac igi lenins Camogavda. pirvelyovlisa, es iyo mis mier cnebebis partia da xalxi aRreva, agreTve survili, rom yvelasaTvis Tavs moexvia sakutari neba da imave dros SeenarCunebina demokratis saxe. ufro metic, xruSCovi iyo pirveli sabWoTa lideri, romelmac aaRorZina, marTalia uxmaurod, leninis naSromis saxelmwifo da revolucia utopiuri da SeiZleba iTqvas naxevradanarqistuli suliskveTeba. partiis axali programa gamomdinareobda im varaudidan, rom sabWoTa kavSirma ukve aago socializmi da axla qmnis komunizmis materialur bazas. komunizmis dros ki TiToeul adamians, damoukideblad Tavisi SromiTi wvlilisa, SeeZlo sazogadoebisagan mieRo yvelaferi, rac mas sWirdeboda. erTob ugunurad, radgan ugunurobaa utopiis ganxorcielebis zusti TariRis miTiTeba, programa miuTiTebda am fazis miRwevas 1980 wlisaTvis. ramdenadac socializmi ukve aSenebuli iyo, ukve arar arsebobda proletariatis diqtaturac, xolo muSaTa klasi mmarTvelidan gadaiqca wamyvan Zalad. komunizmisaken winsvlisas es gansxvavebac unda gamqaraliyo da yvela klasi gaerTiandeboda, maT Soris gaqreboda sxvaoba. am Teoriis mixedviT antagonistur klasebs arar unda earsebaT. amitomac amieridan saxelmwifo amieridan aRar moemsaxureboda sazogadoebis romeliRac garkveuli klasis interesebs da gardaiqmneboda saerTo saxalxo saxelmwifod, romelic

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iqneboda mTeli xalxis interesebisa da nebis gamoxatuleba. am debulebis Sesabamisad programa mouwodebda moqalaqeebs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi, ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis xelmZRvanelobaSi, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoTa srulyofasa da maT saqmianobaze saxalxo kontrolSi aqtiuri monawileobisaken. bolos, rogorc amas winaswarmetyvelebda partiis programa, rac ufro dauaxlovdeboda sazogadoeba komunizms, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebi TandaTanobiT gardaiqmnebian sazogadoebrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebad.sruliad araorazrovnad xruSCovi da misi mimdevrebi mianiSnebdnen, rom am moZraobis xelmZRvaneli da mamoZravebeli Zala unda yofiliyo partia, radganac programa acxadebda, rom saWiroa xeli Seewyos partiis rolis Semdgom gaZlierebas, rogorc sabWoTa sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelis da warmmarTveli Zalisa. amgvarad saxelmwifos kvdoma am nawilSi niSnavda imas, rom mas partia Secvlida da TviT gaxdeboda xalxis nebis gamomxatveli da misi bedis gamgebeli. partiis XXII yrilobam sayuradRebo cvlilebebi Seiotana partiis Sinagan struqturaSic. pirvelyovlisa, es Seexeboda partiuli muSakebis regularul rotacias, e.i. partiis centraluri komitetis muSakebs ar SeiZleboda sWerodaT Tanamdebobebi oTx vadaze metxans (e.i. Teqvsmeti weli, maSin miRebuli wesebis Tanaxmad) Tu maT sayovelTaod aRiarebuli avtoriteti ar aZlevda maT faruli kenWisyris dros xmebis or mesamedze mets. prezidiumis wevrebi ar SeiZleboda Tanamdebobaze darCeniliyvnen, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, sam vadaze met xans. partiuli ierarqiis ufro dabal safexurebze es vadebi ufro mokle iyo: sami vadiT arCeva respublikur da saolqo doneze (saolqo komitetis doneze, romelic ori wliT irCeoda, es niSnavda eqvs wels) da ori vadiT arceva raionul da saqalaqo doneze (oTxi wliT). es vadebi sakmaod xangrZlivi iyo, gansakuTrebiT maRal doneze, magram Tavzardamcemi iyo partiuli moRvaweebisaTvis, romlebic sikvdilamde apirebdnen Tanamdebobebze darCenas da romlebmac stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg Tavi SedarebiT usafrTxod igrZnes. ase iyo Tu ise, partiis XXII yrilobam saTave daudo raRac reformebs. imisaTvis, rom partia ufro metad CaerTo warmoebis procesSi, xruSCovma saolqo da raionuli donis komitetebi gardaqmna sawarmoo principis Sesabamisad e.i. isini dayo samrewvelo da sasoflo sameurneo komitetebad. amis Sedegad gayofili samrewvelo da saoflo-sameurneo ierarqiuli struqturebi TviT centraluri komitetis rolis amaRlebas uwyobdnen xels. magram mravalma partiuli komitetis mdivanma Tavi Seuracxyofilad igrZno: erTma nawilma imitom, rom isini qalaqidan provinciaSi gadaiyvanes, meoreni Tavs ideologiuri muSaobis specialistebad Tvlidnen da sulac ar iyvnen aRfrTovanebulebi, rom gaxdnen ekonomikuri mmarTvelobis aparatis wevrebi. uklebliv yvelasaTvis reformebi niSnavda Sromis intensifikacias da samsaxureobrivi rwmunebebis Sekvecas. SeiZleba kacs efiqra, rom reformas moyveboda mravali axali partiuli muSakis daniSvna da win wamoweva, magram sinamdvileSi xruSCovi fiqrobda maTi raodenobis Semcirebas. igi varaudobda mravali xelfasis mqone partiuli aparatis muSakebis Secvlas iseTi moxaliseebiT, romlebic uxelfasod imuSavebdnen. mizani, romelsac igi am dros isaxavda, iyo is, rom partiul politikaSi CaerTo rac SeiZleba partiis meti wevri. es ki Seuracxmyofeli aRmoCnda mudmivi partiuli muSakebis umravlesobisaTvis, romlebic Tavis saqmes miiCnevdnen umaRles specialobad _ raRac mistikuri saburveliT moculad, romelic gareSe pirebisaTvis miuRweveli unda yofiliyo. partias, saxelmwifosa da xalxs Soris urTierTobebis axali koncefcia moiTxovda agreTve kanonsa da sazogadoebas Soris urTIerTobebis gadaxedvasac. uwinares yovlisa kanonmdeblobis reformebi or mizans isaxavda: gaexadaT kanoni mudmivi da gamWvirvale, e.i. gamoericxaT TviTneboba da terori mis wakiTxvaSi da CaerToT ubralo xalxi, adrindelze ufro metad, sakanonmdeblo procesSi. bunebrivia, rom am ori miznis SeTavseba yovelTvis advili ar iyo: xSir SemTxvevaSi isini winaaRmdegobaSi modiodnen. ufro metic, ramdenadac partiuli xelmZRvaneloba imedovnebda mmarTvelobis teroristuli meTodebisaken Semobrunebis Tavidan acilebas, igi srulebiTac ar apirebda kanonieri meTodebis gamoyenebaze uaris Tqmas, raTa SeenarCunebinaT monopolia xelisuflebaze. es ki iwvevda daZabulobasa da orazrovnebas sakanonmdeblo reformebSi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo sisxlis samarTlis axali kanonmdebloba, gamoqveynebuli 1958 wels. mis ZiriTad principad gaxda is, rom amieridan moqalaqis gasamarTleba SeeZlo mxolod kanonier sasamarTlos da isic sisxlis samarTlis

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kodeqsis gansazRvruli muxlis safuZvelze. amgvarad, amieridan samxedro da sagangebo tribunalebi arar ganixilavdnen Cveulebriv samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs. amieridan ganaCenis gamotana arar SeiZleboda iseTi bundovani cnebebis safuZvelze, rogorebic iyo xalxis mteri da kontrrevoluciuri saqmianoba.aRar SeiZleboda adamianis gasamarTleba imisaTvis, rom igi miekuTvneboda romelime socialur jgufs, an iyo braldebulis naTesavi. danaSaulebrivi ganzraxvebi, analogiuri imisa, rac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT, aseve aRar iyo ganaCenis gamotanis safuZveli. amieridan aRar SeiZleboda adamianis gasamarTleba rwmenis (rasac xSirad hqonda adgili stalinis periodSi) gamo. moiTxovdnen danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis dasabuTebas, rasac ukve sasamarTlo aketebda. sasjelis zomebi mkveTrad Semcirda _ maqsimaluri Seadgenda aT wels (ocdaxuTis nacvlad). sikvdiliT dasja gaTvaliswinebuli iyo marto saxelmwifo RalatisaTvis. imisaTvis, rom sakanonmdeblo normebis adamianTa didi raodenoba moecva, aRdgenil iqna 1920-iani wlebis instituti _ amxanaguri sasamarTloebi. amgvari sasamarTloebis mowveva SeeZlo adgilobriv sabWoebs, profkavSirul organizaciebs an saxlmmarTvelobebs wvrilmani danaSaulebrivi saqmeebis gasarCevad. amxanagur sasamarTloebs ar SeeZlo ganaCenis gamotana dapatimrebis Sesaxeb, magram SeeZloT jarimis daniSvna garkveuli Tanxis odenobiT an iZulebiTi samuSao samsaxuris adgilze. maT SeeZloT, agreTve, rekomendaciebis micema samsaxurSi Tanamdebobrivi daqveiTebis, an binidan gamosaxlebis Sesaxeb. amxanaguri sasamarTloebis gamocdilebam aCvena, rom isini mSvenivrad gamoiyeneboda piradi angariSsworebisaTvis an wvrilmani SurisZiebisaTvis samsaxurSi, an sacxovrebel adgilze. amitomac maT TandaTanobiT dakarges ndoba oficialuri iuridiuli organoebisagan da sul ufro naklebad gamoiyeneboda. TviT xelisuflebac sakmaod orazrovnad moqmedebda mis mier damtkicebuli kanonebis gamoyenebisas. amis magaliTad gamodgeboda sakanonmdeblo aqti muqTaxorebis winaaRmdeg, romelic zogierT respublikaSi ukve 1957 w. iqna miRebuli. igi mimarTuli iyo maT winaaRmdeg, vinc oficialurad ar msaxurobda saxelmwifo samsaxurSi da Sesabamisad, regularul fulad anazraurebas ar Rebulobda. iseve rogorc XVI s-is inglisuri kanonebi mawanwalebis winaaRmdeg, am kanonebis gamoyeneba SeiZleboda nebismieri adamianis winaaRmdeg, vinc xelisuflebis ukmayofilebas iwvevda. did siZneles ar warmoadgenda adamianis gaZeveba samsaxuridan ise, rom igi SemdegSi sxva samsaxurSic aRar mieRoT. magram iuristebi uaryofdnen bundovan da gaurkvevel frazebs, magaliTad, araSromiTi SemosavliT arseboba an yasidad, moCvenebiT muSaoba. sityvaTa formulirebebi gamkacrda, magram kanonebi mainc kodificirebuli saxiT arsebobda. yvelaze natel magaliTs am kanonis gamoyenebisa warmoadgenda leningradeli axalgzarda poetis ioseb brodskis gasamarTleba 1964 wels: ramdenadac igi ar iyo mweralTa kavSiris wevri, sasamarTlom uari ganacxada ecno misi Targmanebi SromiT saqmianobad. TviT xruSCovic eWvianobda misi egidiT miRebuli kanonebis Sesaxeb. 1961 w. man aRadgina sikvdiliT dasja mZime ekonomikuri danaSaulebebis gamo _ es SeiZleboda yofiliyo iatakqveSa warmoeba, vaWroba da savaluto spekulacia farTo masStabebiT da a.S. saerTod es imis maCvenebeli iyo, Tu ramdenad iyo sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba SeSfoTebuli im dros Savi bazris ayvavebiT. praqtikulad yvela profesionali iuristi aRsdga sikvdiliT dasjis SemoRebis winaaRmdeg, magram maTi mtkicebulebebi darCa xmad mRaRadeblisad udabnosa Sina. ufro metic, xruSCovma gadawyvita es kanoni ukana ricxviT aemoqmedebina ori cnobili valutCikisa da oqroTi spekulantebis _ rokotovisa da faibiSenkos mimarT. maT ukanonod daagroves uzarmazari qoneba, daaxloebiT ori milioni rublisa, risTvisac daapatimres. amboben, rom generalurma prokurorma r.a. rudenkom protesti ganacxada kanonisaTvis ukuqmedebis Zalis miniWebis Sesaxeb, rom es iqneboda socialisturi kanonierebis darRveva. maSin xruSCovs ukuTxia misTvis: SenTvis raa ufro mniSvnelovani: Seni kanoniereba Tu socializmi? es ori pirovneba daxvrites. es iyo imis nateli dadastureba, rom politika jer kidev mZlavrobda kanonierebasTan SedarebiT. Tavis socialur politikaSi xruSCovi cdilobda politikuri qulebis dagrovebas. igi cdilobda xalxis energiis warmarTvas warmoebaSi, aRmoefxvra Zaladobis is ukiduresi formebi, romlebic gamoiyeneboda stalinis dros, ramdenadme Seemcirebina is siRatake, romelic arsebobda 1953 wlamde. magaliTad, man gaauqma sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba muSebisaTvis samuSaos gacdenis an samsaxuridan sakuTari nebiT wasvlis

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gamo, e.i. maT miiRes meti Tavisufleba Sesaferisi samsaxurisa da anazRaurebis ZiebaSi. gaZlierda mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis RonisZiebebic: qveyanaSi, sadac omis Semdeg darCa didi raodenobiT invalidi da oboli, es metad mniSvnelovani iyo. daiwyo saSineli sabinao problemebis nawilobriv gadawyvetac. 1950-iani wlebis Sua periodidan sabWoTa kavSiris didi qalaqebis gareubnebSi daiwyo blokuri saxlebis mSenebloba. es adamianebs aZlevda saSualebas, rom rogorme Tavi daeRwiaT komunaluri binebis saSineli pirobebisagan. 1955 wlidan 1964 wlamde sabinao fondi TiTqmis orjer gaizarda _ 640 mln kv. metridan 1184 mln kv. metramde. garda am sacxovrebeli binebisa, farTo xasiaTi mieca adgilobrivi sawarmoebisa da sabWoebis saxsrebiT, agreTve rigiTi moqalaqeebis saxsrebiT binaTmSeneblobas. am ukanasknelebs miecaT sabinao kooperativebSi gaerTianebis ufleba. adamians sabinao kooperativSi unda Seetana sacxovreblis Rirebulebis 15-30%, ris Semdegac, binaSi gadasvlis Semdeg, darCenil Tanxas igi istumrebda fantastikurad dabal procentebiT _ 0,5%-iT. ganaTlebis sferoSic Serbilda uTanabrobis gansakuTrebiT mkveTri formebi, kerZod, gauqmda swavlis qira umaRles saswavleblebsa da saSualo skolebis maRal klasebSi. aman saSualeba misca muSebisa da glexebis Svilebs ufro Tamamad Sedgomodnen socialur kibeze winsvlas. xruSCovs undoda kidev ufro Sors wasuliyo da Seecvala TviT saSualo ganaTlebis safuZveli: igi fiqrobda saSualo skolebSi maRali klasebis gauqmebas, ase rom TxuTmeti wlis asakSi axalgazrdas unda daewyo SromiTi saqmianoba. mas, visac surda swavlis gagrZeleba, unda eswavla Ramis skolebSi da ori wlis Semdeg, gaivlida ra praqtikul momzadebas, Rebulobda umaRles saswavleblebSi misarebi gamocdebis Cabarebis uflebas. amgvarad, xruSCovs undoda araraobamde daeyvana is upiratesobebi, romelsac dabadebidanve Rebulobdnen umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone pirTa Svilebi da aeZulebina rac SeiZleba meti raodenobis axalgazrdoba, rom aerCiaT kvalificiuri muSis specialoba _ is profesia, romelic ekonomikas yvelaze ufro sWirdeboda. magram xruSCovma Tavisi reformebi ganaTlebis sferoSi ver miiyvana bolomde, radgan aq igi Seejaxa opozicias imaT mxridan, vinc mas Tavdapirvelad uWerda mxars. sabWoTa sazogadoebaSi, sadac kerZo sakuTreba minimumade iyo dayvanili, privilegiebis da maRali sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis miRweva SvilebisaTvis SeiZleboda mxolod kargi ganaTlebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi. reformebi ki, romelTa gatarebasac xruSCovi apirebda, am saqmes uaRresad arTulebda, radgan ganaTlebis procesi xdeboda wyvetili, skolasa da umaRles saswavlebels erTmaneTisagan yofda Rumeli, romelsac unda gadaexarSa yvela socialuri klasi erT mTlianobaSi. garda amisa, universitetis profesor-maswavleblebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc im momentSi aswavlida saWiro samecniero disciplinebs, darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom studentebi ver miiRebdnen saTanado pirvelad ganaTlebas da dakargaven regularuli mecadineobebis Cvevebs. arc sawarmoebis direqtorebi iyvnen aRfrTovanebulni imiT, rom miiRebdnen zedmet muSaxels, romelsac araferi ecodineboda da iqneboda umarTavi. reformebi ganaTlebis sitemaSi, magram uaRresad Sekvecili formiT, mainc gatarda 1958 wels, magram man ver gaamarTla da amitomac 1965 w. saerTod gauqmda. saerTod unda iTqvas, rom omisSemdgom wlebSi sabWoTa ganaTlebis sistema brwyinvale warmatebebs miaRwia rogorc xarisxobrivi, ise ricxobrivi TvalsazrisiT, rac sabWoTa sazogadoebis did miRwevas warmoadgenda. umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentTa raodenoba 1950-51 wlebis 1,25 mln-dan gaizarda 1960-61 ww. 2,4 mln-de da 1964-65 wlebSi _ 3,6 mln-de. myarad viTardeboda agreTve saSualo ganaTlebis sistemac: aTiTerTmetwliani ganaTlebiT yvela im adamianebis uzrunvelyofa, vinc Cvidmeti-Tvrameti wlis asaks miaRwia, Sesrulda 70-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis. ubralo adamianebis miswrafeba ganaTlebisadmi iyo uaRresad didi, radgan niWirma axalgazrdebma icodnen, rom mxolod am gziT SeiZleboda karieris gakeTeba. es srulad Sesabameboda sazogadoebriv moTxovnilebebs. paradoqsaluri iyo is, rom yvelaze did warmatebebs miaRwia swored im sferoebSi, romlebsac xruSCovi nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda _ tradiciul akademiur ganaTlebasa da saqalaqo skolebSi, universitetebsa da institutebSi. saukeTeso sabWoTa mecnierebi Seefardebodnen yvelaze maRal saerTaSoriso moTxovnebs da yovel weliwads umaRlesi saswavleblebi uSvebdnen specialistebs Zalian maRali profesiuli momzadebiT. arc politikuri ganaTleba gamqrala sadRac, magram studentebis umravlesoba mas aucilebel borotebad Tvlida da ZiriTad yuradRebas sxva sagnebze amaxvilebda.

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sabWoTa cxovrebis yvelaze didi naklovanebebi da uwinares yovlisa Sromis uaRresad dabali nayofiereba mJRavndeboda soflis meurneobaSi, rasac mravali mizezi ganapirobebda. ZiriTadi ki iyo ori ram: pirveli, siflis meurneobis avtoritarulkoleqtiuri struqtura da meore, misadmi, rogorc raRac meorexarisxovanisadmi mTavrobis damokidebuleba. xruSCovma swored am meore mizezs mohkida xeli, magram ise, rom ar gaiTvaliswina problemis mTeli seriozuloba. gaxda Tu ara partiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivani, xruSCovma gadawyvita maSinve aewia soflis meurneobis mniSvneloba sazogadoebriobis TvalSi. am mizniT man wamoiwyo erTob grandiozuli kampania yamiri da nasveni miwebis aTvisebis Sesaxeb. eseni iyo stebeis raionebi CrdiloeT yazaxeTSi, dasavleT cimbirsa da ruseTis evropuli nawilis samxreTaRmosavleTSi. xruSCovs surda yamiri miwebis gadaqceva qveynis umsxviles marcvleulis mwarmoebel regionad, xolo ukraina, romelic yovelTvis TamaSobda am rols, gadaeqcia simindisa da mecxoveleobis wamyvan mwarmoeblad. amas unda xeli Seewyo xorcisa da rZis produqtebis warmoebisaTvis. yamiri miwebis raionebs, romlebic unda aeTvisebinaT, gaaCndaT erTi arsebiTi uaryofiTi mxare: iq modioda uaRresad mcire naleqi da xSiri iyo gvalvebi. yazaxeTis stepebi esazRvreboda Sua aziis udabnoebs. farTo sarwyavi sistemis gareSe aq mosavali iqneboda uaRresad dabali da aSkara iqneboda niadagis erozia. yazaxeTis partiuli liderebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen am gegmas ara marto am mizezis gamo, aramed imis gamoc, rom es gamoiwvevda aq didi raodenobiT rusebis Camosaxlebas, raSic isini camde marTalni iyvnen. Tavdapirvelad yamiri da nasveni miwebis aTvisebis saqmeSi marTlac didi warmatebebi iqna miRweuli. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi, 1956 wlamde, yamiri iZleoda samjer met mosavals, vidre qveyanaSi mzaddeboda 1953 wlamde. aseul atasobiT axalgazrda iqna mobilizebuli komkavSiris mier mosavlis asaRebad _ zogiertebi aq midiodnen ramdenime TviT, zognic xangrZlivi droiT rCebodnen. yamirze gaigzavna aTasobiT traqtori da kombaini. swored maTi suraTebi horizontamde gadaWimuli puris yanebis fonze amSvenebda gazeTebis pirvel gverdebs. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro cxadi xdeboda, rom mxolod 1956 w. iqna maqsimaluri odenobiT mosavali mirebuli. miwis Tavdapirvelma maRalma nayofierebam swrafad iwyo dacema, Tavi iCina aCqarebuli tempebiT gamowveulma Secdomebma. dauyovneblivi Sedegebis misarebad xruSCovma akrZala iq swori Teslbrunvis warmoeba, xolo sasuqi, romelsac unda Seevso gamofituli niadagi ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi odenobiT. mecnierebi afrTxilebdnen xruSCovs mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb, magram is aravis ar ujerebda. amas Sedegad moyva niadagis erozia, xolo ramdenime mtvriani qariSxlis Semdeg 1960 da 1965 wlebSi yazaxeTSi daikarga 4 mln ha miwa, xolo 12 mln ha dazaianda _ yovelive es ki udrida yamiri miwebis naxevars. gauTvaliswinebeli aRmoCnda rogorc meqanizaciis problemebi, ise adamianuri problemebic, romlebic masobrivi gadasaxlebiT iyo gamowveuli.. axalgazrda enTuziastebi xSirad cxovrobdnen karvebSi, an ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, droebiT barakebSi, pirobebSi, rodesac dRis idga mwveli sicxe, xolo RamiT temperatura nuls qvemoT eSveboda. isini mravali aTeuli kilometriT iyvnen dacilebulni Saragzebsa da rkinigzas, xolo sursaTi momarageba rarac warmoudgenel siZneleebtan iyo dakavSirebuli. xSirad ar kmaroda teqnika, romelzedac samuSaod specialurad iyvnen momzadebulebi. amitom gasakviri ar iyo, rom mravali axalgazrda, romlebic yamirze Camovidnen didi imedebiT aRsavseni, naxes ra aqauri sastiki pirobebi arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi, dabrundnen ukan, ruseTis evropul nawilSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mTlianobaSi yamiris aTvisebis gegma caifuSa, man mainc Seuwyo xeli marcvleulis mosavlianobis zrdas qveynisaTvis kritikul momentSi da amgvarad Seqmna amosunTqvis saSualeba, ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada reformebi soflis meurneobaSi. Tanac es iyo pirveli SemTxveva sabWoTa kavSiris istoriaSi, rodesac soflis meurneobas gamoeyo mcireodeni resursebi da igi aRmoCnda saxelmwifo politikis centrSi. tradiciul sasoflo-sameurneo regionebSi xruSCovma Seqmna kolmeurneebisaTvis SedarebiT xelsayreli, vidre adre, pirobebi. kolmeurneobis produqciisaTvis damamzadeblebi axla ixdidnen ufro mets da kolmeurneebi darwmunebulebi unda yofiliyvnen, rom amieridan SromadReebze miiRebdnen ufro mets. rac Seexeba sakarmidamo nakveTebs, maTze Semcirda gadasaxadebi, maTi gamoyenebis SezRudvebi Serbilda, ase rom

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aqac gaizarda Semosavali. amas Sedegad moyva kapitaldabandebebis zrda soflis meurneobaSi, tanac isini izrdeboda TandaTanobiT 1953-dan 1964 wlamde. xruSCovma igi TiTqmis oTxjer gazarda. xruSCovi, amasTan erTad, Seecada soflis meurneobaSi partiuli kadrebis gamoyenebas, rac am ukanasknelTa ukmayofilebas iwvevda. saubedurod xruSCovi ver aRwevda met-naklebad arsebiT warmatebebs Tu ar mimarTavda amaTuim donis kampanias. SesaZlebelia, es TviTon sabWoTa sistemis bunebidan gamomdinareobda. tradiciul sasoflo-sameurneo raionebSi mTavari iyo kampaniebi simindis gaSenebisa da mecxoveleobis zrdasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic xruSCovis azriT urTierTkavSirSi iyvnen. xruSCovi amboda da rogorc yovelTvis gulubryvilo enTuziazmiT imeorebda anbanur WeSmaritebebs: iqneba furaJi, iqneba saqonelic, furaJis gareSe saqoneli daiRupeba da aRar iqneba aRarc xorci da aRarc rZe. simindis kampaniis kulminaciur wertils warmoadgenda xruSCovis dabruneba aSSdan 1959 wels. masze Zalian didi STabeWdileba moaxdina simindis yanebis zRvam aiovas Statis preriebSi. man daiviwya is faqtori, rom aiovas Stati geografiulad mdebareobda ruseTis nebismieri ukiduresi samxreTi nawilis kidev ufro samxreTiT da gasca gankarguleba, rom simindi moeSenebinaT yvelgan da misi Cala an silosi gamoeyenebinaT mecxoveleobaSi sakvebad. Seiqmna mesimindeobis calke samecniero-kvleviTi instituti, romelic gamoscemda specialur Jurnals simindi, xolo mindvris dedoflis gasaocari Tvisebebis Sesaxeb axmaurda gazetebi da yvela sasoflo partiuli organizacia. wyevla-krulva atydeboda im kolmeurneobis ubedur Tavmjdomares, romelic simindSi eWvs Seitanda damoukideblad imisa, Tu raoden gansxvavdeboda misi kolmeurneobis klimaturi pirobebi da niadagi aiovas Statis RvTis mier kurTxeuli preriebisagan. simindis kampaniis pikis dros, 1962 w., daTesil iqna 37 mln. ha, mosavali ki movida mxolod 7 mln ha-ze. ramdenadac im wels zafxuli civi da nestiani iyo, iqac ki, sadac siminds SeeZlo damwifeba, iqac ki normaluri taroebi iSviaTobas warmoadgenda. imave dros mkveTrad daeca prozauli, magram aucilebeli Tivis damzadeba, dairRva Cveulebrivi Teslbrunva, xolo saTibebi upatronod iyo mitovebuli. Tanac ignorirebas uketebdnen kolmeurneobaTa Tavmjdomareebisa da agronomebis azrs. mecxoveleobis kampania, romelic simindis kampaniis paralelurad mimdinareobda, kidev ufro mcdari aRmoCnda. 1957 w. xruSCovma ganacxada, rom oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa kavSiri unda dasweoda da gaeswro amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis xorcis, rZisa da karaqis warmoebis dargSi. cdilobda ra iniciativis xelSi aRebas im meTodiT, romelic ukve yvelasaTvis cnobili iyo, riazanis olqis partiis saolqo komitetis pirvelma mdivanma a.n. larionovma piroba dado, rom 1959 wlisaTvis igi samjer gazrdida xorcis warmoebas. ramdenadac am dapirebis Sesaxeb maSinve daiwera gazeT pravdaSi, ukan daxeva ukve SeuZlebeli iyo. gegmis Sesasruleblad, romelic man sakuTar Tavs moaxvia, larionovi male iZulebuli gaxda daekla ara marto saxorce, aramed sarZeve jaSis saqoneli da samsxverploze mietana Tavisi kolmeurneobebis momavali. dadga iseTi momentic, rodesac igi iZulebuli gaxda Tavisi emisarebi daegzavna mezobel olqebSi, rom maT iq SeesyidaT an Tundac moeparaT saqoneli. saboloo jamSi riazanis olqma yovelgvari xrikebiT Seasrula xorcis damzadebis dapirebuli gegma. larionovi caSi aiyvanes da socialisturi Sromis gmiris oqros varskvlaviTac daajildoves. magram momdevno wels yovelive es sapnis buStiviT gaskda. saqoneli olqSi TiTqmis amowyvetili iyo, finansebi gamofituli, ris gamoc xorcis damzadeba daeca 1958 wlis dabal maCvenebelze kidev ufro dabla. saqmis gamoZiebisaTvis moskovidan Camovida centraluri komitetis specialuri komisia da larionovma sakuTar kabinetSi Tavi moikla. da mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom xruSCovma garkveul donemde Seamcira kolmeurneTa siRatake da gauxareli cxovreba. amasTan, man soflis meurneoba daabruna da CarTo politikis sferoSi magram man es RonisZiebebi gaatara sabWoTa politikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel hipertropul formebSi, igi yovelTvis azviadebda da TaviT gadaeSvebodaxolme politikis im sferoSi, sadac mdgomareoba savalalo iyo. Tqma ar unda, rom xruSCovis am Secdomebis gamo qveyanam Zalian Zvirad zRo. 1962 w. mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda gaeZvirebina fasebi kvebis produqtebze, ris gamoc zogierT qalaqSi daiwyo mosaxleobis iseTi gamosvlebi, romlis msgavsic qveyanas ar enaxa samoqalaqo omis Semdeg. Tanac 1963 w. gvalvisa da simindis kampaniis damangreveli Sedegebis gamo marcvleulis mosavalma sul 107 mln t. Seadgina (1953 wlamde es iqneboda

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didi miRweva marcvleuli kulturebis warmoebaSi, magram maSin yvela am mosavals adarebda ara stalinis periods, aramed xruSCovis dapirebebs, rom miiRebda mosavals 170180 mln t. odenobiT). ukve adreul Semodgomaze ukrainaSi, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris beRels warmoadgenda, gaCnda puris rigebi. male adamianebi moedvnen moskovsa da leningrads, sadac puriT momarageba ukeTesi iyo. axsovda ra wina wlis saxalxo gamosvlebi, xruSCovma miiRo uprecedento gadawyvetileba, rom xeli exlo oqros maragisa da savaluto rezervebisaTvis sazRvargareT xorblis SesaZenad. ruseTma pirvelad Tavisi istoriis manZilze daiwyo marcvleulis importi. es iyo xruSCovisaTvis uzarmazari damcireba, man damarcxeba ganicada swored im sferoSi, romelsac igi Tavis specialobad Tvlida. Tavis mmarTvelobis bolo wlebSi xruSCovi sul ufro kargavda avtoritetsa da popularobas rogorc Tavis kolegebSi, ise xalxSi. magram es sabolood gamoaSkaravda misi gadayenebis Semdeg. misma axlobelma kolegebma dakarges moTminebis unari im partiuli da saxelmwifo aparatis ganuwyveteli reorganizaciebis gamo, romelic maT cxovrebas mousvenarsa da SfoTians xdida da araviTar upiratesobas ar iZleoda. isini mividnen daskvnamde, rom xruSCovis agraruli politika iZleoda uares Sedegebs, vidre mosalodneli iyo. maSinac ki, rodesac politika iyo swori, misi dadebiTi xasiaTi araraobamde daiyvaneboda misi gazviadebuli xasiaTiT. 1963 wlis mosavlis uaRresad dabali done amis natel dadasturebas warmoadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelaze mtkice stalinistebi daamxes 1957 wels, partiis sxva liderebs sruli safuZveli gaaCndaT im fiqrisaTvis, rom destalinizaciis politika wavida sakmaod Sors da ukve emuqreboda partiis xelmZRvanel rols, gansakuTrebiT mecnierebis, kulturisa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoebSi. samxedroebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen samxedro xarjebis SemcirebiT da oficrebis TadarigSi gaSvebiT. Tanac maT kargad esmodaT, rom xruSCovis saraketo politikam Tavisi gamousadegroba aCvena karibis krizisis dros, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri damcirebul iqna, radgan ar gaaCnda saTanado Zalebi epasuxa amerikelebis mier dawesebul kubis blokadaze. umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebs, romelTa mdgomareoba axla ufro ukeTesi iyo, vidre stalinis dros, surdaT ufro meti Tavisuflebis miReba da ukmayofiloni iyvnen partiis sporaduli da winaswarganuWvreteli XarevebiT maT profesiul saqmianobaSi. muSebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen imiT, rom xruSCovis dros gauqmda kvebis produqtebze fasebis yovelwliuri Semcireba, Semdeg ki daiwyo maTi gaZvireba. glexebi da yvelani, vinc soflis meurneobastan iyvnen dakavSirebulni, xruSCovs miiCnevdnen damnaSaved soflis siRatakisa da demoralizaciis gamo, agreTve im produqtebis importis gamo, romlis warmoebac qveyanas Tavisuflad SeeZlo. da bolos, adamianebi grZnobdnen, rom xruSCovma Tavi warmoaCina pirovnebad, romelic ar Seesabameboda didi saxelmwifos moRvawis maRal Tanamdebobas: epizodma, romelsac adgili hqonda 1960 w. gaeros generaluri asambleis sxdomaze, rodesac xruSCovma romeliRac orators gaawyvetina sityva da daiwyo fexsacmlis braxuni magidaze, mZime STabeWdileba moaxdina sabWoTa adamianebze (Tanac amis Sesaxeb maT gaiges ara sabWoTa sainformacio saSualebebidan, aramed dasavleTis radiosadgurebis gadacemebidan). yvelas esmoda, rom es iyo uaRresad damamcirebeli qveynisaTvis da Zirs scemda mis prestiJs msoflio sazogadoebriobis TvalSi. 1964 w. 14 oqtombers Catarda centraluri komitetis plenumi, romelzedac xruSCovi saswrafod Camoiyvanes yirimidan, sadac is isvenebda. gamosvla iyo uaRresad mokle. igi warmoTqva suslovma, romelic faqtobrivad warmoadgenda xruSCovis mimarT sabraldebo daskvnas. Cavardnebi mis politikaSi iyo gazviadebuli, xolo warmatebebi saerTod ar iyo naxsenebi. suslovma xruSCovs brali dasdi sakuTari pirovnebis kultis SeqmnaSi, rom igi specialistobas Cemulobda yvela sferoSi da rom atarebda SecdomebiT savse sagareo politikas. xruSCovs aravin dauWira mxari. saolqo partiuli mdivnebis mZlavri falanga, romelmac mas 1957 w. dauWira mxari, amjerad dumda da gamovida mis winaaRmdeg. maSin igi maTi usafrTxoebis garants warmoadgenda, axla ki TviT daemuqra maT keTildREobas Tavisi gauTavebeli eqsperimentebiTa da reorganizaciebiT. Tanac xruSCovma nebsiT Tu uneblied gamoanTavisufla is sazogadoebrivi zalebi, romelic SeiZleba maTTvis Zalian saSiSi yofiliyo. da mainc zogierTi ucxoeli istorikosis TvaliT danaxuli xruSCovi miiCneva gamoCenil saxelmwifo moRvawed. ufro metad, vidre sxva vinmes misi kolegebidan, mas

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esmoda im saSinao problemebis mTeli seriozuloba, romlebic qveynis winaSe idga. misi cdebi, rom gadaeWra es problemebi, gamoirCeoda TviTnebobiTa da uxeSobiTac ki. ufro metic, igi TviTanac bolomde ver ganTavisuflda politikis stalinuri meTodebisagan, romel sferosac ar unda Sexeboda igi. miuxedavad amisa, man qveyana ufro mococxlebuli da Secvlili datova, vidre misi winamorbedis dros. TviT is faqti, rom igi Tanamdebobidan gaanTavisufles (marTalia SeTqmulebis gziT) da cocxali datoves, ukve bevr rameze miuTiTebda. sabWoTa sazogadoeba ganviTarebuli socializmis epoqaSi Tumca stalinis periodis sisastikeebi warsuls Cabarda, magram amis Tqma ar SeiZleboda qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gasaidumloebebze. xruSCovis gadayenebam satanado asaxva ver hpova masmediaSi, igi aixsneboda xansazmuli asakiTa da Seryeuli janmrTelobiT. amis Semdeg misi saxeli saerTod aRar iyo aRarsad naxsenebi, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT mokle cnobas misi gardacvalebis Sesaxeb 1971 wels. marTalia, viRac ucnob adamianebs gazeTebis mowinave werilebSi brals debdnen gauazrebel proJeqtiorobaSi, administraciuli meTodebiT gatacebaSi, mecnierebis miRwevebis arasrulad gamoyenebaSi, magram am miniSnebebidan gamWriaxi adamiani mixvdeboda, rom axali xelmZRvaneloba apirebda saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi stabilurobis aRdgenas da momavalSi pragmatulad da gaazrebulad saqmianobas. ZiriTad saSinao problemad, romelsac axali xelmZRvaneloba Seejaxa, iyo direqtiuli dagegmarebis Sedegebi, romelic daiwyo 30-ian wlebSi da kvlav aRdga omisSemdgom periodSi. amastan dakavSirebuli yvela siZnele kargad iyo warmoCenili konfidencialur moxsenebaSi, romelic gaakeTa novosibirskis ekonomikuri institutis direqtorma abel aganbegianma 1965 w. ivnisSi. aganbegianma aRniSna, rom sabWoTa ekonomikis zrdis tempebma Seneleba iwyes maSin, rodesac aSS ekonomika aRmavlobis gzaze imyofeboda. sabWoTa ekonomiks zogierTi seqtorebi _ binaTmSenebloba, soflis meurneoba, momsaxureoba, sacalo vaWroba iyo uaResad CamorCenili da ar viTardeboda saTanado tempebiT. am warumateblobis mizezebs aganbegiani xedavda Tavdacvis saWiroebisaTvis kolosaluri resursebis gamoyofaSi (misi gamoTvlebiT, mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebuli 100 mln kacidan 30-40 mln. dakavebuli iyo samxedro warmoebis sferoSi). meore mizezi, aganbegianis azriT, mdgomareobda warsulis gadmonaSTebSi, rac gamoixateboda ekonomikur sferoSi ukiduresi centralizaciiT da arasakmarisi demokratiiT. Semdeg igi amtkicebda, rom Tanamedrove rTul sazogadoebaSi ar SeiZleba yvelafris dagegmareba, radgan ar SeiZleba yvela SemTxveviTi movlenis da maTi potenciuri gavlenis gaTvaliswineba. magaliTad, is gegmac ki, romelsac centraluri organoebi adgendnen, ar SeiZleboda Sesrulebuliyo saTanado doneze, radgan ar iyo sakmarisi informacia da Tanamedrove gamoTvliTi teqnika. rogorc SeniSnavda aganbegiani, centralur statistikur sammarTveloSi ar iyo arc erTi gamomTvleli manqana da rom isini arc apirebdnen mis SeZenas. ekonomikis xelmZRvanelobis did nakls warmoadgenda agreTve misi gasaidumloeba. aganbegiani aRniSnavda, rom mraval ekonomikur maCvenebels is da misi kolegebi pouloben amerikul JurnalebSi da ar SeuZliaT maTi miReba centraluri statistikuri sammarTvelodan. amgvarad, misi azriT, ekonomika viTardeboda araproporciulad: saqonlisa da samuSao Zalis rezervebis Seqmna, romelic gankuTvnili unda yofiliyo gauTvaliswinebeli SemTxveviTobis Tavidan asacileblad da usargeblo saqonlis warmoeba mxolod gegmis Sesasruleblad, Tavis asaxvas poulobda uxeS raodenobriv maCveneblebSi. mosaxleobas ugrovdeboda gamouyenebeli fulis masa, radgan ver iZenda saWiro saqonels. amis gamo Zlierdeboda inflacia da yvaoda Savi bazari. ukve 1953 w. malenkovma wamoayena winadadeba, rom gadexedaT tradiciuli prioritetebisaTvis da meti kapitaldabandebebi miemarTaT samomxmareblo saqonlis sawarmoeblad (b jgufis mrewveloba, rogorc maSin uwodebdnen) da ara m Zime mrewvelobaSi (a jgufis mrewveloba). maSin am saqmidan araferi gamovida, nawilobriv imitom, rom samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoeba nomenklaturul ierarqiaSi nakleb prestiJulad iTvleboda, radgan am saqonlis momxmareblebi iyvnen ufro mravalricxovanni, daqsaqsulebi da heterogenuli: maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba ar SeiZleboda ubralod sawarmoo gegmebis gazrdiT. xruSCovis cdebi moexdina ekonomikis xelmZRvanelobis decentralizacia miznad isaxavda sistemis ufro

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mgrZnobiared gaxdoma momxmareblebis moTxovnilebebis mimarT, magram sinamdvileSi amas saqmis ufro metad garTuleba moyva. ministrTa sabWos axalma Tavmjdomarem a. kosiginma 1965 w. am problemis sxvagvarad gadaWra scada. man gaiTvaliswina aganbegianis da sxva ekonomistTa SeniSvnebi. man xelaxla Seqmna xruSCovis mier gauqmebuli centralizebuli samrewvelo saministroebi, magram, amastan erTad, Seecada dagegmarebis meqanizmi ufro moqnili gaexada. gegmis Sesruleba amieridan samrewvelo maCveneblebiT ki ar gamoixateboda, aramed realizebuli produqciis moculobiT e.i. mxedvelobaSi miiReboda mxolod is, rac gayiduli iyo. amgvarad gaCnda mcireodeni saxsrebi, romelTa gamoyenebac SeiZleboda kapitaluri danadgarebis Sesasyidad, arar iyo saWiro sawarmosaTvis zedmeti nedleulis maragis Seqmna, da saerTod, sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelebma miiRes maT xelSi arsebuli mogebis Tavisuflad gankargvis ufleba _ SeeZloT misi gamoyeneba muSebisaTvis xelfasis gasazrdelad, socialuri fondebisaTvis, axali kapitaldabandebebisaTvis da a.S. magram mraval mizezTa gamo kosiginis reformebma kraxi ganicada. jer erTi, im SesaZleblobebis srulad gamoyenebisaTvis, romelsac reforma iZleoda, sawarmoebs TviT unda daewesebinaT fasebi Tavis produqciaze, risi uflebac maT ar miecaT. garda amisa, maT gacilebiT meti uflebebi sWirdebodaT muSaTa dasaqmebis sferoSi, pirvelyovlisa es exeboda zedmeti muSaxelis, an cudad momuSave muSebis sawarmodan daTxovnis uflebas. aseTi ufleba sammarTvelo aparats mieca, magram uaRresad SezRudul farglebSi. Tanac administracia waawyda did winaaRmdegobas zedmeti muSaxelis daTxovnis saqmeSi profkavSirebis da nawilobriv partiuli aparatis mxridan. imave dros,, partiis liderebi, SeSinebulebi novoCerkaskis movlenebiT, Zalian frTxilad ekidebodnen ukve ukmayofilebis gamovlenas muSaTa mxridan da mxars ar uWerdnen im administracias, romelsac zedmeti muSaxelis daTxovna surda. amasTan kosiginis reformebis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis Sedegi unda yofiliyo mrewvelobaSi axali teqnologiebis danergva. magram ekonomikaSi, sadac warmateba izomeboda sagegmo monacemebis yovelwliuri SesrulebiT, amis miRweva Zalian Zneli iyo. axali teqnologiebi da SromiTi Cvevebi moiTxovda garkveul dros maT dasaufleblad da amitomac SeiZleboda gamoewvia produqciis warmoebis droebiTi Semcireba. Tu gegmiuri wlis dasasruls teqnikuri siaxleebis gamoyeneba ver faravda danakargs, romelic aucileblad warmoiSoboda maTi danergvis dros, sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelebs ar surdaT riskze wasvla da am axal novaciebTan dakavSireba. magram kosiginis reformebis marcxis ZiriTadi mizezi mainc iyo partiuli mdivnebis da saministroTa moxeleebis winaaRmdegoba, radganac reforma emuqreboda kontrols ekonomikis mmarTvelobaze. Cexoslovakiis 1968 wlis movlenebma xeli Seuwyo opoziciis SekavSirebas da Sesabamisad, reformebis CaSlas. 1960-iani wlebis miwurulidan da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisidan qveynis liderebi cdilobdnen ekonomikis aRorZinebis alternatiuli gzebis moZebnas. erTis mxriv, maT amoqaCes gegmiuri ekonomika da moaxdines ra misi kompiuterizacia, mas ufro moqnili xasiaTi misces. meores mxriv, novaciis naklebobis Sevseba xdeboda dasavleTSi axali teqnologiebis SesyidviT. mRavali TvalsazrisiT es iyo im politikisaken Semobruneba, romelsac sirTuleebis dros mimarTavda sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba. stalini aketebda igives industrializaciis dros 30-ian wlebSi da omis dros. xruSCovi sazRvargareT yidulobda mineralur sasuqebs, radgan maT did mniSvnelobas aniWebda da esmoda, rom is, rac sabWoTa kavSirs gaaCnda, iyo uaRresad primitiuli. xruSCovis Semdegdroindelma xelmZRvanelobam es praqtika gaavrcela mrewvelobis im dargebze, sadac SeiniSneboda CamorCeniloba teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT. am dargebs ganekuTvneboda gemTmSenebloba, manqanaTmSenebloba, sinTetikuri qimia, gemo-kvebis mrewveloba, navTobisa da gazis mopoveba. dasavleTis firmebi, zogjer, xalisiTac ki monawileobdnen erTobliv proeqtebSi, radgan sabWota kavSirs gaaCnda uzarmazari potenciuri bazari da iafi da damjere muSaxeli. yvelaze msxvili amgvari proeqti iyo kontraqti italiur saavtomobilo firma fiatTan saavtomobilo qarxnis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT volgaze, qalaq toliatSi, romelsac es saxeli ewoda italiis kompartiis gardacvlili lideris palmiro toliatis sapativsacemod. es qarxana iZleoda saSualebas sabWoTa bazarze gaetana saojaxo avtomobili. am garigebis erTerTi metad mniSvnelovani Sedegi iyo is, rom mravalma sabWoTa adamianma miiRo dasavleTis sazogadoebriobis warmomadgenlebTan Sexvedris saSualeba.. sxvadasxva vadiT toliatSi Camovida

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daaxloebiT 2500 dasavleTeli specialisti da daaxloebiT amdenive sabWoTa inJinerma da teqnikosma gaiara momzadeba italiaSi. es ukve imias niSnavda, rom patara xvreli, romelic 50-iani wlebis Sua periodidan gaCnda rkinis fardaSi, gafarTovda: sabWoTa sazRvrebi ixsneboda saerTaSoriso gacvlebisaTvis da ara marto teqnikis, aramed mecnierebis, kulturisa da turizmis sferoebSi. saerTod, sazRvargareT gamgzavrebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT dasavleTis qveynebSi, sabWoTa adamianebs unda gaevloT metad mZime da zogjer damamcirebeli Semowmeba partiis xaziT da suk-Si. miuxedavad amisa, 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis sabWoTa kavSiri, im drois ganmavlobaSi, romelic daaxloebiT erTi Taobis cxovrebis periods udrida, gaxda saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis wevri, rasac ver vityodiT stalinizmis periodze. sabWoTa moqalaqeebze dasavleTis, an burJuaziuli ideebisa da Cvevebis zemoqmedeba, romelic am movlenebis Sedegi iyo, mudmivad aSfoTebda sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas. adamianebidan, romlebmac gadaayenes xruSCovi, yvela ar iyo reformatori ekonomikis sferoSi. maT Soris iyo TiTo orola orTodoqsic, isetebi, rogorebic iyvnen mixeil suslovi, romelic partiis mTavar ideologad iTvleboda da aleqsandre Selepini, suk-is yofili Tavmjdomare. dadioda xmebi, rom TiTqos Selepins surda daaxloebiT aTasamde inteleqtualis dapatimreba, imaTi, visi saxelic yvelaze metad ukavSirdeboda xruSCovisdroindel daTbobas kulturis sferoSi da amgvarad, erTxel da samudamod, moespo ideologiuri yelyelaoba. cnobili mwerlebis danielisa da siniavskis dapatimreba 1965 w. seqtemberSi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorc pirveli nabiji am mimarTulebiT. magram politbiuros (prezidiums xelaxla gadaarqves saxeli) wevrTa umravlesobis TavSi mogonebebi stalinsa da beriaze jer kidev cocxlobda, rom wasuliyvnen riskze da gamoecocxlebinaT terori. amitomac Selepini, rogorc saSiSi adamiani, gadaiyvanes centraluri komitetis mdivnobidan SedarebiT mSvid profkavSirebis lideris Tanamdebobaze. leonid breJnevs, romelmac xruSCovis Semdeg daikava partiis centraluri komitetis mdivnis gamonTavisuflebuli savarZeli, misi kolegebi Tavdapirvelad miiCnevdnen rogorc droebiT, gardamaval figurad. magram male gamoirkva, rom swored is iyo is adamiani, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameboda ganwyobilebebs politbiurosa da centralur komitetSi. man male mouRo bolo xruSCovis warumatebel wamowyebebs soflis meurneobis, ganaTlebis, ekonomikisa da partiuli aparatis mmarTvelobis saqmeSi da gamoacxada kadrebis stabilurobis principi. es ki imas niSnavda, rom umaRlesi da saSualo rgolis partiul-saxelmwifoebrivi aparatis cxovreba amieridan ufro komfortuli gaxdeboda. gulCvili da iumoris grZnobis mqone breJnevi aRmoCnda tipur SemTanxmebeli lideri, romelsac SeeZlo momrigeblis rolis TamaSi dapirispirebul jgufebs Soris, maSinac ki, rodesac es ar iyo dakavSirebuli garkveuli politikuri xazis gatarebastan. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi igi warmatebiT aqcevda izolaciaSi potenciur mtoqeebs da imaRles Tanamdebobebze ayavda Tavisi proteJeebi da misi erTguli adamianebi. yovelive es ki keTdeboda mefuri gulzviadobiT: gavida Tormeti Tu TxuTmeti weli, vidre is gaxdeboda namdvili beladi, romelsac sakuTari kulti exvia garSemo. 1977 w., iyo ra generaluri mdivani (stalinis msgavsad, amgvarad gadaakeTa man pirveli mdivnis Tanamdeboba), igi damatebiT gaxda umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis Tavmjdomare (faqtobrivad prezidenti _ g.b.) da xelT igdo saxelmwifos partiuli da saxelmwifo xelmZRvaneloba. breJnevma sakutari Tavi daawinaura samxedro saqmeSic, gaxda ra sabWoTa kavSiris marSali da maSasadame ssrk SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsardali. igi iyo agreTve Tavdacvis sabWos Tavmjdomare. man memuarebic gamoaqveyna, risTvisac miiRo leninuri premia literaturis dargSi. breJnevisaTvis premiis gadacemis dros mweralTa kavSiris Tavmjdomarem giorgi markovma ganacxada, rom popularobisa da aRmzrdelobiTi TvalsazrisiT leonid ilias-Zis wignebs badali ar gaaCniao. imis gamosacdelad, Tu raoden monoliTuri iyo sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba Signidan, gaxda ara movlenebi sabWoTa kavSiris SigniT, aramed, rogorc es xSirad imperiebSi xdeba, koliziebi erTerT satelit qveyanaSi _ CexoslovakiaSi. daagviana ra destalinizacia 1956 wels, Cexoslovakiis partiulma xelmZRvanelobam aRmosavleT evropis sxva qvenebTan SedarebiT sakmaod gvian mohkida xeli am saqmes, magram rogorc Cans sakmaod garkveviT da Tanmimdevrulad. procesma kulminacias miaRwia centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis, stalinist novotnis moxsniT plenumze 1968 wlis ianvarSi.

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novotni Secvala slovakma komunistma aleqsandre dubCekma, romelic omis periodfSi imyofeboda moskovSi da romelic breJnevis pirovnebaSi xedavda, yovel SemTxvevaSi Tavdapirvelad, iseT adamians, romelic yvelaze ukeT miesadageboda reformebis warmatebiT dasrulebas. 1956 wlis ungreTisagan gansxvavebiT, CexoslovakiaSi reformebis ganxorcielebis mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgenda ara marto inteleqtualebi, aramed partiuli aparatic. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi centraluri komitetis ganyofileba amzadebda moxsenebas imaze, Tu romeli politikuri struqtura miesadageboda yvelaze metad Tanamedrove sazogadoebasa da ekonomikas. arsebitad, misi avtorebi cdilobdnen ufro sistemurad da mofiqrebulad gaetarebinaT is, ris ganxorcielebasac apirebda xruSCovi misTvis damaxasiaTebeli impulsuri maneriT. isini cdilobdnen partiis ZalauflebisaTvis axali sayrdenis Seqmnas epoqaSi, rodesac masobrivi terori ukve SeuZlebeli iyo, xolo sazogadoeba da ekonomika ufro rTuli gaxda, vidre socialisturi saxelmwifos arsebobis pirvel wlebSi. am moxsenebis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo Cexoslovakiis kompartiis moqmedebis programa, romelic 1968 w. aprilSi gamoqveynda. mis Sesaval nawilSi iyo sityvebi, romelmac jer kidev 1950 w. dasabami misca iugoslaviis reformebs: rom TiToeuli xalxi Tavisi sakuTari gziT midis socializmamde. programa aseve aRiarebda, rom ganviTarebuli socializmis sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba arsebobdes sawinaaRmdego interesebi, magram iqve naTqvami iyo, rom mTavari klasobrivi brZola ukve mogebulia, da amitomac SeiZleba am interesebis formireba sazogadoebriv institutebad, romlebic erTmaneTTan SejibrebaSi ebmebian saerTo politikuri forumis CarCoebSi, da rom igi aRar emuqreba sazogadoebas. es Canasaxovani pluralizmi gamoirCeoda demokratiis xruSCoviseuli gagebisagan, romelic gulisxmobda masebisa da partiis erTianobas, romelic gamoyvanili iyo rogorc xalxis interesebis gamomxatveli. Tu daviwyebT Cexoslovakiis reformebis winamorbedTa Ziebas, isini SeiZleba moinaxos 50-iani wlebis zogierT iugoslaviel TeoretikosTan, ufro adre ki 20-iani wlebis buxarinis SromebSi. programaSi aseve gakeTebuli iyo daskvna, rom ekonomikis efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro iyo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis decentralizacia da mewarmeobisaTvis Zlieri materialuri stimulebis Seqmna. es ki Zalian waagavda imas, risi gaketebac undoda kosigins. moqmedebis programa Seicavda ramdenime politikur winadadebas, romelTa gamoc mogvianebiT gaimarTa diskusiebi. dokumenti iZleoda rekomendacias, rom Tanmimdevrulad gaetarebinaT socialisturi kanonierebis principebi da uzrunveleyoT ukanonobisa da xelisuflebis metismetad koncentraciis sawinaaRmdego garantiebi. am mizniT xalxs unda miscemoda gaerTianebebis Seqmnisa da Tavisi nebis Tavisuflad gamoxatvis ufleba. specialurad ganixileboda sakiTxi saxalxo frontis (1948 wlis fiqtiuri koalicia) Sesaxeb, sadac TiToeul masSi Semaval partias unda hqonoda SedarebiTi avtonomia. rogor unda Sexamebodaes partiis xelmZRvanel rols, romelic gamocxadebuli iyo programaSi, arsad ar iyo ganmartebuli. cenzura unda gauqmebuliyo, xolo mecnierebis, kulturisa da xelovnebisaTvis SeeqmnaT iseTi pirobebi, romelSic maT marTlac SeeZloT ganviTareba. es aucilebeli iyo ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis da ZiriTadi adamianuri moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. 1968 wlis gazafxulze aRmocenda ramdenime politikuri miznis mqone sazogadoebrivi jgufi. oficialurma komunisturma axalgazrdulma moZraobam nawilobriv dakarga mxardaWera universitetebSi. amis mizezi gaxda am organizaciis wevrebis masobrivi gadasvla universitetis studentTa damoukidebel kavSirSi, romelic Tavdapirvelad aRmocenda praRis universitetis filosofiis fakultetis studentebis gaerTianebis bazaze. am gaerTianebam gamoaqveyna moqmedebis sakuTari programa., romelic efuZneboda gaeros adamianis uflebaTa deklaracias. aseve Seiqmna klubi k-231, romelic aerTianebda yofil politpatimrebs (am klubma saxelwodeba miiRo sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis im muxlis mixedviT, romliTac isini iyvnen dapatimrebulebi). maTi ZiriTadi moTxovna iyo socialisturi kanonierebis ganmtkiceba, risTvisac isini moiTxovdnen yvela im danaSaulis gamoZiebas, romelic stalinis dros moxda. damoukidebel politikosTa klubma ganacxada, romwamoayenebda Tavis kandidatebs erovnuli asambleis Semdgom arCevnebSi. man aseve ganacxada damoukidebeli social-demokratiuli partiis aRdgenas, romelic 1948 wels ZaliT SeuerTes komunistur partias.

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damoukidebeli politikuri gancxadebebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo gancxadeba 2000 sityva, romelic dawera mweralma ludvik vakulikma da gamoqveynda 1968 wlis ivnisSi. igi qveyanas afrTxilebda, rom partia jerjerobiT dapirebas iZleva. Tu xalxs unda, rom saqme gakeTdes, igi ar unda daadges lodinis politikas, Tu rodis daiwyeben moqmedebas zedafenebi. xalxma Tavis xelSi unda aiRos saqme: es ubralo saqmea: ikribeba ramdenime adamiani, irCeven Tavmjdomares, weren oqms, aqveyneben TavianT daskvnebs, iTxoven maT Sesrulebas da ar uSindebian xelisuflebas. es iyo politikuri partiebis arsebobis sasargeblod edmund barkis klasikuri argumentebis sityva-sityviT gameoreba. bunebrivia, rom am mCqefare politikurma cxovrebam moskovSi Zlieri SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. da es SeSfoTeba kidev ufro metad gaZlierda, rodesac 1968 wlis 10 agvistos cexoslovakiis kompartiam gamoaqveyna Tavisi wesdebis axali proeqti, romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom partia mzad iyo wasuliyo daTmobaze da moexdina Tavisi Sinagani struqturis demokratizacia. partiuli muSakebi unda arCeuliyvnen faruli kenWisyriT. maT ar hqondaT ufleba Tanamdebobaze yofiliyvnen rva, gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi Tormet welze metxans. amas Ziri unda gamoeTxara nomenklaturuli sistemisaTvis. ufro metic, axali wesdeba cvlida 1921 wlis leninur principebs partiis erTianobis Sesaxeb. igi nebas aZlevda partiis SigniT calkeul jgufebs CamoeyalibebinaT da gamoeqveynebinaT Tavisi Sexedulebebi, umciresobis Sexedulebebi, maSinac ki, rodesac umravlesoba Rebulobda maT winaaRmdeg mimarTul dadgenilebas. arc xruSCovi da arc tito arasodes ar wavidodnen partiuli disciplinis aseT Sesustebaze. ara marto saxelmwifo, aramed partiac unda gamxdariyo federaciuli, ase rom, Cexebi da slovakebi Rebulobdnen Tanabar uflebebs. 1956 w.imre nadisagan gansxvavebiT, dubCeki amtkicebda, rom Cexoslovakia ar apirebda arc varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciidan gasvlas da arc socialisturi sistemis moSlas. miuxedavad amisa, 1968 w. 21 agvistos sabWoTa jarebma varSavis xelSekrulebis monawile qveynebis sajariso nawilebTan erTad moaxdines Cexoslovakiis okupacia. cudi politikuri xelmZRvanelobis gamo intervenciis Sedegebi maSinve ar iqna miRweuli: CexoslovakiaSi ar aRmoCnda Tavisi kadari, romelsac SeeZlo moskovis mxardaWeriT mmarTvelobis xelSi aReba. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam neba darTo dubCeksa da mis reformator TanamebrZolebs dabrunebuliyvnen qveyanaSi, magram winaswar daadebines xelSekruleba, romelic Cexoslovakiis xelmZRvanelobas avaldebulebda qveyanaSi politikuri cxovrebis normalizacias, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aRedginaT qveyanaSi nomenklaturuli elitis Zalaufleba. ZiriTadi mizezebi, ramac gamoiwvia intervencia CexoslovakiaSi, sakmaod srulad iyo axsnili mravalricxovan gancxadebebSi, romlebic gakeTda intervenciamde da mis Semdeg. maT Soris mTavari iyo SiSi, rom cenzuris Sesusteba da politikuri cxovrebis liberalizacia gamoiwvevda imas, rom kontrrevoluciuri Zalebis miiRebdnen ganuwyvetel mxardaWeras. sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba iyo gaognebuli da Seuracxyofili imiT, rom sruliad ukontrolod arsebobdnen jgufebi sakuTari politikuri programebiT da amasTan arsebobda arakomunisturi politikuri partiebis sruli aRorZinebis SesaZlebloba. maT ar esmodaT, Tu aseT pirobebSi rogor SeiZleboda partiis xelmZRvaneli rolis SenarCuneba. maT eCoTirebodaT cexoslovakiis gazetebSi iseTi gancxadebebis gamoqveyneba, rogoric iyo 2000 sityva. maT esmodaT Tu ra frTebs Seasxamda maT sakutar, sabWoTa disidentebs is movlenebi, romlebic CexoslovakiaSi iSleboda. maT aSinebdaT is magaliTi, romelsac iZleoda demokratizirebuli da federalizirebuli Cexoslovakiis komunisturi partia. petre Selesti, ukrainis kompartiis centraluri komitetis mdivani, SesaZlebelia wasuliyo daTmobaze Tavisi respublikis nacionalistebis winaSe, magram mas ar undoda kavSiris gawyveta moskovTan, romelic mas Zalauflebas aZlevda. amitomac igi aRmoCnda CexoslovakiaSi SeWris erTerTi mxurvale mxardamWeri. CexoslovakiaSi intervenciis dawyebis momenti eWvs ar iwvevs, rom sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba miznad isaxavda daeswro movlenebisaTvis, vidre moxdeboda personaluri gadaadgilebebi Cexoslovakiis xelmZRvanelobaSi, rac SeiZleba momxdariyo Cexoslovakiis komunisturi partiis yrilobaze, romelic seqtemberSi unda gamarTuliyo. Zveli gvardiis wevrebis umravlesoba, romlebsac moskovi endoboda, ueWvelia dakargavda Tanamdebobebs. maT adgils daikavebdnen reformebis momxreebi, romlebic am procesebs Seuqcevads gaxdidnen.

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seqtemberSi gazeT pravdaSi gakeTda gancxadeba, romelic amarTlebda intervencias. masSi kidev erTxel dadsturebuli iyo xruSCovis mier gamocxadebuli principi, rom TiToeuli xalxi midis socializmisaken sakuTari gziT, magram mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli amgvari gzis arCevis Tavisufleba, _ is ar unda damuqreboda socializms TviT qveyanaSi, sxva socialisturi qveynebis fuZemdeblur interesebsa da saerTaSoriso muSaTa moZraobas, romelic socializmisaTvis ibrZoda. aqedan gamomdinareobda is, rom Tuki amgvari saSiSroeba aRmoCendeboda, sxva socialistur qveynebs hqondaT ufleba da valdebulebi iyvnen SeWriliyvnen aseT qveyanaSi da ZaliT moexsnaT es safrTxe. sabWoTa kavSirs da sxva socialistur qveynebs, _ naTqvami iyo Semdeg gancxadebaSi, _ asrulebdnen ra TavianT internacionalur movaleobas Zmuri Cexoslovakieli xalxis winaSe da icavdnen maT monapovars, unda emoqmedaT da imoqmedes kidec antisocialisturi Zalebis winaaRmdeg CexoslovakiaSi. am deklaraciam, romelmac sul mokle xanSi breJnevis doqtrinis saxelwodeba miiRo, iqca fuZemdeblur teqstad, romelic gansazRvravda mis urTierTobebs mis mokavSire qveynebTan. es niSnavda imas, rom sabWoTa kavSiri SesaZleblad Tvlida sxva qveynebSi SeWras da iq socializmis sakuTari modelis damkvidrebas. sabWoTa masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi gansakuTrebiT mkacrad akritikebdnen ota Siks, Cexoslovakiis premier-ministris moadgiles. igi iyo ekonomikuri reformis arqiteqtori, romelic iTvaliswinebda ekonomikis marTvis decentralizacias, Semosavlebis cifruli maCveneblebis gamoyenebas sagegmo maCveneblebis dasadgenad da araefeqturi firmebisaTvis saxelmwifo dotaciebis moxsnas. am cvlilebaTa mizans warmoadgenda mwarmoeblurobis gazrda da sawarmoTa iZuleba, rom yuradRebiT mokidebodnen momxmarebelTa moTxovnebs. es zalian hgavda im reformebs, romelTa gatarebac sabWoTa kavSirSi surda kosigins 1965 wels, magram iyo ufro radikaluri. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas yvelaze metad is aSfoTebda, rom am reformebis politikuri Sedegebis garda, Cexoslovakiis kompartia, skkp-sagan gansxvavebiT, amas Seiswavlida yovelmxriv da yovelgvari SezRudvebis gareSe. qarxnebSi sruli svliT mimdinareobda eqsperimentebi, romlebic muSebs aZlevda qmediTi monawileobis uflebas warmoebis marTvaSi. ramdenadac cudad momuSave sawarmoebi SeiZleboda daxuruliyo, muSebs uCndeboda pirdapiri interesi, rom ar daeSvaT es. sruliad aSkaraa, rom swored Cexoslovakiis movlenebi gaxda imis mizezi, rom kosiginis reformebi, romlebic xeirianad arc ki iyo dawyebuli, maSinve Sewyvites. Tumca oficialurad amis Sesaxeb ar iyo gamocxadebuli. iseve, rogorc 1956 w. ungreTSi, swored muSebma gauwies seriozuli winaaRmdegoba sabWoTa okupacias. qarxana Ckd-s muSebma, romelic praRis gareuban visoCaniSi mdebareobda, moiwvies kompartiis XIV yrilobis delegatebi TavianT saamqroebSi (intervenciam daaswro yrilobis muSaobis dawyebas), sadac yriloba saidumlo viTarebaSi muSaobda. Tavis rezoluciaSi yrilobam dagmo okupacia, datova dubCeki pirveli mdivnis Tanamdebobaze da airCia centraluri komiteti, romelic mTlianad reformatorebisagan Sedgeboda. magram sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis mier Tavsmoxveuli xelSekrulebiT SezRuduli dubCeki iZulebuli iyo moexdina yrilobis gadawyvetilebata dezavuireba. grZeldeboda muSaTa sabWoebis Seqmna, romlebmac formalurad mainc SeinarCunes administraciis kontrolis ufleba SeWris Semdgom ramdenime TveSi. socialisturi sawarmos TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb kanonis srulma proeqtma mzis sinaTle ixila mxolod 1969 w. ianvarSi, rodesac arsebiTad yvelaferi ukve garkveuli iyo. muSaTa sabWoebis uflebebi TandaTanobiT ikveceboda qarxnebis partiuli administraciis mier. sabolood isini akrZales 1970 wlis ivlisSi im motiviT, rom isini cdilobdnen centralizebuli dagegmvis gauqmebas, komunisturi partiis, socialisturi saxelmwifosa da profesiuli kavSirebis gavlenis Sesustebas erovnuli ekonomikis marTvaSi. sazogadoebaSi normalizaciis anu nomenklaturis mmarTvelobis aRdgenis procesi mimdinareobda Zalian nela. 1969 w. aprilSi dubCeki pirveli mdivnis Tanamdebobaze Secvala moskovisaTvis ufro misaRebma gustav husakma. reformatorebi saTiTaod moaciles umaRles partiul da saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs da umniSvnelo adgilebze gadayavdaT sadRac provinciebSi.(magaliTad, dubCeki gaxda tyismcveli slovakeTSi). Cexoslovakiis movlenebis ZiriTadi moqmedi pirebis saCvenebeli sasamarTlo procesebi ar Catarebula, magram iyo meorexarisxovani pirebis sasamarTlo procesebi. partiaSi gatarda saguldagulo wmenda: TiToeuli misi wevri gadioda gasaubrebas

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Semmowmebel komisiaSi, sadac wevrebs saguldagulod dakiTxavdnen 1968 wlis movlenebSi monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT. amis Sedegad Cexoslovakiis kompartiis milionnaxevari wevridan daaxloebiT mesamedi gairicxa partiidan an nebayoflobiT datova igi. analogiuri gasaubrebebi tardeboda sxva sferoebSic, gansakuTrebiT imaTSi, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo ganaTlebastan, kulturasTan da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebTan. mravali adamiani iqna daTxovnili samuSaodan. organizaciebi, romlebic Zlier iyvnen daavadebulni am Savi WiriT, magaliTad, mweralTa kavSiri an mecnierebaTa akademiis filosofiis instituti, ubralod daxures, an SeuerTes sxva dawesebulebebs im dromde, vidre SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda maTi damoukideblobis aRdgena morCili marionetebis xelmZRvanelobiT. Cexoslovakiis movlenebma gamoiwvia is, romsabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba Seejaxa undoblobas inteleqtualebis mxridan, gansakuTrebiT humanitarebisa da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis specialistTa mxridan. igive SeiZleba iTqvas reformatori ekonomistebis sesaxeb. aman Tavisi kvali daamCnia breJnevis mTavrobis mTel momdevno politikas, Tumca samarTlianoba imis aRniSvnasac moiTxovs, rom Zveli tendenciebi mainc sjabnida siaxles. 1960-iani wlebis Sua xanebisaTvis, sazogadoeba, romelsac safuZveli stalinma Cauyara, Camoyalibda srulad _ uaRresad ierarqiuli, stabiluri da konservatuli.. es niSan-Tvisebebi gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi gaxda axla, rodesac wmendebiT, omiT, urbanizaciiTa da socialuri mobilurobiT gamowveuli mZlavri ryevebi warsulSi darCa. Tu gamoviyenebT politolog t.h. rigbis uxeS, magram zust termins, mas SeiZleba vuwodoT erTi organizaciis sazogadoeba (one organisational society). Aaq mxedvelobaSia miRebuli, rom es iyo erTiani didi organizacia, romelsac marTavda partiulsaxelmwifo aparati, romlis Stab-binac imyofeboda partiis centralur komitetSi, moskovSi staraia ploSadis moedanze mdebare SenobaSi. mmarTvelobis nimenklaturuli sistemis meSveobiT, romelic im droisaTvis daixvewa da maRalganviTarebuli gaxda, centraluri komiteti akontrolebda yvela met-naklebad mniSvnelovan Tanamdebobas saqmianobis nebismier sferoSi, axdenda Tavisi rwmunebebis delegirebas qvemdebare partiuli organizaciebisadmi, romlebic igive politikas axorcielebdnen ierarqiuli kibis ufro dabal safexurze. Nnebismieri qarxana, sawarmo, umaRlesi saswavlebeli, satransporto sawarmo, kolmeurneoba, savaWro struqtura _ mokled, nebismier samuSao adgils gaaCnda Tavisi rangi am ierarqiul sistemaSi. Ees SeiZleboda yofiliyo sakavSiro mniSvnelobis, an respublikuri, saolqo,an saqalaqo mniSvnelobis Tanamdeboba. muSebisa da mosamsaxureebis xelfasi icvlebda am rangebis Sesabamisad, iseve rogorc xelmZRvanelobis privilegiebi da Semosavali. Aam rangTa Sesaxeb tabelis Sesabamisad kmayofildeboda agreTve sawarmoTa moTxovnebi danadgarebsa da muSaxelze. Sesabamis safexurebze iyo Camorigebuli qveynis mosaxleobac. Ees xorcieldeboda stalinis mier SemoRebuli sacxovreblad Caweris meSveobiT. Yyvelaze maRali iyo moskovis mcxovrebTa statusi, sadac SeiZleboda yvelaze kargi samsaxuris, saukeTeso umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba, xolo sursaTi, saxalxo moxmarebis sagnebi da momsaxureoba uaRresad xelmisawvdomi iyo. Aaq SesaZlebeli iyo ucxoelebTan kontaqtebis damyareba, an im sabWoTa moqalaqeebTan, romlebic xSirad dadiodnen dasavleTis qveynebSi da iqidan pirveli moxmarebis sagnebi CamohqondaT. ierarqiaSi meore adgili ekava leningrads (axlandeli peterburgi) da mokavSire respublikebis dedaqalaqebs, Semdeg ki, ufro qvemoT, qalaqebs, romelTa mosaxleobac 500 aTassa da ufro mets Seadgenda da gansakuTrebiT maT, sadac mdebareobda samxedro, kosmosuri mrewvelobis sawarmoebi, an maRal teqnologiebTan dakavSirebuli sawarmoebi, e.i. sakavSiro daqvemdebarebis sawarmoebi. aseTi qalaqebis macxovreblebs gaaCndaT raRac privilegiebi, magram ufro naklebi masStabebiT, vidre moskovelebs. Yyvela am qalaqSi SezRuduli iyo mosaxleobis zrda: milicia werda qalaqSi adamians mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki garkveuli rangis sawarmos xelmZRvaneli moitanda damarwmunebel sabuTebs, rom mas es kaci sWirdeboda. Cawera iyo ori formis _ droebiTi da mudmivi, rac damatebiT safexurs qmnida ierarqiul struqturaSi. brZolas imisaTvis, rom pirveli gadazrdiliyo meoreSi, SeiZleboda mravali weli dasWirveboda. pasportSi mexuTe punqts SeiZleboda gaerTulebina es procesebi, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi Tu iq ebraeli ewera. Yyvela am winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvisaTvis adamianebi xSirad aformebdnen qorwinebas iseT pirebTan, romlebsac ufro maRali klasis Cawera hqondaT: gamoricxuli araa, rom

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amgvari fiqtiuri qorwinebebi iseTive Cveulebrivi gaxda sabWoTa sazogadoebisaTvis, rogoric iyo angarebiTi qorwinebebi balzakis epoqis safrangeTSi. Cxovreba patara qalaqebSi an soflad, an sadRac provinciaSi, avtomaturad niSnavda, rom adamians gaaCnda yvelaze dabali socialuri statusi. iqidan gadasvla TbilisSi, kievSi an rigaSi, uaRresad rTuli iyo da mTlianad damokidebuli iyo xelmZRvanelobaze. moskovSi gadasvla faqtobrivad SeuZlebeli iyo. Yyvelaze cud mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen kolmeurneebi. maT pasportebic ki ar hqondaT, amitomac maT qalaqSi mxolod mokle xniT SeeZloT darCena. glexs erTaderTi pasportis moTxovna SeeZlo mxolod jarSi gawvevis SemTxvevaSi da isic mxolod mamakacebs exeboda, anda pasporti eZleodaT soflad macxovreblebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini miemgzavrebodnen specialuri an umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad. Amitomac gasakviri araferi ar iyo imaSi, rom es axalgazrda adamianebi yvela Rones xmarobdnen pasportebis SesanarCuneblad, imisaTvis, rom aRar dabrunebuliyvnen sofelSi da eSovaT samuSao qalaqad. Mmxolod 1974 wels miiRes glexebma pasportebi da meore batonymuri kanoni gauqmda. Socialuri piramidis umaRles safexurze imyofeboda partiul-saxelmwifo aparatis kadrebi. Mmecnier-muSakebs, romlebic sabWoTa politikas swavloben, axla aviwydebaT, rom es termini wminda samxedro warmoSobisaa. aseTive samxedro iyo TviT partiul-saxelmwifo kadrebis suliskvetebac, _ yovel SemTxvevaSi ierarqiuli struqtura da brZanebebi maT haeriviT sWirdebodaT. zogierTi TvalsazrisiT es maxasiaTebeli kidev ufro metad gaZlierda mas Semdeg, rac isini xruSCovma mudmivi SiSisagan gaanTavisufla. Mmiuxedavad amisa, xruSCovis mier partiul-saxelmwifo aparatis gauTavebelma reorganizaciebma ramdenadme daukarga maT Cveuli komforti da did usiamovnebas ayenebda: 1956 wlidan 1961 wlamde xruSCovma Secvala ministrTa sabWos,ck-is prezidiumis (politbiuros), saolqo komitetis mdivnebis personaluri Semadgenloba or mesamedze ufro metad. Seicvala agreTve centraluri komitetis naxevarze meti. xruSCovis memkvidreebma usiamovnebis es saganic mospes. breJnevis politikis lozungad iqca kadrebisadmi ndoba. Mman wesad aqcia minimaluri gadaadgilebebi partiul-saxelmwifoebriv doneze. 44% imaTgan, vinc 1966 wels centraluri komitetis wevri iyo, 1981 welsac Tavis Tanamdebobaze rCeboda. saSualod am sakvanZo organos muSaki Tavis Tanamdebobaze rCeboda oc welze meti, rac aRemateboda maqsimalurad dasaSveb vadas, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT xruSCoviseul partiuli muSakebis rotaciis programas. igive mizeziT 1962 wlidan 1982 wlamde centaraluri komitetis wevrTa saSualo asaki gaizarda ormocdaTeqvsmetidan samocdaxuT wlamde. ministrTa sabWoSi _ ormocdacxrametidan samocdacxra wlamde. 1970-iani wlebis bolosaTvis sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas Cveulebriv ukve gerontokratias uwodebdnen da dasavleTeli Jurnalistebi xSirad laparakobdnen sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebis janmrTelobaze Tu romelime maTgani raRac periodSi aRar Canda asparezze. breJnevis politikas unda uzrunveleyo adamianebi, romlebic imyofebodnen nomenklaturuli sistemis centrSi, centraluri komitetis wevrebi da centraluri komitetis ganyofilebaTa gamgeebi stabilurobisa da sakuTari Tavis rwmenis axali grZnobiT. Centraluri komitetis wevrebis sam meoTxeds 1981 w. Ekava umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi partiasa da saxelmwifoSi: 35% iyvnen respublikuri da saolqo donis centraluri komitetis mdivnebi, 9% _ centraluri komitetis ganyofilebaTa TanamSromlebi, 31% _ saministroTa TanamSromlebi. Saxelmwifo aparatis sxva nawilebidan gamosulTa raodenoba gacilebiT naklebi iyo: samxedroebi _ 7%, diplomatebi ) 4%, mecnierebi da kulturis moRvaweni _ 3%, sukisa da profkavSirebis TanamSromlebi _ or-ori procenti. danarCenebi sul umniSvnelo raodenobiT iyvnen warmodgenilebi. Sainteresoa centraluri komitetis wevrTa sxva monacemebic: mis wevrTa TiTqmis sami meoTxedi partiaSi Sesulebi iyvnen 1950 wlamde da maSasadame, Tavdapirveli, xSirad mniSvnelovanic ki, partiuli cxovrebis gamocdileba maT jer kidev stalinis dros miiRes. 82% maT Soris warmoSobiT iyvnen muSebi da glexebi, magram maT Soris 78%s gaaCnda umaRlesi ganaTleba; es ki imas niSnavda, rom maT brwyinvale kariera gaikeTes. maT gaikeTes warmatebuli kariera mas Semdeg, rac es procesi TandaTanobiT daqveiTda. 97% maT Soris mamakacebi iyvnen, rac mowmobs imas, rom miuxedavad yovelgvari emansipaciisa, qalebs ar SeeZloT xelisuflebis maRal eSelonebSi SeRweva. slavebi centraluri komitetis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen 86%, amaTgan rusebi iyvnen 67%, rac, procentuli TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad didi iyo qveynis sxva erovnebaTa warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT. 55% raRac drois ganmavlobaSi, _ Cveulebriv omis dros, _

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muSaobdnen samxedro an samxedro warmoebasTan dakavSirebul sferoebSi. Aamgvarad, centraluri komitetis wevris damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi iyo: xandazmuloba, mamrobiTi sqesi, rusuli erovneba, romelmac warmatebuli kariera gaikeTa da hqonda saxelmwifo da partiuli muSaobis farTo gamocdileba, amasTan, samxedro-samrewvelo kompleqsSi muSaobis gamocdilebac. aseTi iyo maTi saSualo saxe, vinc met-naklebad gadamwyvet gavlenas axdenda adamianTa moRvaweobis yvela sferoSi sakadro politikaze. SesaZlebelia, rom swored amis gamo 70-ian wlebSi sabWoTa sazogadoeba iyo ufro militarizebuli, vidre 20-30-ian wlebSi. is maRali socialuri statusi, romelic meore msoflio omSi moipoves armiis oficrebma, gaxda mudmivi. Aaseve mudmivi gaxda maTi integracia partiaSi safuZvliani politikuri momzadebis wyalobiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samxedroebi yvelaze metad kmayofilebi iyvnen TavianTi mdgomareobiT, vidre sxva profesiuli jgufebi sabWoTa kavSirSi da maT saamiso safuZveli gaaCndaT. marTalia, xruSCovma erTxel maT CamoaWra asignebani da daufiqreblad Seamcira oficerTa korpusi, rac SesaZloa, misi damxobis erTerTi mizezi gaxda. Yyvela danarCeni sabWoTa beladi, stalinidan Cernenkomde, Tvlidnen ssrk SeiaraRebul Zalebs imad, rac iZleoda sabWoebis Zalauflebis gavrcelebis saSualebas msoflioSi da aSS-Tan paritetis miRwevas. sabWoTa ekonomikis umTavres prioritetad rCeboda samxedro SekveTebi. Mmoswavleebi da studentebi swavlobdnen samoqalaqo Tavdacvas da gadiodnen dawyebiT samxedro momzadebas.. samxedro swavleba sabWoTa sazogadoebis Cveulebriv maxasiaTeblad iqca. rogor mimdinareobda partiul Tanamdebobebze kandidatebis SerCeva? Aaxalgazrda (ZiriTadad vaJebi, qaliSvilebi iSviaTad), visac partiuli karieris gakeTeba surda, unda gamxdariyo partiuli aqtivisti samsaxurSi. amisaTvis mas aZlevdnen uamrav davalebas, Tanac aunazRaurebel movaleobebs agitaciasa da propagandaSi, socialur uzrunvelyofaSi, profkavSirul saqmianobaSi da a.S. igi eswreboda partiul krebebs, Tanac unda sityviT unda gamosuliyo gansakuTrebiT mwvave sakiTxebis irgvliv da Tavisi daswreba krebaze qmediTi gaexada. SemdegSi igi unda gamZvraliyo partiul biuroSi, Semdeg gamxdariyo biuros erTerTi mdivani da bolos _ pirveli mdivani. Ddid sawarmoebSi es iyo mudmivi da anazRaurebadi Tanamdeboba. Mmisi karieristuli zrdis TiToeuli safexuri aisaxeboda daxasiaTebaSi da rac ufro maRali Tanamdeboba ekava mas, miT ufro dawvrilebiTi xdeboda is. Mmas xels awerdnen sawarmos direqtori, profkavSirebis Tavmjdomare da adgilobrivi raikomis romelime pasuxismgeli piri. daxasiatebaSi mocemuli iyo pirovnebis politikuri simwifis da loialobis, specialuri codnisa da administraciuli SesaZleblobebis Sefaseba. suk-is adgilobrivi ganyofileba, romelsac mWidro kavSirebi hqonda sawarmos kadrebis ganyofilebasTan da hyavda StatSi Casmuli Tavisi informatorebi, aseve amzadebda Tavis moxsenabas, saidanac Canda, rom kandidati Tavis Tanamdebobaze ar iyo saSiSi. Aam ukanaskneli cnebis gageba ssrk-Si ufro farTo iyo, vidre dasavleTis qveynebSi. Tu adamiani warmatebiT arTmevda Tavs partiuli mdivnis rols, mis winaSe iSleboda saSualo da umaRles partiul Tanamdebobebze winsvlis SesaZleblobebi. xSirad amas Tan axlda swavla umaRles partiul skolaSi. samsaxurSi amgvari winsvlis sruliad bunebriv Sedegs warmoadgenda klienturis jgufebis Seqmna. TiToeul samsaxurSi dasawinaurebel kandidats unda hyoloda mfarveli, an mxardamWeri partiuli ierarqiis zemdgom instanciebSi. igi sargeblobda am mfarvelobiT maSinac, rodesac misi mfarveli TviTon Tavis karieraSi aswrebda erTi safexuriT maRla asvlas. Aam tendencias yvela kremlenologi _ sabWoTa politikuri moRvaweebis Semswavleli politologi aqcevda yuradRebas. Aamgvari politikis daxelovnebuli ostati iyo breJnevi, gansakuTrebiT Tavisi cxovrebis bolo etapze. igi awinaurebda im xalxs, vinc masTan erTad muSaobda dneproZerJinskis metalurgiul qarxanaSi an dnepropetrovskis partiul komitetSi (dasavleTeli Jurnalistebi amas dnepropetrovskis mafias uwodebdnen), an mogvianebiT, moldaveTisa da yazaxeTis partiul organizaciebSi. Tu ki iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi mmarTveli klasi, misi birTvs warmoadgenda partiuli Tanamdebobebi, romlebic TiToeuli partiuli komitetis ganmgeblobaSi imyofeboda da adamianebi, romlebsac am TanamdebobebisaTvis SearCevdnen. Bbunebrivia, rom yvelas ar gaaCnda Tanabari uflebebi: saxelisuflo rwmunebebi Zalze zustad ganisazRvreboda imaT mier, vis nomenklaturasac warmoadgenda mocemuli Tanamdeboba, rasac mniSvneloba gaaCnda im privilegiebis misaRebad, rac am Tanamdebobebs gaaCnda.

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sxvaTa Soris, kavSiri daniSvnebisa da postebis kavSirs partiasTan ar axmovanebdnen, radgan zogierTi Tanamdebobebi arCeviTi iyo, amitomac mTeli sistema saidumlod moqmedebda. Ggamomdinare aqedan, Znelia imis gansazRvra Tu ricxobrivad ramdeni iyo mmarTveli klasi sabWoTa kavSirSi. Tu is cifrebi, romlebic moyavs istorikos m. voslenskis (gaaZeves ssrk-dan, moRvaweobda ucxoeTSi) saimedoa, maSin nomenklaturuli muSakebis raionul doneze maTi raodenoba sam meoTxed milions Seadgenda, rac maTi ojaxis wevrebTan erTad (Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Sobadobis dabal dones slavebs Soris) iZleva 2,5 _ 3 mln adamians, anu mTeli mosaxleobis raodenobis daaxloebiT 1%-s. Mmagram, rogorc Cans, voslenskis mxedvelobidan gamorCa Tanamdebobebi, romlebic uSualod ar iyo partiasTan, mTavrobasTan an saxalxo meurneobis sawarmoebTan dakavSirebuli. gamoTvlebi, romlebic dasavleTSi gakeTda, iZleva cifrs, romelic orjer aRemateba voslenskis monacemebs _ daaxloebiT 2 mln adamians, anu qveynis mTeli mosaxleobis 1,5 _ 2%-s, Tanac ojaxis wevrebis CaTvlis gareSe. Ees gamoTvlebi efuZneba im mdgomareobis Seswavlas, romelic Seiqmna or, SedarebiT patara respublikaSi _ baSkireTSi (avtonomiuri respublika) da saqarTveloSi (mokavSire respublika), sadac nomenklaturuli muSakebis raodenoba SesaZlebelia saSualo maCvenebelze meti yofiliyo. Tu termini mmarTveli klasi gamoiyeneba dasavleTis sazogadoebasTan mimarTebaSi, igi aq aRniSnavs warmoebis saSualebaTa flobas da maTi memkvidreobiT gadacemis uflebas. sabWoTa elitas aseTi sakuTreba ar gaaCnda. Mmagram dagegmarebis centraluri sistemis saSualebiT nomenklaturuli muSakebi akontrolebdnen warmoebis saSualebebs mTels qveyanaSi. da Tumca am kontrolis uSualod memkvidreebze gadacema ar SeiZleboda, piradi kavSirebi da ganaTlebis sistema nomenklaturis Svilebs aZlevda iseTi poziciebis dakavebis saSualebas, romelic momavalSi uzrunvelyofda maT gadasvlas analogiur Tanamdebobebze. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebis zogierTi ojaxis zogierTma warmomadgenelma brwyinvale karieris gakeTebac ki SeZlo. magaliTad, xruSCovis siZe a. ajubei gaxda yoveldRiuri gazeTis izvestias mTavari redaqtori da centraluri komitetis wevri. xruSCovis gadagdebis Semdeg, sayuradReboa, rom man orive posti dakarga. breJnevis Svili iuri gaxda sagareo vaWrobis ministris moadgile, xolo siZe, iuri Curbanovi, Sinagan saqmeTa ministrad rCeboda 1982 wlamde, skandalamde, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo misi colis briliantebiT dainteresebasTan. kosiginis siZe j.gviSiani saTaveSi edga mecnierebisa da teqnikis saxelmwifo komitets, romelsac sabWoTa mrewvelobaSi unda Caenerga sasicocxlod aucilebeli axali teqnologiebi. andropovis Svili muSaobda ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis aSS-sa da kanadis institutSi, Semdeg saTaveSi edga sabWoTa delegacias evropaSi usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis madridis TaTbirze. miuxedavad amisa, usamarTloba iqneboda gveTqva, rom nepotizmi iqca sabWoTa partiul-saxelmwifoebrivi aparatis ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTeblad, imis msgavsad, rogorc es sxva sazogadoebebSi moxda. es SeiZleba aixsnas imiT, rom ojaxs, rogorc aseTs, naklebi mniSvneloba hqonda sabWoTa liderebisaTvis, vidre sxva politikur sistemebSi (miuxedavad amisa, ojaxur cxovrebas saguldagulod malavdnen sazogadoebisagan). meorenairi axsna SeiZleba veZeboT klientelas (laT. _ mfarveloba) im sistemaSi, romelzedac zemod gvqonda saubari da romelic, rogorc Cans, warmoadgenda memkvidreobis sabWoTa analogs. es hpoTeza iZleva imis axsnis saSualebas, Tu ratom axerxebda sabWoTa elita sistematurad da sakmaod warmatebiT imis ganxorcielebas, rasac yvelgan da yovelTvis aketebdnen mmarTveli klasebi: Tavisi mdgomareobis gadacemas memkvidreobiT. paralelebi sxva sazogadoebebTan _ burJuaziulTan, feodalurTan an aRmosavlurTan _ mcdari iqneboda: sabWoTa sazogadoeba warmoadgenda axal istoriul tips da amitomac misi adeqvaturad aRwerisaTvis saWiroa terminologiis wesrigSi moyvana. zemoaRniSnulidan SeiZleba im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom dagegmarebis centralizebuli sistemis arsebobis mizezebi 1970-iani wlebisaTvis iyo ara imdenad ekonomikuri, ramdenadac politikuri xasiaTisa. ekonomikuri zrdis is tempebic ki, romlebic 1930-ian wlebSi iqna miRweuli, miuwvdomeli aRmoCnda mZime mrewvelobisaTvis. 50-60-ian wlebSi yovelwliurma matebam Seadgina 5-6%, magram 1971-1975 wlebSi igi daeca 3,7%-de, xolo 1976-1980-ian wlebSi 2,7%-de. gasagebi mizezebis gamo yvela cdilobda yovelwliur angariSebSi samrewvelo tempebis odnavi mateba mainc aReniSna. aq ki sruliad kanonzomierad ibadeba kiTxva: xom ar imaleboda am cifrebis ukan ufro didi

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Seneleba da zog SemTxvevaSi warmoebis dacema? 70-iani wlebis bolos qveynis mosaxleobam sakuTari tyaviT SeigrZno, rom ekonomikuri pirobebi gauaresda, xolo amaTuim saqonlis uwyveti deficiti ufro SesamCnevi gaxda. saqonlis ukmarisoba, warmoSobili centraluri dagegmarebiT, iyo imdenad didi, rom swrafad ayvavda da gafarTovda Crdilovani ekonomika, romelic avsebda mosaxleobisaTvis aucilebel samomxmareblo saqonels, satransporto da saremonto momsaxurebas da a.S. soflis meurneobaSi Crdilovani ekonomika saerTod dakanonebuli iyo kerZo miwis nakveTebis da sakolmeurneo bazrebis saxiT. ekonomikis sxva seqtorebSi ki igi aralegalurad moqmedebda. miuxedavad amisa sruliad gasagebi mizezebis gamo, grZeldeboda misi swrafi ganviTareba. sabWoTa adamiani, avtomanqanis mflobeli, romelsac sWirdeboda manqanis raRac nawilebi, swrafad arkvevda, rom saxelmwifo momaragebas ar SeuZlia misi daxmareba. imis magivrad, rom daeyenebina manqana, es moqalaqe megobrebis daxmarebiT adre Tu gvian agnebda momaragebis aralegalur wyaros, sadac fasebi maRali iyo, magram SekveTa dauyovnebliv sruldeboda. saidan hqondaT saqoneli kerZo pirebs? xSirad qarxnis muSebi yovelgvari problemebis gareSe iparavdnen fabrika-qarxnebidan an saremonto saxelosnoebidan, rasac sawarmoebi saxelmwifo momaragebidan Rebulobdnen. moparuls ubralod Camowerdnen rogorc gafuWebul saqonels an transportirebis dros dakarguls. kerZo pirs SeeZlo saqonlis Sovna damxmare pirebis saSualebiT an iataqkveSa saamqroebidan, romlebic amzadebdnen deficitur saqonels da moqmedebdnen xelisuflebisagan saidumlod, an zogjer maTi mfarvelobiTac ki sargeblobdnen. xSirad kolmeurneobebi da sawarmoebi warmoadgenda Sirmas, romlis ukanac imaleboda iatakqveSa sawarmo, romelic amzadebda an tanisamoss, an fexsacmels, sameurneo daniSnulebis sagnebsa da kvebis produqtebs, romelTa Sovnac bazarze, romelsac saxelmwifo akontrolebda, SeuZlebeli iyo. magaliTad, 1976 wels gazeTi pravda werda imis Sesaxeb, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ramdenime soflis mcxovrebni qsovdnen matylis nawarms Savi bazrisaTvis. Semosavali amgvari operaciebidan, rogorc wesi, sakmaod didi, nawildeboda sawarmos muSebs, sawarmos mmarTvelebs da im partiul da saministros muSakebs Soris, romlebmac icodnen amis Sesaxeb (uxeSad rom vTqvaT, iRebdnen wils mfarvelobis gamo). deficitis meore sanatrel wyaros warmoadgenda dasavleTi. dasavluri saqoneli ucxour valutasa da sertifikatebze iyideboda didi qalaqebis spercialur maRaziebSi (yvela maTganSi Sesvla SezRuduli iyo). saqonlis yidva aq SeeZloT im adamianebs, romlebic valutis an sertifikatebis saxiT iRebdnen xelfasis nawils, an imaT, visac SeeZlo dasavleTSi gasvla da amgvarad xdeboda Tavisi kolegebisa da qveSevrdomebis Suris obieqti. am adamianebma qveyanaSi Semoitanes iseTi sagnebi rogorebic iyo iaponuri fotoaparatebi, germanuli magnitofonebi, italiuri kostumebi da Sotlandiuri viski. am sagnebiT an ixdidnen gaweuli samsaxuris safasurs, an yiddnen kolosaluri mogebis fasad. Crdilovani ekonomika iZleoda agreTve sxvadasxva saxis momsaxureobas. binaTmflobeli, romelsac saswrafod sWirdeboda, magaliTad, onkanis SekeTeba, igi dasaxmareblad mimarTavda kerZo xelosans, romelic am saqmes ufro swrafad da xarisxianad akeTebda, vidre saxlmmarTvelobis santeqnikosi, magram SedarebiT Zvirad. aseTi xelosnebi muSaobdnen saRamoobiT an kviris dasvenebis dReebSi da xSirad iyenebda instrumentebsa da masalas, romelic mas gahqonda ZiriTadi samsaxuridan. analogiurad iqceoda sawarmos direqtori, romelic mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo Cavardnili imis gamo, rom ver miiRo saTanado masalebi da momsaxureoba oficialuri arxebiT. imisaTvis, rom gegma Seesrulebina, igi mimarTavda Crdilovan ekonomikas. Tu es ambavi gamJRavndeboda, igi Rebulobda sayvedurs. magram Tu igi gegmas ver Seasrulebda, mas da sawarmoSi mis TanamSromlebs SeiZleboda Semosavali ganaxevrebodaT, TviTon mas ki SeiZleba Tanamdeboba daekarga. partia da saxelmwifo bunebrivia, amgvar saqmianobaze Tvals ar xuWavdnen.. igi safrTxes uqmnida ekonomikur monopolias, romelic purs aWmevda mraval nomenklaturul muSaks. Crdilovani ekonomikis aRmosafxvrelad arsebobda makontrolebeli organoebis mTeli uzarmazari armia. garda miliciis, prokuraturisa da sasamarTloebisa, arsebobda agreTve saxalxo kontrolis saxelmwifoebriv-partiuli komitetetebis farTo qseli, romlis amocanasac warmoadgenda sazogadoebrivi sifxizlis mobilizeba ekonomikuri danaSaulobebis gamosavlenad da aRmosafxvrelad. iyo agreTve specialuri saxelmwifo ekonomikuri policia, (

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 , damaxin. qarTuliT obexe), romelic awarmoebda kompleqsur saZiebo saqmianobas iatakqveSa saqmosnebis gamosavlenad. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobda sakmaod damajerebeli mizezebi, romelTa gamoc saxelmwifo ar atarebda srulmasStabian represiebs iatakqveSa ekonomikis winaaRmdeg. jer erTi, igi erTgvar moqnilobas aniWebda sistemas, romelic winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi iqneboda autanlad xisti da saerTod, ekonomikas ar miscemda mTlianad funqcionirebis SesaZleblobas. ufro metic, ramdenada Crdilovani ekonomika parazitirebda oficialur saxelmwifo sxeulze, misi saqmosnebi erTgvarad damokidebulni iyvnen partiul da saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebze. maT icodnen, rom maTi kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedeba adre Tu gvian gaixsneboda da amitomac maTi bedi bevrad iyo damokidebuli im oficialuri pirebis keTilganwyobaze, romlebmac icodnen maTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb. kerZod momuSave, romelic sargeblobda im instrumentebiT da xe-tyiT, romelsac igi iparavda im mSeneblobidan, sadac ZiriTadad muSaobda, mTlianad iyo damokidebuli Tavis xelmZRvanelze an samuSaos mwarmoebelze (prorabi), romelic mas amis saSualebas aZlevda. zogierT regionSi Crdilovani ekonomika im doneze iyo ganviTarebuli, rom Tavis qselSi umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebic ki yavda CaTreuli. sociologi i. zemcovi, romelic azerbaijanis partiuli organizaciis xelmZRvanelis h. alievis TanaSemwed muSaobda, 70-iani wlebis Sua periodSi ityobineboda, rom alievis winamorbed v. axundovis dros aralegalurma ekonomikam Tavisi sacecebiT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi SeaRwia. fuliT SeiZleboda yvelafris Sovna, TviT xelmZRvanel organoebSi moxvedrac ki. misi monacemebiT raionuli prokuroris Tanamdeboba Rirda 30 aTasi maneTi, miliciis raionuli ganyofilebis ufrosis Tanamdeboba 50 aTasi, xolo partiis raikomis pirveli mdivnis Tanamdeboba 200 aTasi maneTi. axundovi xels afarebda am danaSaulobebs. TviTonac Tavisi Tanamdeboba miRebuli hqonda zogierT maRali rangis moxelestan megobrobiT moskovSi, maT Soris politbiuros wevrTan a. kirilenkosa da saxelmwifo sagegmo komitetis Tavmjdomare n. baibakovTan. maTTvis axundovs Cahqonda mdidruli saCuqrebi da brwyinvaled asvenebda Tavis didebul dasasvenebel saxlebSi. magram 1969 w. axundovi moxsnes da mis nacvlad azerbaijanis xelmZRvanelad dainiSna h. alievi, romelsac manamde suk-is Tavmjdomaris posti ekava. mas daevala azerbaijanSi politikuri cxovrebis gajansaReba. msgavsi movlenebi xdeboda sxva sabWoTa respublikebSic. mas Semdeg, rac moskovSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi movida andropovi, crdilovani ekonomikisagan wmendam mudmivi xasiaTi miiRo.. alievi baqodan moskovSic ki gadaiyvanes da igi ssrk ministrTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris pirvel moadgiled daniSnes. fabrika-qarxnebis muSebisaTvis gegmiuri ekonomika mTlianobaSi niSnavda dabal anazRaurebad samuSaos, magram usafrTxo da SedarebiT ukeT arsebobas. sawarmos xelmZRvanels uWirda muSis ganTavisufleba sizarmacis, arakompetenturobis, samuSaos gacdenis an loTobis da a.S. gamo, e.i. moqceuliyo ise, rogorc amas kosiginis reforma iTvaliswinebda. aq sabWoTa profkavSirebi icavda Tavisi wevrebis interesebs. mas Semdeg, rac gauqmda muSebis iZulebiTi mobilizacia, muSebis mimarT Zaladoba Seicvala Taviseburi Cumi garigebiT maTTan. iRebda ra mizerul xelfass da ar hqonda ra de-iure gaficvebis mowyobis ufleba, samagierod muSebi Rebulobdnen Sromis disciplinisadmi uaRresad dabal moTxovnebs. Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT uaRresad uxeS darRvevebs, aravitar sasjels ar iTvaliswinebda samuSaoze dagvianeba, samuSaos mocdena sigaretis mosawevad, samuSao dros maRazebSi siaruli, raTa SeeZinaT mcreodeni produqtebi., zogjer waeZinaT kidec RamiT kerZo samuSaos Sesrulebis dros dakarguli energiis aRsadgenad. magram yoveli Tvis bolos da gansakuTrebiT wlis bolos muSebs mouwodebdnen Sturmisaken. es iyo muSaobis uaRresad mZime periodi, rodesac muSebs dawesebul droze metxans amusavebdnen. es saWiro iyo gegmis Sesasruleblad. magram rogorc ki iwyeboda momdevno Tve, iwyeboda muSaobis zarmacuri ritmi. popularuli imdroindeli anekdoti ase aRwerda am situacias: agitatori ekiTxeba muSas: ras efuZneba sabWoTa ekonomika? pasuxi aseTia:: Tqven iRebT iseT saxes TiTqos xelfass gvixdiT, Cven kidev viRebT iseT saxes, TiTqos vmuSaobT. es socialuri sistema cudad ar muSaobda, magram igi inarCunebda aSkara naklovanebebs, romelTagan bevri aramwarmoeblurobiT aRiniSneboda. Zalian maRali iyo muSaTa denadoba _ daaxloebiT 25-39% weliwadSi, rac presis ganuwyvetel SeSfoTebas iwvevda. muSebi midiodnen sawarmoebidan ufro ukeTesi pirobebis saZebrad: maRali

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xelfasis, sasursaTo saqonliT kargi momaragebis, kargi sabinao pirobebis, kerZo musaobis ukeTesi SesaZleblobebis da a.S. saZebrad. gaficvaze koleqtiuri uflebebis ararsebobis gamo, samusaodan ganTavisuflebis piradi ufleba warmoadgenda sabWoTa muSis did Tavisuflebas. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad gamoikveTa im droisaTvis, rodesac svla zemoT (dawinaureba) _ usiamovnebebis Tavidan acilebis alternatiuli saSualeba _ Zalze Znelad xelmisawvdomi gaxda. omis damTavrebidan 1960-iani wlebis Sua periodamde, winsvla iyo yvelaze saukeTeso imaTgan, risi imedic unda hqonoda muSas. jer kidev arsebobda niWieri, pativmoyvare an Semsrulebeli muSisaTvis rom gamxdariyo novatori, racionalizatori, an Sromis damkvreli, rac maT partiaSi mirebis da dawinaurebis saSualebas aZlevda. 1980-iani wlebisaTvis sammarTvelo kadrebi (e.w. TeTri sayeloebi) uaRresad gaibera. Tanac muSebis umravlesobas hqonda saSualo, an saSualo specialuri ganaTleba; zogs arasruli umaRlesi ganaTlebac ki hqonda. faqtobrivad mraval maTgans gaaCnda kvalifikacia, romelic erTob maRali iyo im samuSaosaTvis, romelsac isini asrulebdnen. yovelive es qmnida safuZvels maTi gamosvlebisaTvis. yvelaze mniSvnelovani momenti am gamosvlebSi iyo is, rom isini ukmayofiloni iyvnen TavianTi cxovrebiT. Tu dasavleTSi SromiTi konfliqtebis mizezi Cveulebriv iyo Sromis anazRaureba da Sromis pirobebi, sabWoTa kavSirSi igi moicavda sacxovrebel pirobebs, sursaTiT momaragebas, urTierTobebs adgilobriv Zalismier organoebTan da Mtel rig sxva problemebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sabWoTa muSebi TavianT urTierTobebs mewarmeebTan ganixilavdnen rogorc yovlismomcvels, romelic maTi cxovrebis yvela sferos exeboda. sxvaTa Soris mraval sawarmos gaaCnda sakuTari sacxovrebeli fondi da partiuli organizaciebis daxmarebiT sawarmos direqtorebs SeeZloT moegvarebinaT sursaTiT momaragebis, sazogadoebrivi kavSirebis da sxva sakiTxebi. es xelmiuwvdomeli iyo dasavleTeli menejerebisaTvis. igi ufro XIX saukunis amerikis qalaq kompaniebs waagavda. pirveli incidenti, romlis Sesaxebac raRac informacia arsebobs, warmoadgenda muSaTa mRelvarebas, romelic gamowveuli iyo zemoaRniSnuli ukmayofilebis mizezebiT. mRelvareba moxda 1959 w. seqtemberSi yazaxeTis samrewvelo qalaq temirtauSi. aq iyvnen mTeli qveynidan Camosuli axalgazrda muSebi da komkavSiruli sagzurebiT Camosuli moxaliseebi, romlebsac metalurgiuli qarxanis mSeneblobaSi unda mieRoT monawileoba. adgilze gamoirkva, rom maT unda ecxovraT karvebSi (qveyanaSi romlisTvisac qviSis qariSxlebi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo), wyali miewodebodaT garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi da sasursaTo momarageba aradamakmayofilebeli iyo. yovelive amastan ertad maT gaarkvies, rom axalgzrduli komunisturi Sromis brigadebi, romlebic aRmosavleT germaniidan da poloneTidan iyvnen Camosulebi da maT gverdiT muSaobdnen, ufro maRal anazraurebas iRebdnen. muSebis jgufma samSeneblo zonaSi cecxli waukida sasadilos, Semdeg ki gaemarTnen miliciis ganyofilebisaken, sadac zogierTi monacemebiT, miliciis ufrosi Zelze Camokides. qalaqSi Seyvanil iqna jaris nawilebi, magram jariskacebma muSebTan daZmobileba daiwyes. saWiro gaxda suk-is specialuri nawilebis Seyvana qalaqSi. mravali adamiani iqna mokluli, ramdenime aseuli daWres, vidre ar aRadgines wesrigi. mRelvarebis wamomwyebni gaasamarTles. aris cnobebi, rom zogierTebi sikvdiliT dasajes.. Tu mTeli es informacia nawilobriv mainc Seesabameba sinamdviles, unda iTqvas, rom muSaTa did mRelvarebas hqonda adgili. unda aRiniSnos agreTve xelisuflebis uZlureba, romelic, rogorc irkveva, sruliad moumzadebeli aRmoCnda amgvari ambebisaTvis. mRelvarebis umTavres wyaroebs warmoadgenda sasursaTo momarageba da masze fasebi. swored es gaxda mRelvarebis mizezi, romelmac 1962 w. zafxulSi ramdenime sabWoTa qalaqi moicva, rodesac mTavrobam gaaZvira fasebi xorcsa da rZis produqtebze TiTqmis erTi mesamediT. novoCerkaskSi am mRelvarebebs moyva sisxlisRvra. m. budionis saxelobis elmavalmSenebel qarxnis direqciam, rogorc irkveva SecdomiT gamoTvlili samuSao drois safuZvelze, romelic sawarmoo operaciebs sWirdeboda, mkveTrad gazarda sawarmoo normebi. amas ki moyva muSaTa realuri xelfasis Semcireba. qarxnis ori saamqros muSebma moiTxoves sawarmos direqtorTan Sexvedra, rata gamoexataT Tavisi ukmayofileba am sakiTxis gamo. qarxnis direqtorma an uari ganacxada muSebTan Sexvedraze an uxeSad uaryo maTi moTxovnebi. maSin muSebma miatoves saamqroebi da qarxnis Senobebze gamokides lozungebi Zirs xruSCovi! da Zexvi xruSCovisagan!. es miuTiTebda masze, rom samomxmareblo saqonlis da pirvel rigSi sursaTis gaZvireba dakavSirebuli iyo skkp centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivnis saxelTan. muSebis erTma

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nawilma ayara rkinigza, romliTac moskovi rostovs ukavSirdeboda. rodesac miliciam ocdaaTamde muSa daapatimra, romlebic maT mRelvareebis metaurebad CaTvala, gaficva novoCerkaskis yvela qarxanas moedo. xalxis uzarmazarma raodenobam, romelTa Soris iyvnen qalebic (sursaTis gaZvirebam yvelaze metad maTze imoqmeda) Tavmoyra iwyo miliciis ganyofilebasa da partiis saqalaqo komitetis SenobebTan. es ki imaze miuTiTebda, rom xalxma mSvenivrad icoda, Tu sad imyofeboda xelisuflebis centrebi. aq ki iseTi ambebi moxda, rom xalxma sabolood dakarga moTminebis unari: suk-is specnawilebma, romlebic saqalaqo komitetis Senobas icavdnen, gaakeTes gamafrTxilebeli gasrolebi haerSi, magram tyviebi moxvda bavSvebs, romlebic xeebze iyvnen amZvralni da iqidan uyurebdnen mitings. erTma oficerma uari ganacxada am faqtiT wyobidan gamosuli xalxisaTvis. man iqve daagdo Tavisi partbileTi da Tavi moikla. magram sxvebi ar aRmoCndnen sindisierni. da tyviebi dauSines xalxs. daaxloebiT samocdaaTi kaci iqna mokluli, Tumca aris zogierTi monacemi ufro meti msxverplis Sesaxeb. didi iyo daWrilTa raodenoba. momdevno movlenebze dakvirvebisa da momxdaris gamosaZieblad aq Camovida samtavro komisia, romelsac meTaurobdnen centraluri komitetis prezidiumis wevrebi a. miqoiani da f. kozlovi. maT organizeba gaukeTes specialur sasursaTo momaragebas, ase rom raRac drois ganmavlobaSi donis mxareSi sasursaTo maRaziebi Seivso. mravali muSa daapatimres, xolo zogierTi jariskaci da oficeri tribunals gadasces. solJenicinis cnobebis mixedviT, daWrilebi maTi ojaxis wevrebTan erTad, cimbirSi gadaasaxles da am gziT gaaCumes. rogorc Cans, movlenebi temirtauSi da novoCerkaskSi iyo yvelaze sisxliani. gamoricxuli araa, rom maT raRac aswavles xelisuflebas _ rogor aecilebinaT Tavidan mRelvarebebi da ra gaeketebinaT, rom igi ar dawyebuliyo. amitomac muSaTa protestebze pirveli reaqcia iyo maTi moTxovnilebebis dauyovnebliv dakmayofileba, Semdeg ki iwyeboda nel-nela maTi dapatimreba, visac wamomwyebebad Tvlidnen da asamarTlebdnen muxliT sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevisaTvis an fasiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi aTavsebdnen. gamosvlebs momdevno periodSic hqonda adgili, Tumca maT ver miaRwies zemoaRniSnul masStabebs: cudi sabinao pirobebis gamo (kievi 1969 w., dnepropetrovski 1972 w.), sursaTis ukmarisobis gamo (sverdlovski 1969 w., dnepropetrovski 1972 w., gorki 1980 w.), gazrdili sawarmoo normebis gamo (vitebski 1973 w., kievi 1981 w.), dabali xelfasis gamo (sverdlovski 1969 w., dnepropetrovski 1972 w., toliati 1981 w.). zogjer Zaladoba miliciis mxridan ubralo moqalaqeebis mimarT, risi saWiroebac ar arsebobda, aseve iwvevda masobriv demonstraciebs. ase moxda, magaliTad, aleqsandrovSi (vladimiris olqi) 1969 wels, dneproZerJinskSi 1972 wels, orjonikiZeSi (axlandeli vladikavkazi) 1981 wels. yvela es mRelvareba Tu demonstracia mimdinareobda spontanurad, sadac improvizacia yovelTvis sWarbobda organizebulobas. profkavSirebi warmoadgendnen nomenklaturuli sistemis nawils, yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTebad iyvnen profkavSirebis liderebi. amitomac, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini arsebobdnen da sakmaod qmediTunarianni iyvnen muSaTa zogierTi interesis dacvaSi, ar SeiZleboda imis Tqma, rom isini xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg raRac aqciebSi miiRebdnen monawileobas. am situaciis sesacvlelad 70-iani wlebis miwurulSi orjer mainc scades damoukidebeli profkavSirebis Seqmna. isini mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodnen oficialuri profkavSirebisagan, da imaTganac, rasac am saxeliT icnobdnen dasavleTSi. Tavisufali profkavSirebis asociacia Seiqmna 1977 wels wvrili moxeleebisa da muSebis mier. maT aerTianebda ara imdenad socialuri warmoSoba, aramed is, rom isini erTmanets xSirad xvdebodnen profkavSirebis sakavSiro centralur sabWoSi, prokuraturisa da umaRlesi sabWos misarebSi, sadac cdilobdnen pasuxis mirebas im mravalricxovani Cagvris gamo, romlis gadatanac maT samusao adgilebze uwevdaT. maTi saqmeebis gacnoba fardas xsnis im Savbnel da calmxrivi urTierTobebis suraTs, romelic arsebobda xelmZRvanelobasa da muSakebs Soris sabWoTa sawarmoebsa da dawesebulebebSi. rogorc naTqvami iyo Tavisufali profkavSirebis asociaciis pirvel gancxadebaSi (radgan sabWoTa masmediaSi misi gamoqveyneba warmoudgeneli iyo, igi gamoqveynda dasavleTSi) Cveni mosmena arsad ar undodaT, xolo Cvens protestebs agzavnidnen swored im organoebSi, romelTa saqmianobasac Cven vaprotestebdiT.

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asociaciis wevrTa didi nawili maleve daapatimres. amitomac, rodesac 1978 w. Seiqmna Semdegi damoukidebeli profkavSiri _ mSromelTa dargTaSorisi Tavisufali organizacia, _ mas ar gamoucxadebia wevrTa vinaoba. amitomac misi wevrebis nawili dapatimrebas gadaurCa. es organizacia aqveynebda moxsenebebs samoqalaqo uflebebis darRvevis Sesaxeb, uwinares yovlisa, sawarmoo da SromiTi urTierTobebis sferoebSi, da ara marto aq. amgvarad iqna gadadgmuli pirveli nabiji iatakqveSa samarTaldacviTi moZraobisaken breJnevis cxovrebis bolo periodSi. X X X rogorc wina TavebSi aRiniSna, xruSCovs ar undoda soflis meurneobaSi sakolmeurneo struqturis radikalurad Secvla, magram garkveuli TvalsazrisiT gaaumjobesa soflis materialuri baza da soflis meurneoba gaxada partiis politikis erTerT prioritetul mimarTulebad. xruSCovis memkvidreebi akritikebdnen mas araTanmimdevrulobisaTvis da bolo mouRes mis mier wamowyebul simindisa da mecxoveleobis kampaniebs, Tumca uari ar uTqvamT mis mier dasaxul miznebze, risTvisac iyenebdnen mSvid da Tanmimdevrul meTodebs. 1965 w. martis plenumze breJnevma ganacxada, rom amieridan kolmeurneobebsa da sabWoTa meurneobebs damzadebis gegmebi ramdenime wliT winaswar unda ganesazRvraT. gaizarda sasoflo produqciis Sesasyidi fasebi, ase rom warmoebisa da biujetis dagegmareba ufro stabilur safuZvelze SeiZleboda momxdariyo. Tanac breJnevi iZleoda maRali prmiebis gadaxdas gegmis gadaWarbebiT SesrulebisaTvis. gauqmda SezRudvebi sakarmidamo nakvetebze, romelic xruSCovis mmarTvelobis bolo wlebSi iyo dawesebuli, maTze dawesebuli gadasaxadebi Semcirda, xolo kolmeurneobebis Tavmjdomareebs ubrZanes, rom maT neba daerToT kerZo mesaqonleebisaTvis saZovrebisa da saTibebis gamoyeneba. breJnevi aseve dapirda glexobas, rom gazrdida kapitaldabandebebs soflis meurneobaSi. es saxsrebi unda moxmareboda sasuqebs, miwebis gaumjobesebas, gzebis gayvanas, skolebisa da saxlebis mSeneblobas da sxva dadebiT cvlilebebs soflis meurneobaSi. mTlianobaSi mTavrobam Seasrula danapirebi. ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi kapitaldabandebebma soflis meurneobaSi Seadgina investiciebis 20-25% ( SeadareT aSS 4%-s). es metyvelebda danapirebis Sesrulebaze, magram, amasTan erTad, resursebis uaRresad arafeqturad xarjvaze. fasebi sasoflo sameurneo produqciaze arsebiTad gaizarda, magram amas, gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi, ar moyva sursaTze fasebis gaZvireba, ris mizezsac warmoadgenda SiSi, rom qveyanaSi ar dawyebuliyo novoCerkaskis msgavsi gamosvlebi. imisaTvis, rom sxvaoba daefara, saxelmwifom, dawyebuli 1977 wlidan, gamoyo subsidiebi 19 000 mln maneTis odenobiT, anu qveynis TiToeul mosaxleze daaxloebiT 70 maneTi. amerikelma istorikosma alek nouvma amas uwoda Yvelaze grandiozuli subsuduebi soflis meurneobaSi kacobriobis istoriis manZilze. es giganturi xarjebi keTdeboda imasTan erTad, rom sabWoTa kavSiri ganuwyvetliv yidulobda marcvleuls sazRvargareT. yvela am RonisZiebam mniSvnelovanwilad Seamcira siRatake soflad. 1966 w. kolmeurneebma, sabWoTa meurneobebis muSebis msgavsad, daiwyes xelfasebis miReba, radgan amieridan SromadRe gadayavdaT cifrebSi, rogorc kolmeurneobis saerTo Semosavlis nawili. TandaTanobiT, 1970-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis, soflad saSualo Tviuri xelfasi mxolod 10%-iT iyo naklebi qalaqeli muSis saSualo xelfasTan SedarebiT. Tanac soflad mcxovrebs SeeZlo daemuSavebina sakarmidamo nakveTi, rac arsebiT daxmarebas warmoadgenda. magram mTlianobaSi soflad mcxovrebTa raodenoba mainc mcirdeboda. materialuri stimulebi arasakmarisi iyo da amitomac adamianebi cdilobdnen soflidan qalaqAi gadasvlas saxovreblad. raRac TvalsazrisiT es SeiZleboda sasargebloc yofiliyo ruseTisaTvis mosaxleobis daberebastan dakavSirebiT. magram saubedurod soflidan qalaqad gadasaxlebam ver miiRo is formebi, romelic am problemis adeqvaturi iqneboda. sapasporto sistemis wyalobiT soflidan qalaqad midiodnen swored axalgazrda da kvalificiuri kadrebi, xolo arakvalificiuri da xandazmuli adamianebi soflad rCebodnen. Jurnalist al. ianovis cnobiT, romelic 1960-ian wlebSi bevrs mogzaurobda rusul soflebSi, mSoblebs Zalian undodaT, rom maTi Svilebi qalaqebSi

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wasuliyvnen TxuTmeti-Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi (zustad pasportebis arebis win.). gamgzavrebis mizani iyo ganaTlebis mireba romelime profesiul-teqnikur saswavlebelSi. miuxedavad zemoaRniSnuli Zvrebisa, koleqtiuri meurneobis seqtori mainc rCeboda mciremwarmoeblur dargad, Tumca ufro naklebad, vidre oeri aTeuli wlis win. am zrdis mizezebsac kolosaluri kapitaldabandebani warmoadgenda. sakarnidamo nakvetebi ki sasicocxlo aucileblobad rCeboda. masze glexuri ojaxebi Rebulobdnen kvebis produqtebis 70%-s, Tanac maTi produqcia duid rols TamaSobda qalaqebis sursaTiT momaragebis saqmeSi. ukve 1965 w. karTofilisa da kvercxis or mesameds, xorcia, rZisa da bostneulis 40%-s iRebdnen sakarmidamo nakveTebidan Tumca maT ekavaT dasamuSaveblad vargisi miwebis 1-2%. SemdegSi es maCveneblebi ramdenadme Semcirda, nawilobriv imitom, rom SedarebiT gaizarda kolmeurneobebis mwarmoebluroba, nawilobriv ki imitom, rom mraval glexs, ZiriTadad axalgazrdobas, ar undodaT drois didi nawilis sakarmidamo nakveTebze gatareba ZiriTadi samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg. miuxedavad amisa, sakolmeurneo bazari inarCunebda Tavis mniSvnelobas. sabWoTa diasaxlisebi, gansakuTrebiT dasvenebisa da sadResaswaulo dReebSi sargeblobdnen bazarSi da ara sasursaTo maRaziebSi nayidi produqtebiT. marTalia, bazarSi saqoneli sam-oTxjer ufro Zviri Rirda, magram samagierod iyo axali da maRalxarisxiani produqciis farTo arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba. sabWoTa sazogadoebis yvelaze patara ujredi, ojaxi, yvela doneze Zlier socialur daZabulobas ganicdida. es ki ewinaaRmdegeboda yvela mTavrobis cdebs, stalinisac da misi memkvidreebisac, rom igi stabiluri gaexadaT. nawilobriv es iyo adre gatarebuli antisemituri politikis Sedegi, nawilobriv im ganuwyveteli kataklizmebisa, romelsac mTavroba awyobda 1920 da 1950 wlebs Soris periodSi. maSin milionobiT adamiani fesvebianad mowyvites Tavis ojaxebs. yvelaze4 saSinel ubedurebad ki iqca omi, romlis drosac mamakacebis imdenad didi raodenoba daiRupa, ZiriTadSi axalgazrdoba, rom qalebi darCnen qmrebis, xolo bavSvebi mamebis gareSe. vitali siominis romanSi, romelic 1965 w. gamoqveynda da sadac moqmedeba mimdinareobs donis rostovSi, axalgazrda muSebs Soris, erTi personaJi ekiTxeba eqvs Tavis amxanags, Tu visa hyavs mama cocxali da mxolod erTma aswia xeli. yvelas amgvari mdgomareoba tipurad miaCnda. fedor abramovma erTerT Tavis romans omisSemdgomi periodis cxovrebis Sesaxeb uwoda umamoba. mravali bavSvi ise izrdeboda, rom ojaxSi mamis magaliTs, mamis rols ver xedavda. SeiZleba swored aq unda veZeboT im saojaxo garTulebebis mizezebi, romlebic axal Taobas gaaCnda. da mainc martoxela dedebi mamacurad ibrZopdnen TavianTi arasruli ojaxebisaTvis, Tanac muSaobdnen, ra Tqma unda, finansuri mosazrebebiT. sabavSvo dawesebulebata qseli, romelic ukeT iyo ganviTarebuli, vidre dasavleTis qveynebSi, mainc ver akmayofilebda kolosalur moTxovnebs. erTaderT faqtors, romelic rogorRac awonasworebda mdgomareobas, iyvnen mravalricxovani Sua xnis asakis qalebi, romlebic xSir SemTxvevaSi TviT iyvnen qvrivebi. es xansazmuli qalebi, sabWoTa folkloris cnobili gmirebi, romlebsac arac asaki da aRarc janmrTeloba arar aZlevda muSaobis saSualebas, Zalauneburad xdebodnen meore dedebi da amiT umsubuqebdnen mdgomareobas TavianT qaliSvilebsa da rZlebs. ueWvelia, rom omisSemdgom periodSi mdgomareoba ganuwyvetliv ukeTesobisaken icvleboda, rac, uwinares yovlisa, iyo socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoSi kolosaluri kapitaldabandebebis Sedegi, rac stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg daiwyo. 1950 wlidan 1980 wlamde kapitaldabandebebi TiTqmis xuTjer gaizarda. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda pensiebis gazrdas, daxmarebas mravalSviliani ojaxebisadmi, dotaciebs sacxovrebelze. es ramdenadme aumjobesebda soflis mosaxleobis, moxucebis, invalidebisa da martoxela dedebis mdgomareobas. droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTanobiT Seivso mamakacTa raodenobac, ramdenadac omisSemdgomi Taoba wamoizarda da ojaxs moekida. magram amjerad ukve mamakacebis naklebobis problema sxva problemam Secvala. mas Semdeg, rac 1965 wlidan gaadvilda ganqorwinebis procesi, isini Cveulebriv movlenad iqca da uaRresad saSiS zRvars miaRwia. 1965 w. yovel 1000 ojaxze modioda daaxloebiT 100 ganqorwineba; 1979 w. maTi raodenoba ukve 340-de gaizarda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, yovel sam qorwinebaze erTi ganqorwineba modioda. es done uTanabrdeboda aSS dones, magram aSS tradiciulad warmoadgenda ganqorwinebebis maRali odenobis qveyanas. rusul tradicias ki es ewinaaRmdegeboda. ra iyo am cvlilebebis mizezebi? sasamarTloebSi ganqorwinebebis mizezad xSirad moyavdaT qmrebis loToba _ amaTze modioda ganqorwinebaTa TiTqmis naxevari. sxva

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mizezTa Soris saxeldeboda col-qmars Soris Ralati, cema da SeuTavsebloba _ am ukanasknelis qveS SeiZleba yvelaferi gegulisxma. mTlianobaSi cxadi xdeba, rom ojaxuri cxovrebis pirobebi orive mxarisaTvis metad mZime iyo, gansakuTrebiT qalebisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT mwvave iyo sacxovrebeli binis problema. marTalia, 50-iani wlebis Sua periodidan mDgomareoba Zirfesvianad gaumjopbesda, magram axladdaqorwinebulebs ar SeeZloT sakuTari binis miReba, Tu isini provolegirebul elitas ar miekuTvnebodnen. meore problemas warmoadgenda is, romqalebis didi umravlesoba muSaobda. 1970 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris mixedviT Sromisunariani qalebis 86% muSaobda mudmivad an droebiT samuSaoze. qalebi Seadgendnen qveyanaSi samuSao Zalis 51%-s. kiTxvaze, Tu ratom muSaoben isini, moskoveli qalebis 91%-ma upasuxa, rom maTTvis pirvelxarisxovan sakiTxs warmoadgenda finansuri mxare, magram 86%-ma upasuxa, rom maT moswondaT koleqtivSi yofna, agreTve sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba. rogorc Cans, umravlesoba saerTo mizezebiT xelmZRvanelobda. saubedurod, socialuri pirobebis srulebiT ar Seesityveboda im faqts, rom muSa qali cxovrebiseul normad iqca. qalis saSualo Tviuri xelfasi Seadgenda mamakacis xelfasis 65%-s. zogjer es aixsneboda imiT, rom qalebs igive profesiebSi ekavaT dabali Tanamdebobebi. magram iyo sxva mizezebic _ is profesiebi, sadac dasaqmebulTa umravlesobas qalebi warmoadgendnen, iyo yvelaze dabalanazraurebadi. amis magaliTs warmoadgenda profesiebi, dakavSirebuli medicinasTan _ aq qalebi warmoadgendnen am sferoSi dasaqmebulTa 70%-s; TviT umaRlesi kvalifikaciis eqimsac ki SeiZleba naklebi xelfasi hqonoda, vidre kvalificirebul muSas. maswavleblebi da mosamsaxureni, umravlesoba qalebi, Rebulobdnen uaRresad mcire xelfass. amgvarad, qalebis Sroma arasakmarisad iyo dafasebuli, magram mamakacebic ver grZnobdnen qalTa sayovelTaod dasaqmebis Sedegebs. sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebi aCvenebdnen, rom saxlSi samuSaoTa 60-70%-s qalebi asrulebdnen da mxolod bebiebis yofna saxlSi ramdenadme umsubuqebda maT mdgomareobas. magram mamakacebi TandaTanobiT icvlidnen damokidebulebas colebisadmi. saojaxo sazrunavis nawilis sakuTar Tavze aReba gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebeli iyo ganaTlebuli mamakacebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, ormagi datvirTva, romelic Cveulebriv mxrebze awva meuRles an dedas, seriozul socialur problemad iqna aRiarebuli. qalis tipuri dRe Sedgeboda sirbilisagan sabavSvo baRidan gadaWedili troleibusisaken, Semdeg metrosaken, iqidan samuSaoze, Semdeg sirbili maRaziebSi produqtebis saZebrad, saRamos ki isev metro, troleibusi, sabavSvo baRi. bolos saxSi misuli igi recxavda auTovebda, amzadebda saWmels, kemsavda, aZinebda bavSvebs. yovelive es kargad aqvs aRwerili mweral natalia baranskaias moTxrobaSi Cveulebrivi kvira. am ganuwyveteli daZabulobis Sedegi, romelSic mravali ojaxi cxovrobda, iyo uaRresad dabali Sobadoba. 1970 w. sakavSiro aRweris mixedviT bavSvTa saSualo raodenoba ojaxebSi Seadgenda 2.4 (1959 w. 2,9-is sapirispirod). sxvadasxva respublikrbs Soris Zalian didi iyo sxvaoba am monacemebs Soris. magaliTad, latviaSi ojaxze modioda 1,94 bavSvi, rsfsr-Si _ 1,97, ukrainaSi _ 2,04, magram azerbaijanSi es maCvenebeli Seadgenda 4,63, uzbekeTSi _ 5,64, xolo TurqmeneTSi _ 5,95-s. nawilobriv es islamis gavleniT aixsneboda. meore mizezi iyo is, rom maRali Sobadobis raionebSi mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba cxovrobda soflad, Tanac didi ojaxebiT. 1970 wlidan Sobadoba rsfsr-Si, ukrainaSi, belorusiasa da baltiispireTis respublikebSi imdenad dabali iyo, rom ukve veRar uzrunvelyofda mosaxleobis aRwarmoebas, Tundac am regionebisaTvis.es ki iwvevda dagegmarebaSi did siZneleebs ssrk arsebobis bolo wlebSi. ekonomistebi iZleodnen gafrTxilebas, rommrewvelobis TvalsazrisiT ganviTarebul regionebSi male arar eyolebodaT axalgazrda muSaxeli samusao Zalis Sesavsebad da es maSin, rodesac Sua aziis yiSlaRebSi, sadac gegmiuri ekonomikis zegavlena gacilebiT susti iyo, Warbi mosaxleoba uars ambobda ruseTis evropuli nawilis qalaqebSi gadasaxlebaze. amis Sedegad zogierTma sabWoTa demografma wamoiwyo kampania ojaxuri politikis Sesacvlelad. isini amtkicebdnen, rom dedebi saxlebSi unda darCeniliyvnen da miexedaT bavSvebisaTvis Tundac ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo saxelmwifos isini unda uzrunveleyo saamiso finansuri SesaZleblobebiT. isini iZleodnen rekomendacias, rom gazrdiliyo kapitaldabandebebi momsaxureobisa da sacalo vaWrobis sferoebSi, raTa sayidlebi, remonti da sacxovrebeli farTobis movla ar yofiliyo esoden gamaCanagebeli. yvela es RoniZieba, amtkicebdnen demografebi, SemdgomSi saTanado

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zemoqmedebas moaxdenda Sobadobis zrdaze, rac SemdgomSi keTilismyofel gavlenas moaxdenda ekonomikaze (da SeiaraRebul Zalebze, Tumca amaze ar laparakobdnen). magram realurad mcireodeni ram Tu gakeTda, radgan momsaxureoba da vaWroba gegmiuri ekonomikis mitovebul Svilebs warmoadgendnen. miuxedavad amisa, ojaxi mainc gadarCa, miuxedavad adrindeli sabWoTa kanonmdeblobis antisaojaxo mimarTulebisa da didi socialuri ryevebisa. droTa ganmavlobaSi ojaxi iqca uaRresad konservatul Zalad, romelic ewinaaRmdegeboda partiasa da saxelmwifos adamianebis mobilizaciisa da maTi masobriv aqciebSi CarTvis saqmeSi. qorwinebebis didi nawili xdeboda erTi socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebs, erTi erovnebis da erTnairi ganaTlebis mqone pirebs Soris. amgvarad, kulturul memkvidreobas, religiisa da erovnuli tradiciebis CaTvliT, ganmtkicebis tendencia gaaCnda. amasTan, komunaluri binebidan 60-70-ian wlebSi calkeul binebSi gadasvlis Sedegad ojaxebma TandaTanobiT dakarges koleqtivisadmi (zogjer saZulvelis) kuTvnilebis grZnoba. sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebma aCvena, rom adamianTa umravlesoba Tavisufali drois did nawils atarebdnen sakuTar saxlebSi, dakavebulni iyvnen saojaxo saqmeebiT, kiTxulobdnen wignebs, exmarebodnen Svilebs gakveTilebis momzadebaSi an ubralod, uyurebdnen televizrs. ukve naklebad irCevdnen sazogadoebriv RonisZiebebs an krebebs. zog SemTxvevaSi ojaxi awonasworebda im ideologiur wnexsac, romelsac adamiani ganicdida saswavlebelSi an samuSaoze. bavSvebi xSirad iTvisebdnen im faseulobebs, romlebic Tundac odnav ewinaaRmdegeboda imas, rasac oficialuri propaganda avrcelebda. saxelmwifo erTob uxalisod ereoda sazogadoebis dayofis da adamianTa Soris gansxvavebis zrdis procesSi, garda gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisa (rogorc wesi, es dakavSirebuli iyo religiur sakiTxebTan). saxelmwifos winaaRmdegobrivma damokidebulebam arasad ise mwvaved ar iCina Tavi, rogorc alkoholizmisadmi damokidebulebis politikaSi. 1970 wlidan 1980 wlamde spirtiani sasmelebis gayidva gaizarda 77%-iT. ssrk Sinagan saqmeTa saministros eqspertis SefasebiT, muSa-mosamsaxureTa 37% iyvnen amaTuim xarisxis alkoholikebi. marTalia, aravitari oficialuri monacemebi ar qveyndeboda amis Taobaze, magram iqmneboda STabeWdileba, rom erT sul mosaxleze spirtiani sasmelebis moxmarebis TvalsazrisiT ssrk msoflioSi pirvel adgilze imyofeboda. oficialuri politika mimarTulic ki iyo iqiTken, rom gazrdiliyo alkoholuri sasmelebis warmoeba da moxmareba. rogorc Cans, es iyo saxalxo moxmarebis saqonlis warmoebis erTaderTi seqtori, romelic marTla kargad muSaobda gegmiuri ekonomikis pirobebSi. bunebrivia, rom loToba yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli iyo rsfsr-Si. mas odnav CamorCebodnen ukraina da belorusia. yvelaze cotas svamdnen ebraelebi da bunebrivia, Sua aziis muslimani xalxebi. alkoholizmi, rogorc sikvdilianobis mizezi, sabWoTa kavSirSi mesame adgils ikavebda. mis gamo ekonomika Zlier zaraldeboda, radgan loToba iwvevda samuSaos gacdenas an uxarisxo produqciis warmoebas. loTebs iTxovdnen samusaodan. alkoholizmi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli TviTmkvlelobebTanac. rogorc iuwyebodnen, es iyo seriozuli problema, Tumca oficialuri monacemebi ar qveyndeboda 1988 wlamde. bunebrivia, rom spirtiani sasmelebis zemoqmedebiT mraval borotmoqmedebas hqonda adgili. TiTqmis xulignobis yvela SemTxveva da Zarcvis 80% xdeboda simTvraleSi. loTobis problema arsebobda sabWoTa armiaSic. mxolod gorbaCovis mTavrobam mokida xeli seriozulad am problemas. gorbaCovma mkvetrad Seamcira spirtiani sasmelebis warmoeba da gayidva, magram amas, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, Sedegad moyva am dargSi Crdilovani ekonomikis ayvaveba da saxelmwifos Semosavlebis mkveTri dacema. loToba iyo mxolod erTi mravalTagani Znelad samkurnalo socialuri problema. mis garda qveyanaSi gavrcelebuli iyo korufcia, qurdoba, susti SromiTi disciplina, aramyari ojaxi. 1980-iani wlebis Sua periodisaTvis maT searyies sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikuri Zliereba. qveyanas sWirdeboda saswrafo daxmareba. igi gamoCnda gorbaCovTan da mis axal azrovnebasTan erTad. ssrk dasusteba da daSla sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobis Zvel Taobas _ adamianebi, romlebic daibadnen jer kidev pirvel msoflio omamde da dawinaurdnen stalinis mmarTvelobis periodSi, _ 80iani wlebis dasawyisSi jer kidev ar hqondaT mitovebuli politikuri asparezi.

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ramdenadac ar arsebobda xelisuflebis gadacemis sayovelTaod mirebuli wesebi, arc erT generalur mdivans ar dautovebia Tavisi Tanamdeboba nebayoflobiT. mas Semdegac ki, rodesac xruSCovma am sistemas metnaklebad humanuri saxe misca, maT elodaT ara sapatio gadadgoma aramed Serisxva, uketes SemTxvevaSi miviwyeba da uRimRamo, magram materialurad uzrunvelyofili cxovreba. amitomac 1985 wlamde es bebrebi isxdnen TavianT savarZlebSi vidre ar miicvlebodnen, xolo msoflio presa dainteresebuli iyo ara imdenad maT mier gatarebuli politikiT, ramdenadac janmrTelobiT. ufro metic, rodesac irCevdnen memkvidres, upiratesoba eniWeboda maT yvelaze xandazmul warmomadgenlebs. maSinac ki, Tu ar iyo maTze zemoqmedeba, iyo rwmena, rom kolegebze didxans isini ver icocxlebdnen. ase iyo 1982 wlis noemberSi, rodesac gardaicvala breJnevi, da 1984 w. TebervalSi, andropovis sikvdilis Semdeg. amave mizezebiT 1984 w. TebervalSi arCeul iqna sruliad usaxuri Cernenko. TviT andropovic ki, romelsac usaxurs ver uwodebdi, iyo samocdacxra wlis da gamoirCeoda cudi janmrTelobiT, rodesac igi airCies centraluri komitetis generalur mdivnad. orive daniSvnaSi, rogorc Cans, mTavari roli iTamaSa andrei gromikom, romelic maSindel msoflioSi yvelaze didi xnis manZilze iyo sagareo saqmeta ministri. masTan ertad moqmedebda marSali ustinovi, romelic jer kidev stalinma 1941 w. daniSna SeiaraRebis saxalxo komisrad. rogorc cans, swored is iyo yvelaze xandazmuli (1984 w. dekemberSi igi gardaicvala ise, rom Tanamdeboba ar dautovebia). mxolod 1985 w. moxerxda gerontokratiis sasikvdilo maryuJis Sexsna, rodesac generalur mdivnad arCeul iqna 54 wlis mixeil gorbaCovi. yvelasTvis aSkara iyo, rom andropovi SeiZleboda ar gamxdariyo gardamavali figura. igi wlebis manZilze xelmZRvanelobda suk-s da mis generalur mdivnad arCevamde cota xniT adre datova es Tanamdeboba.. amitomac cota gaugebaria,Tu ratom SeaCeres masze arCevani misma kolegebma. rogorc Cans es maT gaaketes imisaTvis, rom urTierTobebi partiasa suk-s Soris urTierTobebi Seicvala 1953 wlis Semdeg. partiam moipova upiratesoba uSiSroebis samsaxurze, magram sanacvlod miiRo Cekisturi msoflmxedveloba da mTeli ZaliT cdilobda status-qvos SenarCunebas ekonomikuri zrdisa da socializmis mSeneblobis sazianod. aseTi cvlilebebis Suqze andropovis daniSvna generaluri mdivnis Tanamdebobaze sruliad bunebrivi iyo da Tavisi mmarTvelobis mokle periodSi man gaakeTa swored is, rac unda gaeketebina saidumlo samsaxuris Sefs. igi raRacas laparakobda ekonomikuri reformis Sesaxeb, magram mis mier SemoTavazebuli RonisZiebebi imis naxevarsac ar warmoadgenda, rasac partias da saxelmwifos oci wliT adre sTavazobda kosigini. amis Taobaze novosibirskis ekonomikis institutma moamzada daxuruli moxseneba, romelic didad ar gamoirCeoda akademikos aganbegianis 1965 w. momzadebuli moxsenebisagan. andropovma sabWoTa daavadebebis samkurnalod SearCia disciplina da korufciis winaaRmdeg brZola. 1983 w. ianvarSi, moskovis manqanaTmSenebeli qarxnis muSaTa krebaze man gaaketa moxseneba, sadac aRniSna, rom mkacri wesrigi kapitaldabandebebs ar moiTxovs, xolo mogebas dids iZleva. andropovi moiTxovda disciplinas ara marto muSebisagan, aramed xelmZRvanelebisaganac da ra Tqma unda, partiul-saxelmwifo aparatisagan. mokled, mas surda, rom sabWoTa sistemas emuSava Tavisi sakuTari kanonebiT. jer kidev suk-is Tavmjdomared yofnis dros igi mxars uWerda korufciis winaaRmdeg brZolas, romelic breJnevis ojaxsac ki Seexo _ SesaZlebelia es iyo erTerTi iaraRTagani mimarTuli beberi da daCaCanakebuli breJnevis winaaRmdeg, romelsac ar surda generaluri mdivnis Tanamdebobis datoveba. axla, rodesac TviT andropovma daikava breJnevis Tanamdeboba, man ramdenime saCvenebeli gadayeneba moawyo im ministrebisa, romlebic TviT iyvnen monawileni iatakqveSa sarfian warmoebasa da komerciul wamowyebebSi. rigiTi muSebisa da mosamsaxureebisaTvis andropovma daawesa mkacri SromiTi disciplinis reJimi damrRvevTa samagaliTo dasjiT. erTi periodi milicia reidebs awyobda maraziebsa da kinoTeatrebSi da iWerda maT, vinc im droisaTvis samsaxurSi unda yofiliyo. am kampaniis Sedegad SesaZloa, 1983 wlis sawarmoo maCveneblebi ramdenadme gaumjobesda. magram kampaniis wamowyebidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, igi CaifuSa: garda sxva mizezebisa, samusao drois piradi miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba aixsneboda imitac, rom adamianebs ar SeeZloT maraziebSi deficituri saqonlis SeZena. sabWoTa adamianebis didi umravlesoba darwmunebuli iyo, rom maT hqondaT amis gaketebis sruli ufleba araformaluri socialuri kontraqtis pirobebSi: Tqven iWerT iseT saxes TiTqos

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gvixdiT, Cven ki viWerT iseT saxes, TiTqos vmuSaobT. ra Tqma unda, adamianebisaTvis seiZleboda am uflebebis CamorTmeva, magram amisaTvis saWiro iyo sursaTiT, samomxmareblo saqonliTa da momsaxureobiT maTi mdgomareobis seriozuli gaumjobeseba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es gamoiwvevda mosaxleobis seriozul ukmayofilebas, magram arc erTi sabWoTa xelmZRvaneli ar iyo mzad axali novoCerkaskisaTvis. breJnevis mSvidi mmarTvelobis Semdeg andropovma moawyo patara miwisZvra sakadro politikaSi. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi man gamocvala ministrebisa da partiis saolqo komitetebis pirveli mdivnebis 20%. zogiertebi gaanTavisufles korufciastan brZolis CarCoebSi. rac Seexeba danarCenebs, naklebad sarwmunoa is, rom TiTqos mas surda breJnevis Taobis Secvla da axali sisxlis gadasxma sistemisaTvis, _ sinamdvileSi saolqo komitetebis mdivnebis saSualo asaki kidev ufro metad gaizarda. miuxedavad personaluri gadaadgilebebisa, es mainc ver Sveloda saqmes. ara marto sabWoTa kavSirSi, aramed masze damokidebul qveynebSic sul ufro metad igrZnoboda radikaluri gardaqmnebis saWiroeba. amgvari cvlilebebis gareSe sruliad gadauWreli moCanda TviT sabWoTa saxelmwifosaTvis ori krizisi _ polonuri da avRanuri. Tu Cexoslovakiis 1968 wlis movlenebma aCvena Tu raoden saSiSi iyo sistemisaTvis reformebi, poloneTis 1980-1981 wlis krizisma aCvena, Tu raoden damRupvelia reformebis argatareba. 1970-ian wlebSi poloneTis lideri edvard gereki gaZlierebuli formebiT atarebda tipiur sabWoTa ekonomikur politikas _ mZime mrewvelobis zrdis uzrunvelyofas dasavluri marali teqnologiebis importis daxmarebiT. maTi safasuris gadaxda ki xdeboda sesxebis saSualebiT, ris gamoc qveyana yelamde valebSi Caeflo, gansakuTrebiT 1973-1974 ww. enorgomatareblebis krizisis dros. krizisi qveyanas Tavs daatyda industrializaciis programis ganxorcielebis dros. imave periodSi mrewvelobis zrda efuZneboda mcireproduqtiul soflis meurneobas. misi mcireproduqtiuloba ar iyo gamowveuli sakolmeurneo wyobiT (1956 w. reformis Semdeg igi efuZneboda kerZo meurneobas). mizezi sul sxva iyo. iseve rogorc ssrk-Si, aqac soflis meurneobas metad dabali statusi gaaCnda da ganicdida kapitaldabandebebis simcires. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebas rom ar gamoewvia fasebis zrda poloneTis qalaqebSi, qveynis mTavrobam, iseve rogorc es moxda sabWoTa kavSirSi, aqac subsidiebis imdenad didi raodenoba mimarTa warmoebis am sferoSi, rom qveyanaSi kinaRam finansuri krizisi gamoiwvia. polonelma muSebma ara marto SeinarCunes, aramed gaamravles kidec 1956 wlis tradiciebi _ amaSi mdgomareobs misi sxvaoba sabWoTa kavSirisagan. aikrZala safabriko saqarxno komitetebi, ase rom krizisul momentebSi isini TviT icavdnen Tavis interesebs, oRondac sxva, pirdapiri saSualebebiT. magaliTad, rodesac mTavroba midioda daskvnamde, rom sasursaTo subsidiebi kontrols arar emorCileboda, xdeboda maTi kompensireba fasebis momatebiT. 1970 w. amgvar gadawyvetilebas moyva muSata saprotesto gamosvlebi da demonstraciebi, ramac vladislav gomulkas mTavroba Seiwira. 1976 w. muSebi kvlav gamovidnen xelisuflebis amgvari politikis winaaRmdeg.. magaliTad, qalaq radomSi isini manqanaTmSenebeli qarxnidan gaemarTnen im Senobebisaken, sadac ganTavsebuli iyo partiuli dawesebulebebi da cecxli waukides maT. ramdenime muSa Sevarda privilegirebul nomenklaturul sasadiloSi, saidanac gamoitanes maRali xarisxis xorci, romelzedac nomenklaturisaTvis dabali fasebi iyo dawesebuli.. maT yovelive es gamoitanes muSebis dasanaxad, romlebic skandirebdnen: wiTeli burJuazia! muSaTa moZraobis caxSobis miRebuli strategiis mixedviT muSaTa mRelvareba mTavrobam Caacxro maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebiT da SeaCeres fasebis zrda. Semdeg ki daiwyes muSaTa dapatimreba da cema-tyepa. swored am dapatimrebebma warmoSva fenomeni, romelic manamde ucnobi iyo socialisturi qveynebisaTvis. dapatimrebuli da nacem-nagvemi muSebisaTvis samarTlebrivi da finansuri daxmarebis aRmosaCenad, maT gasanTavisufleblad brZolis organizebisa da ukanonobis dadgenisaTvis inteleqtualebis patara jgufma, romelsac sataveSi Caudga iacek kuroni, Seqmna muSaTa dacvis komiteti. isini moqmedebdnen ise, TiTqos poloneTi iyo iseTi saxelmwifo, rogorc konstituciaSi ewera. amis safuZvelze isini adgendnen mowodebebs, romlebzedac xelis mowera SeeZloT rogorc socialistebsa da kaTolikeebs, ise liberalebsa da aTeistebs, nacionalistebsac da internacionalistebs. kuroni da misi Tanamoazreni uaryofdnen yovelgvar ideologias, radgan igi ki ar aerTianebda adamianebs, aramed maT Soris SuRls Tesda. daamyares ra mWidro kavSiri

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muSebTan, isini ufro Sors wavidnen, vidre sabWoTa disidentebi. SesaZloa, rom amas xels uwyobda maTi erovnuli siamayis grZnoba da kaTolikuri eklesiisadmi kuTvnileba. yovel SemTxvevaSi, swored es TanamSromloba aRmoCnda gadamwyveti faqtori momdevno krizisis dros. 1980 w. zafxulSi mTavrobam kvlav gazarda fasebi sasursaTo produqtebze. qalaq gdanskSi leninis saxelobis gemTsaSeni qarxnis muSebma daiwyes saprotesto gaficva fasebis gazrdisa da maTi lideris samuSaodan daTxovnis gamo. male isini aRmoCdnen erovnuli saprotesto moZraobis centrSi, romlis yvela monawilec iatakqveSa gazeTebidan Rebulobda informacias qveynis masStabiT mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb da miTiTebebs politikuri brZolisa da misi taqtikis Sesaxeb. amis Sedegad gaficulebma gaafarToves moTxovnebi da rodesac mTavroba daTanxmda molaparakebas, mas wauyenes fundamentaluri politikuri gardaqmnebis moTxovnebi: profkavSirebis Seqmnis ufleba, romlebic Tavisufalni iqnebodnen partiuli xelmZRvanelobisagan da eqnebodaT gaficvebis ufleba, cenzuris gauqmeba da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebisadmi yvela socialuri jgufisa da religiuri asociaciebis garantirebuli daSveba. gdanskSi mTavrobasa da muSebs Soris, romlebsac xelmZRvanelobda eleqtrikosi lex valensa, xelmowerili iqna SeTanxmeba, romelSic aRiarebuli iyo partiis xelmZRvaneli roli. miuxedavad amisa, am gaficvam gamoiwvia Rrma cvlilebebi poloneTis politikur sistemaSi, radgan ara marto muSebs, aramed sxva socialur jgufebsac miecaT garantirebuli ufleba SeeqmnaT Tavisi organizaciebi da sajarod gamoexataT Tavisi azri. solidarobaSi axal Tavisufal profkavSirebSi, romlis Seqmnac sanqcirebul iqna miRweuli SeTanxmebiT, ori kviris manZilze gaerTianda 3 mln axali wevri da sul male miaRwia wevrTa maqsimalur raodenobas 9 mln kacs. imave dros adamianebi masobrivad tovebdnen komunistur partias. yvelasaTvis moulodnelad glexebmac gamoamJRavnes TviTorganizebis unari da moiTxoves Tavisi sakuTari solidarobis Seqmnis ufleba, rasac mogvianebiT miaRwies kidec. magram politikaSi am organizacias ar SeeZlo gadamwyveti rolis TamaSi. saqme isaa, rom solidaroba xel-fexSekruli aRmoCnda partiis xelmZRvaneli roliT da sabWoTa okupaciis SiSiT. am paradoqsma solidarobis liderebi Zalian Znel mdgomareobaSi Caayena: mas gaaCnda kolosaluri negatiuri Zalaufleba, magram pozitiuri, saWiro efeqturi reformebis gasatareblad, mas ar hqonda. mas upirispirdeboda naklebad Secvlili komunisturi partia da uSiSroebis samsaxuri, romlebic imedovnebdnen, rom rom aRadgendnen wesrigs rac SeiZleba male. ekonomika ukve zafxulis movlenebamde iyo mZime mdgomareobaSi, mRelvarebis Semdeg ki igi kidev ufro metad gaZlierda. Semdgomi vardnis SesaCereblad partias da solidarobas unda emoqmedaT erTad, magram saamisod isini ar iyvnen mzad. komunistur partias arc ki gamouqveynebia sruli da Ria informacia qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. solidarobas Tavis mxriv, ar SeeZlo muSebisagan moeTxova msxverpli, radgan urTierTobebi, dafuZnebuli srul urTierTgagebaze masa da partias Soris ver camoyalibda. solidarobisistoriaSi es iyo krizisebis periodi, romelsac xSirad provocirebas ukeTebda adgilobrivi partiuli organizacia an policia. xSiri iyo gaficvebi da demonstraciebi, romlis Tavidan acilebac ar SeeZlo cudad organizebul solidarobis adgilobriv ganyofilebebs, Zalianac rom moendomebinaT. solidaroba male gaxda ufro meti, vidre ubralod profkavSirebi: igi gadaiqca xalxis miswrafebebis gamomxatveli, rasac erTma dasavletelma Jurnalistma erovnuli aRorZinebisaTvis saero jvarosnuli laSqroba uwoda. misma rolma ekonomikur cxovrebaSi male gaiyvana igi sakuTriv ekonomikis sazRvrebs gareT. 1981 wlis seqtemberSi saerTo erovnul kongresze miRebuli solidarobis programa acxadebda: Cven vfiqrobdiT ara marto purze, karaqsa da Zexvze, aramed samarTlianobazec, demokratiaze, simarTleze, kanonierebaze, adamianur Rirsebaze, sindisis Tavisuflebaze da respublikis aRdgenaze. TviT yvelaze ubralo faseulobebma imdenad dakarga Tavisi mimzidveloba, rom maTi aRdgenis gareSe amao iyo fiqri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaze. ekonomikuri protesti imavdroulad iyo socialuri protestic, xolo socialuri protesti _ moralur protestSi gadaizarda. yovelive amis Sedegi iyo Cixi, imedebis gacrueba da krizisis gamZafreba ekonomikaSi. kaTolikuri eklersia, romelic Tavs pasuxismgeblad miiCnevda eris moraluri mdgomareobis gamo, cdilobda etanamSromla erovnuli xsnis komitetTan, magram amisagan araferi ar gamovida. rac Seexeba komunistur partias, aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, sruliad ukontrolo xelisuflebis pirobebSi, man dakarga realur

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sazogadoebriv ZalebTan muSaobis unari, romlebic niRabs xdidnen xelisuflebis danaSaulobebs da gaaCndaT gadawyvetilebebis miRebis unari. amgvarad, miuxedavad xelmZRvanel rolze pretenziisa, partias aRarafris Tavi aRar hqonda. da ai aseT sicarieleSi gamoCnda generali iaruzelski. 1981 wlis 13 dekembers man qveyanaSi gamoacxada samxedro mdgomareoba, daapatimra erovnuli xsnis komitetis wevrebi da moaxdina lex valensas internireba. generalma gamoacxada, rom qveyana imyofeboda samoqalaqo omis zRurblze, magram es ar Seesabameboda sinamdviles, radgan solidarobis yvela gamosvla da demonstraciebi iyo mSvidobiani, rac ar SeiZleba iTqvas mTavrobis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb. Tuki solidaroba Secdomebs uSvebda, isini ugunur gamoxdomebSi ki ar mdgomareobda, aramed gadaWarbebul sifrTxileSi. SesaZloa, samxedro gadatrialebis uSualo mizezi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom solidarobis zogierTi wevri moiTxovda saerToerovnuli arCevnebis Catarebas, sadac xalxs miecemoda saSualeba gaeketebina arCevani partiasa da solidarobas Soris. es ki SeiZleboda ganxiluliyo rogorc partiis xelmZRvaneli rolisadmi pirdapiri muqara. samxedro mdgomareobis SemoRebiT poloneTi daubrunda im mdgomareobas, romelSic igi imyofeboda omisSemdgom pirvel wlebSi, rodesac qveyanaSi SeCerebuli iyo politikuri saqmianoba da mas marTavdnen samxedroebi da policielebi. yovel SemTxvevaSi erTi ram unda aRiniSnos, rom am samxedro gadatrialebiT, romelic iaruzelskim brwyinvaled da usisxlod Caatara, man qveyanas Tavidan aacila sabWoTa intervencia. poloneTis garda sabWoTa kavSirs meore Tavsatexic hqonda. 1979 w. dekemberSi sabWoTa jarebi Sevidnen avRaneTSi, riTac aswliani Sesvenebis semdeg ganaxlda Zveli mefis ruseTis eqspansionisturi politika centralur aziaSi. sabWoTa kavSiri pirvelad SeiWra qveyanaSi, romelic ialtisa da potsdamis SeTanxmebebiT ar Sediopda misi gavlenis sferoSi. amitomac dasavleTi da muslimanuri samyaro am aqcias aRSfoTebiT da mtrulad Sexvda. arada orive am ZalasTan adre sabWoTa kavSiri cdilobda kargi urTierTobebis damyarebas. ratom wavida sabWoTa kavSiri am nabijze? ZiriTadi mizezi mdgomareobda breJnevis doqtrinis postulatSi, rom saxelmwifos, romelic ukve daadga socializmis gzas, aRar hqonda am gzidan gadaxvevis ufleba, miTumetes Tu igi esazRvreba sabWoTa kavSirs. 1978 w. aprilSi saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Semdeg qabulSi xelisuflebis sataveSi movida prosabWouri marqsistuli partia, romelic erTmaneTis mimarT mtrulad ganwyobil or fraqciad iyo gayofili. fraqcia halki (xalxi), romelmac maSin xelT igdo lideris poziciebi, Seecada qveyanaSi swrafad gaetarebina yovlismomcveli socialuri reformebi da yuradReba arc miuqcevia opoziciisaTvis. winaswari mosamzadebeli samuSaos gareSe gatarebulma miwis reformam soflad gamoiwvia mZafri Setakebebi da Ziri gamouTxara tradiciul sasoflo elitas. saojaxo kanonmdeblobis reformebma (qalis gamosyidva gaTxovebisas) gamoiwvia saojaxo urTierTobebis tradiciuli safuZvlebisaTvis Ziris gamoTxra da ojaxebs Soris dapirispireba. kampania sayovelTao dawyebiTi ganaTlebisa da wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobis likvidaciisaTvis tardeboda sabWoTa receptebiT, rac Seuracxyofda marTlmorwmune muslimanebs. yvelaze aRmaSfoTebeli ki aRmoCnda simboluri mniSvnelobis aqcia, rodesac islamis mwvane droSa Secvales wiTeli droSiT. am uceremonio reformebma gamoiwvia xalxis kolosaluri aRSfoTeba. Seiqmna situacia, romelic Zalian hgavda 20-ian wlebSi sabWoTa muslimanur Sua aziaSi arsebul situacias. xisTaviani reformatorebi cdilobdnen xalxSi CaenergaT cudad momzadebuli Tavisi dogmebi, maSin rodesac xalxi cdilobda Tavisi cxovrebis tradiciuli normebis dacvas. misi pasuxi Zalian hgavda imas, rac ukve sabWoebisaTvis nacnobi iyo. maRali gadasaxadebis, sakarmidamo miwebis CamorTmevisa da sakutari SvilebisaTvis uRmerTo skolebSi swavlebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, soflis mcxovreblebi ixiznebodnen mTebSi ojaxTan da saqonelTan ertad. bevrs Tan mihqonda iaraRi, romlis yidvac Sav bazarze Tavisuflad SeiZleboda. aRmocendnen partizani mojahedinebis razmebi, romlebic 20-iani wlebis basmaCebis msgavsad ibrZodnen islamisa da erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis. ramdenadac sabWoTa basmaCebi 20-ian wlebSi iaraRs avRaneTidan iRebdnen, axla konfliqtma ufro samxreTiT gadadga nabiji _ avRanelebi iaraRs pakistanidan Rebulobdnen. am droisaTvis avRaneTSi blomad iyvnen sabWoTa samxedro pirebi da samoqalaqo mrCevlebi da 1978 w. dekemberSi sabWoTa kavSirisa da avRaneTis mTavrobebma xeli

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moaweres xelSekrulebas megobrobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. TandaTanobiT sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom socialisturi xelisufleba qabulSi mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda xalxis gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegobis gamo. amitomac 1979 w. dekemberSi sabWoTa jarebi, asi aTasi kacis odenobiT, SeiWrnen avRaneTSi. maTTan erTad qveyanaSi dabrunda babraq qarmali, alternatiuli fraqcia farCamis (droSa) lideri, romelmac axali mTavroba Seqmna. igi atarebda ufro zomier politikas, vidre xalki da dasawyisSi gaanTavisufla kidec Zveli reJimis politpatimrebi.babraq qarmali xalxs Sepirda, rom pativs miagebda islamis wminda kanonebs, ojaxis erTianobis da kanonieri kerZo sakuTrebis dacvis CaTvliT. man islamis mwvane dferis droSac aradgina. magram sabWoTa jarebis iq yofnam yovelive amas niRabi axada. male babraq qarmalma TviT daiwyo xalxis dapatimreba politikuri SexedulebebisaTvis imaze aranaklebad, vidre amas misi winamorbedebi akeTebdnen, Tanac SemoiRo metad mkacri kanoni sayovelTao samxedro samsaxuris SemoRebis Sesaxeb. es mas dasWirda avRaneTis im armiis ricxobrivi gazrdisaTvis, romelic sabWoTa armiis mxares ibrZoda. amgvarad, sabWoTa kavSiri CaTreul iqna xangrZliv omSi avRaneli partizanebis winaaRmdeg. avRaneTs gaaCnda imperialisti damyroblebis winaaRmdeg (inglisi) saxelovani gamocdileba, amitomac sabWoTa kavSiri arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. Tavdapirvelad sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebi erTob optimisturad iyvnen ganwyobilni da avRaneTSi gaagzavnes Sua azielebisagan _ uzbekebis, tajikebisa da Turqmenebisagan Semdgari sajariso nawilebi, romlebsac SeeZloT avRaneTSi gavrcelebul zogierT enaze laparaki. isini imedovnebdnen, rom es xalxi gadmoibirebda avRanelebs. magram movlenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam aCvena, rom es jarebi arasando iyvnen da saWiro gaxda maTi gamoyvana avRaneTidan. imdroindeli informaciis mixedviT, magaliTad, dasajes erTi sabWoTa sajariso nawilis mebrZolebi, radgan maT uari ganacxades moZme muslimanebis winaaRmdeg brZolaze. ufro metic, arasando aRmoCnda TviT avRaneTis armiac, ase rom sabWoTa armias TviT mouwia sabrZolo operaciebis warmoeba avRaneTis mTagorian soflebSi. yovelive amis Sedegad Seiqmna gamouvali mdgomareoba. SesaZloa im varaudis gamo, rom maT winaaRmdegobas gauwevda mxolod amboxebulTa SezRuduli raodenoba, romelmac xeli mokida iaraRs politikuri motivebis gamo, okupantebi mxolod asi aTasi jariskaciT Semoifarglnen. amis Sedegad maT SeeZloT Tavisi Zalaufleba gaevrcelebinaT mxolod qalaqebsa da ZiriTad gzebze da iqac xSirad Tavs ver grZnobdnen usafrTxod. cdilobdnen ra ufro metis miRwevas, sabWoTa jarebi soflebidan erekebodnen mosaxleobas da xSirad maT ukacriels tovebdnen. magram maT ar gaaCndaT sakmarisi Zala imisaTvis, rom SemdgomSic gaekontrolebinaT amgvarad gawmendili teritoriebi. zogjer glexebi brundebodnen TavianT soflebSi da xelaxla iSenebdnen saxlebs, Tanac uerTdebodnen mujaxedinebs. magram Zalian bevrma, daaxloebiT mosaxleobis mexuTedma nawilma miatova qveyana da Tavi mezobel pakistans Seafara. rogori motivebiTac ar unda exelmZRvanela sabWoTa kavSirs Tavdapirvelad, maT misaRwevad igi genocidsac ar erideboda. Tavis mxriv, arc mujaxedebis raodenoba, arc maTi iaraRi, arc organizebuloba maT ar aZlevda sabWoTa okupantebze gamarjvebis mopovebis saSualebas. yovelive amis Sedegad avRaneTi aRmoCnda sastik da uimedo CixSi. Seejaxa ra ekonomikur uZraobas qveynis SigniT da CixSi moqceul sagareo politikas, 1985 w. martSi politbiurom moikriba mamacoba da wavida riskze, rodesac generaluri mdivnis Tanamdebobaze airCia Tavisi yvelaze axalgazrda wevri. mixeil gorbaCovi maSin 54 wlis iyo. igi Camovida stavropolis mxaridan, nayofiweri samxreTi regionidan Tavisi kazakuri tradiciebiT da mdidari glexuri meurneobebiT. stavropolSi samxareo komitetis pirveli mdivnis Tanamdebobaze muSaobis dros 70-ian wlebSi, igi atarebda eqsperimentebs soflis meurneobaSi, maSinac ki, rodesac partiis centralurma komitetma akrZala eqsperimentebi kolmeurneobebis daSlis SiSiT. ufro didi mniSvneloba, misi, rogorc xelmZRvaneli muSakis momzadebis saqmeSi, albad hqonda mis swavlas 50-ian wlebSi moskovis saxelmwifo universitetSi, rac uCveulo iyo maSindeli sabWoTa xelmZRvanelebisaTvis. bunebrivia, ar SeiZleba stalinuri mmarTvelobis bolo periodSi iurisprudencias ewodos liberaluri Tavisi suliskveTebiT, magram maSinac ki gorbaCovs unda Seeswavla antikuri romisa da dasavleT evropis konstituciuri samarTali, agreTve is safuZvlebi, romlebsac

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eyrdnoboda is sazogadoeba, romelic esoden gansxvavdeboda imisagan, rac misma kolegebma Seqmnes. gorbaCovis arCevam aCvena, rom politbiuros esmoda _ qveyana imyofeboda Zalian Rrma da seriozul krizisSi, romelic momavalSi emuqreboda misi rogorc didi saxelmwifos, aSS Tanatoli saxelmwifos mdgomareobas. gorbaCovi wamoayena im pirebma, visac surda arsebuli situaciis Secvla, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, esmodaT, rom dayovneba ukve SeuZlebeli iyo. am Zalebs Soris arcTu bolo adgilze imyofeboda suk-i, romelsac breJnevis dros sxva politikur institutebTan SedarebiT naklebad naklebad Seexo korufcia. Tanac suk-is mdgomareoba mas imis saSualebas aZlevda, rom yvelaze ukeT Seefasebina im krizisis siRrme, romelSic qveyana aRmoCnda. partiuli ierarqiis sistemaSi gorbaCovis mfarveli da mentori iyo andropovi da daaxloebiT erTi wlis manZilze gorbaCovi mis mier dawyebul politikas agrZelebda. man msvleloba misca lozungs daCqareba, ganamtkica SromiTi disciplina da daiwyo muSebsa da mosamsaxureebs Soris aleqsi staxanovis SromiTi gmirobis agitacia. gorbaCovma Seqmna warmoebuli saqonlis xarisxis kontrolis saxelmwifo inspeqcia, saxelmwifos mier saqonlis miRebis sistema, romelsac SeeZlo ar mieRo uxarisxo produqcia da materialurad daesaja isini, vinc amaze iyo pasuxismgebeli. man ganagrZo korufciis Sesaxeb saqmeta gamoZieba, xsnida samsaxuridan da kanoniT devnida korumpirebul moxeleebs, daiwyo kampania uSromeli Semosavlebis, e.i. im Semosavlebis winaaRmdeg, romelsac piri iRebda oficialuri samuSao adgilebis miRma. gorbaCovma mkveTrad Seamcira spirtiani sasmelebis warmoeba da akrZala maTi gamoyeneba sxvadasxva oficialur Sexvedrebze da miRebebzedac ki. es ki ewinaaRmdegeboda rusuli stumarTmoyvareobisa da drostarebis tradiciebs, ris gulisTvisac mas miakeres sakmaod zusti metsaxeli mineraluri mdivani. aseTi iyo gardaqmnis pirveli etapi _ partiul aparatSi gorbaCovis xangrZlivi muSaobis da suk-Tan misi TanamSromlobis nayofi. yovelive es mimdinareobda glasnostis (sajarooba) akompanimentiT, romelsac im dros axasiaebda informaciis miwodebis axali da ufro cocxali stili. magram maSinac presam, radiom da televiziam daiwyo breJnevis epoqis korumpirebuli Cinovnikebis mxileba, xolo breJnevis epoqas uZraobis periodi uwodes. 1986 wlis gazafxulsa da Semodgomaze moxda namdvili cvlilebebi, magram isini mimdinareobda nela, gorbaCovis stilSi. Zneli saTqmelia, mas Tavidanve undoda radikaluri gardaqmnebis dawyeba, magram ar SeeZlo, vidre politbiurosa da centraluri komitetis SemadgenlobaSi ar Seiyvana misi momxre xalxi, Tu muSaobis procesSi Seigno krizisis mTeli siRrme, romelSic qveyana aRmoCnda. nebismier SemTxvevaSi exla saubari exeboda ara sistemis ganmtkicebas, aramed mis radikalurad reformirebas. SesaZloa, rom aq Semobrunebis momenti iyo Cernobilis atomuri eleqtrosadguris afeTqeba 1986 wlis aprilSi. man gamoavlina centralizebuli administraciul-ekonomikuri sistemis sasikvdilod saSiSi naklovanebebi, romelsac momakvdinebeli teqnikuri SesaZleblobebi gaaCnda, magram, amasTan erTad, iyo sruliad gasaidumloebuli, daudevari da absoluturad upasuxismgeblo. Cernobilma moaxdina im saSiSroebaTa demonstrireba, romelic moitana sajaroobis SezRudulobam da gamoiwvia mtruli ganwyobilebebis zrda sazRvargareT da panika qveynis SigniT. ucxoelebi aRSfoTebulebi iyvnen imiT, rom afeTqebis Sesaxeb, romelic maT sicocxles emuqreboda, SeeZloT mxolod ucxouri wyaroebidan gageba (pirvelad radiaciuli fonis gazrdas Svedebma miaqcies yuradReba). sabWoTa moqalaqeebi ki matareblebs iRebdnen ieriSiT, rom Tavi daeRwiaT ucnobi safrTxisagan. aTasobiT adamianma sabWoTa masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebisagan ver miiRo swori da naTeli ganmartebebi radiaciis safrTxis Sesaxeb. axali informaciis erTaderT wyaros warmoadgenda dasavleTis radiosadgurebis (bi-bi-si, amerikis xma, germanuli talRa) zogjer gazviadebuli informaciebi _ TviT moskovSi myofi mTavrobac ki ver Rebulobda pirvelxanebSi sando informacias realurad arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. Tu gorbaCovi samarTlis seswavlisas odesme mainc iCenda interess sityvis Tavisuflebisa da kanonis uzenaesobisadmi, Cernobilis katastrofas ar SeiZleboda ar gamoeRviZebina masSi interesi am saqmeebisadmi. mis gamosvlebSi moulodnelad Cndeba amaRelvebeli Temebi: opoziciuri partiis ararseboba aiZulebs sabWoTa xelisuflebas rom man marTos qveyana gansakuTrebuli patiosnebiT da iyos gaxsnili kritikisa da TviTkritikisadmi. 1986 w. ivnisSi igi Sexvda sabWoTa mwerlebis jgufs da ganucxada, rom isini TamaSoben mniSvnelovan rols brZolaSi, romelic xalxis mxardaWeriT daiwyo

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centralurma komitetma mmarTveli moxeleebis, saxelmwifo da partiuli aparatis Sualedur wreebTan, romlebsac ar surdaT privilegiebis daTmoba. amis pasuxad mwerlebi daeZgernen cenzuras da garemo pirobebis dabinZurebis problemas. es moxda mweralTa kavSiris IX yrilobaze, romelic gorbaCovTan Sexvedris Semdeg Seikriba. maSinve daiwyo sqeltaniani literaturuli Jurnalebis reorganizacia _ maTi redkolegiebis SemadgenlobaSi Seyvanil iqnen farTo reformebisa da sajaroobis momxreebi. 1987 da 1988 wlebi namdvil zeimad iqca akrZaluli literaturisaTvis. sabWoTa mkiTxvelamde bolosdabolos moaRwia zamiatinis romanma Cven, pasternakis doqtorma Jivagom, grosmanis cxovrebam da bedma. ana axmatovas reqviemis, anatoli ribakovis arbatis Svilebis da vladimir dudincevis TeTri samosis publikaciam, T. abulaZis filmma monaniebam sabolood Camoxsna naxevradsaidumloebis farda im movlenebs, romelic Cqmalavda stalinis periodis cxovrebis realiebs TviT xruSCovis periodSic ki. amjerad sruli sicxadiT gamomziurda is simarTle, Tu rogor idevneboda stalinis dros opozicia, rogori sistikiT tardeboda soflis meurneobis koleqtivizacia da rogori SimSiloba gamoiwvia man, rogor asaxlebdnen mTel xalxebs da rad daujda qveyanas xelmZRvanelobis mier omis dros daSvebuli Secdomebi. 1989 w. gamoqveynda solJenicinis arqipelagi gulagi. axali movlenebis simbolod iqca 1986 w. dekemberSi gadasaxlebidan akademikos a. saxarovis dabruneba. is werili, romelic man jer kidev 1970 w. miwera breJnevs, Seicavda pirvel monaxazs imisa, rasac amJamad ukve gorbaCovi atarebda. igi centrSi ayenebdapartiuli xelmZRvanelobis kavSirs qveynis samecniero da kulturis warmomadgenlebTan, maT Soris imaTTan, visac sul cota xnis win devnidnen rogorc disidentebs. saxarovis moskovSi dabrunebis Semdeg mas ukve aRaravin aRar zRudavda, piriqiT, mas SeeZlo Tavisi mosazrebebis xmamaRla gancxadeba da gorbaCovisa da partiuli xelmZRvanelobis politikis kritika. misi pirdapiroba magaliTis mimcemi gaxda sxebisaTvis da ai ukve Jurnali ogonioki da gazeTi moskovskie novosti gadaiqcnen WeSmariti da farTo debatebis tribunad yvela im problemebis Sesaxeb, rasac sabWoTa sazogadoeba ejaxeboda. ra Tqma unda, es, aqamde arnaxuli simarTle yvelas ar moswonda, gansakuTrebiT bevr maTgans, vinc sul cota xnis win xma misca gorbaCovs. gardaqmna yvelas undoda, magram aara iseTi formebiT da im saxiT, romelic man miiRo. magram gorbaCovma gamoiCina simtkice da moxerxebuloba, rom Camoecilebina oponentebi da Tanamdebobrivad CamoeqveiTebina isini, xolo maT adgilze daesva Tavis momxre xalxi. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi, romelic misi arCevidan gavida, man politbiuros Semadgenlobidan gamoiyvana breJnevis yvela yofili TanamSromeli _ tixonovi, romanovi, kunaevi, alievi da bolos gromiko. amastan ertad man daawinaura andropovisdroindeli iseTi TanamSromlebi, rogorebic iyvnen egor ligaCovi, nikolai riJkovi da viqtor Cebrikovi, agreTve sakutari rCeuli eduard SevardnaZe, romelic sagareo saqmeTa ministrad daniSna da aleqsandre iakovlevi, romelsac centraluri komitetis ideologiuri ganyofileba Caabara. misi erTerTi proteJe, boris elcini, gadmoyvani iqna moskovSi sverdlovskidan da mas moskovis partiuli organizacia Caabares. magram man gorbaCovs Tavi moabezra Tavisi pirdapiri SetevebiT partiuli aparatis privilegiebsa da korufciaze, daupirispirda TviT gorbaCovsac ki, ris gamoc elcini 1987 w. gamoyvanil iqna politbiuros Semadgenlobidan. 1988 wlis TebervalSi Sedga partiis XXVII yriloba. gorbaCovis azriT yriloba Seikriba sakmaod adre saimisod, rom radikalurad gardaeqmna politikuri sistema. amitomac 1988 w.zafxulSi moiwvia partiuli konferencia. sabWoTa xelisuflebis arsebobis pirvel wlebSi aseTi konferenciebi xSirad tardeboda yrilobebs Soris periodSi mniSvnelovani politikuri sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. 1941 wlis Semdeg msgavsi konferenciebi arar catarebula. am, rigiT mecxramete partiulma konferenciam, marTlac miiRo gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre nebismieri gadawyvetileba, romelic partiis XXVII yrilobam miiRo. daiwyo partiis demokratizaciis procesi, rac uwinares yovlisa niSnavda arCevnebs partiul Tanamdebobebze mravali kandidatisagan faruli kenWisyriT. konferenciam aseve miiRo gadawyvetileba, rom moexdina ssrk sakanonmdeblo organos Zireuli reforma. umaRles sakanonmdeblo organod unda gamxdariyo saxalxo deputatTa yriloba. deputatebi, 2250 kacis odenobiT, unda arCeuliyvnen sayovelTao arCevnebiT, nawili teritoriuli warmonaqmnebidan, nawili ki erovnul-eTnikuri warmonaqmnebidan. Tavisi kandidatebis wamoyeneba SeeZloT

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komunistur partia, komkavSirs, profkavSirebs, qalTa sabWoTa komitets, mecnierebaTa akademias da sxvadasxva SemoqmedebiT gaerTianebebs. dasaSvebi iyo, magram ara aucilebeli, ramdenime kandidatis wamoyeneba: Tu ki aseT SemTxvevas eqneboda adgili, kandidatebs eZleodaT diskusiebis mowyobis ufleba konkretuli programebis irgvliv. saxalxo deputatTa yriloba irCevda saxelmwifos meTaurs, sabWoTa kavSiris prezidents (bunebrivia, es Tanamdeboba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo partiis generaluri mdivnisaTvis) da axal umaRles sabWos 450 kacis SemadgenlobiT, romelsac unda rutinuli kanonSemoqmedebiTi samuSaoebi Seesrulebina. am areul-dareul saxelmwifo mowyobas gorbaCovis xelisuflebisaTvis raRac legitimuroba unda mieca, romlis wyaroc iqneboda xalxi da imave dros sagrZnoblad unda Seesustebina nomenklaturuli elitis politikuri Zalaufleba. amgvarad, axali sakanonmdeblo krebebis ormagi xasiaTi borkavda maT Sromisunarianobas, arada maT winaSe uzarmazari amocanebi idga. gardaqmnis meore etapi niSnavda radikalur gardaqmnebs sabWoTa sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, rac pirvel rigSi kanonis uzenaesobis damyarebas Seexeboda. XIX partiulma konferenciam gamoacxada kanonis uzenaesoba sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. mis mier miRebul dadgenilebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom umTavresi yuradReba unda mieqces pirovnebis samarTlebriv dacvas , sabWoTa moqalaqeebis politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis garantiebis ganmtkicebas. sabWoTa saxelmwifom gamoacxada, rom igi eTanxmeba gaeros adamianis uflebebis deklaracias da daiwyo imiT, rom 1987 w. sindisis patimrebis didi raodenoba gaanTavisufla. manve Seqmna adamianis uflebebis komisia, romelsac saTaveSi Caudga reformatori politologi fedor burlacki. miRebul iqna kanonebi, romlebic adamianebs icavda unebarTvo dapatimrebebisagan, iZleoda sacxovreblis da kerZo miwer-moweris xeluxleblobis garantias, sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebas, informaciis mirebis uflebas, moqalaqeTa mier asociaciebis Seqmnis uflebas imaTi CaTvliT, romlebic politikur da ekonomikur miznebs isaxavdnen. saWiro iyo agreTve xelisuflebisagan sasamarTloebis damoukideblobis SemoReba da moqalaqeebis uzrunvelyofa efeqturi dacviT Ziebisa da sasamarTlo procesSi. partiis meore mniSvnelovani iniciativa, romelic am dros iqna wamowyebuli, iyo megobruli urTierTobebis damyareba marTmadideblur eklesiasTan da sxva religiur konfesiebTa. 1986 w. aprilSi gorbaCovma miiRo patriarqi pimeni da eklesiis xuTi maRali Tanamdebobis warmomadgeneli. maTTan saubarSi man ganacxada, rom morwmuneni igive sabWoTa moqalaqeebi da patriotebi arian da sruli ufleba gaaCniaT aRmsareblobisa ise, rogorc maT surT. gorbaCovs surda ssrk loialur moqalaqeebad eqcia rac SeiZleba didi raodenoba ukmayofilo adamianebisa da imave dros meore mxridan midgomoda sabWoTa sazogadoebis sulier problemebs, romlebic mkurnalobas ar eqvemdebareboda. amis Sedegad 1990 w. seqtemberSi gaauqmes 1918 da 1929 wlebis drakonuli kanonebi da miiRes axali, romelic aregulirebda urTierTobebs eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris. igi iZleoda sindisis da rwmenis Tavisuflebis garantias da auqmebda akrZalvebs religiur sferoSi. amgvarad, morwmuneebma xelaxla miiRes procesiebis Catarebis, fondebis seqmnis, qvelmoqmedebisa da ganmanaTleblobis da a.S. ufleba, e.i. miiRes rwmenis gamoxatvis ufleba ara marto saeklesio msaxurebis dros. samRvdeloebis warmomadgenlebi kvlav gaxdnen religiuri asociaciebisa da mrevlis xelmZRvanelebi, miiRes sakuTrebis ufleba. erTi sityviT yvela saxis religiur organizaciebs amieridan SeeZlo sazogadoebaSi kuTvnili adgilis dakaveba, romelsac isini koklebulni iyvnen ori Taobis cxovrebis manZilze. magram es wyveta ori Taobis manZilze drois TvalsazrisiT imdenad xangrZlivi iyo, imdenad didi iyo aTeisturi xelisuflebis mier miyenebuli zarali, rom kacs Zalauneburad eWvi epareboda _ iqnebodnen Tu ara es konfesiebi da pirvel rigSi yvelaze didi, marTlmadidebluri eklesia, cvlilebebis gzaze damdgari sabWoTa sazogadoebis aRorZinebuli sulierebis Sesabamisi. sagareo politikis sferoSi gardaqmnis meore etapi aRiniSna ideologiur dogmebze da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis imedad yofnaze uaris TqmiT. faseulobaTa amgvar radikalur gadafasebas, ueWvelia, xels uwyobda SeiaraRebaze fasebis zrda da birTvuli omis safrTxe, agreTve ekologiuri krizisi, romelic arad dagidevda saxelmwifo sazRvrebs. gorbaCovis axali azrovneba sruliad araorazrovnad akninebda klasobrivi brZolis mniSvnelobas da upiratesobas aniWebda zogadsakacobrio faseulobebs, msoflios Zaladobisa da omebis gareSe, dialogsa da TanamSromlobas msoflio civilizaciis SenarCunebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis, moZraobas axali msoflio

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wesrigisaken. asrulebda ra am amocanebs sabWoTa kavSirma 1988 -89 ww. etapobrivad daiwyo avRaneTidan Tavisi jarebis gamoyvana da amgvarad Sewyvita es gamaCanagebeli da samarcxvino omi. miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba aSS-Tan strategiuli da Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebis Semcirebis da saSualo siSoris raketebis mospobis Sesaxeb. daSlilad gamocxadda varSavis xelSekrulebis organizacia. 1990 w. noemberSi sabWoTa kavSirma xeli moawera parizis qartias, romliTac cxaddeboda evropaSi blokebad dayofisa da konfrontaciis eris dasasruli. parizis qartiis xelimomweri mxareebi valdebulebas kisrulobdnen, rom aaSenebdnen da daicavdnen demokratias, daicavdnen adamianis uflebebs da Seqmnidnen Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikas. es SeTanxmeba sabWoTa kavSirs saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis sruluflebian wevrad xdida. yvela es cvlileba niSnavda imas, rom partia Tavisi sxeulidan wveT-wveTobiT devnida klasobrivi brZolisa da socializmis mSeneblobis primats. maT adgils ikavebda zogadsakacobrio faseulobebi, kanonis zalaufleba da mSvidoba mTels msoflioSi. drodadro TviT gorbaCovi uaryofda Zvel dogmebs. magaliTad, 1988 w. cimbirSi mogzaurobis dros mas erTerT Sexvedraze axalgzarda mamakacma mimarTa SekiTxviT, Tu socializmis ra stadiaze imyofeboda sabWoTa sazogadoeba. gorbaCovma pasuxad, xumrobiT miugo, rom Tqven mxolod stadiebi gaxsovT. me vfiqrob _ ganagrZo gorbaCovma, _ rom Cven vimyofebiT gardaqmnis im stadiaze, romelic SevqmeniT. esoden naTel uaryofas komunizmis diadi miznebisa, ar SeiZleba ar SeeSfoTebina partiis Zveli wevrebi, romlebsac isedac aRelvebda gardaqmnis meore safexuris mravali aspeqti. iuri bondarevi, ruseTis mweralTa kavSiris mdivani gardaqmnas adarebda TviTmfrinavs, romelic afrinda, magram ar icis Tu sad unda daeSvas. da marTlac, am dasafreni adgilis cneba sakmaod farTo gagebisa iyo. fedor burlacki, magaliTad, ambobda, rom socializms gaaCnia erTi ubralo da naTeli mizani: mSromelTa keTildReoba da kultura.. yvela danarCeni _ mrewveloba da socializacia _ warmoadgens am miznis miRwevis saSualebebs. TviT leninis SromebSic ki ar SeiZleboda mzamzareuli receptebis povna. bundovani rekomendaciebi, romlebic mocemuli iyo saxelmwifo da revoluciaSi, ar Seicavda socialisturi sazogadoebis aSenebis mkafio gegmas. magram lenini kargad grZnobda istoriis winsvlas da Tu igi midioda kompromisebze, mas Segnebuli hqonda, rasac aketebda. simptomaturia, rom leninuri politikis yvelaze did kompromiss, 1921 wels SemoRebul axal ekonomikur politikas (nepi) gorbaCovi idealad Tvlida. igi jiutad ignorirebda im faqts, rom leninma gaketebuli daTmobebis sanacvlod mkveTrad gaamkacra politikuri sistema. gardaqmnis Sedegad sabWoTa kavSirSi aRmocenda socializmis aqamde ucnobi varianti _ amieridan misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebad iqca pluralizmi da sxvisi gamocdilebis gadmoRebisaTvis mzadyofna. terminebi, romelsac xmarobdnen ssrk-Si gaSlili diskusiebis dros _ decentralizacia, saxalxo warmomadgenloba, sityvis Tavisufleba, informaciis xelmisawvdomoba _ ufro mogvagonebda jon stiuart milss (XIX s-nis pirveli naxevris filosofosi), vidre karl marqss. es erTxel kidev adasturebda im faqts, rom marqsizmi iyo burJuaziuli liberalizmis naSieri ( Tumca ukanonodSobili). filosofosi a. cipko acxadebda, rom marqsizmis stalinuri recidivebisagan gadarCenis erTaderTi saSualeba aris misi sawyisebisadmi dabruneba. kanonis uzenaesoba _ amtkicebda cipko _ warmoadgens burJuaziuli kulturis memkvidreobas, sadac aseve daibada sindisis Tavisuflebis cneba. vadim medvedevi, romelic partiis centraluri komitetis ideologiur ganyofilebas xelmZRvanelobda, uaryofda kapitalizmis mier dagrovil gamocdilebas da mis nacvlad mSromelTa socialuri da demokratiuli monapovrebis dacvis saqmeSi iZleoda rCevas, rom seriozulad SeeswavlaT Tanamedrove social-demokratiis gamocdileba. yovelive es ar iyo Tvalis mosatyueblad gakeTebuli sityvieri gancxadebebi, raTa dasavleTis keTilmosurneoba daemsaxurebinaT. gorbaCovi da SevardnaZe marTlac iyvnen mowadinebulni, rom xorci SeesxaT am gancxadebebisaTvis swored iq, sadac maT marTlac didi mniSvneloba gaaCndaT _ varSavis organizaciis wevr qveynebSi. isini mixvdnen, rom ugunuroba iyo am xalxebis cxovrebis iZuleba im sistemaSi, romelic maT sZagdaT, rom es ki ar ganamtkicebda ssrk usafrTxoebas, aramed piriqiT, safrTxes uqmnida mas. am qveynebze sajaroobisa da gardaqmnis gavrceleba iq seriozul politikur cvlilebebs gamoiwvevda. amitomac sabWoTa liderebma, uxvsityvaobis gareSe, mianiSnes maT, rom ar iqnebodnen amgvari gardaqmnebis winaaRmdegni.

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ramdenadac solidarobis akrZalvam polonelebs CamoarTva raime politikuri organizaciis Seqmnis ufleba, romelic mkafiod gamoxatavda maT gulgatexilobasa da mrisxanebas, poloneTi, miuxedavad samxedro mdgomareobis gauqmebisa, kidev xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi imyofeboda im CixSi, romelSic igi Caayenes. yvelaferi ki imiT damTavrda, rom 1988 w. muSebis mier mowyobilma gaficvebis seriam warmoaCina iaruzelskis reJimis ususuroba. mTavrobam, Tumca amis didi survili ar gaaCnda mas, kvlav moaxdina solidarobis legalizacia da imedovnebda, rom amiT miiRebda mokavSires qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri cxovrebis gamosacocxleblad. cota xnis Semdeg mTavrobam da solidarobam miarwies SeTanxmebas, romlis mixedviTac 1989 w. ivnisSi poloneTSi Catarda Tavisufali arCevnebi. seimSi, sakanonmdeblo krebis qveda palataSi, adgilebis 65% garantirebuli iyo komunistebisaTvis, magram zeda palata, senati, gaxsnili iyo nebismieri orientaciis partiisaTvis. arCevnebi damTavrda komunistebis sruli damarcxebiT _ senatSi isini saerTod, arc iyvnen warmodgenilni. rac Seexeba arCevnebs seimSi, aq komunisturi partiis kandidatebi kenWisyris pirvel turSi xSirida ver agrovebdnen xmebis saWiro minimums _ 5096 xmas. general iaruzelskis Zlivs eyo xmebi, rom prezidenti gamxdariyo. xangrZlivi molaparakebis Semdeg Seiqmna arakomunisturi mTavroba, romelsac sataveSi Caudga TadeuS mazovecki, kaTolikuri mimdinareobis gazeTis gamomcemeli. amgvarad, sabWoTa blokis qveynebSi 1948 wlida pirvelad, Seiqmna pirveli arakomunisturi mTavroba, romelic Seudga demokratizaciis programis da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis ganxorcielebas. komunisturi banakis pirveli bastionis dacemem daaCqara movlenebi sxva qveynebSi. ungreTSi, kadaris mmarTvelobis dros, ekonomikaSi arsebobda kerZo seqtori. 1988 w. politikuri sistemis Seutavseblobam arsebul kerZo seqtorTan qveyanaSi gamoiwvia mZafri krizisi. kadafi gadadga da misma Semcvlelma kompartiis reformatoruli frTis liderma imre poJgaim scada kompartiis gardaqmna saparlamento partiad, risTvisac Caatara Tavisufali arCevnebi, raTa am gziT mosuliyo xelisuflebaSi. magram man sastiki marcxi ganicada. 1989 w. dekemberSi Catarebul pirvel Tavisufal arCevnebSi gaimarjva ungreTis demokratiulma forumma. mas saTaveSi edga populisturi qristianuldemokratiuli mimdinareobis partiis lideri ioJef antali. rac Seexeba germaniis demokratiul respublikas _ misi gardacvaleba iyo uecari poloneTsa da ungreTSi ganviTarebul movlenebTan SedarebiT. igi TviT gorbaCovma daaCqara, romelic aq vizitiT Camovida 1989 w. oqtomberSi. qveyanaSi mis Camosvlas Sexvdnen demonstraciebiT, romlebic moawyo moqalaqeta sainiciativo jgufma _ axalma forumma. demonstrantebi moiTxovdnen rom erix honekers miebaZa Tavisi stumrisaTvis da daewyo gdr-Si demokratizaciisa da sajaroobis politika. ramdenadac poloneTi da ungreTi ukve gaxsnilebi iyvnen, gdr-is mTavrobam veRar SeaCera ltolvilebis nakadi, romlebic dasavleTis qveynebSi garbodnen. xalxis am nakadma waleka honekeris mTavrobac, xolo misma memkvidreebma daamsxvries berlinis kedeli. gdr iyo sabWoTa blokis cixe-simagris saZirkvlis qvakuTxedi da axla, rodesac igi daingra, mas mTeli Senobac miyva. eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi aRmosavleT germaniaSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi movidnen qristiani demokratebi; erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi igi SeuerTda dasavleT germanias da Sevida natos SemadgenlobaSi. CexoslovakiaSi saxalxo demonstraciebma gamoiwvia komunisturi reJimis damxoba. prezidenti gaxda disidenti dramaturgi vaclac haveli. rumineTsa da bulgareTSi demokratiis gamarjveba ase uceb ar momxdara. marTalia, saxalxo revoluciam daamxo CauSeskus korumpirebuli diqtatoruli reJimi, magram erovnuli xsnis frontis axali mTavroba ganagrZobda opoziciis devnas, Tumca arc ise sastikad, rogorc amas CauSesku aketebda. Tanac xelisufleba kvlavac ganagrZobda mosaxleobis gadamterebas erovnul umciresobebze, gansakuTrebiT ungrelebze. bulgareTSi opoziciurma demokratiuli Zalebis kavSirma 1990 w. ivnisSi aRcevnebSi mravali xma waarTva kompartias, magram gamarjvebis mopoveba da axali mTavrobis Seqmna man mxolod 1991 w. oqtomberSi moaxerxa. demokratiuli Zalebis gamarjvebas aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi 1991 w. dasawyisSi moyva ekonomikuri urTierTdaxmarebis sabWosa da varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciis daSla. sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas esmoda, rom aRmosavleT evropis xalxebis miswrafeba, bolo moeRoT SeiaraRebuli konfrontaciisaTvis da mWidro TanamSromloba daemyarebinaT dasavleTis qveynebis TanamegobrobasTan imdenad didi iyo, rom SeuZlebeli iyo misTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. Tanac am qveynebSi demokratiis gamarjvebam axali

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suli STabera demokratebs sabWoTa kavSirSi, sadac kvlavac grZeldeboda brZola partiul-saxelmwifo aparatTan. magram aRmosavleT evropis erTerT qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebma aCvena, Tu raoden didi saSiSroebis motana SeuZlia demokratizacias. iugoslaviaSi 1991 w. arCevnebma sloveniasa da xorvatiaSi xelisuflebis sataveSi moiyvana arakomunisturi mTavrobebi, romlebmac TavianTi respublikebis damoukidebloba gamoacxades. amis Sedegad xorvatiaSi mcxovrebi serbebma, romlebic iugoslaviis armiam nebaze miuSva, scades im teritoriis xorvatiisaTvis CamoWra, romelic serbeTs esazRvreboda. daiwyo samoqalaqo omi; iugoslaviis federaciis daSlis kvaldakval es omi gavrcelda bosniasa da hercegovinaze, sadac ertad cxovrobdnen serbebi, xorvatebi da muslimanebi. sabWoTa kavSirTan analogia aSkara iyo _ amitomac ruseTSi mravali politikosi demokratebis ricxvidan gamovida qveynis daSlis winaaRmdeg, romelSic maT avad Tu kargad samocdaaTi weli cxovrobdnen. sabWoTa kavSirSi gorbaCovi Seecada uzrunveleyo Tavisi politikisaTvis sayovelTao mxardaWera. 1921 w. Semdeg, pirvelad nebadarTul iqna kompartiisagan damoukidebeli politikuri asociaciebis Seqmna, romelic SeiZleba ssrk ubralo moqalaqeebisaTvis maTi imedebis gamomxatvel tribunebad qceuliyo. zogierTi am asociaciaTagan Seiqmna sportuli klubebis irgvliv, zogic pop-klubis irgvliv, romlebic im axalgazrdobis mizidvis centrebs warmoadgendnen, romlebsac komkavSirisadmi dauokebeli zizRi gaaCndaT. sxva gaerTianebebi Seiqmna mSvidobisaTvis mebrZolTa an 60-70-iani wlebis disidentebis irgvliv, romlebic dakavebulni iyvnen adamianis uflebebis dacvis, eTnikuri da religiuri sakiTxebiT. yovelive es mowmobda alternatiuli kulturis arsebobas, romelic breJnevis epoqaSi iatakqveSeTSi arsebobda. axla, rodesac sajaroobam maT winaSe yovelgvari gzebi gaxsna, zvavis siswrafiT iqmneboda sxvadasxva politikuri moZraoba, romlebic mtkice gadawyvetilebebiT iyvnen aRsavse, da romlebmac kargad icodnen Tu ra undodaT. Zalian xSirad garemos an istoriuli Zeglebis dacva iqceoda im katalizatorad, romelic xels uwyobda manamde arsebuli daqsaqsuli jgufebis da calkeuli pirebis gaerTianebas. leningradSi mravali alternatiuli jgufi gaerTianda mas Semdeg, rodesac saqalaqo sabWom gadawyvita sastumro angleteris areba, sadac poetma sergei eseninma Tavi moikla.. adamianebi quCebSi agrovebdnen xelmowerebs am Senobis dasacavad. xelisuflebma garekes sastumros win protestis gamosaxatavad Segrovili xalxi da gamogzavnes muSebi, romlebsac Senoba unda daengriaT, magram protestebs ukvalod ar Cauvlia. aSkara gaxda, rom saWiro iyo organizaciis ganmtkiceba da sazogadoebasTan kavSiris damyareba. moedanze isaakis taZris maxloblad dadges telefoni sazogadoebriobis informirebisa da maT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisaTvis. yovelive es keTdeboda am saqmisaTvis Seqmnili organizaciis _ kulturul-demokratiuli moZraobis (cnobilia agreTve epicentris saxelwodebiT) saxeliT. igi gamoscemda sakuTar Jurnals merkuri-s, romlis pirvelsave nomerSi gamomcemlebma naTlad ganacxades moZraobis miznebis Sesaxeb _ sazogadoebrivi azris aqtivizacia da misi, rogorc efeqturi instrumentis, gamoyeneba perestroikisaTvis. Jurnalis azriT, swored es gza waiyvanda sazogadoebas socialisturi demokratiisaken. seriozul warmatebebs miaRwies bunebis damcvelebma 1986 wels. mwerlebma da mecnierebma aiZules partiuli xelmZRvaneloba uari eTqvaT cimbirisa da CrdiloeTis mdinareebis Sua aziisa da volgispireTis udabno adgilebSi gadmogdebis gamaCanagebel da grandiozul gegmebze. literaturuli Jurnalis novi miris redaqtorma sergei zaliginma amas uwoda pirveli da yvelaze didi warmateba sazogadoebriobis brZolaSi gosplanis da sxva samrewvelo saministroebis leviaTanis winaaRmdeg. mokled, 1987 w. adamianebma aSkarad igrZnes, rom samoqalaqo iniciativbs SeiZleboda seriozuli warmatebebi moyoloda. Cernobilis katastrofamac xeli Seuwyo imas, rom sazogadoebriobam gaigo, Tu rogor agebs da akontrolebs mTavroba sawarmoebs, romlebic momakvdineblad saSiSni arian. garda amisa, xalxma dainaxa, rom centraluri xelisufleba kvlavindeburad araviTar yuradRebas ar aqcevda arc xelisuflebis adgilobriv organoebs da arc xalxs. amas ki adamianebis didi aRSfoTeba moyva. universitetebisa da akademiuri institutebis TanamSromlebma swrafad moaxdines am ganwyobilebebze reagireba. mravali maTgani ukve didi xnis manZilze swavlobda marqsim-leninizmisagan gansxvavebul moZRvrebebs, religiebs, sabazro

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ekonomikasa da konstituciur samarTals. axla ukve araoficialur seminarebze iqmneboda jgufebi, romelTa amocanasac Seadgenda sazogadoebriv-politikuri aqciebis mowyoba. 1987 w., magaliTad, moskovSi ekonomikuri maTematikis centralur institutSi Seiqmna klubi perestroika. igi aRmocenda seminarisagan, sadac sociologebi ganixilavdnen sawarmoebis Sesaxeb axal kanons. am kanonis irgvliv aRmocenebuli kiTxvebi da pasuxebi male gascda Tavdapirveli Temis CarCoebs: axla ukve gansaxilveli sakiTxebi exeboda sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela sferos. aman aiZula diskusiis mravali monawile, rom sityvidan praqtikul saqmianobaze gadasuliyvnen. am ganzraxvebisaTvis dasrulebuli forma rom miecaT, Seiqmna specialuri seqciebi, romelTagan, magaliTad, erTerTis mizans warmoadgenda muSebisaTvis TviTmmarTvelobis Seswavla.. meorem miiRo samoqalaqo Rirsebis saxelwodeba, romlis mizansac warmoadgenda mosaxleobis kanonieri uflebebis dacva. am klubidan aRmocenda uaRresad mniSvnelovani moZraoba memoriali. mis mizans warmoadgenda namdvili memorialis Seqmna stalinuri represiebis msxverplTaTvis, romelic imavdroulad muzeumic unda yofiliyo, biblioTekac da sainformacio centric, romelic Seagrovebda da Seinaxavda yvela dokuments im saSineli drois Sesaxeb. memorialis wevrebi agrovebdnen xelmowerebs quCebSi, sazogadoebam moipova cnobili mecnierebisa da mwerlebis mxardaWera. memorialma sabWoTa kavSiris qalaqebSi Caatara sindisis kvireuli.. moskovSi Seqmnes xsovnis kedeli, romelzedac gamoikra represirebulTa suraTebi. ssrk uzarmazar rukaze aRniSnul iqna gulagis arqipelagis kunZulebi, xolo mopirdapire mxares idga urikebi, romlebiTac patimrebi muSaobdnen. aq gamofenaze misuli adamianebi tovebdnen TavianT Semowirulobebs memorialis asagebad. swored memorialSi aRmocenda pirvelad kavSiri cnobil inteleqtualebsa da kulturis moRvaweebs Soris, erTis mxriv da araformalur axal, politikur moZraobebs Soris, meores mxriv. amgvarad, brZolaSi, romelic gaiSala istoriuli WeSmaritebis, kanonierebisa da sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis fundamenturi sakiTxebis garSemo, partiulsaxelmwifoebriv aparats daupirispirda moqalaqeta friad farTo masebi. es iyo wingadadgmuli didi nabiji alternatiuli politikuri partiebis formirebis saqmeSi. araformaluri politikuri gaerTianebebis winaSe dadga umTavresi sakiTxi: mzad iyvnen Tu ara isini komunisturi partiis reformistul ZalebTan TanamSromlobisaTvis sabWoTa sistemis CarCoebSi, Tu uars ambobdnen komunistur partiasa da sabWoTa saxelmwifoze, rogorc diskreditirebul warsulis memkvidreobaze? isini, vinc airCia meore, Seikribnen 1988 w. maisSi moskovSi da Seqmnes demokratiuli kavSiri, romelmac Tavi qveyanaSi arsebuli socialuri wyobis totalitaruli mxareebisadmi dapirispirebul politikur partiad gamoacxada. demokratiuli kavSiris ideali iyo ara oqtombris, an Tebervlis revolucia, aramed isini Tavis saboloo miznad isaxavdnen mravalpartiuli saparlamento demokratiis, Tavisufali presisa da sabazro ekonomikis Seqmnas. demokratiulma kavSirma uari ganacxada sabWoebis arCevnebSi monawileobaze da amis nacvlad awyobda demonstraciebsa da hepeningebs, romelsac xSirad Tan sdevda konfliqti xelisuflebis organoebTan. im Zalebma, romlebsac surdaT arsebuli politikuri sistemis gamoyeneba, 1988-89 ww. Seqmnes saxalxo frontebi da amomrCevelTa asociaciebi da amgvarad gamoiyenes gorbaCovis mier micemuli SesaZleblobebi. am moZraobis wevrebma droebiT Sewyvites politikuri debatebi, kerZod, socializmis miReba-miuReblobis Sesaxeb, Tundac Sekvecili formiT. yvela gaerTianda mTavari miznis garSemo: moepovebinaT gamarjveba nomenklaturis kandidatebze yvela doneze gamarTul sabWoebis arCevnebSi. sabWoebis sakavSiro yrilobis saxalxo deputatebis arCevnebma 1989 w. martSi aCvena, rom miuxedavad TavianTi organizaciuli naklovanebebisa araformalebs SeuZliaT sazogadoebriv azrze zemoqmedebis moxdena. zogierT saarCevno olqSi maT gasaocar warmatebebs miaRwies: moskovSi elcinma miiRo xmebis 90%, leningradSi arCevnebi waago partiis ck-is politbiuros wevrma, aseve araformalebis warmatebiT damTavrda arCevnebi dasavleT ukrainaSi, ruseTis did qalaqebSi, sadac amomrCevelTa asociaciebi kargad iyo organizebuli, an maTi kandidatebi didi popularobiT sargeblobdnen. araformalebis popularoba imdenad gaizarda, rom maT daiwyes kompartiis wevrebis gadabireba _ 1988-dan 1991 wlamde kompartia datova 2 mln-ze metma adamianma. TviT kompartiam iwyo dayofa sxvadasxva platformebad, romlebic jer kidev 1921 w. akrZales partiis X yrilobaze. demokratiuli platforma gamodioda adamianis uflebebis dacvis, Ria saarCevno sistemisa da sabazro ekonomikis moTxovniT;

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marqsistuli platforma moiTxovda muSaTa kontrolis dawesebas sawarmoebSi da adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebSi. bolSevikuri platformis ideali iyo neostalinisturi centralizebuli dagegmareba da zemodan danergili socialuri gamTanabrebloba. araformaluri politikuri asociaciebis Seqmnam specifikuri formebi miiRo ssrk ararusul regionebSi. aq yvela mamoZravebel motivebs, romlebic ruseTSi moqmedebda, emateboda rusebis mmarTvelobiT aRSfoTeba. aq istoriis, kulturisa da garemos dacvis problemebi ufro emociur elfers iRebda, vidre ruseTSi da mwerlebi da mecnierebi, romlebsac maTi formulireba SeeZloT aq ufro didi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen, vidre metropoliaSi. sajaroobis ganviTarebis logikam aq gamoiwvia is, rom aq scenaze gamovida eTnikuri faqtorebi. rogorc avRniSneT, 70-ian wlebSic ki moskovis mmarTveloba inteleqtualebis gaRizianebas iwvevda. axla ki maT sajarooba nebas aZlevda wasuliyvnen ufro Sors da Tavis mxareze xalxi gadmoeyvanaT. is, rasac adre axSobdnen, axla Zalumad amovida wina planze da gaaerTiana sxvadasxva socialuri warmoSobisa da profesiis adamianebis Zalisxmeva. amis Sedegad daiwyo politikuri struqturebis gardaqmnis feTqebadi procesi. TiToeul xalxs hqonda afetqebis sakuari wertili da TiToeuli respublikuri komunisturi partia Taviseburad reagirebda movlenebis maTTvis arasasurveli mimarTulebiT ganviTarebaze. amitomac TviT es movlenebic da moqmedebebic, romlebic sapasuxod tardeboda mokavSire respublikebSi, Zlier gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisagan. yvelaze mSvidobiani, magram imave dros yvelaze radikaluri iyo movlenebis ganviTareba baltiispireTis respublikebSi. imas, razedac 70-ian wlebSi laparakobdnen mxolod disidentebi, mogvianebiT mxari dauWires mecnierebisa da kulturis moRvaweebma. Semdeg maT SeuerTdnen masobrivi sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi da bolos, komunisturi partiebi, Tumca gaubedavad da sanaxevrod. tempebi, romliTac viTardeboda movlenebi sxvadasxva respublikebSi, iyo sxvadasxva: win midioda estoneTi, Semdeg ki latvia. litva, romelsac sxva respublikebidan migracia naklebad emuqreboda, midioda boloSi. Tavdapirvelad sazogadoebrivi ukmayofileba exeboda mxolod garemos dacvis sakiTxebs, magram male mis centrSi aRmoCnda sakiTxebi, romelic umTavresi iyo baltiispireTis qveynebisaTvis: am qveynebis aneqsia 1940 w. da maTi saukeTeso adamianebis momdevno deportacia cimbirSi. 1987 da 1988 wlebSi am moZraobam moikriba Zala da daiwyo demonstraciebiT Tavis istoriaSi RirsSesaniSnavi TariRebis _ damoukideblobis dRis, deportaciis dRis (14 ivnisi), molotov-ribentropis xelSekrulebis dadebis dRis da sxva movlenaTa aRniSvna. adamianTa mrisxane masebi moiTxovdnen srul simarTles im movlenebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac maT monoba moutana. iseve, rogorc ruseTSi, aqac Semdgomi faza gaxda organizaciebis Seqmna TavianTi programebiT. 1987 w. latviis mweralTa kavSirma moawyo respublikis kulturis yvela sferos muSakTa Sexvedra, romelmac skkp XIX partiul konferencias gaugzavna radikaluri moTxovnebi: latvia unda gamxdariyo suverenul saxelmwifod erTaderTi saxelmwifo eniT _ latviuriT. isini rCebodnen sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi, magram maT unda mieRoT damoukidebeli warmomadgenloba gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi, sakuTari samxedro formirebebi, ekonomikuri TviTmmarTveloba da ufleba, rom aekrZalaT Camosaxleba ssrk sxva respublikebidan. adgilobrivma komunisturma partiebma am moTxovnebze mwvave reagireba moaxdines, magram partiebis xelmZRvanelobaSi personaluri cvlilebebis Semdeg. esmodaT ra, rom amgvari moTxovnebi didi mxardaWeriT sargeblobda masebSi, komunistebma gadawyvites keTilgonivrulad kompromisze wasvla, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT afetqeba masebSi da imavdroulad moexsnaT yvelaze radikaluri moTxovnebi. rodesac SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebis moTxovnebis mxardasaWerad Seiqmna saxalxo frontebi (litvaSi mas uwodes saiudisi _ moZraoba), komunistebma maTTan dialogi gamarTes da moTxovnebis didi nawili Seitanes im davalebaTa ricxvSi, romlebic maT TavianT delegatebs misces XIX sakavSiro partiul konferenciaze. 1988 w. oqtomberSi baltiispireTis samive respublikaSi Sedga saxalxo frontebis saorganizacio yrilobebi, romlebic erovnuli aRorZinebis namdvil zeimad iqca _ adamianTa didi jgufebi mRerodnen erovnul himnebs, sazogadoebriv dawesebulebaTa Senobebze kvlav afrialda erovnuli droSebi, romlebic ormocdaaTi wlis manZilze ukanonod iTvleboda. vilniusSi restavrirebul kaTolikur kaTedralur taZarSi, romelic ormoci wlis manZilze samxatvro galeread hqondaT gadaqceuli, Catarda saerToerovnuli mesa.

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umaRles, respublikur da adgilobriv sabWoebis arCevnebSi saxalxo frontebma sruli gamarjveba moipoves. amas moyva ormagi reaqcia. jer erTi, farTovdeboda e.w. gasvlis moZraoba, romelic acxadebda, rom baltiispireTis respublikebi arasodes ar Sediodnen ssrk SemadgenlobaSi de-iure da amitomac aq unda Catarebuliyo yvela piris registracia, romlebic am respublikebis moqalaqeebi iyvnen 1940 wlamde, agreTve maTi STamomavlebisa. swored es adamianebi unda aerCia erovnul yrilobebs, romlebic aRadgendnen damoukideblobas de-faqto. baltiispireTis respublikebis sxva erovnebis mcxovrebni, romelTa did umravlesobas rusebi Seadgendnen, uaRresad SeSfoTdnen. pirdapirma miniSnebam masze, rom respublikebis Zireuli xalxebi miiRebdnen upiratesobas, aiZula isini SeeqmnaT internacionalisturi, anu sakavSiro moZraobebi, romlebic gamovidnen sabWoTa kavSiris da respublikebis mravalerovnulobis SenarCunebis moTxovnebiT. 1989-19990 wlebSi am organizaciebma sakavSiro kompartiis aparatis mxardaWeriT moawyes masobrivi demonstraciebi, romlebSic ZiriTadad is rusi muSebi monawileobdnen, romlebic aq sakavSiro daniSnulebis sawarmoebSi muSaobdnen. aprotestebdnen ra mcocav kontrevolucias, isini baltiispireTis qalaqebSi dadiodnen CaquC-namgalis niSnebiT. magram gadamwyveti movlenebi mainc moskovSi viTardeboda. gorbaCovis moTxovnebma, rom misTvis meti saprezidento uflebebi miecaT, warmoSva saSiSroeba, rom SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda meti Tavisuflebis mopoveba. aman aiZula litvis umaRlesi sabWo, romelSic umravlesobas saiudisis wevrebi warmoadgendnen da romelsac xelmZRvanelobda vitautas landsbergisi, 1990 w. 11 marts damoukidebloba gamoacxada. estoneTisa da latviis umaRlesma sabWoebma ufro TavSekavebuli rezoluciebi miiRes, romlebiTac cxaddeboda jer gardamavali periodi, romlis damTavrebis Semdegac gamocxaddeboda sruli damoukidebloba. am movlenebma baltiispireTis respublikebi aqcia polemikuri Setakebebis asparezad imaT Soris visac sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCuneba undoda da vinc kavSiridan gasvlas moiTxovda. Tavdapirvelad gorbaCovma scada maTTvis Tavs moexvia kanonierebis sakutari gageba da daiwyo litvis ekonomikuri blokada, magram igi ramdenime Tvis Semdeg Sewyvites _ axla gorbaCovma moindoma, rom yvela respublikas xeli moewera axal sakavSiro xelSekrulebaze, romliTac Seicvleboda 1922 wlis analogiuri dokumenti. axali sakavSiro xelSekruleba mokavSire respublikebs miscemda srul TviTmmarTvelobas, magram Tavdacva, sagareo politika da ekonomikis saerTo mmarTveloba unda darCeniliyo moskovis xelSi. 1991 w. ianvarSi sakavSiro xelisuflebis im warmomadgenlebma, romlebsac radikaluri Sexedulebebi gaaCndaT arsebuli saxelmwifo wyobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi, daiwyes moqmedeba. baltiispireTis yvela respublikaSi Seiyvanes sadesanto jaris nawilebi da Sinagan saqmeta saministros specdaniSnulebis razmebi (e.w. omoni) yovelive es keTdeboda winaswar dagegmili sqemis mixedviT. Tavdapirvelad jarebma kontrolqveS aiyvanes sakomunikacio sistemebi, daikaves vilniusSi gazetebis redaqciebisa da telecentris Senobebi. imavdroulad anonimurma erovnuli xsnis komitetebma litvasa da latviaSi gamoacxades Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis mzadyofnis Sesaxeb imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT ekonomikuri kraxi da burJuaziuli diqtaturis damyareba. rodesac specdaniSnulebis razmebi da medesanteebi miuaxlovdnen litvis parlamentis Senobas vilniusSi, adamianebma, romlebmac erTmaneTs xelebi CasWides, SeaCeres isini. Setakebisas daiRupa ToTxmeti adamiani. eqvsi adamiani daiRupa analogiuri Setakebis dros rigaSi. elcinma, romelic maSin ruseTis respublikis parlamentis spikeri iyo, baltiispireTis samive respublikis umaRlesi sabWos TavmjdomareebTan erTad dauyovnebliv gamoaqveyna gancxadeba, romelSic dagmobili iyo SeiaraREbuli Zalebis gamoyeneba, romelic am qveynebis suverenitets emuqreboda. Seejaxa ra winaaRmdegobas da mixvda ra, rom amgvar qmedebebs ufro didi Zaladoba moyveboda, gorbaCovma, romelmac sul cota xnis win miiRo nobelis premia mSvidobis dargSi, Tavi Seikava SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyenebisagan qveynis SigniT. molotov-ribentropis paqtis kidev erT msxverpls moldaveTi warmoadgenda, sadac mimdinare movlenebi hgavda baltiispireTis movlenebs. aq ukmayofilebis gamoxatva pirvelad daiwyes SemoqmedebiTma kavSirebma. male maT safuZvelze Seiqmna saxalxo fronti. komunisturi partiis reaqcia aq ramdenadme Senelebuli iyo, magram aqac 1990 w. zafxulSi respublikas Seucvales saxeli, mas ewoda respublika moldova da miRebuli ina deklaracia suverenitetis Sesaxeb. mravalma adamianma es aRiqva rogorc pirveli

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nabiji gadadgmuli rumineTTan momavali SeerTebisaken. amaze respublikaSi mcxovreb sxva erebis warmomadgenelTa reaqcia metad mkveTri iyo. maT gamoacxades sakuTari dnestrispireTis respublikis Seqmna dedaqalaqiT rusulenovan tiraspolSi, dnestris marjvena sanapiroze. maT ar hqondaT centridan samxedro daxmarebis miRebis imedi da amitomac sakuTari samxedro formirebebi Seqmnes. isini iaraRs iZendnen sabWoTa regularuli jaris nawilebisagan. es nawilebi SenarCunebul iqna moldaveTis mier damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdegac da iqcnen samxedro konfliqtis wyarod. somexi xalxi aswleulebis manZilze nadgurdeboda da idevneboda Tavisi miwebidan mZlavri mezoblis mier. yvelaze mtkivneuli respublikis mcxovrebTaTvis iyo mTiani yarabaRis, ZiriTadad soflis meurneobis regionis sakiTxi, romelic upiratesad somxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. magram 1921 w. erovnebaTa saqmis saxalxo komisariatis gadawyvetilebiT igi miuerTes azerbaijans. Seuracxyofa, romelic miayenes somexTa erovnul Tavmoyvareobas, kidev ufro gaRrmavda imiT, rom erTpartiuli sistemis pirobebSi administraciuli subordinacia cxovrebis yvela sferos moicavda. azerbaijanul umciresobas upiratesoba eniWeboda yvelaferSi: sacxovrebeli binebis ganawilebisas, samsaxurSi miRebis dros, ganaTlebis sitemaSi, samrewvelo obieqtebis mSeneblobisas. 1988 w. ukmayofilebam aSkara gamoxatulebis saxe miiRo. Seiqmna specialuri yarabaRis komiteti. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen mwerlebi, mecnierebi, Jurnalistebi, agreTve kerZo pirebis uflebiT samTavrobo moxeleebi. komitetis ganyofilebebi Seiqmna sawarmoebSi, dawesebulebebsa da saswavleblebSi, rac Zalian Camogavda skkp organizaciul struqturas, Tanac zogierTi komiteti partorganizaciebis seriozul metoqes iqca. TebervalSi demonstraciebSi, romelic yarabaRis komitetma moawyo, naxevar milionze meti adamiani monawileobda. demonstrantebi moiTxovdnen yarabaRis somxeTTan mierTebas. komitetma somxeTis umaRlesi sabWos daxmarebiT ramdenime Tavisi gadawyvetilebac gamoaqveyna. amis pasuxad azerbaijanelebma sisxli daRvares. azerbaijanis samrewvelo qalaq sumgaiTSi, ori dRis manZilze mokluli iqna aTabiT somexi. mravali somexi darwmunebulia, rom yovelive es mimdinareobda xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebis wayruebiT. moskovis reaqcia SedarebiT TavSekavebuli iyo, magram isic negatiuri. bolos da bolos yarabaRSi damyarda moskovis pirdapiri mmarTveloba. erevanSi patrulirebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaqcevis Tavidan acilebis mizniT regionSi Seyvanil iqna jarebi. isargebles ra dabneulobiT, romelic aq aRmocenda somxeTSi 1988 w. dekemberSi saSineli miwisZvris gamo, moskovis xelisuflebam aq daapatimra yarabaRis komitetis TerTmeti wevri, magram sazogadoebrivi zalebis mxridan zemoqmedebis gamo 1989 w. ivnisSi isini gaanTavisufles. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg ki moskovma aRiara Tvisi uilajoba da gaauqma yarabaRis gansakuTrebuli statusi da igi xelaxla miuerTa azerbaijans. amis pasuxad somxeTis umaRlesma sabWom gamoacxada somxeTis gaerTianebuli respublikis seqmna, romlis SemadgenlobaSic mTiani yarabaRic Sedioda. azerbaijanis saxalxo frontis programa Zalian waagavda baltiispireTisas, magram masSi gansakuTrebiT xazgasmuli iyo, rom azerbaijanis suvereniteti gulisxmobda mTian yarabaRze kontrolsac. mwvaved iqna gakritikebuli azerbaijanis komunisturi mTavroba, romelic ver uzrunvelyofda am kontrols. 1989 w. seqtemberSi saxalxo fronti gamovida mowodebiT moewyoT saprotesto gaficva, romelic imave dros niSnavda yarabaRisa da somxeTis ekonomikuri blokadis dawyebasac. dekemberSi frontis yvelaze ufro radikalurad ganwyobilma wevrebma xelT igdes Zalaufleba sazRvrispira qalaq lenqoranSi. maT moSales iranis sazRvarTan arsebuli mavTulxlarTebi da xelT igdes sakontrolo-gamSvebi punqtebi, raTa moewyoT daZmobileba iranel TanamemamuleebTan. 1990 w. 13 noembers baqoSi Sedga saxalxo frontis kargad momzadebuli yriloba. masze mwvaved iqna gakritikebuli respublikuri partiuli organizaciis mdivani vezirovi. mas akritikebdnen moskovis winaSe monuri qedis moxrisaTvis da moiTxovdnen mis gadadgomas. yrilobis sxva moTxovna iyo referendumis Catareba ssrk-dan gamoyofis Taobaze. amis Semdeg adamianTa uzarmazari masa, romelTa Sorisac bevrni iyvnen yarabaRidan devnili azerbaijanelebi, daiZra qalaqisaken da daiwyes nadiroba somxebze, romlebic jer kidev iyvnen SemorCenilni baqoSi. qalaqi TiTqos Sua saukuneebis periods daubrunda. Tavdapirvelad sabWoTa armia ar ereoda saqmeSi, magram ramdenime dRis Semdeg, rodesac rbevis procesi ukve minelda, SemoRebul iqna samxedro wesebi da igi Sevida qalaqSi sadac arnaxuli sisastikiT aradgina wesrigi. oficialuri monacemebiT im dReebSi qalaqSi mokles daaxloebiT 150 kaci.

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dro, romelic SerCeul iqna am aqciis Casatareblad, araorazrovnad iZleva imis mtkicebis saSualebas, rom mis mizans warmoadgenda ara eTnikuri konfliqtis Sewyveta, aramed miswrafeba raTa ar daeSvaT saxalxo frontis mosvla azerbaijanSi xelisuflebis saTaveSi. komunistebis xelisuflebis SenarCunebis yvela cdebidan, romlebic perestroikis periodSi ganxorcielda, baqos movlenebi yvelaze sisxliani aRmoCnda. azerbaijanis axalma komunisturma liderma aiaz mutalibovma isargebla samxedro mdgomareobiT imisaTvis, rom Seeferxebina saxalxo frontis qmedebebi. Tavis mxareze amomrCevlebis gadmobirebis mizniT, man gamoiyena patronaJis Zveli sistema. amasobaSi ki yarabaRSi orive mtrulma mxarem Seqmna sakuTari samxedro SeiaraRebuli formirebebi, romlebsac sakmaod rTuli iaraRi gaaCndaT, rasac sakmaod uxvad awvdida maT sabWoTa armia. sabWoTa da Semdeg ruseTis xelisuflebis dasustebis kvalobaze yarabaRis konfliqtma miiRo mzardi formebi da saerTaSoriso xasiaTi. igi SeiZleboda gavrcelebuliyo ara marto mTel kavkasiaze, aramed Sua aRmosavleTzec. qarTvelebs ar hqonia yarabaRis msgavsi erTi yovlismomcveli problema, mas mravali satkivari hqonda. maT awuxebdaT is, rom saqarTvelos uZvelesi monastrebi ingreva da daniSnulebisamebr ar gamoiyeneba, rom rusuli ena sul ufro metad devnida qarTul enas samTavrobo organoebSi, rom izrdeboda rusuli imigracia respublikaSi, rom aragvis xeobas emuqreboda safrTxe kavkasiis samTo sarkinigzo xazis mSeneblobis Sedegad. SeSfoTebis sxva mizezs warmoadgenda aq mcxovrebi zogierTi erovnuli umciresobis, uwinares yovlisa afxazebis, antiqarTuli separatizmi. saqarTvelos komunisturma partiam ver SeZlo am sakiTxebis gadaWris konstruqciuli programis wamoyeneba. amitomac sazogadoebriobis simpatiebi gadaixara qarTuli politikuri speqtris Seurigebeli mxarisaken. igi ekava ilia WavWavaZis sazogadoebas da erovnuldemokratiul partias. es ukanaskneli acxadebda, romdamoukidebeli saqarTvelos aRorZineba gamoasworebs dod istoriul usamarTlobas da rom es aris is, risTvisac Rirs sicocxle, brZola da sikvdili. 1989 w. aprilSi erovnul-demokratiulma partiam TbilisSi moawyo masobrivi demonstraciebi, romlebic dRe da Rame grZeldeboda. maTSi aseul aTasobiT adamiani monawileobda. mitingebis monawile studentTa nawilma SimSiloba gamoacxades, isini sabWoTa kavSiridan saqarTvelos gasvlas moiTxovdnen. demonstraciebi da mitingebi iyo mSvidobiani, magram xelisuflebisaTvis Zlier aRmaSfoTebeli iyo maTi moTxovnebi. amitomac qalaqSi Seyvanil iqnen Sinagan saqmeTa specialuri nawilebi (e.w. omoni). magram aseve imata quCebSi gamosul moqalaqeTa raodenobamac moSimSileTa dasacavad. dRemde daudgenelia, vin gasca brZaneba, magram 9 aprils, diliT adre, Tavdacvis saministros jarebi da Sinagan saqmeTa saministros specnawilebi xelketebiTa da specialurad alesili mesangreTa niCbebiT daerivnen demonstrantebs. moklul iqna 19 kaci, ZiriTadad qalebi da bavSvebi, dasaxiCrda da momwamvleli gazebiT moiwamla aTasze meti adamiani. pirvelad, novoCerkaskis Semdeg, sabWoTa xelisufleba ase sastikad moeqca sakuTar moqalaqeebs. am movlenebis Semdeg agorebulma xalxis aRSfoTebis talRam saqarTveloSi, xelisuflebis saTaveSi moiyvana erTaderTi postsabWouri lideri, romelic SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT im SeurigebelTa ricxvs, romlebic gamoricxavdnen nebismier kompromiss komunistur partiasa da arsebul sistemasTan. 1991 w. maisSi saprezidento arCevnebSi gaimarjva zviad gamsaxurdiam, xolo misma politikurma organizaciam mrgvalma magidam, jer kidev 1990 w. oqtomberSi Catarebul saparlamento arCevnebSi moipova sruli gamarjveba. magram sul male gamsaxurdias mmarTvelobis avtoritarulma meTodebma gamoiwvia is, rom igi miatova TanamebrZolTa nawilma. gamsaxurdiam daapatimra zogierTi opozicioneri da moindoma presis CaxSoba. bolos da bolos gamsaxurdias mowinaaRmdegeebma gvardiis nawilebis mxardaWeriT daamxes igi Tbilisis quCebSi ramdenimedRiani Setakebis Semdeg, romelmac qalaqis Zveli kvartalebi seriozulad daaziana. saqarTvelos magaliTma naTlad aCvena, rom arsebul sabWoTa sistemasTan nebismier kompromisze uaris Tqma saSiSi iyo arastabilurobis TvalsazrisiT. xolo Sua aziis movlenebma, piriqiT, aCvena, Tu raoden saSiSia warsulTan kavSiris SenarCunebis mcdeloba. Sua aziaSi kadrebisadmi ndobis breJneviseulma politikam gamoiwvia aq naxevradfeodaluri politikuri sistemis ganmtkiceba. mis CarCoebSi adgilobrivma xelmZRvanelebma Seqmnes patronaJis qseli, rodesac awinaurebdnen TavianT naTesavebsa da

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axloblebs da moskovs abednierebdnen gamarjvebis relaciebiT bambis mosavlis zrdisa da rusuli enis SeswavlaSi warmatebebis Sesaxeb. Zveli reJimis nepotizmma, Sexamebulma nomenklaturul sistemasa da gegmiur ekonomikasTan, warmoSva grandiozuli korufcia, romelsac mravali gamomZiebeli mafiozur struqturas adarebda. adgilobrivi partiuli beladebi moskovisagan iRebdnen fuls ararsebuli bambisaTvis. Semosavlis nawili ibandeboda Crdilovani ekonomikis yvela sferoSi, rac iZleoda saqonlisa da momsaxureobis ukmarisobis kompensirebis saSualebas da qmnida Semosavlian adgilebs favoritebisaTvis. am sistemas mTeli Sua aziis regioni lagamamodebuli hyavda, magram misi Sedegebi uaRresad damRupveli aRmoCnda. xdeboda Sua aziis sul ufro metad izolireba danarCeni kavSirisagan, Tu vimsjelebT sabWoTa kavSirSi 1970 da 1979 wlebSi Catarebuli sayovelTao aRweris monacemebiT erTa Soris qorwinebebisa da imigraciis Sesaxeb. Camosulebi Sua aziis respublikebSi Tavs grZnobdnen uxerxulad, xolo TviT Suaazielebi ver eleodnen tomobriv proteqcionizms da ar midiodnen samuSaod sabWoTa kavSiris sxva regionebSi. ramdenadac upiratesoba yovelTvis eniWeboda Tanamemamuleebs, korufciam warmoSva daZabuloba erta Soris urTierTobebSi. gansakuTrebiT TvalSi sacemi iyo am sistemisagan rusebis Camocileba _ maT aSkara diskriminaciul mdgomareobaSi ayenebdnen. magram ufro uaresi sxva ram iyo< kerZod, mtacebluri damokidebuleba da gamoyeneba wylis resursebisa bambis plantaciebSi, ramac gamoiwvia mdinareebis amu-dariisa da sir-dariis nawilobriv daSroba da araliis zRvaSi wylis donis mkveTrad dacema. daiwyo misi sanapiroebis gaudabnoeba da aq mlaSobebis warmoSoba. garemo pirobebis amgvari ngreva safrTxes uqmnida sasmel wyals. safrTxe Seeqmna mTeli regionis klimats, rac momakvdineblad aisaxeboda bambis warmoebaze, romelsac sarwyavi wylis udidesi maragi xmardeboda. pirveli cdebi Sua aziaSi korufciis aRmosafxvrelad moawyo andropovma 1983 wels. 1986 wlisaTvis Secvales xuTive respublikaSi respublokuri partorganizaciebis pirveli mdivnebi. maTi da maTi uaxloesi TanamSromlebis saqmianobis gamoZieba daiwyes prokuraturam da Sss organoebma. gamoZieba mimdinareobda nela da didi siZneleebiT _ amis SesaZlo mizezi iyo Suaazieli moRvaweebis kavSirebis gamoaaSkaraveba korumpirebul moskovel moxeleebTan, rac aSkara gaxda breJnevis siZis iuri Curbanovis sasamarTlo procesis Semdeg. rusi inkvizitorebi Sua aziaSi sxvagvar winaaRmdegobasac waawydnen. pirveli Setakeba moxda 1986 wlis dekemberSi, rodesac yazaxeTis kompartiis centraluri komitetis pirveli mdivani kunaevi gadaayenes da mis nacvlad daayenes erovnebiT rusi genadi kolbini. ratom wavida gorbaCovi am nabijze da ratom daarRvia ase aSkarad wesi, romlis mixedviTac respublikuri partorganizaciis pirveli mdivani adgilobrivi mosaxleobis warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo, dRemde gamocanad rCeba. SeiZleba es imitom gakeTda, rom ver naxes arakorumpirebuli yazaxi. magram ra motivebiTac ar unda exelmZRvanela gorbaCovs, misma moqmedebam gamoiwvia ordRiani amboxeba yazaxeTis dedaqala alma-ataSi. moTaveebad gamovidnen studentebi, yazaxuri eTnosis yvelaze Segnebuli nawili, Tanac uaRresad mgrZnobiare eTnikuri proteqcionizmis xelyofis mcdelobis mimarT. 1989-1990 ww. ufro mniSvnelovani Sua aziisaTvis iyo satemo mRelvarebebi. sacxovrebeli binebis ganawileba, miwaTmflobelobis sakiTxebi, sarwyavi wylisa da dasaqmebis problema ufro feTqebadsaSiSi sakiTxebi iyo, vidre ssrk sxva romelime nawilSi. ferRanis velze axalgazrda uzbekebi Tavs daesxnen e.w. Turq-mesxebs, romlebic aq stalinma gadaasaxla jer kidev 1944 wels. isini iTvlebodnen daxelovnebul vaWrebad da amitomac maT braldeboda im periodSi saqonlis gaZvireba. mas Semdeg, rac duSanbeSi gavrcelda Wori, rom somexi ltolvilebi aq iRebdnen binebs, romlebsac didi xania elodnen adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi, tajikebma moawyes aq Camosul sxva erovnebis adamianTa jgufebis rbeva. yirgizeTSi, qalaq oSSi, eTnikuri mRelvarebebi daiwyo mas Semdeg, rodesac ramdenime yirgizs dasaxlebisaTvis gamouyves miwis nakveTebi, sadac tradiciulad miwebi uzbekebs urigdebodaT. yvela am SemTxvevaSi adgilobriv mcxovrebTa aRSfoTeba da siZulvili CamosaxlebulTa mimarT, romlebsac madominirebeli poziciebi ekavaT sazogadoebaSi da sruliad gulgrilni iyvnen adgilobriv mcxovrebTa da maTi problemebis mimarT, kidev ufro Zlierdeboda Sua aziis Tavze Camowolili ekologiuri katastrofis winaTgrZnobiT, sabinao ukmarisobiT, miwisa da dasaqmebis

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problemebiT. dadioda xmebi, rom areulobas specialurad provocirebas uwevda adgilobrivi partiuli xelmZRvaneloba da mafia. amasTan erTad, saxalxo frontebis msgavsi samoqalaqo asociaciebi Sua aziaSi viTardeboda gacilebiT nela, vidre sxvagan. es iyo regionis upiratesad sasoflo, sustad urbanizebuli socialuri struqturis Sedegi, romelic kvlavac arqauli rCeboda. saxalxo moZraobaTa Soris yvelaze gavleniani gaxda sazogadoeba birliki (erTianoba), romelic taSkentSi Seiqmna 1989 w. maisSi. misi politikuri programa iyo saero da liberaluri, magram rigiTi wevrebis gavleniT organizaciam iwyo ufro populisturi da islamisturi politikis gatareba, vidre es programiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. magram perspeqtivaSi yvelaze Zlier politikur moZraobad Sua aziaSi SeiZleba gamxdariyo islamuri aRorZinebis partia, romelic Seiqmna astraxanSi 1990 w. ivnisSi. mas yavda Tavisi wevrebi sabWoTa kavSiris yvela regionSi. miuxedavad misi politikuri progaramis arafundamentalisturi da sruliad zomieri xasiaTisa, islamuri aRorZinebis partia Sua aziaSi praqtikulad yvelgan aikrZala. mTlianobaSi, rac ufro aSkara xdeboda ssrk momavali daSla, Sua aziis respublikebis liderebi sul ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi vardebodnen. uwin maT yovelTvis SeeZloT, rom moskovidan daxmarebis imedi hqonodaT, axla ki aseTi mxardaWera aRar iyo. magram is moZraobebic, romlebic damoukideblobis lozungiT gamodiodnen, iyvnen Zalian sustebi da ar SeeZloT alternatiuli liderebis win wamoweva. erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgenda yirgizeTi, sadac yofili komunisti lideri uaRresad arapopularuli iyo da amitomac aq xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvla SeZlo askar akaevma, yirgizeTis mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidentma. Sua aziis umaRlesi rangis moxeleebs ar undodaT sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gasvla. magram RonisZiebebi, romlebic maT gaatares, raTa tavidan aecilebinaT movlenebis amgvari ganviTareba, ar SeiZleba warmatebulad CaiTvalos. Tavisi politikis mxardasaWerad gamoiyenes ra klientelis tradiciuli sistema da axdendnen ra manipulirebas adgilobrivi nacionalizmiT, isini exvewebodnen slavuri warmoSobis specialistebs, rom isini ar wasuliyvnen respublikebidan. imave dros, eTamaSebodnen ra islams, isini am elementebs aq arc gaZlierebis saSualebas aZlevdnen. belorusiasa da ukrainaSi adgilobrivi xalxebis siaxlovem rusebTan Taviseburi daRi daasva erovnuli moZraobebis ganviTarebas. rusebi orive xalxebis warmomadgenlebs ganixilavdnen rogorc erTgvar sapatio velikorosebs, romlebsac raRac mdgomareobis gamo mouwiaT sxva dialeqtze saubari. es sami xalxi warmoadgenda ssrk mosaxleobaSi umravlesobas, isini imperiis mosaxleobis TiTqmis sam meoTxeds Seadgendnen. TviTon rusebi ki mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevars Seadgendnen. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo xels uwyobda farulad rusifikacias da amisaTvis iyenebda mSoblebis survils, rom Svilebi mieyvanaT rusul skolebSi, sadac isini imperiul enas euflebodnen. 1987 wlidan ukrainis mweralTa kavSirma daiwyo kampania ukrainuli enis eroziis Sesaxeb. male iqna amoweuli sxva, aranakleb mtkivneuli sakiTxebi _ garemos dabinZureba (gansakuTrebiT saWirboroto Cernobilis atomur eleqtrosadgurSi avariis Semdeg), uniaturi eklesiis devna, TeTri laqebis problema ukrainis istoriasa da kulturaSi. es ukanaskneli ganekuTvneboda ara marto stalinuri epoqis sisastikes, aramed, saerTod, rusul politikas ukrainis mimarT, romelic saukuneebis manZilze cdilobda ukrainuli kulturis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis mospobas. am dromde movlenebi mTlianobaSi iseve viTardeboda, rogorc baltiispireTis respublikebSi. momdevno etapad unda gamxdariyo saxalxo frontebis seqmna. magram maSin ukrainis xelisuflebma, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda breJnevisdroindeli politbiuros wevri SCerbicki, daiwyes imis sruliad sawinaaRmdego qmedeba, rac Tavis droze ganaxorcieles maTma baltiispirelma kolegebma. erovnuli moZraobis aqtivistebis cixeebSi Casma maT ukve aRar SeeZloT., rogorc amas 70-ian wlebSi akeTebdnen. amitomac am aqtivistebs devnidnen wvrilmani braldebebiT, krZalavdnen mitingebs, an umniSvnelo darRvevebisaTvis didi xniT apatimrebdnen. magram aseT pirobebSic ki ekologiuri moZraobis monawileTa didi yrilobis Semdeg, romelic 1988 w. noemberSi kievSi Sedga, Seiqmna sainiciativo jgufi, romelSic Sevidnen ukrainis mweralTa kavSirisa da araformaluri asociaciis warmomadgenlebi. maT gamoaqveynes saxalxo frontis programis proeqti gazeTSi, romelsac mweralTa kavSiri gamoscemda (erTaderTi gazeTi, romelmac es gabeda). proeqti Zalian Camogavda baltiispireTis saxalxo frontebis analogiur

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programebs _ maTSi mxars uWerdnen gardaqmnis politikas da iyo mowodeba ukrainis WeSmariti suverenitetis miRwevis Sesaxeb. programis proeqtSi aseve iyo moTxovnebi adamianis uflebebis dacvis, ukrainuli enisaTvis saxelmwifo enis statusis miniWebis Sesaxeb ukrainis sabWoTa respublikis teritoriaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnuli iyo, rom mSoblebis mier SvilebisaTvis saswavlo enis arCevis uflebis miniWeba iwvevda nacionalur niRilizms. saxlaxo frontma, romelmac miiRo rux-is saxelwodeba, pirveli yrilobis mowveva mxolod 1989 w. seqtemberSi moaxerxa. maSinve iqna miRebuli moZraobis programac. magram es sakmarisi aRmoCnda mxolod SCerbickis mosacileblad. rac Seexeba kompartias, igi jer kidev sakmaod Zlier organizaciad rCeboda da moaxerxa is, rom gaaWianura ruxis kandidatebis registracia im momentamde, rodesac 1990 wels amis gaketeba ukve aRar SeiZleboda. amgvarad, am arCevnebSi rux-ma SeZlo monawileobis miReba rogorc demokratiuli blokis wevrma, romelic moiTxovda ukrainis srul damoukideblobas, sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlas, rwmenis Tavisuflebas, rac uniaturi eklesiis legalizebas gulisxmobda. daaxloebiT amave periodSi gorbaCovi Sexvda romis paps da daadastura, rom uniatur mrevls amieridan SeeZlo daregistrireba da sakulto nagebobebis dabrunebis moTxovna. arCevnebis dros demokratiulma blokma marcxi ganicada odesasa da aRmosavleT ukrainaSi (upiratesad rusuli mosaxleobis raionebSi), magram danarCen raionebSi mniSvnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia da miiRo adgilebis didi umravlesoba, romlebsac varaudobda _ deputatTa adgilebis saerTo ricxvis mesamedi. demokratebma aseve adgilebis umravlesoba miiRes kievisa da lvovis saqalaqo sabWoebSi (am ukanasknelSi merad arCeul iqna Zveli disidenti viaCeslav Cernovili). am ambebis aRsaniSnavad lvovis ratuSis Senobaze aRmartes ukrainis erovnuli droSa, romelic uniaturi eklesiis episkoposma akurTxa. mas Tan axlda erovnuli himnis Sesruleba lvovis sazogadoebis gundis mier. rix-is warmatebam arCevnebSi da misma momdevno erovnulma sixarulma daaCqara movlenebi, romlebic manamde, ori wliT adre, moxda baltiispireTSi. damyarda megobruli urTierTobebi kompartiis erovnul frTis nomenklaturul elitasa da saxalxo fronts Soris.. imavedros komunisturi partiis imperialisturi frTa, romelic cdilobda moskovisadmi loialurobis SenarCunebas, sul ufro metad eqceoda izolaciaSi, rac ufro metad uaresdeboda mdgomareoba ekonomikaSi da mJRavndeboda Cernobilis katastrofis damRupveli Sedegebi. TviT donbasis maRaroelebmac ki, romlebic 1989 w. ar iyvnen dainteresebulebi ukrainis damoukideblobiT, daiwyes fiqri maszed, rom maT eliT usafrTxo momavali, Tu ki ukraina gaemijneboda ruseTSi mimdinare ekonomikur ngrevas. yvela am movlenis Semdeg, 1990 w. 16 ivliss ukrainis umaRlesma sabWom TiTqmis erTxmad miiRo deklaracia suverenitetis Sesaxeb, romelic zogierTi TvalsazrisiT iyo yvelaze radikaluri im dokumentTa Soris, romlebic sxva respublikebSic miiRes. aq laparaki iyo ara marto ukrainis kanonebis upiratesobaze saerTo sakavSiro kanonebTan SedarebiT da yvela resursis ukrainis sakuTrebad gamocxadebaze. ukrainas unda hyoloda sakuTari SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, mas unda gaetarebina damoukidebeli sagareo politika, gamoecxadebina mudmivi neitralitetis Sesaxeb da ar unda mierTeboda romelime samxedro-politikur bloks. rom ara Zveli saxelwodebis SenarCuneba _ ukrainis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika da rom ara momavali samokavSireo axali xelSekrulebis xelmoweris xseneba, am deklaraciisaTvis SeiZleboda gvewodebina sabWoTa kavSiridan gamosvlis dokumenti. am terminebis xmarebamac ki gamoiwvia eWvi, rom nacional-komunistebis lideri leonid kravCuki ormag TamaSs eweva da surs ukrainis SenarCuneba ssrk SemadgenlobaSi. amis Tavidan asacileblad 1990 w. oqtomberSi kievis mTavar moedanze studentebma ruxis mxardaWeriT moiTxoves ukrainis axali konstituciis miReba manamde, vidre xeli moewereboda axal samokavSireo xelSekrulebas, xolo Semdeg mniSvnelovani Sesworebebis SetaniT am xelSekrulebaSi, xeli moeweraT masze. studentebma gaimarjves da Tanac aiZules mTavroba, rom igi gadamdgariyo. amave periodSi Tavis meore yriloba ze rux-ma gamoacxada, rom mis mTavar mizans warmoadgens ukrainis damoukidebloba da ara samokavSireo xelSekrulebaze xelis mowera. belorusiaSi mimdinare movlenebi TiTqmis imeorebda ukrainuls. gansakuTrebiT mtkivneuli iyo belorusebis erovnuli grZnobebisaTvis enis sakiTxi, radiaciuli

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dabinZureba (afeTqebis Semdeg naleqebis udidesi nawili belorusias daatyda Tavs), agreTve kuropatebSi, minskTan axlos, aRmoCenili stalinuri represiebis msxverplTa didi samarxi. imisaTvis, rom aq memoriali aegoT, agreTve stalinuri represiebis Sesaxeb respublikaSi damoukidebeli gamoZiebis Casatareblad, Seiqmna sazogadoeba martirologi. 1988 w. oqtomberSi martirologma da ramdenime araformalurma dajgufebam minskSi Caatara antistalinuri demonstracia, magram xelisuflebam isini daarbia xelketebisa da cremlsadeni gazis saSualebiT. magram daxmareba movida sakavSiro sajaroobis mxridan: cnobilma belorusma mweralma vasil bikovma moskovis presaSi gamoaqveyna saprotesto werili. belorusiis mweralTa kavSirma gamoacxada, rom mis SenobaSi iwarmoeboda im pirTa registracia, romlebsac surdaT saxalxo front ganaxlebaSi gawevrianeba. litvelebma amasobaSi moaswres zalebis aRdgena da ganaxlebas gamouyves adgili pirveli yrilobis Casatareblad, romelic 1989 w. ivnisSi Sedga. saxalxo fronti iyo demokratiuli blokis wamyvani Zala romelmac 1990 w. martSi Catarebul arCevnebSi miiRo adgilebis 25% belorusiis parlamentSi. XIX s-nis dasavleT ukrainisagan gansxvavebiT, belorusiis dasavleTi nawili Sedioda ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi. amitomac erovnuli kulturis da erovnuli ganwyobilebebis gamavrceleblad man ver ivarga. SesaZloa, alabad am mizezis gamo belorusiis miswrafeba damoukideblobisaken ar iyo ise mZafrad gamoxatuli da atarebda ara imdenad erovnul, ramdenadac ekonomikur da antikomunistur xasiaTs. belorusiis 1990 w. 27 ivnisi deklaracia suverenitetis Sesaxeb iyo sruliad identuri ukrainulisa, maT Soris im muxlSi, romelic exeboda samokavSireo xelSekrulebas. magram seriozul ganxeTqilebas belorusiis kompartiaSi adgili ar hqonia. ise Canda, TiTqos misma liderebma aRmarTes yru kedeli, raTa Tavi daecvaT moskovuri perestroikis senisagan. seriozuli gamowveva xelisuflebisadmi momdinareobda ara saxalxo frontisagan, aramed muSaTa klasisagan. 1991 w. aprilSi moskovis mier sanqcirebuli fasebis momatebis pasuxad respublikas moedo gaficvebis talRa. ekonomikur moTxovnebs male daemata politikuri moTxovnebic: sawarmoebsa da samarTaldamcav organoebSi partorganizaciebis gauqmeba, partiuli sakuTrebis nacionalizacia, WeSmaritad mravalpartiuli arCevnebis Catareba, sruli suvereniteti. belorusiaSi am gaficvebs veravin ver daupirispirda, kompartias mxolod imis imedi hqonda, Tu rodis moawerdnen xels gorbaCovi da elcini novo-ogarevis xelSekrulebas. faqtobrivad kompartiis xelisufleba veraferma ver Searyia agvistos putCis CafuSvamde, rodesac belorusiis umaRlesma sabWom gamoacxada damoukidebloba da Tavis Tavmjdomared airCia meatome-fizikosi stanislav SuSkeviCi, romlis kandidaturasac saxalxo frontmac dauWira mxari. rusebi am dros gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi kultura da ena gamoiyeneboda rogorc Cagvris iaraRi, isini aranakleb eqspluataciasa da diskriminacias ganicdidnen, vidre sxva xalxebi da es mSvenivrad esmodaT. rusul enas araferi ar emuqreboda, magram ukmayofilebis sxva mizezebi rusebs igive hqondaT, rac danarCen xalxebs: garemo pirobebis dabinZureba, kulturis, religiis, istoriisa da tradiciebis ngreva. raRac-raRaceebSi ukmayofilebis mizezebi rusebs ufro meti hqondaT _ ruseTis federaciul respublikas ar hyavda Tavisi kompartia, ar hqonda dedaqalaqi da mecnierebata akademia. moskovSi, ssrk dedaqalaqSi, iyo upiratesad sakavSiro dawsebulebebi. es aranormaluri mdgomareoba iyo pirveli sabWoTa konstituciis ormagi bunebiT gamowveuli, agreTve im manipulaciebiT, romelsac konstituciis mimarT mimarTavdnen komunistebi. perestroikam gaaZliera rusebSi arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi. mZime iyo maTTvis imis SegrZneba, rom isini msxverplad iyvnen Sewirulebi, rac kidev ufro metad Zlierdeboda sajaroobis politikis Sedegad gamomziurebuli masalebiT da antirusuli ganwyobilebebis zrdiT sxva respublikebSi. imave dros rusebi grZnobdnen pasuxismgeblobas sabWoTa kavSiris gamo, radgan igi, istoriuli Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, iyo maTi imperia, isini cxovrobdnen mis yvela kuTxeSi da mas Tavis samSoblod Tvlidnen. orWofuli mdgomareoba, romelSic rusebi aRmoCndnen, maT ar aZlevdaT sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval sxva xalxebis msgavsad saxalxo frontis Seqmnis saSualebas. amitomac rusuli erovnuli grZnobebi sxvadasxva gamosavals eZebdnen. erT polusze Tavmoyrili

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iyvnen SavxalaTianebi organizacia pamiatidan, romlebmac rusi xalxis damcirebis komunistebamdeli mizezebi gamoqeqes ebraelebisa da masonebis saxiT. amRorZinebelTa poziciebi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo ruseTis federaciis mweralTa kavSirSi da JurnalSi naS sovremennik. isini keTilganwyobilebi iyvnen sityvis Tavisuflebisa da stalinuri warsulis kritikisadmi, romelic maT TviTon wamoiwyes 70-ian wlebSi, magram amasTan iZleodnen gafrTxilebas im safrTxis Sesaxeb, romelic Tan mohqonda dasavleTis kulturul eqscesebs, kerZod pop-kulturasa da pornografias. isini mosaxleobas aSinebdnen ruseTis gadaqcevis perspeqtiviT dasavleTis ekonomikur danamatad. maTi mtkicebiT, radikalur ekonomikur reformas moyveboda xalxis gaRatakeba, sazogadoebis polarizacia da Temuri suliskveTebis dakargva. is, rasac isini sazogadoebas sTavazobdnen yovelive amis nacvlad, Zalian axlos idga evropaSi Sumaxerisa da mwvaneTa moZraobis ideebTan: mcire sawarmoebisa da civilizebuli kooperativebis ganviTareba, romelic ruseTisaTvis tradiciul glexur artelebze iqneboda dafuZnebuli. ramdenadac ararusuli warmoSobis macxovreblebi ruseTSi da dasavluri tipis rusi demokratebi nacionalistebs mzardi SiSiT Sehyurebdnen, isini iZulebulni iyvnen SekavSirebodnen iseT Zalebs, romlebsac 70-ian wlebSi TviTon yvelaze metad lanZRavdnen _ partiul-saxelmwifoebrivi aparatis konservatul nawils. erTnic da meorenic cdilobdnen sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCunebas da sabazro ekonomikisaken msvlelobis Senelebas. am kavSirma, romlis oficialuri gaformebac vera da ver moxerxda, magram arsebobda de-faqto, nacionalistebs is mxardaWera gamoacala, romlis imedic maT hqondaT da amitomac 1989 da 1990 wlebis arCevnebSi maT sastiki damarcxeba ganicades. amis Semdeg nacionalistebma gezi avtoritaruli gadatrialebisaken aiRes. perestroikis msvlelobaSi eTnikuri problemebis gamwvavebis erTerTi mizezi iyo is, rom ver moxerxda saerTo sakavSiro safuZvelze ekonomikis aRorZineba. moqmedebda ra novosibirskis moxsenebis suliskveTebiT, gorbaCovi cdilobda ekonomikis mmarTvelobis sametauro sistemis decentralizacias, amcirebda iZulebiT sagegmo maCveneblebs da sawarmoebs da SemkveTebs aZlevda erTmaneTTan xelSekrulebebis gaformebis saSualebas centraluri saministroebidan sagegmo davalebebis miRebis nacvlad. Sesabamisad Semcirda saministroebis roli da gauqmda partiis centraluri komitetis samrwevelo ganyofilebebi, romlebic adre pasuxismgeblebi iyvnen ekonomikis marTvaze. magram sul male gamoirkva, rom darCenil saministroebs mainc SeuZliaT mbrZanebloba TviT sakontraqto sistemis drosac ki _ sawarmoebs araviTari gamocdileba ar gaaCndaT damkveTebis damoukideblad moZiebis saqmeSi da amitomac mTlianad iyvnen saministroebze damokidebulni. Tu mrewvelobaSi ar moxda araviTari radikaluri cvlilebebi, raRa iTqmoda soflis meurneobaze> marTlac moxda buxarinis reabilitacia da glexobas mices miwis ijariT aRebis ufleba xuTi wlis vadiT. magram kerZo sakuTreba miwaze kvlavac ar iyo, xolo soflis meurneobis koleqtivizaciis principebi ZalaSi rCeboda. kolmeurneebi Zalian nela xdebodnen fermer-arendatorebad nawilobriv imis gamo, rom kolmeurneobebi da adgilobrivi xelisufleba Zalze uxalisod aZlevdnen maT miwebs, Tundac imitom, rom maT meurneobis individualurad warmoebis araviTari gamocdileba ar gaaCndaT garda imisa, rac maT TavianT sakarmidamo patara nakveTebze SeiZines. ar iyo arc manqanebi da arc saTanado mowyobilobebi. Tanac glexebi mieCvivnen soflis meurneobis dargSi partiuli politikis ganuwyvetel cvlilebebs da arc surdaT mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis dakavSireba kerZo sakuTrebasTan Tu ar iqnebodnen darwmunebulni imaSi, rom maTi saqmianoba mTavrobis mxridan mxardaWeras hpovebda. reformebis Cavardnam soflis meurneobaSi gorbaCovs gamoacala sazogadoebrivi mxardaWera radgan mravali adamianisaTvis misi saqmianobis Sefasebis kriteriums warmoadgenda produqtebis raodenoba maRaziebSi. ekonomikis sferoSi gorbaCoviseul siaxles warmoadgenda kooperativebi, arsebiTad kerZo sawarmoebi, romlebic awarmoebdnen saxalxo moxmarebis sagnebs da eweodnen momsaxureobas. es siaxle warmatebuli gamodga, magram swored man daangria ekonomika sabolood. mraval qalaqSi gaCnda restornebi, saparikmaxeroebi, xilbostneulis maRaziebi, avtosaxelosnoebi da a.S., sadac momarageba gacilebiT ukeTesi iyo, vidre saxelmwifo sawarmoebSi. aseve maRali iyo xarisxic, magram fasebic sWarbobda saxelmwifo fasebs sam-oTxjer mainc. mravali sabWoTa moqalaqe sargeblobda maTi momsaxureobiT _ fuls ki ixdidnen, magram kooperatorebs spekulantebs uwodebdnen. es ar iyo ubralod pirquSi rusuli egalitarizmis (egalitarizmi _ aq

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gamTanabreblobisaken miswrafeba) gamovlena. kooperatorebi muSaobdnen deficitis pirobebSi da amitomac iZulebulni iyvnen gaezardaT fasebi. magram isini TviTve aRrmavebdnen am deficits, rodesac uTanxmdebodnen samTavrobo moxeleebs, romlebic materialur-teqnikur momaragebaze iyvnen pasuxismgebelni. amgvari garigebebi maT sWirdebodaT imitom, rom gegmiur ekonomikas SeZleboda funqcionireba: moxda mravali iatakqveSa sawarmos legalizeba kooperativebis saxiT da amitomac Zveli kavSirebi mewarmeebsa da moxeleebs Soris kvlavindeburad rCeboda. mokled, axalma kerZo ekonomikam Sexamebulma saxelmwifo ekonomikasTan, romelic sabolood marazmatikul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, xeli Seuwyo deficitis gaRrmavebas, saidanac did mogebas Rebulobda. imis kvaldakval, rom gayidvidan sul ufro meti saqoneli qreboda, adamianebma iwyes im produqtebis maragis Seqmna, romlebic didxans inaxebda _ iqmneboda mojadoebuli wre. 1990 wlisaTvis zogierT qalaqSi SemoRebul iqna baraTebi mTel rig pirveli moxmarebis saqonelze _ Zexveulze, yvelze, saponze, _ rasac adgili ar hqonia qveyanaSi omis damTavrebis Semdeg. xangrZlivi da gamudmebiT mzardi ekonomikuri krizisi araraobad aqcevda gorbaCovis yvela cdas, rom mdgomareoba gamoesworebina. aman xalxSi ganamtkica rwmena, rom mxolod erTerTia im mravalricxovan beladebs Soris, romelic xalxs bevrs hpirdeba, xolo realurad cotas akeTebs, radgan an saamisod niWi ar yofnis, an ver Ralatobs Tavisi jgufis viwro interesebs, rom gaataros WeSmariti da Seuqcevadi reformebi. albad es iyo mizezi xruSCovis Semdgom periodSi muSaTa ukmayofilebis pirveli didi amofrqvevisa, romelic daiwyo kuzbasSi 1989 w. ivlisSi. aqedan mRelvareba gavrcelda donbassa da sxva adgilebze gavrcelda. SromiTma konfliqtma sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis damaxasiatebeli Cveulebrivi forma miiRo, rodesac muSebi moiTxovdnen ara marto xelfasis momatebas, aramed Sromisa da dasvenebis, sabinao pirobebis, agreTve socialuri uzrunvelyofis, samedicino momsaxureobisa da sasursaTo momaragebis gaumjobesebas. muSaTa yvela gamosvlebisaTvis saerTo maxasiaTebels warmoadgenda aRSfoTeba, romelsac iwvevda aparatis muSakebis privilegiebi da sruli urwmunoba maTi dapirebebisadmi. muSebma ignorireba gaukeTes oficialur profkavSirebs da damoukideblad Seqmnes sagaficvo komitetebi, romlebic gaficvebis dros patrulirebdnen quCebSi, icavdnen wesrigs da krZalavdnen alkoholis miRebas. amastan, mraval maRaroSi wamoayenes winadadeba, rom muSebi daeSvaT sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelobaSi da miecaT maTTvis saSualeba mogebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. gorbaCovi mxars uWerda muSaTa moTxovnebis umetes nawils da cdilobda kidec maTi SesrulebisaTvis mieRwia. imave dros mas esmoda, rom im dargis gaCereba, romelic dakavebulia umniSvnelovanesi energomatareblis mopovebiT did Zarals moutanda ekonomikas mTlianobaSi da maSasadame reformebsac. amitomac igi ramdenjerme gamovida televiziiT da TxovniT mimarTa maRaroelebs, rom SeewyvitaT gaficva. SesaZloa, mararoelebic xvdebodnen, rom gorbaCovis poziciebis Sesusteba gadawuravda mdgomareobis gamosworebis Sesaxeb maT imedebs da amitomac uxalisod daubrundnen samuSaos. amis Semdeg muSata moZraoba dro da dro mainc axdenda zemoqmedebas gorbaCovze. ramdenadac mTavrobas ar SeeZlo Tavisi dapirebebis Sesruleba da maTi ekonomikuri moTxovnebis dakmayofileba, am ukanasknel Txovnebs male politikuric daemata. 1991 w. qveyanas gadauara gaficvebis talRam, romlis monawilenic moiTxovdnen gorbaCovis gadayenebas, partiuli organizaciebis akrZalvas sawarmoebSi da partiuli qonebis konfiskacias maTi Semdgomi ganawilebiT ssrk moqalaqeebs Soris. da mainc, miuxedavad simtkicisa da sazogadoebis mxridan farTo mxardaWerisa,muSebs ar yofnidaT brZolis erTiani strategia, agreTve moqmedebata erTianoba demokratiuli mimarTulebis politikosebTan erTad. mkafiod gamoikveTa aseTi tendencia: gaficvebi iwyeboda romelime erT qalaqSi an erTi dargis sawarmoebSi, magram sxva sawarmoebis muSebi sxva qalaqebSi maT ar uerTdebodnen. isini mSvenivrad axerxebdnen improvizacias da TviTorganizacias adgilebze, magram ufro didi gaWirvebiT iqmneboda organizaciebi, romlebic mocemuli regionis sazRvrebs scildeboda. aseve uZneldebodaT maT sxva kavSirebis damyareba demokratiul politikur moZraobasTan. gorbaCoviseuli politikuri sistemis sruli orazrovneba gamoikveta saxalxo deputatTa yrilobaze 1989 w. maissa da ivnisSi. arc yrilobis mowvevis procedura, arc misi funqciebi ar iyo gansazRvruli, rac gorbaCovs, ukve meramdened, umaRlesi arbitris rolSi gamosvlis saSualebas aZlevda. es iyo axali prezidentiseuli demokratiis

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virtuozuli warmodgena. magram swored aman misca saSualeba andrei saxarovs yrilobisaTvis SeeTavazebina kanonebis Seqmna da miReba nacvlad imisa, rom es uflebebi gadaecaT yrilobis delegatebis mexuTedisagan SemTxveviT SerCeuli umaRlesi sabWosaTvis. arCevnebma aCvena, rom sazogadoebrivi azri mtruladaa ganwyobili nomenklaturis mimarT da mxolod imas elodeba Tu vin warmarTavs mas saWiro kalapotSi. didi moraluri avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen is deputatebi, romlebic TviT yrilobis mimarT opoziciaSi imyofebodnen. magram yrilobis delegaTa umravlesoba Sedgeboda aparatis yofili muSakebisagan da swored maT ekuTvnodaT gadamwyveti sityva yrilobis umTavres amocanaSi _ aerCia saxelmwifo metauri da umaRlesi sabWo. magram imaTi azriT, vinc iziarebda jon stiuart milis Tvalsazriss imis Sesaxeb, rom warmomadgenlobiTi krebis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens politikuri ganmanaTlebloba da politikuri diskusiebis stimulireba, yriloba, ueWvelia, opoziciis triumfs warmoadgenda. misi yvela sxdoma, dawyebidan damTavrebamde, gadaicemoda televiziiT: mravalma adamianma samuSaos mianeba Tavi da Tvalis mouwyvetlad uyurebdnen movlenebis ganviTarebas. adamianebma dainaxes sabWoTa sazogadoebis cxovrebis yvela mxaris SekumSuli panorama _ axali presac ki ar iyo egzom damarwmunebeli. maT dainaxes, Tu rogor iZleodnen generlebi Cvenebebs im meTodebis Sesaxeb, romlebiTac isini adamianTa jgufebs akontrolebdnen; ministrebi, romlebsac dahkiTxavdnen, Tu ramdenad Seesabamebodnen isini TavianT Tanamdebobebs; TviT gorbaCovsac akritikebdnen imis gamo, rom igi dro da dro replikebiT sityvas awyvetinebda oratorebs. TviT yrilobam da winamorbedma arCevnebma sabWoTa xalxs aCvena, rom mas SeuZlia gavlenis moxdena politikur cxovrebaze da informaciis im maRal doneze, romlis saSualebasac is iZleoda. aparatma SeinarCuna kontroli xelisuflebis yvela doneze, magram Seejaxa opozicias regionTaSoris sadeputato jgufis saxiT, romelic Camoyalibebis stadiaSi imyofeboda. am opoziciis potenciuri lideri iyo boris elcini, aparatis Serisxuli muSaki, romelmac xelaxla daiwyo aRma svla Tavisi axali daniSnulebisaken. man xelaxla daiwyo politikis Seswavla: Tavdapirvelad araformalebisagan, romlebmac moawyes misi saarCevno kampania; mogvianebiT, ukve yrilobaze, igi swavlobda wamyvan inteleqtual-nonkonformistebisagan _ andrei saxarovis, iuri afanasievis, gavriil popovisa da anatoli sobCakisagan. ukmayofilo komunistidan igi gardaiqmna demokratiul politikosad, moRvawed, romelsac SeeZlo wamoeyenebina da daecva gorbaCovis politikisadmi alternatiuli politikuri xazi. da mainc ssrk saxalxo deputatTa yriloba winaRobad iqca xelisuflebisaken mimavali elcinisaTvis. masSi kvlavac dominirebdnen nomenklaturis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic manipulirebis tradiciuli meTodebiT iyvnen arCeulni da romlebsac iuri afanasievi agresiulad morCil umravlesobas uwodebda. amasTan axla ukve yvela politikurma problemam mkafiod gamoxatuli eTnikuri Seferiloba miiRo. amitomac nebismieri politikuri moZraoba, romelic gamoacxadebda pretenzias mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris warmodgenaze, aucileblad gaixliCeboda. imis kvaldakval, rom realuri xelisuflebis centrebi TandaTanobiT inacvlebdnen respublikebSi, elcini cvlida prioritetebs da 1990 w. gazafxulze Tavisi Tavi wamoayena rsfsr saxalxo deputatebis yrilobis arCevnebze. mas esmoda, rom suvereniteti, romelic mouRebeli iyo gorbaCovisaTvis roca amas acxadebda estoneTi an moldaveTi, mas aiZulebda sruliad Seecvala politika, Tu amas ruseTi moiTxovda. da kvlavac mis dasaxmareblad movidnen araformalebi. arakomunisturi mimdinareobis liberalurma da socialisturma jgufebma gaaerTianes TavianTi Zalisxmeva da daZlies maT Soris arsebuli uTanxmoebebi. maT Seqmnes winasaarCevno aliansi, romelsac demokratiuli ruseTi ewoda. misi programa xalxs mouwodebda saxarovis xsovnisaken, romelic 1989 w. dekemberSi gardaicvala da Seicavda gancxadebas, rom ruseTis saxalxo deputatTa yrilobas unda gaeketebina is, rac ver moaxerxa sakavSiro yrilobam da ruseTSi TviTon aeRo Zalaufleba xelSi. demokratiulma ruseTma did qalaqebSi warmatebas miarwia: elcinma sverdlovskSi (axlandeli ekaterinburgi) miiRo xmebis 80%, xolo moskovsa da leningradSi arCeuli iqna qalaqis radikalurad ganwyobili administraciebi. rac Seexeba patara qalaqebsa da soflebs, aq bevrgan, kvlavindeburad irCevdnen nomenklaturul kandidatebs. winasaarCevno kampaniis dros moxda metad mniSvnelovani movlena: bolos da bolos kompartiam uari ganacxada xelisuflebis monopoliur uflebaze. es ki imas

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mowmobda, rom mas TviT Seepara eWvi sakutar SesaZleblobebSi, rom ganexorcielebina aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da SeenarCunebina sabWoTa kavSiris erTianoba. gorbaCovma ki gaifarTova saprezidento uflebebi, romlebsac unda Seecvala partiis zalaufleba, magram aSkara gaxda, rom realurma xelisuflebam mokavSire respublikebSi gadainacvla. es ki imas niSnavda, rom 1990 wlis ganmavlobaSi respublikebis umaRlesi sabWoebi sul sxva movlenebis asparezad iqca, kerZod, brZolis asparezad nomenklaturasa da radikalebs ( eseni yvelgan kvlavac umciresobaSi imyofebodnen garda saqarTvelos, somxeTis, moldaveTisa da baltiispireTis respublikebisa) Soris. es brZolebi mimdinareobda suverenitetis sakiTxis irgvliv, romelic jer kidev bevrisaTvis bundovani da cvalebadi ram iyo. radikalebisaTvis igi niSnavda demokratiisa da erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis maTi ocnebis ganxorcielebas. aparatis moxeleebisaTvis es iyo ubralod Zalaufleba, maT Soris moskovisaTvis uaris Tqmis Zalaufleba Tu maTTvis miuRebeli iqneboda perestroikis raime siaxle. am movlenebis gamo 1990 w. mravalma sabWoTa respublikam gamoacxada Tavisi suverenitetis Sesaxeb. dasabami am process daudo litvam, romelmac faqtobrivad damoukidebloba gamoacxada. rogori sityvieri formiTac ar iniRbeboda es deklaraciebi (maT mainc hqondaT moskovis SiSi), respublikebis umaRlesi sabWoebi aucileblad acxadebdnen adgilobrivi kanonebis upiratesobas im kanonebTan SedarebiT, romlebsac moskovi iRebda. dado ra fsoni ruseTis suverenitetze, elcini jer ruseTis parlamentis spikeri gaxda, Semdeg ki, 1991 w.ivnisSi, igi ruseTis sayovelTaod arCeuli prezidenti gaxda. is politikuri Zalebi, romlebsac sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCuneba undodaT, cdilobdnen saswrafod organizebas suverenitetebis paradisaTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad. am cdebs Sedagad moyva is, rom Tavdapirvelad mravali rusi nacionalisti TanamSromlobda komunistebTan, radgan maTi azriT orives erTi da igive safrTxe emuqreboda. rusebisaTvis erovnuli Tavisufleba sulac ar niSnavda maT avtomaturad Camocilebas sabWoTa kavSirisagan. piriqiT, mravali rusi patrioti, Tanac ara nacionalisti-bolSeviki, Tvlidnen, rom maT winaprebisagan memkvidreobiT miiRes samSoblo, romelic marto ruseTis federacias ki ara, aramed mTel sabWoTa kavSirs moicavda. TviT zogierTi im patriotTagani, romelic adre komunizmisadmi yru opoziciaSi imyofeboda, magaliTad, cimbireli mwerlis valentin rasputinis msgavsad, axla mzad iyvnen Sesuliyvnen kavSirSi partiis centraluri komitetis aparatTan saerTo miznis _ ruseTis imperiis SenarCunebis misaRwevad. axla baltiispireTis respublikebSi arsebul interfronts daemata mSromelTa gaerTianebuli fronti, romelic Seiqmna leningradSi 1989 w. seqtemberSi imisaTvis, rom fexze daeyenebina wamyvani klasi socializmisa da sabWoTa kavSiris dasacavad. male Seiqmna analogiuri organizaciebis raRac krebuli, romlebic aerTianebdnen samxedro mosamsaxureebs, muSebs, kulturis sferos muSakebs da a.S. 1989 w. dekemberSi, rodesac winasaarCevno mzadeba mimdinareobda, maT demokratiuli ruseTis sawinaaRmdegod deqmnes ruseTis social-patriotuli moZraobis bloki. misi winasaarCevno manifesti acxadebda, rom samSoblo safrTxeSia! blokma miiRo xmebis umniSvnelo raodenoba, rogorc wesi, xmebis 10%-ze naklebi. damarcxdnen ra arCevnebSi, social-patriotebma scades Tavisi miznebis miRweva sxva meTodebiT. maT mTavar organod iqca deputatTa jgufi kavSiri, romelic ssrk saxalxo deputatTa yrilobaze Seiqmna regionTaSoris deputatTa jgufis sawinaaRmdegod. misi liderebi iyvnen, ZiriTadad, mokavSire respublikebidan gamosulebi, warmoSobiT rusi iuri bloxini moldaveTidan da polkovniki viqtor alksnisi latviidan. mas Semdeg, rac partiam uari ganacxada monopoliur Zalauflebaze, maT moiTxoves imperiis sxva dasayrdenis aRorZineba da ganmtkiceba, kerZod, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, sukis da cota xniT adre Seqmnili miliciis specialuri nawilebis _ omonisa. amasobaSi sabWoTa kavSiris gadarCenas Taviseburad cdilobda gorbaCovic, awyobda ra ekonomikuri reformebisa da axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebis sxvadasxva kombinaciebs. magram misi mTeli ubedureba is iyo, romigi cdilobda SeuTavsebeli rameebis SeTavsebas da misi cdebi, rom rogorme gaekontrolebina movlenaTa msvleloba, sul ufro uimedo xdeboda. ekonomikis sferoSi mas SeeZlo radikalebis mimarT Semxvedri nabiji gadaedga da daekmayofilebina maTi moTxovnebi, Tuki igi miiRebda akademikos Satalinis gegmas. es gegma iTvaliswinebda kerZo sakuTrebas warmoebis saSualebebze (maT Soris miwazec); igi

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aRiarebda mokavSire respublikebis suverenitetsac da ar iTvaliswinebda maTze raime kontrolis dawesebas; pirveli nabijis saxiT gegma iTvaliswinebda antimonopoliur RonisZiebebs da sawarmoebis privatizacias, rac Sexamebuli unda yofiliyo saxelmwifo xarjebis SemcirebasTan (es RonisZieba iTvaliswinebda msxvil samrewvelo mSeneblobebze uaris Tqmas, sxva qveynebisadmi daxmarebis TiTqmis mTlianad Sewyvetas da samxedro xarjebis mkveTrad Semcirebas). raRac periodSi, kerZod, 1990 w. zafxulsa da adreul Semodgomaze Canda, TiTqos gorbaCovma miiRo Satalinis gegma, magram misma oponentebma gamoiyenes gorbaCovis mSiSara buneba. isini sruliad samarTlianad miiCnevdnen, romcxovrebaSi Satalinis gegmis gatareba partiul-saxelmwifo aparats gamoaclida xelidan ekonomikur Zalauflebas, romelic emyareboda centraluri saministroebisadmi samxedro da mZime mrewvelobis sawarmoTa daqvemdebarebas. finansTa ministris valentin pavlovis mxardaWeriT samTavrobo gundma SeimuSava alternatiuli gegma. gorbaCovi nerviulobda _ misi Zveli amxanagebi uaryofdnen Satalinis gegmas, Tanac man ar icoda, ramdenad iyvnen radikalebi sandoni. saboloo jamSi man moiTxova orive gegmis gaerTianeba, rasac elcinma zRarbisa da gvelis qorwineba uwoda. bolos da bolos gorbaCovma miiRo gadawyvetileba da uaryo Satalinis gegma. man pavlovi daniSna premier-ministrad, raTa mas xorci Seesxa Tavisi winadadebebisaTvis. amastan man gadaayena uSiSroebis ministri vadim bakatini, romelic mokavSire respublikebTan molaparakebebs awarmoebda sapolicio Zalebze adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mxridan sruli kontrolis dawesebis Sesaxeb. bakatinis nacvlad ministrad dainiSna boris pugo, latviis suk-is yofili Sefi. Tavdacvis ministr dmitri iazovTan da suk-is Tavmjdomare vladimir kriuCkovTan erTad am orma axalma ministrma Seadgina umaRlesi saxelmwifo moxeleebisagan Semdgari jgufi, romlebsac gadawyvetili hqondaT sabWoTa kavSiris da SesaZleblobis farglebSi partiuli aparatis Zalauflebis SenarCuneba. rogorc Cans swored maT moaxdines Zalis demonstrireba baltiispireTSi 1991 wlis ianvarSi. 1991 w. martSi am jgufma meored scada demokratiisaken xalxis saerTo msvlelobis xelaxla ukuRma Semotrialeba, romelic imavdroulad daemTxva elcinis gadayenebis cdas ruseTis parlamentis spikeris Tanamdebobidan. elcinis dasacavad moskovis centrSi gaTvaliswinebuli demonstracia akrZales, xolo quCebi jaris nawilebiT gadaketes. magram aTasobiT adamianma arad Caagdo es akrZalva da gamovida quCebSi. ramdenime saaTiani daZabuli lodinis Semdeg aSkara gaxda, rom jaris nawilebi ubralod idgnen da Sehyurebdnen demonstrantebs. parlamentSi ki komunist deputatebis jgufma Secvala fronti da gadaarCina elcini misTvis undoblobis votumis gamocxadebisagan. gorbaCovma, movlenebis ganviTarebiT SeSinebulma, rasac SeiZleboda sisxlisRvra mohyoloda, radikalebisaken Semxvedri nabijebi gadadga. Tavis qalaqgareTa agarakze, novo-ogariovoSi, man elcinTan da sxva respublikebis liderebTan miaRwia SeTanxmebas axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb: am SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad respublikebs axali mniSvnelovani uflebebi unda mieRoT. am pirobis sanacvlod elcinma ikisra valdebuleba, rom xels Seuwyobda im droisaTvis mzard politikuri gaficvebis Sewyvetas. es SeTanxmeba warmoadgenda ssrk radikaluri decentralizaciisaken gzis gawmendis cdas. magram am gzis mowinaaRmdegeni sul sxva azrisani iyvnen. isini fiqrobdnen, rom is rac SeiZleba xelSekrulebis Semdeg momxdariyo, gamoiwvevda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas. axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebis xelmoweramde erTi dRiT adre, 19 agvistos, maT daiwyes moqmedeba, rom ar daeSvaT xelSekrulebis xelmowera. vice-prezidenti genadi ianaevi, romelsac mxars uWerda sagangebo mdgomareobaTa saxelmwifo komiteti (), gamovida gancxadebiT, rom gorbaCovis avadmyofobis gamo man Tavis Tavze aiRo ssrk prezidentis movaleobis Sesruleba. sagangebo komitetis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen kriuCkovi, iazovi, pavlovi da pugo. komitetma qveyanaSi sagangebo mdgomareoba gamoacxada Rrma da yovlismomcveli krizisis, politikuri, eTnikuri da samoqalaqo ganxeTqilebebis, qaosisa da anarqiis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romelic emuqreba sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebasa da sicocxles da Cveni samSoblos damoukideblobas. sayuradReboa, rom am gancxadebaSi erTi sityviTac ki ar iyo naxsenebi komunisturi partia da arc misi ena Seicavda marqsistul-leninuri azrovnebis raime

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niSanwyals. dokumentis Sinaarsi gamsWvaluli iyo imperiuli suliskveTebiT da masSi gamoiyeneboda iseTi cnebebi, rogorebicaa erTianoba, kanoni da wesrigi. naxsenebi iyo agreTve is mdgomareoba, romelic sabWoTa kavSirs ekava maSindel msoflioSi. pirveli, rac TvalSi iyo sacemi, iyo gadatrialebis improviziruloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom saamiso mzadeba ramdenime Tvis manZilze mimdinareobda. rogorc Cans, mis monawileebs imedi hqondaT, rom gorbaCovi, romelic am dros yirimSi isvenebda, maT SeuerTdeboda, magram daibnen, rodesac am ukanasknelma maTTan mierTebaze uari ganacxada. SesaZloa maT imis imedic hqondaT, rom Cveuli xelisuflebis dabrunebisTanave, yvela mis brZanebebs daemorCileboda. Tu es asea, maSin SeTqmulebma ver gaiTvaliswines adamianTa SegnebaSi momxdari is Rrma cvlilebebi, romelic perestroikam moitana. magram rogorc ar iyo, unda aRiniSnos, rom opoziciuri politikuri liderebi ar iqnen dapatimrebulni (1981 w. dekemberSi poloneTisagan gansxvavebiT), SenarCunebuli iqna agreTve kavSiri garesamyarosTan. marTalia, opoziciuri gazetebi aikrZala, magram gasamravlebeli teqnikis Wkvianurad gamoyenebam gamoiwvia is, rom quCebsa da metros sadgurebSi saaTobiT ekida furclebi, romlebic arad agdebdnen gkCp-istebis gankargulebebs da xalxs daumorCileblobisaken mouwodebdnen. Tanac xeluxlebeli darCa ruseTis parlamenti da misi sul cota xnis winaT arCeuli prezidenti. rodesac tankebma alyaSi moaqcies parlamentis Senoba (xalxSi TeTri saxlis saxelwodebiT cnobili), elcini aZvra erTerT tankze da ukanonod gamoacxada gkCp-s yvela gankarguleba, radgan misi Seqmna antikonstituciuri iyo. man gaafrTxila yvela, vinc ki Seasrulebda gkCp-s brZanebebs, rom isini kanonis ZaliT daisjebodnen. imave dros elcinma xalxs mouwoda sayovelTao gaficvisaken. TeTri saxlis irgvliv xalxma daiwyo Tavis moyra, rogorc es iyo TbilisSi, rigasa da vilniusSi cota xniT adre. daiwyo barikadebis ageba. leningradis radikali meri anatoli sobCaki mivida qalaqis samxedro komendantTan general samsonovTan da gaafrTxila igi, rom Tu is Seasrulebda gkCp-s brZanebebs, mas gadascemdnen sasamarTlos, rogorc asamarTlebdnen nacistebs niurnbergSi. amgvarad gamoikveta ori erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebuli Zala. reaqcia gadatrialebaze sxvadasxvagvari iyo _ muSebis erTma nawilma daiwyo gaficvebi, magram mravalma maTganma ignorireba gaukeTa elcinis mowodebas. SesaZloa isini Tvlidnen, rom man isini bedis amara miatova, rodesac xeli moawera novo-ogariovos SeTanxmebas. zogierTi respublikis liderma gadatrialoba ukanonod gamoacxades. ase moiqcnen moldaveTsa da baltiispireTis respublikebSi. zogierTebi da uwinares yovlisa nazarbaevi yazaxeTSi, kravCuki ukrainaSi da gamsaxurdia saqarTveloSi, windaxedulad icavdnen neitralitets da Semoifarglnen marto gancxadebebiT simSvidis dacvis Sesaxeb. elcinis mamacurma gancxadebam yvelas aCvena,rom SeTqmulTa brZanebebis avtomaturad Sesruleba araa aucilebeli, radgan maTi kanoniereba saeWvoa. armiisa da suk-is oficrebs, romlebsac SeeZloT didi gavlenis moxdena konfliqtis Sedegebze, unda arCevani gaekeTebinaT kanonieri gziT arCeul ruseTis prezidentsa da sabWoTa mTavrobas Soris, romelic manamde samocdaToTxmeti wliT adre xelisuflebaSi arcTu kanonieri gziT movida. mravalma airCia ruseTi, an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, uari ganacxades xalxisaTvis srolaze. putCistebi ki umoqmedod idgnen. aq ar SeiZleboda ganmeorebuliyo is, rac ori wliT adre moxda pekinSi, tiananmenis moedanze, magram sami adamiani mainc daiRupa, rodesac gadatrialebis mcdelobis meore Rames javSantransportiorebis kolona moemarTeboda TeTri saxlisaken. aseTi mcire msxverpliT damTavrda movlenebi moskovSi _ Tbilissa da baltiispireTSi msgavsi movlenebis dros msxverpli gacilebiT didi iyo. momdevno dRes putCistebi eaxlnen gorbaCovs yirimSi da moinanies codvebi. maT ganucxades gorbaCovs, rom Secdnen, magram kvlav mas uWeren mxars. putCistebi daapatimres, gorbaCovi ki moskovSi dabrunda. misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi sxav qveyanaSi dabrunda. TavianTi saqmianobiT putCistebma daaCqares is saqme, romlis Tavidav acilebac undodaT _ ssrk sabolood daSla da komunistur partiaze uaris Tqma. lubiankis moedanze xalxis talRa didi siamovnebiT Sehyurebda, Tu rogor iRebdnen suk-is damaarseblis feliqs ZerJinskis Zegls. ruseTis parlamentSi elcinma xeli moawera brZanebulebas gamoZiebis Sesaxeb, Tu ra roli miuZRoda komunistur partias gadatrialebis mowyobis mcdelobaSi. gorbaCovma ki gaimarjva SeTqmulebze, magram iZulebuli iyo ukan daexia im kacis winaSe, romelmac gamarjveba SesaZlebeli gaxada. igi gadadga sakavSiro komunisturi partiis generaluri

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mdivnis Tanamdebobidan da centralur komitetsac TviTdaSlisaken mouwoda. aseTi iyo im organizaciis dasasruli, romelmac 1917 w. revolucia moawyo da marTavda dRemde arnaxul imperias. Sors ar iyo TviT sabWoTa kavSiris daSlac. gadatrialebis mcdelobis CafuSvis Semdeg mokavSire respublikebis umravlesobam damoukidebloba ganacxada. SesaZloa, belorusiam da Suaaziis respublikebma es ramdenadme uaxalisod gaakeTes, magram maTac esmodaT, rom sxva gamosavali arar iyo. amas moyva ramdenime Tvis manZilze diplomatiuri manevrebi, romlis drosac gorbaCovi cdilobda imis aRorZinebas, rac kidev rCeboda samokavSireo xelSekrulebisagan. igi cdilobda respublikebis daTanxmebas, rom maT mcireodeni mainc daeTmoT miRebuli Tavisuflebidan centris sasargeblod da mis ganmgeblobaSi gadaecaT sagareo politika, Tavdacva da SesaZloa, ekonomikuri politika. sabolood qoxi, romelic gadarCa sabWoTa kavSirisagan daiSala dekembris dasawyisSi, rodesac referendumma ukrainaSi mTlianad dauWira mxari damoukideblobis deklaracias. gorbaCovi ambobda, rom rogorc ukrainis gareSe ver iarsebebs sabWoTa kavSiri, aseve kavSiris gareSe ver iarsebebs ukrainaco. am frazis pirveli nawili srul WeSmaritebas warmoadgenda. elcini Sexvda ukrainis prezidents kravCuks da belorusiis umaRlesi sabWos tavmjdomares stanislav SuSkeviCs. 8 dekembers maT gamoaqveynes erToblivi gancxadeba, romelSic naTqvami iyo, rom ruseTis federacia, belarusia da ukraina, iyvnen ra ssrk damaarseblebi da mxareebi, romlebmac xeli moaweres 1922 wlis samokavSireo xelSekrulebas, acxadeben, rom ssrk, rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqti da geopolitikuri realoba, wyvets arsebobas. amis nacvlad isini qmnian damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobas da moiwvies sxva respublikebi masSi gasaerTianeblad. amgvari nabijis konstituciuroba eWvs iwvevda. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT es iyo demokratiuli saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, magram liderebi, romlebmac aseTi moulodneli gadawyvetileba miiRes, agvistos putCistebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavisi xalxebisagan Zalaufleba miiRes sruliad kanonieri gziT. saeWvoa es aqti diplomatiuri TvalsazrisiTac. ssrk yvela yofili respublikebi, garda baltiispireTisa da saqarTvelosi, Sevidnen damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi, magram zogierTebma gamoxates Tavisi aRSfoTeba, ramdenadac maTtan ar Catarebula raime winaswari konsultacia saxelmwifos arsebobis Sesaxeb, romelsac isini formalurad ekuTvnodnen. gorbaCovi misTvis damaxasiaTebeli maneriT Tavdapirvelad protests acxadebda, magram Semdeg Seurigda gardauval ambavs. 25 dekembers man gamoacxada Tavisi gadadgomis Sesaxeb ssrk prezidentis Tanamdebobidan. kremlis sasaxlis gumbaTze CaquC-namgliani wiTeli droSis nacvlad rusuli samferovani droSa afrialda. axal Tanamegobrobas Zveleburad Tan sdevda is usiamovnebani, romelic man memkvidreobiT sabWoTa kavSirisagan miiRo. Tanac mis koncefciaSi zogierTi ram gaurkveveli iyo, romelic arTulebda urTierTobebs dsT-Si Semaval or udides respublikas Soris.. ukraina mas ganixilavda rogorc ssrk-dan sabood gasvlis SeniRbul mcdelobas, maSin rodesac ruseTi imedovnebda, rom es iqneboda igive ssrk-is ganaxlebuli da Sesworebuli varianti. ssrk daeca fataluri sisustis gamo, romelic masSi imTaviTve iyo leninis mier cadebuli. marqsistul TeoriaSi yovelTvis arsebobda wyvetiloba burJuaziuli sazogadoebis mecnierul analizsa da socialisturi momavlis winaswarmetyvelur ganWvretas Soris. leninma es winaaRmdegoba gadaWra partiis daxmarebiT, romelsac es ubadruku winaswarmetyveleba realobad eqcia erTad mofiqrebuli politikuri aqciebis saSualebiT. rodesac sazogadoebis bunebrivi ganviTareba ar emTxveoda programas (es ki yovelTvis ase iyo), partia iyenebda fizikur zemoqmedebasa da rwmenas, rom SeTavsebaSi moeyvana orive. amgvarad, partia ara marto xelmZRvanelobda sazogadoebas, aramed saboloo jamSi gariya es sazogadoeba da TviTon daikava misi adgili, roca Seudga axali sazogadoebis mSeneblobas Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr. srafi industrializaciisa da samamulo omis dros kidev SeiZleboda gamarTleba im totalur iZulebas, romelic ayalibebda da akontrolebda yvela socialur process. magram mSvidobiani ganviTarebis periodSi partia gadaiqceoda-xolme av sulad, romelic win eRobeboda ekonomikur da inteleqtualur ganviTarebas, boWavda sazogadoebriv energias da saboloo jamSi TandaTanobiT zirs uTxrida sabWoTa kavSirs, rogorc zesaxelmwifos.

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swored aseT momentSi movida xelisuflebaSi gorbaCovi. mas esmoda, rom saWiro iyo partiul-saxelmwifoebrivi aparatis SezRudva. asrulebda ra am pirvelxarisxovan amocanas, gorbaCovma mimarTa 1921-1924 wlebis leninur nimuSs, im lenins, romelsac ukve aRar awva samxedro drois pasuxismgebloba da da ukve arc politikuri Zalaufleba gaaCnda. swored maSin Cawvda lenini im sistemas, romelic TviTon man Seqmna. man icoda, rom raRac arasworad gakeTda, magram zusti diagnozis dasma ar SeeZlo _ man TviTon gaauaresa mdgomareoba, rodesac gazarda centraluri komitetis saxelisufebo rwmunebebi. miuxedavad amisa, leninis ukanasknel SromebSi blomadaa gafrTxilebebi biurokratizmis safrTxis, komunisturi ampartavnobis, Sovinizmisa da yvela sakiTxis administrirebis meTodebiT gadawyvetis Sesaxeb. rodesac gorbaCovma sazogadoeba aamxedra partiuli aparatis xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg, igi leninze ufro warmatebiT moqmedebda. magram saboloo jamSi daSala sabWoTa kavSiri. mas Semdeg, rac sajaroobam miaRwia im wertils, romlis iqiTac iwyeba sityvis Tavisufleba, araformalur politikur moZraobebs miecaT konsolidaciis saSualeba, xolo sakanonmdeblo krebebi gardaiqmna imgvarad, rom araformalebi uZlurni aRmoCndnen moexdinaT maT saqmianobaze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad. gorbaCovma gamoanTavisufla Zalebi, romlebic gacilebiT Zlierni aRmoCndnen, vidre is fiqrobda. man aseve Tavis nebaze miuSva eTnikuri procesebi, romlebic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi sabWoTa saxelmwifos nacionaluri politikis wnexis qveS imyofeboda. da rodesac scenaze gamoCndnen namdvili socialuri da politikuri Zalebi, romlebic partiaze ar iyvnen damokidebulni, aparati aRmoCnda mouqneli da uZluri winaaRmdegobis gasawevad. ase rom, qveyanaSi aRaraferi darCa, romelic imperiis ngrevas SeaCerebda. sabWoTa sazogadoebis erebi da klasebi realuri saqmis ufro metad gamketeblebi aRmoCndnen, vidre es gverdidan moCanda. Seejaxa ra maT, komunisturi partia, romelic am sistemas akavebda, aRmoCnda myife,midrekili ganxeTqilebebisadmi da moklebuli konstruqciul ideebs. mis oTxmocdaaTwlian istoriaSi praqtikulad ar Canda araviTari gamocdileba, romelic maT gamoadgebodaT politikur brZolaSi im moZraobebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic WeSmaritad saxalxo mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen. Seejaxa ra amgvar Seuwynarebel winaaRmdegobebs, gorbaCovma daiwyo yoymani da Seecada Seexamebina absoluturad SeuTavsebeli politikuri xazebi. man scada sabazro ekonomikis meqanizmebis amoqmedeba, magram imavdroulad ar daakanona kerZo sakuTreba warmoebis saSualebebze. man mospo lompartiis monopolia xelisuflebaze, magram ar gadaaqcia igi saparlamento tipis partiad. igi Sepirda respublikebs TviTgamorkvevas, magra yvela ZaliT cdilobda centraluri xelisuflebis xelSi umniSvnelovanesi prerogativebis SenarCunebas. igi arigebda Tanamdebobebs da misi sityvebi rom vixmaroT, sjeroda politikosebisa, romlebsac misi warumatebloba surdaT. 1991 w. agvistos putCi faqtobrivad iyo gorbaCovis SeTqmuleba TviTon gorbaCovis winaaRmdeg, rodesac misi oeWofuli politikis erTi naxevari Tavs esxmoda am politikis meore naxevars. amgvarad sabWoTa kavSiri daiSala postsabWour respublikebad. sabWoTa kavSiris komunistur partias ar SeeZlo Cveulebriv politikur partiad yofna, amitomac ganagrZobda yovelgvari samoqalaqo iniciativisa da mewarmeobis CaxSobas. rodesac igi gaqra politikuri asparezidan mravalricxovan xalxebs, romlebsac igi aerTianebda, araferi ar darCa saerTo garda istoriuli Cvevisa, romelsac isini didi xalisiT icilebdnen Tavidan. sinamdvile iqca rusi xalxis tragedia, romelic gafantuli iyo mTeli imperiis teritoriaze, romelic man daipyro da marTavda oTxas welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi. ocdaxuT milionze meti rusi aRmoCndnen ucxoebi teritoriebze, romlebsac isini Tavis samSoblod miiCnevdnen. rusebi Seejaxnen mtrobas, diskriminacias, zogjer Zaladobasac mezoblebis mxridan, romlebmac Tavisufleba moipoves. SesaZlebelia dadges dRe, rodesac ruseTis federacia gadaiqceva nacionalur rusul saxelmwifod, romelzedac es xalxi Seqmnis Tavisufal politikur cxovrebas Tavisi TavisaTvis ise, rom sxvas ar daCagravs. am mdgomareobidan kanonieri gamosavlis Zieba da WeSmaritad rusuli saxelmwifos Seqmna albad umniSvnelovanesi iqneba im problemaTagan, romlebic sabWoTa imperiisagan memkvidreobiT darCa.

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