K thut vi x l

Microprocessors

Ging vin: TS. Phm Ngc Nam

2/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Your instructor

B mn k thut in t tin hc
Office: C9-401
Email: pnnam-fet@mail.hut.edu.vn

Member of Intel Higher Education Program

Research:
FPGA, PSoC, h nhng
Tr tu nhn to

Education:
K37 in t-HBK H ni (1997)
Master v tr tu nhn to 1999, i hc K.U. Leuven, vng quc B
ti: Nhn dng ch vit tay

Tin s k thut chuyn ngnh in t-tin hc, 9/ 2004, i hc K.U.

Leuven, Vng Quc B
ti: qun l cht lng dch v trong cc ng dng a phng tin tin tin

3/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Ni dung mn hc
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

B vi x l Intel 8088/8086
Lp trnh hp ng cho 8086
T chc vo ra d liu
Ngt v x l ngt
Truy cp b nh trc tip DMA
Cc b vi x l trn thc t
Thit k b vi x l

4/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Ti liu tham kho

Slides
Barry B. Brey, The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088,
80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium and Pentium
Pro Processor: Architecture, Programming, and
Interfacing, Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall, 1997.

Cm n gio s Rudy Lauwereins cho php s dng

slides ca ng

5/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Mc ch ca mn hc
Nm c cu trc, nguyn l hot ng ca b vi x l v
h vi x l
C kh nng lp trnh bng hp ng cho vi x l
C kh nng la chn vi x l thch hp cho cc ng
dng c th
Nm c cc b vi x l trn thc t
Nm c nguyn l thit k vi x l

6/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Bi tp ln v thi

Bi tp ln (20% im)
Thit k mt h thng s dng vi iu khin
Khng c thi nu khng lm bi tp ln

im kim tra gia k v bi tp v nh (30% im)

Lm y cc bi tp v nh v np ng hn
BT v nh np chm c tnh im 0.
Bi kim tra gia k thi tp trung ton kha

Thi cui k (50%)

1. L thuyt: Xem mc ch ca mn hc (trc nghim)
2. Lp trnh hp ng
3. Thit k b nh v thit b ngoi vi cho h vi x l

7/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Course website
http://fet.hut.edu.vn/VXL/index.htm
Email: vxldtvt@gmail.com
Password: hut123456

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.2 Phn loi vi x l
1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

8/Chapter1

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

9/Chapter1

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)
1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)
1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)
1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)
1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)
1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)

1.2 Phn loi vi x l

1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

10/Chapter1

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)
1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)
1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)
1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)
1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)
1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)

1.2 Phn loi vi x l

1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

 DHBK 2005

11/Chapter1

Th h -1: The early days (-1642)

Bn tnh, abaci, c s dng tnh ton. Khi nim

v gi tr theo v tr c s dng

 DHBK 2005

12/Chapter1

Th h -1: The early days (-1642)

Th k 12: Muhammad
ibn Musa Al'Khowarizmi

a ra khi nim v
gii thut algorithm
Mt danh sch cc ch dn
m t mt cch chnh xc
cc bc ca mt qu
trnh m m bo l qu
trnh ny s phi kt thc
sau mt s bc nht nh
vi cu tr li ng cho
tng trng hp c th
ca mt vn cn gii
quyt

 DHBK 2005

13/Chapter1

Th h -1: The early days (-1642)

Codex Madrid - Leonardo Da Vinci (1500)

V mt ci my tnh c kh

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

14/Chapter1

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)
1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)
1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)
1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)
1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)
1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)

1.2 Phn loi vi x l

1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

15/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)
Blaise Pascal, con trai ca mt ngi thu thu, ch to
mt my cng c nh vo nm 1642

16/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)
Nm 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard pht minh ra my dt
t ng s dng ba c l iu khin ho tit dt trn
vi
Ba c l lu tr chng trnh: my a nng u tin

17/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)
1822, Charles Babbage
nhn ra rng cc bng tnh
dng trong hng hi c
qu nhiu li dn ti vic
rt nhiu tu b mt tch

ng xin chnh ph Anh

h tr nghin cu v
my tnh

18/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)

19/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)
Babbage thit k mt ci my vi phn Difference Engine thay th
ton b bng tnh: my thc hin mt ng dng c th u tin
(application specific hard-coded machine)

20/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)
Ada Augusta King, tr
thnh lp trnh vin u
tin vo nm 1842 khi c
vit chng trnh cho
Analytical Engine, thit b
th 2 ca Babbage

21/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)
Herman Hollerith, ngi M, thit k mt my tnh x l
d liu v dn s M 1890
ng thnh lp cng ty, Hollerith Tabulating Company, sau
y l Calculating-Tabulating-Recording (C-T-R) company
vo nm 1914 v sau ny c i tn l IBM vo nm
1924.

22/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)
Konrad Zuse, Berlin, c, pht trin vo nm 1935 my tnh Z-1
s dng r le v s nh phn
Chu k lnh: 6 giy (0.17 Hz)

23/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)
My tnh c in t ng ln a nng u tin l my
Harvard Mark I ( IBM Automatic Sequence Control Calculator ), pht
minh bi Howard Aiken vo cui 1930
ASCC khng phi l my tnh c chng trnh lu tr sn

m cc lnh c ghi vo cc bng giy.

24/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 0: Mechanical (1642-1945)
Grace Murray Hopper found the first computer bug beaten
to death in the jaws of a relay. She glued it into the logbook
of the computer and thereafter when the machine stops
(frequently) she told Howard Aiken that they are
"debugging" the computer.
Numbered pages
for USA patents

Lab book!!

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

25/Chapter1

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)
1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)
1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)
1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)
1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)
1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)

1.2 Phn loi vi x l

1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

 DHBK 2005

26/Chapter1

Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)
Nm 1943, John
Mauchly v J.
Presper Eckert bt
u nghin cu v
ENIAC

 DHBK 2005

27/Chapter1

Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)

18000 n in t, 1500 r le, 30 tn, 140 kW, 20 thanh ghi 10 ch s

thp phn, 100 nghn php tnh/ giy
Trong tng lai my tnh s nng ti a l 1.5 tn (Popular
Mechanics, 1949)

28/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 1: n in t(1945-1955)

Lp trnh thng qua 6000 cng tc nhiu nc v nng hng tn

 DHBK 2005

29/Chapter1

Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)
Nm 1946, John von Neumann pht minh ra my tnh c
chng trnh lu trong b nh
My tnh ca ng gm c mt n v iu khin, mt n
v x l s hc v logic (ALU), mt b nh chng trnh v
d liu v s dng s nh phn thay v s thp phn.
My tnh ngy nay u c cu trc von Neumann
ng t nn mng cho hin tng von Neumann
bottleneck, s khng tng thch gia tc ca b nh
vi n v x l

 DHBK 2005

30/Chapter1

Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)
Nm 1948, my tnh c chng trnh lu tr trong b nh u tin
c vn hnh ti trng i hc Manchester: Manchester Mark I

 DHBK 2005

31/Chapter1

Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)
Nm 1951, my tnh Whirlwind ln u tin s dng b nh
li t (magnetic core memories). Gn y nguyn l ny
c s dng li ch to MRAM dng tch hp.

32/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)
Mt magnetic core lu tr 256 bits

33/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)
John von Neumann nm 1952 vi chic my tnh mi ca ng

34/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 1: n in t (1945-1955)
Nm 1954, John Backus, IBM pht minh ra FORTRAN

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

35/Chapter1

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)
1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)
1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)
1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)
1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)
1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)

1.2 Phn loi vi x l

1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

 DHBK 2005

36/Chapter1

Th h 2: Discrete transistors (1955-1965)

Nm 1947, William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter

Brattain pht minh ra transistor

 DHBK 2005

37/Chapter1

Th h 2: Discrete transistors (1955-1965)

Nm 1955, IBM cng b IBM704, my tnh mainframe s

dng tranzistor
y l my tnh vi php ton du phy ng u tin (5
kFlops, clock: 300 kHz)

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

38/Chapter1

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)
1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)
1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)
1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)
1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)
1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)

1.2 Phn loi vi x l

1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

 DHBK 2005

39/Chapter1

Th h 3: Integrated circuits (1965-1980)

Nm 1958, Jack St. Clair Kilby of Texas Instruments (Nobel

prize physics, 2000) a ra v chng minh tng tch
hp 1 transistor vi cc in tr v t in trn mt chip
bn dn vi kch thc 1 na ci kp giy. y chnh l IC.

 DHBK 2005

Th h 3: Mch tch hp (1965-1980)

40/Chapter1

7/4/1964 IBM a ra System/360, h my tnh tng thch

u tin ca IBM

 DHBK 2005

Th h 3: Mch tch hp (1965-1980)

Nm 1965, Digital Equipment

Corporation, a ra chic my
tnh mini u tin DP-8

41/Chapter1

42/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 3: Mch tch hp (1965-1980)

Nm 1971, Ted Hoff ch to Intel 4004 theo n t hng ca mt
cng ty Nht bn to chip sn xut calculator. y l vi x l u
tin vi 2400 transistor (microprocessor, processor-on-a-chip).
4 bt d liu, 12 bit a ch

43/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 3: Mch tch hp (1965-1980)

1973-1974, Edward Roberts, William Yates and Jim Bybee ch to
MITS Altair 8800, my tnh c nhn u tin
Gi $375, 256 bytes of memory, khng keyboard, khng mn hnh

v khng b nh ngoi
Sau , Bill Gate v Paul Allen vit chng trnh dch BASIC
cho Altair

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

44/Chapter1

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.1.1 Th h -1: Thi xa xa (-1642)
1.1.2 Th h 0: My tnh c kh (1642-1945)
1.1.3 Th h 1: n in t-Vacuum tubes (1945-1955)
1.1.4 Th h 2: Transistor ri rc-Discrete transistors (1955-1965)
1.1.5 Th h 3: Mch tch hp-Integrated circuits (1965-1980)
1.1.6 Th h 4: Mch tch hp c ln-VLSI (1980-?)

1.2 Phn loi vi x l

1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

45/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)
Nm 1981, IBM bt u vi IBM "PC" s
dng h iu hnh DOS.

46/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)
Nm 1984, Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) a ra my tnh
bn Alto vi giao din ngi v my hon ton mi: windows, biu
tng, mouse

Con chut u tin

47/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)
Nm 1986, siu my tnh Cray-XMP vi 4 b x l t tc
tnh ton l 840 MFlops. N c lm mt bng nc

48/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)
Tc tnh ton ny t c vi my tnh c nhn 1 vi
x l, Pentium III, vo qu 1 nm 2000

49/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)

Ngun Intel

50/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)

Ngun Intel

51/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)

Ngun Intel

52/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Th h 4: VLSI (1980-?)

Moores law: number of transistors doubles every 18 months

(Gordon Moore, founder Intel Corp.)

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.2 Phn loi vi x l
1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

53/Chapter1

54/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

1.2 Phn loi vi x l

55/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

1.2 Phn loi vi x l

BMW > 100 processors
Trung bnh 1 cng dn M ~ 75 processors

*Intelligent Transportation
System (ITS)

*Cabin Air
Quality

*Lighting

*Safety Systems
*Engine
Performance and
Emission Control
(Traction Control)

*Suspension
and
Braking Control

*Gear Box

*Digital Car
*Steering Controls*Entertainment
Radio

56/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

1.2 Phn loi vi x l

Phn loi theo gi thnh:
Type

Gi (USD)

Example application

Disposable system
Embedded system

1
10

Game computer
Personal computer
Server
Collection of
workstations
Mainframe

100
1K
10K
100K

Supercomputer

10M

Greeting cards
Watches, cars,
appliances
Home video games
Desktop computer
Network server
Departmental
supercomputer
Batch processing in
bank
Weather forecasting

1M

57/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

1.2 Phn loi vi x l

Phn loi theo chc nng:

Vi x l a nng (General Purpose Microprocessor)

DSP (Digital Signal Processor)
Vi iu khin (Microcontroller)
Vi x l chuyn dng ASIP (Application Specific Integrated Processor)

58/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

1.2 Phn loi vi x l

Phn loi theo tp lnh:
CISC (complex Instruction Set computer): my tnh c tp lnh phc tp
nhiu lnh
cu trc phc tp
mi lnh: c di khc nhau v thc hin trong 1 n chc chu k xung nhp
V d: Intel x86, AMD

RISC (reduced instruction Set computer): my tnh c tp lnh rt gn

t lnh
mi lnh c di c nh v thc hin trong 1 n 2 chu k xung nhp
cu trc vi x l n gin, c nhiu thanh ghi
tc xung nhp ln v tiu th nng lng thp
V d: ARM, PowerPC

59/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

1.2 Phn loi vi x l

Von Neumann vs. Harvard

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.2 Phn loi vi x l
1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.3.1 Thp phn, Nh phn, H 8, H 16
1.3.2 Cng, tr, nhn, chia
1.3.3 Cc s m
1.3.4 S nguyn, s thc, BCD, ASCII

1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

60/Chapter1

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.2 Phn loi vi x l
1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.3.1 Thp phn, Nh phn, H 8, H 16
1.3.2 Cng, tr, nhn, chia
1.3.3 Cc s m
1.3.4 S nguyn, s thc, BCD, ASCII

1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

61/Chapter1

 DHBK 2005

1.3.1 Cc h m
H thp phn

62/Chapter1

1234,56710=
11000+2100+310+41+50.1+60.01+70.001
1103+2102+3101+4100+510-1+610-2+710-3
r = c s (r = 10), d=digit (0 d 9), m = s ch s trc du phy, n = s
ch s sau du phy

m 1

i n

 DHBK 2005

1.3.1 Cc h m
H nh phn

63/Chapter1

1011,0112=
18+04+12+11+00.5+10.25+10.125
123+022+121+120+02-1+12-2+12-3
r = c s (r = 2), d=digit (0 d 1), m = s ch s trc du phy, n = s
ch s sau du phy

m 1

i n

 DHBK 2005

1.3.1 Cc h m
H 8 (Octal)

64/Chapter1

7654,328=
7512+664+58+41+30.125+20.015625
783+682+581+480+38-1+28-2
r = c s (r = 8), d=digit (0 d 7), m = s ch s trc du phy, n = s
ch s sau du phy

m 1

i n

 DHBK 2005

1.3.1 Cc h m
H 16 (Hexadecimal)

65/Chapter1

FEDC,7616=
154096+14256+1316+121+71/16+61/256
15163+14162+13161+12160+716-1+616-2
r = c s (r = 16), d=digit (0 d F), m = s ch s trc du phy, n = s
ch s sau du phy

m 1

i n

16

 DHBK 2005

1.3.1 Cc h m
Chuyn i gia cc h m

66/Chapter1

Chuyn t h thp phn sang nh phn

Quy tc: ly s cn i chia cho 2 v ghi nh phn d, ly thng
chia tip cho 2 v ghi nh phn d. Lp li khi thng bng 0. o
ngc th t dy cc s d s c ch s ca h nh phn cn
tm
V d: i 34 sang h nh phn: 100010

Chyn t h nh phn sang h 16 v ngc li

1011 0111B = B7H

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.2 Phn loi vi x l
1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.3.1 Thp phn, Nh phn, H 8, H 16
1.3.2 Cng, tr, nhn, chia
1.3.3 Cc s m
1.3.4 S nguyn, s thc, BCD, ASCII

1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

67/Chapter1

 DHBK 2005

1.3.2 Cc php ton

Cng nh phn

Cng thp phn

Nh

010

8273

562

Tng

8835

Cng nh phn
Nh

0011111

10011011

1010111

Tng

11110010

68/Chapter1

 DHBK 2005

1.3.2 Cc php ton

Tr nh phn
x

11101

1111

Mn
Hiu

1110
01110

69/Chapter1

 DHBK 2005

1.3.2 Cc php ton

Nhn nh phn

Nguyn tc: cng v dch

1110

1101
1110
0000
1110
1110
10110110

70/Chapter1

 DHBK 2005

1.3.2 Cc php ton

Chia nh phn
10111010
1110
1001010
1110
10010
0000
10010
1110
100

Nguyn tc: tr v dch

1110
1101

71/Chapter1

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.2 Phn loi vi x l
1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.3.1 Thp phn, Nh phn, H 8, H 16
1.3.2 Cng, tr, nhn, chia
1.3.3 Cc s m
1.3.4 S nguyn, s thc, BCD, ASCII

1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

72/Chapter1

 DHBK 2005

Biu din bng du v ln

(Sign-Magnitude)

73/Chapter1

Mt s c du bao gm 2 phn: du v ln

V d h 10: +12310 (thng thng 123) v -12310

H nh phn: bt du l bt MSB; 0 = dng, 1 = m
V d: 011002 = +1210 v 111002 = -1210
Cc s c du 8 bt s c gi tr t -127 n +127 vi 2 s
0: 1000 0000 (-0) v 0000 0000 (+0)

74/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

S b 2
S b 1 (b l gic): o bit
1001 => 0110
0100 => 1011

S b 2 (b s hc): s b 1 +1
V d: Tm s b 2 ca 13
13 =
0000 1101
S b 1 ca 13 =1111 0010
Cng thm 1:
1
S b 2 ca 13= 1111 0011 (tc l -13)

75/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

S b 2
V d: Tm s b 2 ca 0

0 =
0000 0000
S b 1 ca 0 =1111 1111
Cng thm 1:
1
S b 2 ca 0= 0000 0000 (tc l -0)
Nh vy vi s b 2, s 0 c biu din 1 cch duy nht
S c du 8 bt s c gi tr t -128 n 127

76/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

S b 2
Decimal
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

S b 2
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111

Sign-magnitude
1111
1110
1101
1100
1011
1010
1001
1000 & 0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.2 Phn loi vi x l
1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.3.1 Thp phn, Nh phn, H 8, H 16
1.3.2 Cng, tr, nhn, chia
1.3.3 Cc s m
1.3.4 S nguyn, s thc, BCD, ASCII

1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

77/Chapter1

78/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

S nguyn (integer)
8 bit
unsigned: 0 n 255
signed : -128 n 127 ( b hai)

16 bit
unsigned: 0 n 65535 (216-1)
signed : -32768 (215) n 32767 (215-1)

32 bit
unsigned: 0 n 232-1
signed : -231 n 231-1

79/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

Little endian v big endian

S 1234 H c lu tr th no trong b nh 8 bit?

FFFFH

FFFFH
.....

.....

0101H

12H

0101H

34H

0100H

34H

0100H

12H

.....
0000H
little edian
Intel microprocessors

.....
0000H
big edian
Motorola microprocessors

 DHBK 2005

80/Chapter1

S thc
(real number, floating point number)

V d: 1,234=1,234*100=0,1234*101=...
11,01 B= 1,101*21=0,1101*22=...

mantissa

exponent

Real number: (m, e) , e.g. (0.1101, 2)

Single precision: 32 bit
Double precision: 64 bit

81/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

S thc
(real number, floating point number)

IEEE-754 format cho single-precision

31 30

23 22

biased exponent e

fraction f of normalized mantissa

1 sign bit: 0 dng, 1 m

8 bit biased exponent= exponent + 127
24 bit mantissa chun ho = 1 bit n + 23 bit fraction
Mantissa chun ho: c gi tr gia 1 v 2 : 1.f
V d: biu din 0.1011 di dng IEEE-754
Sign bit s=0
chun ho mantissa: 0.1011=1.011*2-1
Biased exponent: -1 + 127=126=01111110
IEEE format: 0 01111110 0110000000000000000000

82/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

S thc
(real number, floating point number)

IEEE-754 format cho double-precision

63 62

52 51

biased exponent e

fraction f of normalized mantissa

1 sign bit: 0 dng, 1 m

11 bit biased exponent= exponent + 1023
53 bit mantissa chun ho = 1 bit n + 52 bit fraction

single precision:
double precision:

(-1)s x 2e-127 x (1.f)2

(-1)s x 2e-1023 x (1.f)2

 DHBK 2005

83/Chapter1

S thc
(real number, floating point number)
Single Precision

Double Precision

Machine epsilon
chnh xc

2-23 or 1.192 x 10-7

2-52 or 2.220 x 10-16

Smallest positive
S dng nh nht

2-126 or 1.175 x 10-38

2-1022 or 2.225 x 10-308

Largest positive
S dong ln nht

(2- 2-23) 2127 or 3.403 x 1038

(2- 2-52) 21023 or 1.798 x 10308

6 significant digits
6 ch s sau du phy

15 significant digits
15 ch s sau du phy

Decimal Precision
chnh xc thp phn

84/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

BCD
Binary Coded Decimal number
BCD chun (BCD gi, packed BCD):
1 byte biu din 2 s BCD
V d: 25: 0010 0101

BCD khng gi (unpacked BCD) :

1 byte biu din 1 s BCD
v d: 25: 00000010 00000101

Decimal
digit

BCD

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001

 DHBK 2005

85/Chapter1

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (7bit code)

b3b2b1b0

000

001

010

011

100

101

110

111

0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111

NUL
SOH
STX
ETX
EOT
ENQ
ACK
BEL
BS
HT
LF
VT
FF
CR
SO
SI

DLE
DC1
DC2
DC3
DC4
NAK
SYN
ETB
CAN
EM
SUB
ESC
FS
GS
RS
US

SP
!

#
$
%
&

(
)
*
+
,
.
/

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
:
;
<
=
>
?

@
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O

P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
[
\
]
^
_

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o

p
q
r
s
t
u
V
w
x
y
z
{
|
}
~
DEL

 DHBK 2005

Chng 1
Gii thiu chung v h vi x l

1.1 Lch s pht trin ca cc b vi x l v my tnh

1.2 Phn loi vi x l
1.3 Cc h m dng trong my tnh ( nhc li)
1.4 S lc v cu trc v hot ng ca h vi x l

86/Chapter1

87/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

1.4.1 H vi x l
Bus d liu
Bus iu khin

B nh
Memory

Vi x l
CPU

Phi ghp
vo/ra
(I/O)

Bus a ch

DRAM
SRAM
ROM
EEPROM
Flash

Intel 80X86
Motorola 680X
PowerPC
...

ISA
EISA
PCI
VESA
SCSI
USB
...

Thit b
vo/ra
Mn hnh
My in
Bn phm
Con chut
cng
mm
CD-ROM
DVD
...

88/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

1.4.1 H vi x l
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
n v s hc v logic
(Arithmetic Logical Unit)
Thc hin cc php ton s hc
Cng, tr, nhn chia
Thc hin cc php ton logic
And, or, compare..
n v iu khin (Control Unit)

c m lnh

Gii m lnh
Thc hin lnh

Cc thanh ghi (Registers)

Lu tr d liu v trng thi ca qu trnh thc hin lnh

89/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

1.4.1 H vi x l
c thng tin t b nh vo CPU
Xc nh xem lnh l lnh g
Thc hin lnh
Nu cn th c thm thng tin t b nh/cng
Tnh ton v ghi thng tin ra b nh/cng

c m lnh
Gii m lnh
Thc hin lnh
1 chu k lnh ca CPU

90/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

1.4.2 B nh, BUS

Memory
ROM: khng b mt d liu, cha d liu iu khin h thng lc
khi ng
RAM: mt d liu khi mt ngun, cha chng trnh v d liu
trong qu trnh hot ng ca h thng

Bus d liu
8, 16, 32, 64 bit ty thuc vo vi x l

Bus a ch:
16, 20, 24, 32, 36 bit
s nh c th nh a ch: 2N
V d: 8088/8086 c 20 ng a ch => qun l c
220 bytes=1Mbytes

91/Chapter1

DHBK 2005

1.4.2 B nh, BUS

Nh sn xut

Tn vi x l

Bus
d liu

Bus
a ch

Kh nng a ch

Intel

8088
8086
80186
80286
80386SX
80386DX
80486DX
Pentium
Pentium Pro
Pentium I, II, III, IV

8
16
16
16
16
32
32
64
64
64

20
20
20
24
24
32
32
32
36
36

1M
1M
1M
16 M
16 M
4G
4G
4G
64 G
64 G

Motorola

68000
68010
68020
68030
68040
68060
PowerPC

16
16
32
32
32
64
64

24
24
32
32
32
32
32

16 M
16 M
4G
4G
4G
4G
4G