NGUYN NH HE

MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG

Dng cho sinh vin cc trng i hc, Cao ng (Ti bn ln th nht)

NH XUT BN GIO DC

Bn quyn thuc HEVOBCO - Nh xut bn Gio dc

11 - 2007/CXB/426 - 2119/GD
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M s : 7X422T7 - DAI

M u BO V MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG HAY KHNG HONG TH K XXI

Hi ngh Quc t ln I ti Stockhom (Thy in, 1972) cnh bo th gii v mt hin trng kh x nghim trng. Mt mt, cn tng ti a nhp iu pht trin kinh t p ng nhng nhu cu c bn ca loi ngi ang ngy cng ng ln. Mt khc, s chy ua v 'trang ca cc nc giu v y nhanh "cng nghip ho, hin i ho" cc nc ngho pht trin theo m hnh cc x hi phng Ty gy ra nhng tc ng xu cha tng c i vi mi trng, c bit i vi h sinh thi - h nui dng s sng trn Tri t. Thp nin 1980 tr li y chng kin s bng pht cc thm ho mi trng : hn hn, bo lt, nhim khng kh v ma axit, cc s c ht nhn v r r ho cht c hi, s suy thoi thm hi qu t trng trt, lan trn ho cht bo v thc vt v nhim cc ngun nc, thng tng zn, hin tng m ln ton cu do hiu ng nh knh, s lng "triu ph o rch" tng song hnh vi phong tro t nn mi trng, an xen vi cc cuc chin tranh sc tc v tranh ginh khng gian s dng mi trng. S song hnh ca vic bng n dn s vi i dch AIDS v s "ti xut giang h" ca cc bnh dch thi trung c mt thi c kim sot v tiu dit nh lao, thng hn, dch hch... Nu cc quc gia khng lin kt chm dt s suy thoi mi trng th n nm 2030, vi dn s th gii khong 9 - 10 l, vi nhit ton cu tng 3oc, s suy thoi ti nguyn v mi trng s dn nhn loi n cuc i khng hong ca th k XXI, to ra mt vng xoy lm tan r x hi loi ngi (UNDP, 1990). Cuc i khng hong th k ny s l s chng cht nhng vn nan gii nh nn i, nhim v suy thoi h nui dng s sng, dch bnh, xung t mi trng v t nn mi trng hng lot, bin ng kh hu kh lng i km thin tai... vi tc d di, vt qu kh nng thch ng ca x hi cng nh kh nng ca mi trnh cng ngh trn Tri t. Cc nguyn nhn su xa ca khng hong mi trng bt ngun t m hnh pht trin ly tng trng kinh t lm trng tm, khuyn khch mt x hi tiu th, da trn nn tng nhng pht minh cng ngh tiu tn nng lng, ti nguyn v gy nhim, s trn trnh trch nhim i vi th h tng lai thng qua vic khng ni b ho cc chi ph mi trng v lm dng qu mc ti nguyn cng nh khng gian mi trng. Chng ta khng s hu Tri t, chng ta vay mn Tri t t con chu mnh. Chng ta sinh ra t nhng qu trnh t nhin khng phi thng tr, m sng ho
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hp vi thin nhin. S pht trin ca mi ngi, mi cng ng v mi quc gia u ph thuc vo nhng iu kin mi trng ca mnh v khng mt th h no c php t cho mnh ci quyn c lm dng hay ph hu nhng yu t cn thit cho s tn ti ca cc th h sau. Nhng lun l ny cn phi c ph cp trong x hi bng mt chng trnh gio dc mi trng nhm thay i nhn thc ca con ngi, sao cho cng dn v cc quan chc c th thay i hnh vi, ra quyt nh v mi vn theo hng bn vng. Pht trin bn vng l chin lc duy nht c th cung ng mt cuc sng tm tt v c cht lng cho nhn loi trong khi trnh c nhng thm ha sinh thi trong 30 - 40 nm ti, l li sng cn phi thay th cho li sng tiu th v l hin nay ang x y con ngi vo vng xoy ca m hnh pht trin kinh t na vi, lm tng ci v hn ca h sinh thi c th tn ti trong mt th gii m ci g cng l hu hn, k c khng kh m chng ta ht th hng ngy cha phi tr tin (Nguyn Thnh Bang, 1995). Mi trng v pht trin bn vng" l gio trnh c bin son nhm mc ch cung cp cho sinh vin nhng kin thc c bn v mi trng, gn kt nhng vn mi trng v pht trin, to c s nghin cu nhng lnh vc khc nh qun l khoa hc - cng ngh v mi trng, khoa hc t nhin, khoa hc x hi v nhn vn. Gio trnh ny c bin son theo Chng trnh khung do B GD - T ban hnh nm 2004, dnh cho sinh vin cc trng i hc v cao ng ngoi ngnh Mi trng. ng thi gio trnh ny cng l ti liu tham kho cho nhng ngi lm cng tc khoa hc, cc nh qun l v khoa hc - cng ngh, cc nh qun l x hi, cc chuyn gia d n pht trin v c gi c quan tm n vn mi trng v pht trin. Gio trnh Mi trng v pht trin bn vng c cu trc thnh 6 chng : Chng 1 gii thiu nhng khi nim c bn v mi trng ; cc vn mi trng ton cu v Vit Nam hin nay. Chng 2 phn tch hai m hnh pht trin : pht trin khng bn vng v pht trin bn vng hin nay ang c duy tr trn th gii. Chng 3 trnh by nhng vn v mi trng v pht trin bn vng 2 vng kinh t sinh thi c bn : nng thn v th. Chng 4 phn tch su cn tr cn khc phc hng ti pht trin bn vng.

 Chng 5 gii thiu mt s php o n gin gip nh gi bn vng a phng. Chng 6 trnh by v nh hng chin lc bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng ti Vit Nam. Trong qu trnh bin son chc chn khng trnh khi sai st, tc gi mong nhn c kin ng gp ca ngi c c th nng cao cht lng ca gio trnh.

Tc gi

Chng 1 NHNG VN C BN V MI TRNG

1.1. MI TRNG L G ? Lut Bo v Mi trng (BVMT) Vit Nam sa i (2006) c nh ngha : "Mi trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v vt cht nhn to bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng n i sng, sn xut, s tn ti pht trin ca con ngi v sinh vt". Hot ng bo v mi trng l hot ng gi cho mi trng trong lnh, sch p ; phng nga, hn ch tc ng xu i vi mi trng, ng ph s c mi trng; khc phc nhim, suy thoi, phc hi v ci thin mi trng ; khai thc, s dng hp l v tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin ; bo v a dng sinh hc". "Thnh phn mi trng l cc yu t vt cht to thnh mi trng nh : t, nc, khng kh, m thanh, nh sng, sinh vt, h sinh thi, v cc hnh thi vt cht khc". Cc yu t x hi - nhn vn cha c coi l yu t mi trng. Bch khoa ton th v mi trng (1994) a ra mt nh ngha ngn gn v y hn v mi trng : Mi trng l tng th cc thnh t sinh thi t nhin, x hi - nhn vn v cc iu kin tc ng trc tip hay gin tip ln pht trin, ln i sng v hot ng ca con ngi trong thi gian bt k" C th phn tch nh ngha ny chi tit hn nh sau : - Cc thnh t sinh thi t nhin gm : + t trng trt ; + Lnh th ; + Nc ; + Khng kh ; + ng, thc vt ; + Cc h sinh thi ; + Cc trng vt l (nhit, in, t, phng x). - Cc thnh t x hi - nhn vn (XHNV) gm : + Dn s v ng lc dn c, tiu ng, x thi ; + Ngho i ;
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+ Gii ; + Dn tc, phong tc, tp qun, vn ho, li sng, thi quen v sinh ; + Lut, chnh sch, hng c, l lng... + T chc cng ng, x hi v.v... - Cc iu kin tc ng (ch yu v c bn l hot ng pht trin kinh t) gm: + Cc chng trnh v d n pht trin kinh t, hot ng qun s chin tranh... + Cc hot ng kinh t : nng nghip, lm nghip, ng nghip, cng nghip, du lch, xy dng, th ho... + Cng ngh, k thut, qun l. Ba nhm yu t trn to thnh ba phn h ca h thng mi trng, bo m cuc sng v s pht trin ca con ngi vi t cch l thnh vin ca mt cng ng hoc mt x hi. 1 .2. CU TRC H THNG MI TRNG Cc phn h ni trn v mi thnh t trong tng phn h, nu tch ring, th thuc phm vi nghin cu v tc ng ca cc lnh vc khoa hc khc, khng phi ca lnh vc khoa hc mi trng. V d : - t trng trt l i tng nghin cu ca khoa hc th nhng ; - Dn tc, vn ho thuc lnh vc khoa hc x hi nhn vn ; - Xy dng, cng nghip thuc lnh vc kinh t. Nu xem xt, nghin cu, iu khin, qun l ring r tng thnh t, tng phn h, th vn mi trng b lu m v khng c t ng v tr. Vn mi trng ch c pht hin v qun l tt khi xem xt mi trng trong tnh ton vn h thng ca n. Mi trng c tnh h thng. l cc h thng h, gm nhiu cp, trong con ngi v cc yu t x hi - nhn vn, thng qua cc iu kin tc ng, tc ng vo h thng t nhin. Khng th c vn mi trng nu thiu hot ng ca con ngi. Trong bt c vn mi trng no cng c y cc thnh t ca ba phn h : - Phn h sinh thi t nhin : to ra cc loi ti nguyn thin nhin, nng lng, ni c tr v ni cha ng cht thi. - Phn h x hi - nhn vn : to ra cc ch th tc ng ln h t nhin. - Phn h cc iu kin : to ra cc phng thc, cc kiu loi, cc mc tc ng ln c hai h t nhin v h x hi nhn vn. Nhng tc ng ln h t nhin gy ra do con ngi v hot ng pht trin ca con ngi c gi l tc ng mi
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trng. Nhng tc ng ngc li ca h t nhin ln x hi v hot ng ca con ngi c gi l sc p mi trng. Do mi trng c tnh h thng nn cng tc mi trng i hi nhng kin thc a ngnh, lin ngnh. Nhng quyt nh v mi trng ch da trn mt lnh vc chuyn mn nht nh l khng hon ho v khng hiu qu, m cn da trn s hp tc ca nhiu ngnh (hnh 1.1 v 1.2) . Qun l mi trng chnh l iu phi s hp tc trn c s tho hip t nguyn v bt buc ca cc ngnh nhm thc hin cc quy nh lut php v BVMT.

Hnh 1.1. S vn hnh thiu hp tc ca cc h thng trong x hi

Hnh . 1 cho thy pht trin kinh t khng ch n bo tn t nhin v phc li nhn vn. y khng c lnh vc cho qun l mi trng, khng c a bn cho khoa hc mi trng, m ch c lnh vc ca cc ngnh qun l v khoa hc truyn thng. Hnh 1.2 cho thy tnh h thng ca mi trng trong pht trin kinh t c tnh. n bo tn h t nhin v m bo phc li nhn vn. l pht trin bn vng.

1.3. CHC NNG CA H THNG MI TRNG - NHIM, SUY THOI V S C MI TRNG 1.3.1 . Chc nng ca mi trng H thng mi trng c bn chc nng c bn : - Cung cp ni sng cho con ngi (ni c tr an ton v iu kin pht trin cc phm cch c nhn v cng ng, to dng bn sc vn ho) ; - Cung cp nguyn liu v nng lng ; - Cha ng v t lm sch cht thi ; - Cung cp (lu gi) thng tin cho cc nghin cu khoa hc. 1 .3.2. Suy thoi mi trng Suy thoi mi trng l s gim kh nng p ng 4 chc nng c bn ni trn ca h thng mi trng. Suy thoi mi trng c cc mt biu hin sau : - Mt an ton ni c tr (do s c mi trng, nhim mi trng v mt n nh x hi ; - Cn kit ti nguyn (do khai thc qu mc, s dng khng hp l v do bin ng :iu kin t nhin) ; - X thi qu mc, nhim. Suy thoi mi trng thng l qu trnh chm, kh nh lng chnh xc, kh (nhng khng phi l khng th) o ngc nn i hi phi c can thip bng mt chin lc, bng cc chng trnh pht trin bn vng (PTBV). V d in hnh ca suy thoi mi trng l suy thoi t. Nguyn nhn gy suy thoi mi trng rt a dng, gm : - Bin ng ca thin nhin theo chiu hng khng thun li cho con ngi nh: lt, hn hn, ng t... - Khai thc ti nguyn qu kh nng t phc hi ; - Khng xc nh r quyn s dng/s hu ti nguyn ; - Th trng yu km ; - Chnh sch yu km ; - M hnh pht trin ch nhm vo tng trng kinh t tin ti xy dng mt x hi tiu th ; - Bng n dn s, ngho i (hoc xa hoa) v bt bnh ng. 1.3.3. nhim mi trng nhim mi trng l s tch lu trong mi trng cc yu t (vt l ho hc,
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sinh hc) vt qu tiu chun cht lng mi trng, khin cho mi trng tr nn c hi i vi con ngi, vt nui, cy trng (hnh l.3). nhim mi trng l yu t c th nh lng c.

Hnh 1.3. M hnh nhim "yu t A trong h thng mi trng.- Yu t vt l : bi, ting n, rung, nh sng, nhit, in, t trng, phng x; - Yu t ho hc : cc cht kh, lng v rn ; - Yu t sinh hc : vi trng, k sinh trng, virut. T hp cc yu t trn c th lm tng mc nhim ln rt nhiu. Cc tc nhn gy nhim xut pht t ngun nhim, lan truyn theo cc ng: nc mt, nc ngm, khng kh, theo cc vecto trung gian truyn bnh (cn trng, vt nui), ngi b nhim bnh, thc n (ca ngi hoc ng vt). Ngun nhim gm hai loi : - Ngun im (v d bi rc, cng x) ; - Ngun in (v d khu vc nng nghip). Mc d cht gy nhim c th c t ngun gc t nhin, nhng phn ln cc ngun nhim l t ngun nhn to, lin quan n hot ng sn xut v hot ng sng ca con ngi. Gn y cn xut hin khi nim " nhim vn ho", " nhim x hi" o hnh vi v li sng ca con ngi, gy hi cho vn ho, thun phong m tc v trt t an ton x hi. Tuy nhin, cha c tiu chun mi trng no quy nh mc cc hnh vi ny. 1.1. TM TT NHIM MI TRNG V SUY THOI T 1. nhim nc Cc yu t nh gi nhim : - Tc nhn gy nhim: cc yu t vt l (pH, mu, c, cht rn tng s gm cht rn l lng v cht rn ho tan. dn in, axit, kim, cng) ; cc yu t ho hc (DO, BOD, COD, NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, P, CO2, SO22-, Cl-, cc hp cht phenol, ho cht bo v thc vt (BVTV), lignin, kim loi nng) ; cc yu t sinh hc (E.Con. Coliform, Streptococus feacalis, tng s vi khun k kh v ho kh).
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- Bnh dch lin quan : t, l trc khun, thng hn, ph thng hn, tiu chy tr em, vim gan siu vi trng (c th truyn qua s, hn), l amip, giun ch, sn rut, giun gan, sn hydatit, sn mng, st rt, st xut huyt, bnh m sng do giun Onchoceare, bnh st vng, bnh ng Chu Phi. 2. nhim kh - SO2 tot nhin liu ho thch) : gy ma axit, khi m axit smog, gim chc nng h hp, vim ph qun mn tnh thch cao ho cc cng trnh xy dng bng . - NOX (i Sinh khi) : to smog, to hp cht PAN gy chy l cy c hoa, chy nc mt v vim ph qun. No tc ot xy ca mu. - F (khi nh my) : gy chy l cy. bin dng xng. mn rng. - CFCS (dung mi my lnh, bnh xt...) : gy hiu ng nh knh v thng tng zn. - CO (t chy khng hon ton nhin liu) : nhim c h hp. - CO2 ( ni la phun, t nhin liu) : kh nh knh ch yu. - Pb(C2H5)4( t xng pha ch) : nhim c thn kinh, cao huyt p, t qu, nhi mu c tim, tr chm ln. - Aming (cng nghip luyn kim v xy dng) : gy ung th phi. - Ho cht BVTV (vng trng trt) : nhim c thn kinh, hi gan, thn, bin i di truyn. - Hydrcacbua thm a vng (t xng du, sn, cht thm) : gy ung th. - Cht phng x (n ht nhn, in ht nhn, bnh vin, phng th nghim) : gy tn thng t bo v c ch di truyn. -Vi trng, vi rt : gy lao, bch hu, t cu, cm. - Ting n : o bng deciben (dB). Mc kh chu: Mc tai bin : 45dB 100dB

Ngng nghe ca tai : 0 180 dB 3. nhim t: - Cc tc nhn gy nhim : phn bn v c, ho cht BVTV, cht dit c, cht phng x, kim loi nng, nhiu loi vi trng v k sinh trng (trc khun l, phy, khun t,trc khun thng hn v ph thng hn, l amip, giun a, giun xon, giun mc, xon trng vng da, trc trng than, nm n da, un vn cc loi vinh bi lit, vim mng no, st pht ban, vim c tim. vim no tr s sinh) - Ngun pht x nhim ch yu l cht thi ca ngi v ng vtphn bn, ho
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cht BVTV v cht c dng trong chin tranh. 4. Thoi ho t: - Mn ho th sinh do bc hi, do ti; -Xi mn do nc v do gi ; -Axit ho th sinh : ma axit. hot ng dinh dng chn lc ca v cy trng, phn khong, xy ho pyrit (FeS2) ; - ong ho, karst ho; - Ra tri, bc mu ; - Nhim mn ; - Ct lp l qut ; - Bng pht c di. 1. 3.4. S c mi trng v tai bin mi trng: S c mi trng l nhng thit hi khng mong i xy ra bi cc qu trnh tai bin vt qu ngng an ton ca h thng mi trng. Qu trnh tai bin l nhng qu trnh gy hi vn hnh trong h thng mi trng, l mt c tnh vn c, phn nh tnh nhiu lon, tnh bt n nh ca bt c h thng mi trng no. Cc s c c th c ngun gc t nhin hay nhn sinh, nhng thng l do phi hp c hai kiu ngun gc , v chnh cc qu trnh nhn sinh thng ng gp ng k vo s c thng qua vic lm thay i tnh nhy cm tai bin ca cng ng. Cc s c c th gm loi cp din - xy ra nhanh, mnh v t ngt nh ng t, chy rng, l lt... v loi trng din - xy ra chm chp, trng k, t t nh nhim mn, sa mc ho,... Cc s c cp din thng nhanh chng kt thc v c xen k bng mt khong thi gian di bnh yn khng s c. Trong khi , cc s c trng din thng din ra lin tc, trng k. ng x s c mi trng ch l gii quyt tnh th. Chin lc ng x lu bn l nhm vo qu trnh gy ra s c qu trnh tai bin. Qu trnh ng x tai bin gm hai cch tip cn : - Cch tip cn nhm vo tai bin, gim thiu thit hi, gim mc nghim trng ca tai bin, gip cho cng ng "trnh xa him ho". - Cch tip cn nhm vo cng ng, vi mc tiu l gim nhy cm tai bin ca cng ng, tc l tng sc chng chu, gip cho cng ng "sng cng tai bin" (hnh 1 .4). Tai bin mi trng, khng phi l mt s kin, m l mt qu trnh Qu trnh tai bin mi trng gm ba giai on :
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 Giai on nguy c (hay him ho) : cc yu t gy hi tn ti trong h thng, nhng cha pht trin gy mt n nh. H thng mi trng lun lun c 2 tnh cht : - Tnh chng chu : to ra kh nng ca h thng chu c cc hnh ng pht trin ca con ngi. Tnh chng chu ng thi cng l tnh t iu khin ca mi trng. - Tnh bt n nh, cn gi l tnh bt trc, to ra cc qu trnh tai bin.

Hnh 1.4. Hai hng tip cn trong ng x tai bin mi trng Giai on pht trin : Cc yu t tai bin tp trung li, gia tng, to trng thi mt n nh nhng cha vt qua ngng an ton ca h thng mi trng. Giai on s c mi trng : Qu trnh tai bin vt qua ngng an ton, gy thit hi cho con ngi (sc kho, tnh mng, sn nghip). Nhng s c gy thit hi ln c gi l tai ho, ln hn na c gi l thm ho mi trng. Tai bin mi trng xy ra trong ton b h thng mi trng. Tuy nhin, mi phn h ca h thng ny li l mt h bc thp hn. Tai bin xy ra trong phn h sinh thi t nhin, c gi l tai bin sinh thi. Mt b phn ca tai bin sinh thi vn hnh trong t phn ng, thc vt ca phn h, c gi l tai bin sinh hc. Nh vy tai bin sinh hc l s bng pht dch bnh ngi, dch hi vt nui - cy trong hoc ng, thc vt hoang di, v s suy thoi thm hi ti nguyn sinh hc do khai thc qu mc. An ton sinh hc l mt b phn ca tai bin sinh hc, lin quan vi lnh vc cng ngh sinh hc. An ton sinh hc l s an ton khi a vo mi trng cc sinh vt c bin np di truyn - ngha l cc loi mang b en khng c sn trong t nhin. Tai bin sinh hc l qu trnh ph bin nht, do hay gp nht trong i sng hng ngy. Chia theo ngun gc c th gp cc loi tai bin sinh hc nh sau : - Cc dch a phng :st rt, sn mng, dch hch, sn l phi, st xut huyt v.v...
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- Nui trng thiu tnh ton cc loi b bin np di truyn (v d : ging ng khng ny mm). - Mt cn bng loi do : + a vo h mt loi l c tnh cnh tranh cao (v d c bu vng) ; + Ly ra khi h mt vi loi khin cho mt vi loi cn li trong h bng pht thnh dch hi (v d dch chut ...). - nhim, gy bng pht cc loi thch nghi c kh nng gy hi do cc loi ny tr nn quen vi mi trng nhim (v d to c, ry nu...). Vic s dng lan trn thuc bo v thc vt thuc nhm ny. - V kh sinh ho : n pho c vi trng dch hch, bom c vi khun than ... - Khai thc qu mc (ph rng, nh c bng cht n ...). 1.4. AN NINH MI TRNG V AN TON MI TRNG : - An ninh mi trng:l trng thi m mt h thng mi trng c kh nng m bo iu kin sng an ton ca con ngi c tr trong h thng . Trng thi an ninh ca ring phan h sinh thi t nhin c gi l an ninh sinh thi. ch l mt kha cnh ca an ninh mi trng. Qu trnh gy mt n nh trong h thng mi trng chnh l tai bin mi trng. Thut ng "an ninh" thng c hiu theo quy m rng, thng l mc quc gia, khu vc hay quc t. Trong phm vi cc a phng hp, ngi ta thng dng thut ng an ton mi trng. V d r r phng x t mt bnh vin, chy mt khu rng, mt trn l qut ti mt huyn, mt trn dch t do nhim nc ti mt a phng, mt trn ng c thc n do nhim thc phm ti mt x nghip... thng c coi l thuc phm vi "an ton mi trng". Nhng s kin ln hn nh suy thoi tng zn, hiu ng nh knh, sa mc ho din rng... thuc lnh vc "an ninh mi trng". Tuy nhin, cng rt kh phn nh rch ri gii hn gia "an ninh" v "an ton". T nn mi trng l vic con ngi buc phi ri ni truyn thng ca mnh tm thi hay vnh vin do s hu hoi mi trng gy nguy him cho cuc sng ca h (Chng trnh mi trng Lin hp quc, 1985). Trn th gii nm 1995 c khong 25 triu ngi t nn mi trng, trong : - Ethiopia - Somali - Su dan - Sahara : : : : 1,5 triu 500.000 2 triu 5 triu 7 triu 6 triu

- Cn Sahara : - Trung Quc :

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- Mhic

2 triu.

Trn th gii hin nay, c 225 ngi th mt ngi phi t nn mi trng. Nguyn nhn ca t nn mi trng l s t hp ca mt s yu t sau: - Khng c t canh tc, mt t c tr ; - Mt rng ; - Hoang mc ho ; - Xi mn t ; - Mn ho hoc ng ngp ; - Hn hn, thiu nc ; - Sc p nng thn : i ngho, p lc dn s, thiu h tng c s nng thn, k thut canh tc lc hu v thiu t canh tc ; - Suy gim a dng sinh hc ; - Bin ng kh hu v nhng hin tng thi tit cc oan ; - p lc dn s ; - Suy dinh dng v dch bnh ; - Ngho i ; - Qun l nh nc km hiu qu. Ty nn mi trng l ch th, l thc o ca s mt n nh, phn nh s qun l km hiu qu v l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n xung t. Cc yu t n du ng sau hin tng t nn mi trng l a din, phc tp, thng lin kt tc ng v rt kh tch bch ring r. 1.5. NGHO KH V MI TRNG: Ngho thu nhp - Tng thu nhp : + Vng nng thn min ni, hi o : + Vng nng thn ng bng : + Vng th : 80.000/thng ; 100.000/thng ; 150.000/thng. (Tiu chun ngho Vit Nam do B Lao ng Thng binh v X hi cng b nm 2000) - Thu nhp di 1USD/ngi/ngy (Theo UNDP). Nm 1993, trn th gii c 1,3 t ngi ngho theo tiu chun ca UNDP (nm 2000 : tng ln 2 t). V Vit Nam, theo tiu chun Vit Nam th cn khong trn
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di 12 triu ngi c thu nhp khong di 15kg go/ngi/thng. Ngho ton din CPM (Capability Poverty Measure): L t l trung bnh ca ba i lng (u lin quan n ph n):

trong :

I1 : T l tr di 5 tui b suy dinh dng ; I2 : T l s ca sinh khng c chm sc y t bi cn b h sinh ; I3 : T l s ph n (t 1 5 tui tr ln) m ch.

Theo UNDP, nm 1993, Vit Nam c ch s ngho ton din l 20,1 % (hoc 0,201) Ch s ngho nhn vn HPI (Hu man Poverty Index)

I1 : I2 : I3 :

T l s ngi cht t nhin, cht yu di 40 tui ; T l s ngi ln (t 15 tui tr ln) m ch ; Trung bnh cng ca : t l s ngi khng c dng nc sch (I3.l), s ngi khng c hng dch v y t (I3.2) v t l tr di 5 tui b suy dinh dng (I3.3), Theo UNDP (1997), Vit Nam c ch s ngho l 26,2% (hoc 0,262).

Quan h gia ngho kh v mi trng gm cc mt sau y : - Ngho kh lm cho cc cng ng ngho ph thuc nhiu vo cc ngun ti nguyn mng manh ca a phng, tr nn d b tn thng do nhng bin ng ca thin nhin v x hi. - Ngho lm cho thiu vn u t cho sn xut, xy dng c s h tng, cho vn ho gio dc v cc d n ci to mi trng. - Ngho kh lm gia tng tc khai thc ti nguyn theo hng khai thc qu mc, khai thc hu dit. - Ngho l mnh t l tng cho m hnh pht trin ch tp trung vo tng trng kinh t v xy dng mt x hi tiu th. - Gp phn bng n dn s. 1.6. DN S V MI TRNG Tc tng dn s th gii hin nay l 1,7% mi nm. Th gii mt 39 nm (1960
16

- 1999) tng dn s t 3 t ln 6 t, nhng ch mt 12 nm (1987 - 1999) to ra t ngi th 6. C ti 90% dn s th gii sng cc nc ang pht trin, ni m cc quc gia t c kh nng gii quyt cc h qu do gia tng dn s i vi vic gy nhim v suy thoi mi trng. u tin trc ht ca cc nc ang pht trin l nui dng b phn dn s ngy cng gia tng ch khng sc chm lo n mi trng. Tuy nhin, tc ng xu n mi trng do ng dn v ngho i cha phi l ton b tc ng ca vn dn s. Tiu dng qu mc ca dn c cc nc cng nghip cng l mt mt quan trng ca vn ny. Chnh nhng nc ny to ra hnh mu ca mt x hi tiu th. Mt ngi M trung bnh tiu th nguyn liu v nng lng gp 17-20 ln mt ngi Nam v x thi bng lng x thi ca 25 ngi Trung Quc. Ngi ta tnh c ch ring cng ng Chu u, Hoa K v Lin X c pht x khong 45% tng lng kh nh knh ton cu. Nh vy, tc ng ca dn s ti mi trng, ngoi s dn, cn phn nh mc tiu th trn u ngi v trnh cng ngh.

I=P.C.T
trong : I : Tc ng ca dn s ln mi trng ; P : S dn ; C : Tiu th ti nguyn bnh qun trn u ngi T : Cng ngh (quyt nh mc tc ng ca mi n v ti nguyn c tiu th). Tc ng ca dn s n mi trng cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc qu trnh ng lc dn c : du c, di c, di dn, ti nh c, t nn... Bn tnh ca con ngi l di chuyn v chnh qu trnh di chuyn lm gia tng tc ng ca dn s ln mi trng ( l.2). 1.2 DN S V PHT TRIN TH GII Chu l chu lc ng dn nht th gii vi hn 60% dn s th gii hin ang sinh sng ti chu lc ny, trong Trung Quc v n l nhng nc ng dn nht chu lc v th gii, dn s Trung Quc l 1,2 t ngi v n l 980 triu ngi. Trong khi , Chu phi hin ang l ni c mc tng dn s cao, c bit l vng h Sahara. ni c t l tng dn s cao nht th gii (trung bnh mi gia nh c ti 7 con). Dn s ton chu lc ny vo khong 767 triu ngi. Tri vi khu vc Chu v Chu Phi ng c dn c, khu vc M La tinh v Caribe ch chim hn 8% dn s th gii. Khu vc ny c khong 511 triu ngi vi t l tng dn s gim hn 30% trong thp k qua v trung bnh mi ph n ch c ti 3 con. Tui th trung bnh ca ngi dn khu vc ny tin gn ngang bng vi tui th ca ngi dn cc nc pht trin, t l t vong tr s sinh thp nht trong cc nc pht
17

trin. Ti cc nc pht trin cao nh c, New Zealand, Nht Bn, Chu u v Bc M, mc tng dn s hng nm vo khong 0,3%, thm ch c th gim xung di 0 vo trc nm 2025. Hin nay, dn s cc khu vc ny l 1,19 t. Trong s 6 t ngi ang sinh sng trn hnh tinh ca chng ta, c ti 800 triu ngi ang hng ngy i mt vi nn i, trong c khong 200 triu em nh di 5 tui. Hu ht nhng ngi chu nh hng ca nn i li l nhng ngi sng cc vng nng thn, nhng b lc du canh du c v cc lng chi nh. V khp mi ni trn Tri t, ph n, tr em, ngi gi v ngi m au l nhng ngi chu tc ng mnh nht ca tnh trng thiu n. Mt b phn ln dn s th gii hin nay ang phi ng u vi ngho i v rt nhiu nhng vn x hi khc l thanh nin, nhng ngi tui t 15 n 24. Thanh nin hin chim khong 1/5 dn s th gii, trong 85% sng ti cc nc ang pht trin vi 60% sng ti Chu . Khong 2/3 thanh nin th gii ang ln ln ti cc nc m thu nhp bnh qun u ngi hng nm cha ti 1.000 USD, trong khi ch c 12% thanh nin ln ln ti cc nc c thu nhp bnh qun hng nm hn 10.000 USD. Vi mt lc lng tr ng o nh vy, cc nc ang pht trin, bn cnh vic c mt ngun nhn lc di do, ang phi i ph vi nn tht nghip cao, c bit trong thanh nin. Ti hu ht cc nc ang pht trin, do cc vng nng thn khng c cc dch v v c hi nn thanh nin phi ko nhau ti cc th tm k sinh nhai. Phn ln h l nhng ngi khng c hc hnh v khng c o to ngh nn ch c mt s t ngi c th tm c vic lm. Nhng thanh nin t nng thn di c ra thnh ph hoc t cc nc ngho ang pht trin di c sang cc nc pht trin, khp mi ni u phi i u vi nn tht nghip nghin ru, nghin ma tu, tht vng v trong mt s trng hp h tham gia vo nhng hot ng ti c hoc t t. Trong khi , ti cc nc pht trin li xy ra hin tng lo ho dn s. Hin nay, 77% s ngi gi tng thm mi nm l cc nc ang pht trin, d on ti nm 2015 con s ny s l trn 80%. Mt trong nhng thch thc ang t ra cho loi ngi, c bit i vi thanh nin l cn bnh th k HIV/AIDS. Tnh n thng 12-1998, ton th gii c 33,4 triu ngi nhim HIV, khong 1/3 trong s ny l tui t 15 n 24, ring nm 1998 c 2,5 triu ngi cht v bnh AIDS. c tnh 95% nhng ngi mang vi rt HIV hin ang sng ti cc nc ang pht trin, v 2/3 sng ti khu vc h Sahara Chu Phi, ni c ti 8% s ngi trng thnh b nhim HIV. Theo thng k nm 1997, c hn mt na trong s 2,6 triu ngi mi nhim HIV l thanh nin. 1/3 nhng ngi mang thai hng nm, trong nhiu ngi mang thai ngoi mun, cng l nhng ph n tui thanh nin.
Ngun : Thu H, Bo Th thao & Vn ho, No82. 12/10/1999

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1 .7. NHNG VN MI TRNG TON CU 1.7.1. Bin i kh hu S gia tng pht thi kh nh knh (CO2, CH4, NOx, zn, CFCS) cng vi vic suy gim din tch rng gy ra hin tng nng ln ca kh hu ton cu. Nhit trung bnh trong th k qua tng ln trong khong tc - 2oC. D bo n 2030, nhit trung bnh ca Tri t c th tng thm 3C, trong ring CO2 gp phn tng thm 1C. S tng nhit khng xy ra ng u trn Tri t cc vng v cao nhit c th tng t 6oC n 16oC, trong khi nhng vng ln cn xch o, nhit ch tng n 2oC. S nng ln ton cu lm thay i ch thi tit kh lng ; dng cao mc nc bin gy xi l b v chm ngp vng t thp ven bin ; ma lt gia tng vng ven bin trong khi sa mc ho tng cng nhng vng nm su trong lc a ; dch bnh tng ln do nng, m; cc bnh nhit i lan to v pha cc vng v cao. Ngh nh th Kyoto thng 12/1997 nhm gim pht x kh nh knh b Hoa K phn i, v Hoa K l nc pht thi kh nh knh nhiu nht 1.7.2. Suy gim tng zn Nm 1991 pht hin tng zn bu tri Nam Cc b thng mt l rng 24 triu km2, l thng ny tng ln gp ri vo nm 2000. Tia v tr o t tun xung Tri t qua l thng ny, gy ra : - Tng cng ng th da khng sc t ln thm 300.000 ca/nm. - Tng thm 1,7 triu ca c thu tinh th mi nm. - c ch h thng min dch ngi v s sinh trng ca thc vt (hn ch quang hp). - Gim thc vt ph du bin, t lm gim lng hi sn. 1 .7.3. nhim xuyn bin gii gia tng - Lan truyn ma axit, nhim theo cc dng sng xuyn bin gii gia tng. - Lan truyn thu triu (bng pht to c hi), thu triu en (trn du) trn bin v i dng. - Tng phng x: ca nc bin do cht thi ht nhn v tai nn tu ngm ht nhn trong sut th k qua. 1 .7.4. Xut khu cht thi c hi Gia nm 1986 n 1991 c ti 175 triu tn cht thi c hi c cho hng trn th trng th gii, c bit l cc nc vng Caribe, Trung v Nam Phi. Qu trnh xy dng v thc thi cc tiu chun mi trng khng ng u trn ton th gii v s pht trin nhanh ca nn kinh t th trng l nhng nhn t chnh to ng lc
19

cho xut khu cc cht thi c hi trong nhng nm gn y Phng Ty, ngi tiu dng c nhu cu ngy cng cao i vi cc ngnh cng nghip sch, dn ti cc quy nh x l, ct gi, thi b cht thi c hi ngy cng nghim ngt hn. Hn na, chi ph cng nh vic thiu cc bi chn lp cc nc ny cng ang tng ln, trong khi cc nc ngho c t ai rng hn v cc tiu chun thi t ngt ngho hn. Hin nay, vic xut khu cht thi c hi vo cc nc ang pht trin thng di dng nhng hp ng, v chuyn giao bt hp php thng qua cc cng ty t nhn cng nh chnh ph ca cc nc ngho. V d : Cc cng ty Anh tr cho Guinea-Bissau 120 triu USD/nm cho vic chn lp cc cht thi cng nghip - gn tng ng vi tng sn lng thu nhp quc dn bnh qun nm ca nc . Congo thng qua cc hp ng nhp khu t nhn, mi nm nc ny nhp khu khong 1 triu tn cht thi cng nghip t H Lan, s tin thu c l 4 triu USD trong hn 3 nm. Tuy nhin, tng s tin c tr t cc v nhp cht thi ny cng khng ng k so vi mc chi ph cho ct gi, x l v thi b cc nc xut khu cht thi. V d : Thay cho vic tr cho Guinea 40 USD/tn cht thi cng nghip c hi, thc cht, M s phi chi ph ti 1000 USD/tn khi x l tho mn c cc quy nh nghim ngt ca chnh ph mnh. Nhn thc v cc vn lin quan ti cht thi c hi ang tng ln. S an ton ca nhng loi cht thi ny khng ch l nhng thch thc v mt cng ngh m cn c th lin quan ti chnh tr. Cc nc ang pht trin cn kh khn hn rt nhiu so vi cc nc cng nghip trong vic gii quyt cc cht thi c hi k c v nhn thc cng nh v cng ngh. Nm 1988, T chc thng nht Chu Phi thng qua hip nh cm nhp khu cc cht thi c hi vo lc a ny. Tuy nhin, cc nc thnh vin thay i hon ton hip nh ny. Chng trnh Mi trng Lin hp quc (UNEP) a ra mt danh sch gm 44 cht c coi l c hi v khuyn ngh cc nc nhp khu nn a ra bng chng v kh nng gii quyt cht thi c th i vi vic trao i, mua bn. 1.7.5. Suy thoi a dng sinh hc Trong th k 20, loi ngi tiu dit khong 700 loi ng, thc vt Nhiu loi b tuyt chng khi cn cha c con ngi bit n. - T nm 1600 trc cng nguyn n nm 1900 : trung bnh 4 nm mt 1 loi. - T nm 1900 n 1980 : 1 nm mt 1 loi. - T nm 1980 n 2000 : 1 ngy mt 1 loi. - D bo t nm 2001 n 2010 : 1 gi mt 1 loi .
20

Cho n cui th k 20, loi ngi lm bin mt khong t 20% n 50% s loi trn Tri t. Suy thoi a dng sinh hc khin cho loi ngi mt dn cc ngun ti nguyn qu gi (lng thc, thc phm, dc liu, nguyn vt liu, en, tin nghi mi trng...) ng thi phi chng chu vi cc tai bin sinh thi ngy cng gia tng (dch bnh gia sc dch hi cy trng...) do mt cn bng sinh thi. Suy thoi a dng sinh hc trc ht, l do khai thc ti nguyn sinh hc qu mc. Sau , l do vic chuyn i cc khu vc hoang d sang vng nng nghip, xy dng c s h tng hoc bin thnh vng tr tri. Nguyn nhn chnh l cc vng hoang d tuy c gi tr a dng sinh hc cao nhng li l vng kh sinh li trc mt cho con ngi. 1.8. NHNG VN MI TRNG BC XC VIT NAM 1.8.1 . Bin i kh hu Nhit cao nht trong ma h, nhit thp nht trung bnh nm v trung bnh ma ng ang tng ln trn phm vi c nc. Mc tng pha bc cao hn pha nam. Thi gian xut hin bo v p thp nhit i c xu hng li dn v cui ma bo t thng 8 - 9 (1956 - 1965) nay chuyn dn sang thng 11 - 12, trng vi thi k c gi ma ng bc min Bc lm xut hin nhng trn ma lt d di. 1.8.2. Suy thoi t Din tch t nng nghip trn u ngi ngy cng gim, hin cn 0,448 ha/ngi, bng khong 1/6 mc trung bnh trn th gii. Hin tng hoang mc ho ang tng cng km theo cc qu trnh tai bin trng in nh ra tri, xi mn, mn ho, phn ho, nhim, bi t khng mong i, hn hn, hoang ho, ng lt, thoi ho hu c, xi l b sng, b bin... Thoi ho t c bit nghim trng vng i ni. Hin nay, nhm t c vn ca nc ta gm 1,8 triu ha t phn; 4,8 triu ha t bc mu v xi mn trung du v min ni; 0,5 triu ha t ct; 2,5 triu ha t xm bc mu thoi ho. 1 .8.3. Ti nguyn v mi trng nc Vit Nam c tng lng nc l 880 t m3, nhng lng nc ni a ch c 325 t m3. T l ph thuc ngun nc ca Vit Nam l :

Nh vy, c th khng nh rng Vit Nam ph thuc qu nhiu vo ngun nc qu cnh, chy t cc nc lng ging ti. iu ny i hi mt chin lc hp tc qun l v s dng hp l lu vc vi cc nc lng ging.
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Hin nay, chng ta s dng 20 - 30% tng lng ti nguyn nc, t ngng an ton sinh thi l 25%. Bi v 75% lng nc cn li phi c dnh cho vic m bo an ton sinh thi, theo tnh ton ca T chc Nng Lng th gii (FAO). Nhu cu nc ang gia tng hng ngy, trong khi lng nc li gim v nhim, v s dng khng hiu qu v phn phi khng hp l, khin cho vo ma kh c nhiu vng b kh kit. nhiu vng xut hin cc xung t, cnh tranh v ngun nc. Tt c cc dng sng u b nhim bn, c bit l sng Cu v sng Vm C ng b nhim nng. Sng ng Nai thuc mc nhim trung bnh, nhng li l ngun cp nc sinh hot cho 10 triu dn sng ven sng, trong c Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Bin Ho. 1 .8.4. Mi trng bin Ton b vng bin ven b u b nhim t nh n trung bnh, nht l bin min Bc v min Nam. Tc nhn gy nhim chnh l NH4+, du, km, ng v coliform. C th l : - Du : Ca Ba Lt, Nha Trang, Ca Lc, Ca L, vng khai thc du. - ng : Ph Qu, Ca L, Sm Sn. - Km : Ca Lc, Sm Sn, Sn, Rch Gi, Ba Lt. - Colifonn : Nha Trang, Vng Tu, nh An. Xu th nhim bin ang tng, c du hiu thu triu xut hin vng ven bin C Mau. 1.8.5. Ti nguyn rng Mi nm nc ta mt i t 120.000 - 150.000 ha rng t nhin. Rng trng mi nm t khong 200.000 ha. T nm 1990 n nay, chiu hng suy thoi ti nguyn lng vn cha c o ngc. n nm 1998, din tch che ph rng t nhin ca nc ta theo s liu thng k cn khong 28,8% (theo ti liu nh v tinh th ch cn 23%). Ch trng "ng ca rng t nhin" v Chng trnh "Trng 5 triu ha rng n 2010" l chin lc quyt tm cao ca Chnh ph nc ta trong vic phc hi vn rng. 1.8.6. a dng sinh hc Suy thoi a dng sinh hc Vit Nam n nay l rt ng ngi. Trong vng khong 10 nm cui th k 20, trn 700 loi ng, thc vt Vit Nam bin mt hoc b y vo tnh trng nguy him, trong c hu ht cc ging loi c gi tr kinh t cao nh : - ng vt : T gic 1 sng, voi, h, b xm, b tt, b rng, hu x, hu c
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toong, hu vng, cheo cheo napu, vn en tuyn, vn Hi Nam, vn bc m, vc m hung, voc u trng, voc mi hch, voc gy trng, voc qun i, cng, g li lam, c cc Tam o, c su. - Thc vt : sm Ngc Linh, bi li, trc, c te, trm hng. 1 .8.7. Mi trng th Vit Nam c 623 th, trong c 2 thnh ph loi c bit (H Ni v Thnh ph H Ch Minh), 3 thnh ph loi I (Hi Phng, Nng, Cn Th), 82 thnh ph, th x thuc tnh vi 23% dn s ton quc (1999). D tnh dn s th Vit Nam nm 2010 l 33% dn s ton quc. H tng k thut th Vit Nam rt km. n nm 1998 mi c khong 53%.dn s th c cp nc sinh hot, nhng cht lng u khng m bo yu cu. H thng thot nc chung cho c nc ma v nc thi, nc thi cha c x l. Nhiu th khng c c h thng thot nc. Hin tng nhim nc mt, ting n, rung, nhit, in, t trng, bi, nhim kh c hi... mc bo ng hu ht cc th ln. T l cy xanh/u ngi rt thp, thng di 2 m2. T l thu gom cht thi rn nm 1998 dao ng t 40 n 70% vi mc pht x trung bnh 0,6kg/ngi/ngy. Nhiu th x, th trn hon ton khng c dch v thu gom rc. 1.8.8. Mi trng cng nghip n thng 6/1999, nc ta hnh thnh 66 khu cng nghip nhng ch c 3 khu ch xut v 1 khu cng ngh cao. Tng s khu cng nghip mi c trnh hin i l 20, cn 46 khu cng nghip c trnh cng ngh thp, thng l cng ngh th h 2 (nhng nm 70). Ch khong 1/3 s khu cng nghip c bn xy dng c s h tng k thut, nhng rt t khu xy dng h thng x l cht thi. nhim cng nghip l vn nan gii, v vic x l gp nhiu kh khn v phc tp v mt kinh t - x hi. Trong giai on 1990 - 2000, cc lc lng thanh tra nh nc thanh tra 22.622 c s sn xut th c 34% tc l 7.849 c s vi phm cc quy nh v mi trng, x pht 3,5 t ng. S n th khiu t ca nhn dn v mi trng cng nghip ngy cng nhiu. Nm 1999, Tng Cng ty in lc Vit Nam phi bi thng 900 triu ng cho nhn dn 3 x Chu Phong, c Long v Ph Lng (Bc Ninh) do nhng thit hi mi trng m nh my nhit in Ph Li gy ra. Cng nghip khai thc khong sn ph hoi mi trng rt nghim trng. Hin nay, trn c nc c trn 1000 m khai thc trn 50 chng loi khong sn khc nhau, ngoi ra cn hng chc ngn im khai thc th cng ri rc: Ni chung, cc vng khai thc khong sn u khng c k hoch hon phc mi trng, x l t thi, gy ra cc tc ng rt xu v a dng cho mi trng nh trt l t, axit ho, trng
23

trc, chy n V d : - Khai thc than : trn di 10 triu tn/nm. C khai thc 1 tn than th thi ra 5 - 7 m kh CH4 v 7 - 15 m3 CO2.Khai thc 1 tn than l thin cn to ra khong 6 tn t .
3

- Du kh : thi ra nhiu dung dch khoan v mn thi. Nc va thi l tc nhn gy nhim bin ln nht, chng c th tch khong 10 - 16% lng du khai thc v cng cha du vi nng 11 - 13mg/l. - Thu in tuy l dng nng lng sch nhng vic xy dng h, p gy tc ng rt su sc n mi trng ca mt vng rng ln : thay i ch thu vn, ti nh c din rng, mt t nng nghip, ng t kch thch, xi l h lu... 1.8.9. Mi trng nng thn v nng nghip Hin nay, nng thn Vit Nam mi c khong 30 - 40% s h c s dng nc sinh hot hp v sinh. T l cc h c h x hp v sinh cn thp hn (28 - 30 Nhiu loi dch bnh bng pht v lu cu nhiu nm nh sn l phi, nhim giun, sn l gan nh, giun ch, dch hch, st rt. Nhiu vng c t l nhim giun n 70% dn s. Cc lng ngh th cng c iu kin mi trng rt ng ngi v cng rt kh khc phc. nhim lng ngh ng ch nht l nhim nc, nhim kh. Nng thn ng bng Vit Nam ang trin khai mt nn nng nghip ho hc vi vic s dng thng xuyn mt lng ln phn bn ho hc (c ni nh ngoi thnh H Ni, lng NPK dg bn rau hng nm ln n trn 2000 kg/ha) v ho cht BVTV, trong c nhiu loi thuc cm, thuc tri ni, nhp lu, khng r thnh phn. Ton quc c n 50% s c s kinh doanh thuc BVTV khng c giy php. Hot ng nui trng thu sn ven bin tn ph h sinh thi rng ngp mn. D lng thuc dit tp, thc n tha v mm bnh t cc m nui gy nhim nghim trng mi trng nc, l nguyn nhn bng n dch bnh cho vt nui. 1.8.10. S c mi trng - pht hin nhiu v tr c d lng dioxin cao v chn lp cc cht c ho hc nhiu vng chin s trc y (Bnh Thun, Khnh Ho, Kon Tum, c Lc...). Ngoi cht c ho hc, bom, mn, n... cn st li t thi chin tranh cng c pht hin nhiu ni. - T nm 1994 n 1998, thng k 15 v trn du trn bin v ca sng, vi s du trn t n 1.066 ngn tn. Trung bnh 1 nm c 200 ngn tn du trn trn bin, trong c rt nhiu v khng r th phm. - Nhiu v r r ho cht cng nghip. - Nhiu v ng c thc phm.
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- Nhiu v dch hi cy trng (chut, ry, c bu vng, b da, b hung en hi ma, nm cy su ring...). 1.3 SUY HO MI TRNG VIT NAM
(Hi ngh Mi trng ton quc , 1998)

nhim din ra tt c cc khu vc. Theo nhm nghin cu Nguyn Hong Yn, Cc Mi trng. nhim cht thi rn din ra hu ht cc th. Lng rc thu gom c cc thnh ph ch chim khong 45% - 55% ; mi c 40 - 50% dn th c dng nc my trong khi lng nc my tht thot do h thng cp nc qu c ln ti 30 - 40%. Hin nay, nhiu th cha c h thng cp nc my, ng thi " tt c cc th khng c mt h thng no ng tiu chun quy nh v cha c h thng x l nc thi tp trung. Theo Cc Mi trng, nhim nc ph bin trn ton quc; cc cht hu c vt tiu chun cho php (TCCP) t 2 - 4 ln; vi khun vt hng trm ln. Nc ngoi mt s ni thy xut hin cc ho cht c hi cao nh DDT, Lindan, Monitor, Wofatox v Validacin. Ti nguyn nc ngm ang b cn kit v lng do qun l yu km. Nhm Nguyn Hong Yn khng nh nguy c thiu nc Vit Nam vo nhng thp k ti t mt thc t. nhim khng kh v bi vt TCCP nhiu ln kh CO2 gy ma axit vt TCCP 1,5 - 2,5 ln, nhim bi Hi Phng, TPHCM, H Ni nng hn nhiu ln so vi cc thnh ph ln ca Chu , nhim kh CO2 cng vy ; cc h thng sng Thi Bnh, Tam Bc, Si Gn, Cn Th, Quan L, Tc Th, Rch Gi... b nhim nng vt nhiu ln TCCP v cht hu c v vi khun; nhim do dng qu mc thuc bo v thc vt cng gia tng, ven bin Nam B c du hiu nhim c do thuc tr su (lng phn bn trn 1ha rung tng gp 2 ln t nm 1990 n 1995). Lng du thi ra bin ln ti 41 ngn tn/nm, trong 81,7% l t cc tuyn hng hi quc t, t t lin 12,8%, t cc gin khoan 2,95%, t cc s c trn du 1,22% v t tu thuyn v hi cng trong nc 1,07%. Nc bin Trung B v ng Nam B b nhim du, st, knh cht hu c. Ph rng v sa mc ho Hin nay, c nc c hn 12 triu ha t trng, i trc v din tch t c xu hng b sa mc ho, ong ho... ngy cng gia tng. ph nhiu ca nhiu vng lnh th ang c nguy c thoi ho do xi mn, ra tri, chua mn ho, ng thi t nng nghip ang thu hp trng thy. Theo nhm nghin cu ca GS. Nguyn Trng Hiu, trn mt s khu vc chnh Trung B xut hin nguy c b sa mc ho ln : khu vc Qung Bnh, Qung Tr, Tha Thin-Hu ang b mn ho, kh hn v xi mn nghim trng; khu vc Qung Nam, Qung Ngi, Bnh nh chm b hoang mc ho cc sng sau l, kh hn ; ong ho v xi mn trn vng ni Ph Yn. Khnh Ho. trong khi Bnh Thun, Ninh Thun vng ven bin xut hin c sa mc ho, mui ho v mn ho. y l khu vc c xu th sa mc ho ln nht trong c nc.
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Thm vo l tnh trng ph rng lm au u gii bo v mi trng t nhiu nm nay vn tip tc mnh m. T l che ph hin ch cn 28% lnh th v ch cn 1% rng l rng nguyn sinh. Mc d nhn dn nhiu ni u thuc cu ca dao truyn i "Ph rng nh th ph nh - t rng nh th t da tht mnh" th nhng thc bo v rng ni chung vn trong tnh trng thp km. C gi tr a dng sinh hc cao lm g ? Theo tiu ban qun l a dng sinh hc (DSH), ch trong vng 6 nm t 1992 1998, ti Vit Nam pht hin thm 4 trong s 10 loi th ln c pht hin trn th gii trong th k ny l sao la, mang ln, mang P Hot, mang Trng Sn. iu chng t cn nhiu gi tr DSH qu Vit Nam cha c pht hin ht v hin Vit Nam l mt trong 16 nc c DSH cao nht th gii. Th nhng, cng ti Vit Nam c 356 loi ng vt v 356 loi thc vt phi vo trong Sch v c nguy c tuyt chng do sn bt v ph rng, hu hoi sinh cnh. Theo PTS. Cao Vnh Hi, B NN & PTNT, h sinh thi rng trm ca Vit Nam c gi tr DSH ht sc qu gi vi cc loi trm c, trm gi, nn ng ... v trn rn, heo rng, kh vn cng 36 loi chim khc nhau, trong c su c tri u (red necked crane). Vy m do dn s v tc ng ca con ngi khin hin nay tm c mt vng c vi ngn hecta rng trm l rt kh. Cy trm ang b khai thc kit qu. Vn c Tht Nt (Cn Th) c lc ti hng chc ngn con nhng ang gim st nghim trng v vng kim n b thu hp. Lng c cht do n phi thuc su, mc li cu hoc b sn bn c ngy ln ti hng trm con. Ring n su u ti khu Trm Chim, ng Thp nu nh nm 1988 cn c 1.052 con v th nm 1996 ch cn 641 v nm 1998 ny ch cn 490 con. Khng bo v c th c DSH cao lm g ? Trc Hi ngh Mi trng ton quc 1998, Ch th 360CT/TW ngy 25/6/1998 ca B Chnh tr khng nh rng "Bo v mi trng nc ta cha p ng yu cu ca qu trnh pht trin... Mi trng vn tip tc b nhim v suy thoi, c ni rt nghim trng. Vic thi hnh php lut BVMT cha nghim minh, thc t gic BVMT cng cng cha tr thnh thi quen ca i b phn dn c... Vic gia tng dn s, di dn t do din ra t v khng kim sot c, vic khai thc c tnh cht hu dit cc ngun li sinh vt... khin cho cc ch tiu mi trng m Ngh quyt i hi 8 ra nm 2000 l nhng thch thc gay gt ...". Mc tiu chnh ca Hi ngh mi trng 1998 ln ny l lp ra c mt chng trnh hnh ng c th, chi tit. V ni nh mt nh nghin cu l lm cho cc c quan qun l nh nc phi c trch nhim".
Ngun : Nguyn Tun : Ai chu trch nhim v suy thoi mi trng Vit Nam" - Bo lao ng ngy 8/8/1998.

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KT LUN CHNG 1 Mi trng c tnh h thng. l mt h thng c con ngi, nn v bn cht, mi trng l mt h thng sinh thi nhn vn. IUCN (1996) m t h thng mi trng bng m hnh qu trng: lng trng tng trng cho phn h nui dng s sng (h t nhin), lng tng trng cho phn h x hi - nhn vn, cn v mng manh ca qu trng phn nh tnh nhy cm, d b tn thng ca h thng mi trng.

Hnh 1.5. M hnh qu trng ca h thng mi trng (Ngun : IUCN, 1996) c trng ca h thng mi trng l mt h thng h, thng xuyn bin ng, thng xuyn b e do bi cc qu trnh suy thoi, nhim, tai bin, khin cho con ngi v x hi lun phi i u vi cc vn v an ninh mi trng. Ngho i v p lc bng n dn s l nhng sc p ni ti, l qu trnh tai bin t thn ca h thng mi trng. Cc qu trnh tai bin nhn sinh c tip sc khuch i nh m hnh kinh t khng bn vng (s c m t chng 2), s bt bnh ng v thiu hp tc. nhim v suy thoi mi trng ang din bin nghim trng trn th gii v Vit Nam. CU HI N TP 1 . Mi trng l g ? Nu chc nng ca h thng mi trng. 2. Trnh by quan h gia mi trng vi dn s v i ngho. 3. Nu nhng vn mi trng ton cu. 4. Ti sao trong Lut Bo v Mi trng ca nc ta (2006) khng c cc yu t mi trng x hi - nhn vn ?

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Chng 2 PHT TRIN BN VNG

2.1. KHI NIM V NI DUNG PHT TRIN BN VNG (PTBV) 2.1.1. Pht trin v pht trin khng bn vng Pht trin l g ? Pht trin l mt qu trnh bao gm nhiu thnh t khc nhau : kinh t, k thut, x hi, chnh tr, vn ha v khng gian. Mi thnh t y li l mt qu trnh tin ha, nhm bin mt x hi nng nghip - "ph thuc vo thin nhin thnh mt x hi cng nghip hin i - "t ph thuc" vo thin nhin. phn ln cc khu vc trn th gii, thc t ngy cng chng t pht trin l s tin hnh ng thi nhng cuc tin ha trn 4 bnh din : kinh t, khng gian, x hi chnh tr v vn ho, c ngha l : Pht trin = Cng nghip ho + Thnh th ho + Quc t ho + Phng ty ho1

y l xu th pht trin ca cc nc phng Ty c nhiu nc ly lm hnh mu cho s pht trin, v c th m hnh ho nh trong 2.1.
2.1. CC NI DUNG PHT TRIN Xut pht im C cu tin cng nghip, kinh t ch yu da vo nng nghip - ngi sn xut Kinh t nhiu, ngi mua hn ch, sn xut nguyn liu v trao i tin t ho t. Xu hng C cu hu cng nghip - 2/3 s ngi lao ng lm vic trong khu vc dch v, ngi sn xut hn ch, nhiu ngi mua, trao i hon ton tin t ha.

Trn 80% dn c sng dn tri trn cc th ho - trn 80% dn c tp trung Khng vng t trng trt (m hnh nng thn). trong nhng khng gian a l hn ch gian (m hnh h thng th). T chc cng ng n gin, quy m nh Quc t ho - t chc cng ng phc X hi tp, quy m ln, th ch phong ph (dn (lng). chnh tr tc/ th gii).

Mt s nc ang pht trin phng ng ch trng bo v bn sc vn ho ca mnh, ph nhn thnh t "phng Ty ho" v ang c tm kim con ng i ring trong pht trin. Thc t cho thy, c gng tm con ng i ring, trnh "phng Ty ha" thc s l chng gai v vt v nhng khng phi l khng th lm c.

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Gia nh, cng ng, tng tc c vai tr Phng Ty ho, ch ngha c nhn, ni bt trong cc quan h x hi (vn ha quan h x hi c thc hin ch yu Vn ho thng qua mi gii ca ng tin (m truyn thng). hnh vn ha thnh th quc t2.

Nh vy : - Pht trin l quy lut chung ca mi thi i, ca cc quc gia. - Pht trin l mc tiu trung tm ca cc chnh ph. - Pht trin l trch nhim chnh tr ca cc quc gia. M hnh pht trin khng bn vng Nu pht trin ch l tng GDP hng nm ln x% v xy dng mt x hi tiu th, tch h thng kinh t khi h thng x hi nhn vn v h nui dng s sng s khng th gii quyt c ngho i cng nh hng lot cc vn suy thoi mi trng ny sinh (bng 2.1, 2.2, 2.3. y l m hnh pht trin khng bn vng. Bng 2.1. Tnh trng ngho kh trong th gii ang pht trin 1985 - 2000 % Dn s di Khu vc ngng ngho 1985 Cc nc ang pht trin Nam Nam M Chu Phi cn Sahara 30,5 51,8 22,7 47,6 1990 29,7 49.0 25,5 47,8 2000 24.1 36,9 24,9 49,7 S ngi ngho (x106) 1985 1990 2000 1051 1133 1107 532 87 184 562 108 216 511 126 304

Ngun : Bo co Mi trng v Pht trin, UNDP, 1992. 2.2 TNG TRNG KINH T CA VIC XO I GIM NGHO Trong 20 nm qua, s pht trin kinh t th gii t c nhiu thnh tu ng k. Tuy nhin, do tc tng dn s qu nhanh, nn s ci thin tnh hnh th gii cng ch b p cho mt s lng ngi ngho xp x bng s lng ngi mi tng thm, nn tng s ngi ngho trn th gii hu nh khng thay i (1985 : 1 t ; 1990 : 1,1 , t). Ngun : Bo co Mi trng v Pht trin, UNDP. 1992
2 Xu hng Vn ho ny khng c Chnh ph cc nc phng ng cng nhn, trong c Vit Nam, nhng hnh nh n vn ngm ngm din ra.

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 2.3 NHNG NGHCH L PHT TRIN Trong nm 1998, loi ngi tiu th mt lng hng ho v dch v khng l tr gi 24 nghn t USD, tng gp i so vi nm 1975 v gp 6 ln nm 1950. Con s ny cho thy th gii ang bc vo k nguyn tiu dng. Th nhng, 86% lng hng ho v dch v ny ch phc v cho 20% s dn th gii c coi l giu c, 20% s dn l ngi ngho ch c hng 2% tng sn lng hng ho v dch v ny. Ngi giu tiu th 45% lng c, tht trn th gii, trong khi ngi ngho ch tiu th 5%. Nu nhn vo bo co hng nm ca Lin hp quc, bc tranh nghch l cn m nt hn. Trong khi mc sng ti nhiu nc c xu hng tng ln, trn ton th gii vn cn gn 2 t ngi (tc l 1/3 dn s Tri t) sng trong cnh i ngho vi mc thu nhp di 1USD/ngy. H tp trung phn ln ti 48 nc chm pht trin nht, trong c 33 nc chu Phi. Hng nm, c 50 triu tr em b tn thng nng n v th lc hoc tinh thn do b suy dinh dng v khong 130 triu em, trong 80% l cc em gi khng c n trng, 8 triu tr em cht v nhim nc v mi trng sng. Trong s 4,4 t ngi cc nc ang pht trin, gn 3/5 sng thiu cc phng tin v sinh c bn, gn 1/3 thiu nc, 1/4 khng c nh v 1/5 khng c dch v y t hin i. Pht trin l mt i hi cp thit ca nhn loi, th nhng chnh trong qu trnh pht trin ang ny sinh nhiu thch thc m trc ht l vn mi trng. S gia tng tiu dng cc nguyn liu, nhin liu thiu s kim sot ang hu hoi Tri t, e do s tn ti ca loi ngi. Hin nay, c khong 1,4 t ngi trn ton th gii ang b e do v sc kho do nhim khng kh. Hng nm c khong 17 triu ngi b cht v cc bnh truyn nhim c lin quan cht ch n vn nhim mi trng sng nh bnh st rt, st xut huyt. nhim mi trng ang lm gia tng ng k s ngi mc bnh ung th, lao, bnh tim mch, h hp, vim gan... Ngun : Bo Qun i nhn dn, ngy 1/11/1998 Bn cht ca m hnh pht trin khng bn vng l pht trin khng quan tm n mi trng, kch thch tiu th qu mc v khai thc ti nguyn qu mc. Ct li ca m hnh pht trin khng bn vng l trc sn xut tiu th. Sn xut tht nhiu, tiu th tht nhiu c tng trng kinh t tht nhanh. S khng quan tm ca c nh sn xut ln ngi tiu dng n mi trng lm tng cng suy thoi, nhim mi trng v cn kit ti nguyn. T s dn n cc xung t mi trng gia cc nhm quyn li. iu tt yu s xy ra l s xi mn cc gi tr vn ho v x hi do cc xung t ny gy ra.
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Xi mn vn ho - x hi lm mt i cc ro chn v mt vn ho v o c i vi s tch lu vn, tin b khoa hc - cng ngh v c cu quyn lc, t li thc y mt bc mi ca gia tng sn xut tng cng thu nhp v tng trng nhm tho mn nhiu hn ci "mun" ca ngi giu hn l ci "cn" ca ngi ngho. Bc thc y ny to ra mt vng xoy lun qun ngy cng gia tng tc (hnh 2.1)

Hnh 2.1. Vng lun qun - m hnh pht trin khng bn vng X hi loi ngi hin nay ang b cun ht vo mt vng lun qun, trong suy thoi mi trng tip tay cho xi mn vn ho - x hi. S vn hnh vng xoy s nhanh chng a qu trnh pht trin t n ngng chu ti ca h sinh thi, tip n l cc thm ho sinh thi s xy ra, dn n i khng hong ca x hi vi nhng c trng c bn l : cn kit ti nguyn, nn i, dch bnh, nhim v s c mi trng, chin tranh v xung t mi trng. 2.1 .2. Yu cu ca pht trin bn vng Mi trng ngy cng b suy thoi nghim trng, gy tn thng cho con ngi ang sng hin ti v cc th h tng lai, iu ny buc chng ta phi xem xt li thc o ca s pht trin. Cn phi tnh n li ch ca nhng cng ng khng c hng li hoc hng li qu t t s tng trng, n li ch ca th h mai sau, n chi ph cn phi s dng n b thit hi v mi trng hoc ci thin mi trng. Vic tnh ton chi ph mi trng gp vo chi ph pht trin dn n mt khi nim mi, l pht trin bn vng. Khi nim pht trin bn vng c U ban Mi trng v Pht trin th gii thng qua nm 1987 l : nhng th h hin ti cn p ng nhu cu ca mnh, sao cho khng lm hi n kh nng cc th h tng lai p ng cc nhu cu ca h". PTBV khng ch l cch pht trin c tnh n chi ph mi trng m thc ra l
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mt li sng mi. Ngoi ra, "Chin lc cho cuc sng bn vng - Hy cu ly Tri t ca IUCN - UNEP - WWF, 1991 ch ra rng : s bn vng trong cuc sng ca mt dn tc ph thuc vo vic ho hp vi cc dn tc khc v vi gii t nhin. Do , nhn loi khng th bn rt c g hn ngoi kh nng thin nhin c th cung cp, v cn phi p dng mt kiu sng mi trong gii hn thin nhin cho php. Vi mt nh ngha mch lc v ngn gn nh trn, chin lc PTBV c th d dng c chp nhn, tuy nhin, ch khi trin khai chin lc ny trong pht trin kinh t x hi mi thy cc k kh khn. Vin Quc t v Mi trng v Pht trin (Intemational Institute for Environmental & Development - IIED) cho rng, PTBV gm 3 h thng ph thuc ln nhau (hnh 2.2).

Hnh 2.2. Pht trin bn vng l mt qu trnh dn xp tho hip gia cc h thng kinh t, t nhin v x hi (IIED, 1995) t c mc tiu PTBV, mi phn h phi c nhng tiu ch c th ( 2.4). 2.4 PHT TRIN BN VNG - CN S N LC CA C H THNG MI TRNG Phn h kinh t - Gim dn mc tiu ph nng lng v cc ti nguyn khc qua cng ngh tit kim v thay i li sng ; - Thay i nhu cu tiu th khng gy hi n a dng sinh hc v mi trng ; - Bnh ng trong tip cn cc ngun ti nguyn, mc sng, dch v y t v gio dc ; - Xa i, gim ngho tuyt i ; - Cng ngh sch v sinh thi ho cng nghip (ti ch, ti s dng, gim thi, ti to nng lng s dng). Phn h x hi - nhn vn - n nh dn s ; - Pht trin nng thn gim sc p di dn vo th :
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- Gim thiu tc ng xu n mi trng do th ho ; - Nng cao hc vn, xo m ch ; - Bo v a dng vn ho ; - Bnh ng gii, quan tm ti nhu cu v li ch gii ; - Tng cng s tham gia ca cng chng vo cc qu trnh ra quyt nh ca cc nh qun l, hoch nh chnh sch... Phn h t nhin - S dng c hiu qu ti nguyn, c bit l ti nguyn khng ti to ; - Pht trin khng vt qu ngng chu ti ca h sinh thi ; - Bo v a dng sinh hc ; - Bo v tng zn ; - Kim sot v gim thiu pht x kh nh knh ; - Bo v cht ch cc h sinh thi nhy cm : - Gim thiu x thi, khc phc nhim (nc, khng kh, t, lng thc thc phm), ci thin v khi phc mi trng nhng khu vc nhim. Trong mi tng tc, tho hip gia ba h thng ch yu trn, mi h thng li xut hin cc lnh vc (h thng cp hai) i hi phi p ng c nhng yu cu pht trin ring cho mi lnh vc, cng t c mc tiu PTBV ( 2.5). iu ho c hng lot cc vn a dng ny thc s l mt thch thc vi cc nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam.

2.4 CC LNH VC C TH CN C CN NHC T MC TIU PHT TRIN BN VNG - Lnh vc chnh tr : m bo cng dn c tham gia c hiu qu vo cc qu trnh ra quyt nh. - Lnh vc kinh t : c kh nng to ra cc gi tr thng d trong m hnh sn xut, kinh doanh t iu chnh theo hng sn xut sch hn v sn xut sch. - Lnh vc x hi : c gii php x l cc xung t ny sinh do pht trin khng hi ho, c bit l xung t mi trng. - Lnh vc cng ngh : lin tc tm kim cc gii php cng ngh mi tng ngun ti nguyn. - Lnh vc quc t : cng c cc m hnh thng mi v ti chnh bn vng trong
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mi lin minh ton cu/khu vc nhm bo v mi trng. - Lnh vc hnh chnh : mm mi v thch ng, c kh nng t iu chnh v hoch nh c cc chnh sch thch hp. 2.1 .3. Cc nguyn tc ca pht trin bn vng Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin hp quc (UNEP) trong tc phm "Hy cu ly Tri t - chin lc cho mt cuc sng bn vng " , 1991 nu ra 9 nguyn tc ca mt x hi bn vng . Tuy nhin, cc nguyn tc ny thc s kh p dng trong thc t ca mt th gii y cc bin ng v chnh tr, kinh t, vn ho. Thc t i hi cn thit lp mt h thng nguyn tc khc c tnh kh thi v st thc hn. Luc Hens (1995) la chn trong s cc nguyn tc ca Tuyn b Rio v Mi trng v pht trin xy dng mt h thng 7 nguyn tc mi ca PTBV. Nhng nguyn tc l : Nguyn tc v s u thc ca nhn dn Nguyn tc ny yu cu chnh quyn phi hnh ng ngn nga cc thit hi mi trng xy ra bt c u, bt k c hoc cha c cc iu lut quy nh v cch ng x cc thit hi . Nguyn tc ny cho rng, cng chng c quyn i chnh quyn vi t cch l t chc i din cho h phi c hnh ng ng x kp thi cc s c mi trng. Nguyn tc phng nga nhng ni c th xy ra cc s c mi trng nghim trng v khng o ngc c, th khng th ly l do l cha c nhng hiu bit chc chn m tr hon cc bin php ngn nga s suy thoi mi trng. V mt chnh tr, nguyn tc ny rt kh c p dng, v trn thc t nhiu nc c tnh qun. Vic chn la phng n phng nga nhiu khi b gn ti l chng li cc thnh tu pht trin kinh t hin hnh trc mt v lun lun c tng xng, ca ngi theo cch hiu ca tng trng kinh t. Nguyn tc bnh ng gia cc th h y l nguyn tc ct li ca pht trin bn vng, yu cu r rng rng, vic tho mn nhu cu ca th h hin nay khng c lm phng hi n cc th h tng lai tho mn nhu cu ca h. Nguyn tc ny ph thuc vo vic p dng tng hp v c hiu qu cc nguyn tc khc ca pht trin bn vng. Nguyn tc bnh ng trong ni b th h Con ngi trong cng th h hin nay c quyn c hng li mt cch bnh ng trong khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn, bnh ng chung hng mt mi trng trong lnh v sch s. Nguyn tc ny c p dng x l mi quan h gia cc nhm ngi trong cng mt quc gia v gia cc quc gia. Nguyn tc ny ngy cng c s dng nhiu hn trong i thoi quc t. Tuy nhin, trong phm vi mt quc
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gia, n cc k nhy cm i vi cc ngun lc kinh t - x hi v vn ho. Nguyn tc phn quynv u quyn Cc quyt nh cn phi c son tho bi chnh cc cng ng b tc ng hoc bi cc t chc thay mt h v gn gi nht vi h. Cc quyt nh cn mc quc gia hn l mc quc t, mc a phng hn l mc quc gia. y l nguyn tc c bn nhm kim sot s u quyn ca cc h thng quy hoch tm quc t, nhm c v quyn li ca cc a phng v s hu ti nguyn, v ngha v i vi mi trng v v cc gii php ring ca h, p lc ngy cng ln i hi s u quyn ngy cng tng. Tuy nhin, cn phi hiu cho ng rng a phng ch l mt b phn ca cc h thng rng ln hn ch khng c thc thi chc nng mt cch c lp. Thng th cc vn mi trng c th pht sinh ngoi tm kim sot a phng, v d nh s nhim ngc dng" ca nc lng ging hay cng ng ln cn. Trong trng hp , nguyn tc u quyn cn c xp xung thp hn cc nguyn tc khc. Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin Ngi gy nhim phi chu mi chi ph ngn nga v kim sot nhim, phi ni b ha tt c cc chi ph mi trng ny sinh t cc hot ng ca h, sao cho cc chi ph ny c th hin y trong gi c ca hng ha v dch v m h cung ng. Tuy nhin, s khng trnh khi trng hp l, nu p dng nguyn tc ny qu nghim khc th s c x nghip cng nghip b ng ca. Cng ng c th cn nhc, v trong nhiu trng hp, cc phc li c c do c cng n vic lm nhiu khi cn ln hn cc chi ph cho vn sc kho v mi trng b nhim. Do , c ch p dng nguyn tc ny cng cn linh hot v trong nhiu trng hp phi to iu kin v thi gian cc doanh nghip thch ng dn dn vi cc tiu chun mi trng. Nguyn tc ngi s dng phi tr tin Khi s dng hng ha hay dch v, ngi s dng phi trang tri gi ti nguyn cng nh cc chi ph mi trng lin quan ti vic chit tch, ch bin v s dng ti nguyn. 2.2. CC MC TIU CA PHT TRIN BN VNG 2.2.1: Hi ngh Thng nh v Mi trng v PTBV Hi ngh Thng nh Tri t (The Earth Summit) hp ti Rio de Janeiro Brazin vo thng 6/1992 l mt s kin ln mang ngha ton cu v th k. Ti y hi t nhng ngi ng u v i din ca 179 quc gia bn v cc chnh sch mi trng v pht trin ca Tri t. Cng tham gia cn c hng trm cc quan chc khc t cc t chc Lin hp quc, cc chnh quyn thnh ph, cc t chc kinh doanh v khoa hc, cc t chc phi chnh ph v nhiu nhm khc. Rio a ra hai bn tho thun mang tnh quc t, hai bn tuyn b nhng
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nguyn tc v mt chng trnh hnh ng ln v s PTBV. Nm ti liu l : 1. Tuyn b Rio v Mi trng v Pht trin gm : 27 nguyn tc xc nh quyn v trch nhim ca cc quc gia. 50 2. Chng trnh hnh ng 21 nhn mnh : mt x hi PTBV v kinh t, x hi v mi trng phi da trn c s trch nhim ca mi quc gia v gn kt bng s hp tc quc t. 3. Bn tuyn b cc nguyn tc l kim ch nam cho vic qun l bo v v PTBV tt c cc loi rng c tm quan trng i vi s pht trin kinh t v duy tr cuc sng. 4. Cng c khung ca Lin hp quc v Bin i Kh hu : nhm n nh cc kh gy hiu ng nh knh trong kh quyn mc khng gy o ln nguy him cho h thng kh hu ton cu. 5. Cng c v a dng sinh hc : i hi cc nc phi p dng cc phng php v phng tin nhm bo v s a dng sinh hc, v li ch c c t s dng a dng sinh hc phi c chia x cng bng. Chng trnh Ngh s th k XXI - mt chng trnh hnh ng c quy m ton cu - xc nh k hoch hnh ng cho mi quc gia, nhm t c mc tiu PTBV, c th tp trung ch yu vo : s dng hp l ti nguyn v tnh bn vng ; duy tr a dng sinh hc v tnh bn vng ; phng thc tiu th trong PTBV v vai tr ca khoa hc cng ngh trong PTBV. 2.2.2. S dng hp l ti nguyn v tnh bn vng Nhu cu s dng ti nguyn ca con ngi ngy cng gia tng ang lm ny sinh nhng cnh tranh v mu thun. Nu mun tho mn nhu cu i hi ca con ngi mt cch bn vng, cn phi gii quyt cc mu thun v tm cch s dng hiu qu cc ngun ti nguyn. Qun l bn vng ti nguyn t v ti nguyn rng s dng ngun ti nguyn t lu di v bn vng, cn phi tnh ti cc khu bo tn, quyn s hu, cc chnh sch bo v rng lu di.

2.5. S DNG HP L TI NGUYN RNG - V MC TIU PHT TRIN BN VNG - Trng rng gim sc p n rng nguyn sinh v rng lu nm. - Gim nguy c chy rng, su bnh, sn bn trm, thi cc cht nhim nh hng n rng (k c vn nhim xuyn bin gii). - Hn ch v tin ti chm dt nn du canh du c.
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- S dng cc phng php khai thc rng ph hp, hiu qu hn v kinh t, t gy nhim. - Gim thiu s dng lng ph g. - Pht trin lm nghip th, nhm ph xanh tt c nhng ni c ngi sinh sng. - Khuyn khch s dng cc hnh thc khai thc rng t gy tc ng ti rng (nh du lch sinh thi). - Qun l bn vng cc vng m.
Ngun : Hi ngh Thng nh Tri t - Chng trnh v s thay i, 1992

Hoang mc ho v hn hn l qu trnh suy thoi t do cc thay i ca kh hu v tc ng ca con ngi. ngn chn qu trnh hoang mc ho, vic s dng t (bao gm c trng trt v chn th) phi va bo v c t, va c th chp nhn c v mt x hi v kh thi v mt kinh t. 2.6. NGN CHN HOANG MC HO - V MC TIU PHT TRIN BN VNG - Thc hin cc k hoch quc gia v s dng t bn vng v qun l bn vng ti nguyn nc. - y nhanh cc chng trnh trng cy theo hng trng cc loi cy pht trin nhanh, cy a phng chu hn tt v cc loi thc vt khc. - To iu kin gim nhu cu ci t, thng qua cc chng trnh s dng cc loi nng lng c hiu qu v nng tng thay th. - Tuyn truyn, hun luyn cho ngi dn nng thn v bo v t, nc, khai thc nc, nng lm kt hp v li tiu thu li quy m nh. - Ci to li cc vng t b suy thoi, hng cho nhn dn cc li sng thay th. - Thit lp cc h thng ngn hng v tn dng nng thn nhm gip nhn dn pht trin sn xut ph hp. - Thit lp mt h thng quc t ng ph khn cp khi c hn hn. - Tng cng cc trm gim st v cung cp thng tin nhm gip chnh ph xy dng cc k hoch s dng t, cc cnh bo sm v hn hn. Ngun : Hi ngh Thng nh Tri t - Chng trnh v s thay i, 1992

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Bo v v qun l ti nguyn nc - Bo v v qun l i dng 2.7 BO V V QUN L I DNG V MC TIU PHT TRIN BN VNG i dng - bao gm c vng bin kn v na kn - l mt b phn thit yu ca h thng duy tr i sng ton cu. Tuy nhin, mi trng i dng ang b sc p ngy mt tng do nhim, nh bt qu mc, s ph hu b bin v cc rn san h. Ngn chn s tip tc suy thoi mi trng bin, gim cc nguy c nh hng lu di v bt kh khng ti i dng. - a bo v mi trng tr thnh mt b phn trong chnh sch tng th pht trin kinh t - x hi ca quc gia. - p dng nguyn tc "ngi gy nhim phi tr tin" v cc khuyn khch kinh t, nhm gim nhim bin. - Nng cao iu kin sng cho ngi dn ven bin, c bit cc nc ang pht trin, h c th h tr cho vic bo v mi trng bin. - Xy dng v duy tr cc h thng x l nc thi nghim ngt ca mi quc gia, trnh thi nc thi gn cc bi c, bi tm ; kim sot vic thi b cht thi ra bin. - Pht trin nui trng thu sn ; gim lng ph trong nh bt, bo qun v ch bin thu hi sn ; cm s dng phng thc khai thc, nh bt c c tnh hu dit. - Bo v cc h sinh thi nhy cm : h sinh thi rn san h h sinh thi ca sng, h sinh thi rng ngp mn, h sinh thi bi c bin, v cc vng sinh , m ging khc trn bin. Ngun : Hi ngh Thng nh Trt t - Chng trnh v s thay i, 1992 - Bo v v qun l nc ngt Nc ngt c vai tr rt quan trng trong cuc sng ca con ngi. nhiu ni trn th gii, ngun nc ngt ang b khan him v nhim gia tng. Vn qun l ti nguyn nc phi c t cp thch hp, phi huy ng c s tham gia ca cng chng (bao gm c ph n, thanh nin, cng ng bn a) vo vic qun l v ra cc quyt nh v nc.

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 2.9. BO V V QUN L NC NGT - V MC TIU PHT TRIN BN VNG - Cung cp cho ton dn th ti thiu 40 rt nc ung an ton trong mt ngy (mc tiu ti nm 2000) - 75% dn s th c iu kin v sinh (mc tiu ti nm 2000). C tiu chun v thi cc cht thi thnh ph v cng nghip, - 3/4 lng cht thi rn th c thu gom v vic quay vng, ti s dng, thi b an ton cho mi trng. - C nc ung an ton cho nhn dn nng thn - Kim sot cc bnh v dch bnh lin quan ti nc - Tng s lng v cht lng nc cp. - Qun l ti nguyn nc trong mi quan h tng ho vi h sinh thi thu sinh. - nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi tt c cc d n pht trin lin quan ti ti nguyn nc loi ln c kh nng gy hi cho cht lng nc v h sinh thi thu sinh. - Pht trin cc ngun nc ngt thay th (kh mui, nc ma, nc quay vng ti s dng) vi cng ngh r tin, sn c v kh nng ph hp vi cc nc ang pht trin. - Tr tin nc theo s lng v cht lng nc s dng. - Bo v lp ph rng u ngun v gim thiu cht nhim nng nghip ti nc. - Qun l vic khai thc, nh bt thu sn nc ngt, khng ph hu h sinh thi thu sinh. - Ngun : Hi ngh Thng nh Tri t - Chng trnh v s thay i, 1992 2.2.3. Duy tr a dng sinh hc v tnh bn vng Hng ho v dch v thit yu trn hnh tinh ca chng ta ph thuc vo s a dng v bin ng ca cc ngun tin, cc loi, s lng cc loi v cc h sinh thi. Tuy nhin, s suy gim a dng sinh hc ang din ra nhanh chng, ch yu l do s ph hu mi trng sng, khai thc qu mc, nhim v vic a vo mi trng cc ng, thc vt ngoi lai khng thch hp. Cn phi c hnh ng khn cp v mang lnh quyt nh bo v v duy tr cc ngun tin, cc loi v cc h sinh thi.

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.2.10 BO V NGUN A DNG SINH HC V MC TIU PHT TRIN BN VNG - nh gi li hin trng a dng sinh hc trn quy m ton cu. - Xy dng cc chin lc quc gia, nhm bo v v s ng bn vng a dng sinh hc; lm cho cc chin lc ny phi tr thnh mt b phn ca chin lc tng th pht trin quc gia. - Tin hnh cc nghin cu di hn nh gi tm quan trng ca a dng sinh hc i vi cc h sinh thi to ra sn phm hng ho v cc li ch mi trng. - Khuyn khch s dng cc phng php truyn thng c th lm tng thm a dng sinh hc trong nng nghip, lm nghip, qun l ng c v cc loi ng vt hoang . Thu ht cng ng, bao gm c ph n tham gia bo v v qun l cc h sinh thi. - Phn chia hp l v cng bng cc li ch thu c do s dng ti nguyn sinh vt v ti nguyn gen. Cng ng bn a phi c chia x cc li ch v kinh t v thng mi. - Bo v cc khu bo tn thin nhin. - Tng cng phc hi cc h sinh thi b ph hu v cc loi ang b e da. - Hnh thnh cch thc s dng cng ngh sinh hc, chuyn giao cng ngh bn vng, c bit l chuyn giao cho cc nc ang pht trin. - nh gi tc ng ca cc d n pht trin n a dng sinh hc, tnh ton c ht cc chi ph/mt mt phi tr cho nhng tn tht v a dng sinh hc. i vi nhng d n c kh nng gy tc ng ln phi c nh gi tc ng mi trng c s tham gia rng ri ca cng chng. Ngun : Hi ngh Thng nh Tri t - Chng trnh v s thay i, 1992 Cc quc gia u c quyn i vi ngun ti nguyn sinh hc ca mnh, song cng phi c trch nhim bo v a dng sinh hc ca mnh v s dng cc ngun ti nguyn sinh hc ca mnh mt cch bn vng. 2.11 CNG C V A DNG SINH HC V MC TIU PHT TRIN BN VNG - Xc nh cc thnh phn a dng sinh hc c tm quan trng cn bo v v s dng bn vng, gim st nhng hot ng c kh nng gy ra cc tc ng xu n a dng sinh hc. - Xy dng cc chin lc, k hoch hoc chng trnh quc gia v bo v v s
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dng bn vng a dng sinh hc. - a bo v a dng sinh hc tr thnh mt tiu ch xem xt trong qu trnh lp quy hoch v ban hnh cc chnh sch. - S dng phng tin truyn thng v gio dc nng cao hiu bit v tm quan trng ca a dng sinh hc v s cn thit phi c cc bin php bo v cho cng ng. - Ban hnh lut php/chnh sch bo v a dng sinh hc v cc khu bo tn. - To cc phng tin kim sot nguy c do cc loi sinh vt b bin i bi cng ngh sinh hc. - S dng cng c nh gi tc ng mi trng c s tham gia ca cng chng vi cc d n c kh nng e do n a dng sinh hc, nhm trnh hoc gim thiu nhng mt mt c th xy ra. - Ngn chn vic a vo, kim sot hoc loi b cc ging loi ngoi lai c kh nng e do h sinh thi v mi trng sng ca cc loi bn a. Ngun : Hi nghi Thng nh Tri t, Cng c v a dng sinh hc, 1992 Nhiu cng ng a phng b rng buc cht ch vo cc ngun ti nguyn sinh hc. Cc quc gia phi c khuyn khch v li ch i vi cc cng ng ny, cng nh vic huy ng cc kin thc bn a vo bo v a dng sinh hc. 2.2.4. Phng thc tiu th trong PTBV Nguyn nhn chnh dn n s suy thoi ngy cng tng ca mi trng ton cu l do cc nhu cu qu ln v li sng thiu tnh bn vng trong tng lp nhng ngi giu hn. Trong khi , tng lp ngho hn th khng c tho mn cc nhu cu v lng thc, thc phm, chm sc y t, nh v gio dc. gii quyt mu thun trm trng ny, iu ct yu l phi c c cc mu hnh tiu th mang tnh bn vng. iu ny. c th phi a ra cc ch s mi gn vi phc li ca mi quc gia thng xuyn v lu di. Tt c cc nc u phi phn u tng cng cc mu hnh tiu th bn vng, v cc nc pht trin phi ng vai tr tin phong. Cn cc nc ang pht trin phi c gng thit lp cho c cc mu hnh tiu th bn vng. H cn m bo tho mn cc nhu cu c bn ca ngi ngho, trong khi vn trnh c cc mu hnh tiu th khng bn vng, khng hiu sut v lng ph. S pht trin nh vy i hi phi c s tr gip t cc nc cng nghip ho. 2.12 THAY I CC MU HNH TIU TH - V MC TIU PHT TRIN BN VNG - Tm cc con ng pht trin kinh t gim c s dng nng lng v vt
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liu, gim to ra cht thi, tng ti s dng cht thi. - Xc nh cc mu hnh tiu th cn bng v c th duy tr c trn th gii. - y mnh sn xut c hiu qu, gim tiu th lng ph. - Xy dng cc chnh sch khuyn khch chuyn sang mu hnh bn vng trong sn xut v tiu th : kch thch gi c v cc tn hiu th trng, pht trin v m rng vic dn nhn mi trng ; gio dc nng cao nhn thc cho cng chng, qung co lnh mnh. - Khuyn khch vic chuyn giao cc cng ngh thn mi trng cho cc nc ang pht trin: Ngun: Hi ngh Thng nh Tri t - Chng trnh v s thay i, 1992

2.2.5. Vai tr ca khoa hc cng ngh trong PTBV T trc ti nay, vai tr ca cng ngh i vi s pht trin c rt nhiu hc gi, nhiu nh doanh nghip cng nh cc nh hoch nh chnh sch xem xt, bn bc v phn tch. Trong s , ni ln hai xu hng chnh : (l) cng ngh gy nhiu tc hi hn l ch li cho nhn loi th cn phi b loi b ; (2) cng ngh, tuy c hi trong mt s lnh vc (v d nh c hi cho mi trng, vn cng n vic lm v cht lng cuc sng) nhng vn em li nhng li ch kinh t r rng th nn s dng nhng vi iu kin phi nh ra nhng gii hn loi tr hoc t nht l hn ch c cc tc hi v phi tun theo nhng k hoch nh cho pht trin bn vng. Thc t cho thy, khoa hc cng ngh ngy cng c vai tr quan trng v khng th thiu trong qu trnh pht trin. Vi nhn thc v bo v mi trng v mt x hi PTBV, khoa hc cng ngh n dn th hin c vai tr c ch i vi mi trng, thn thin hn vi mi trng. Chng hn nh : Cng ngh c th to ra cc ngun ti nguyn mi, nng lng mi Con ngi ngy nay ang tip tc pht hin ra nhng ngun ti nguyn cn thit cho h. V cng ngh vn c th gip h to ra ti nguyn v nng lng mi. Theo cch ny, c l chng ta s b qua c khi nim v mt hnh tinh ch c hu hn cc ngun ti nguyn khai thc c. V d : - Uranium, mi cho ti khi phn ng phn hch ht nhn c pht minh ra mi tr thnh mt ngun nng lng. - Tin b trong phn ng tng hp ht nhn cng lm cho Lithium v teri c th sn sinh nng lng. Trong c hai trng hp ny, chnh cng ngh ch khng phi nguyn liu th l
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yu t to ra nng lng. - Silicon l nguyn liu th c bn trong cng nghip vi in t nn c ngha sng cn vi mi quc gia trn th gii. N c ci l ngun nng lng v l yu t quan trng trong tin hc v trong b chuyn i nng lng t bc x mt tri. - Cc nguyn liu khc nh gm, cht do cng nghip c sc chu ng cao v si tng hp cht lng cao u c to ra sau mt thi gian di tm ti da trn c s nhng kin thc khoa hc v bn cht v cu trc ca cht rn. Cng ngh gip con ngi khai thc cc ngun ti nguyn truyn thng rt kh tip cn, gp phn lm tng s lng, ngun nguyn liu th. Trc y, phin cha du v ct cha hc n ch l ngun hyrcacbon tha, khng c coi l khong sn. Qua pht trin cng ngh ch bin theo yu cu, ngi ta thy c gi tr kinh t ca n. Hin nay, gi sn xut hyrcacbon lng t phin du v ct hc n t 35 - 50 USD/thng, tng ng vi gi tr mt thng du. Ngoi ra, trong lnh vc cht t, ngi ta ha lng hoc ha kh than trn b mt hoc trong lng t. c bit, cng ngh ny cn tn dng c than cht lng km. Gi thnh sn xut vi cng ngh hin nay t 35 - 45 USD/thng. Vn ny cng ng vi cc ngun ti nguyn ti to c. V d : vic p dng cng ngh sinh hc trong ch bin thc phm tiu dng. Cng ngh lm gim lng nguyn liu v nng lng tiu dng trong sn xut Trong vng 8-10 nm va qua, cc nh my xi mng tin tin nht trn th gii ( NhT M, o v c) nhanh chng thay i h thng sn xut, thit b v bc sang mt th h cng ngh mi. Nh thit k li b phn trn, lm kh, b phn nung v l sy quay trong quy trnh t gim c mt na chi ph cho nng lng in v nhit; tng sn lng ln ti mc c th thu hi c ton b vn u t trong vng 2-3 nm. V mt nng lng, b phn lm kh v nung c ci tin rt nhiu, c bit l thit b, cc nguyn vt liu s dng v iu kin tin hnh sn xut. Quan trng hn l nhng thay i trn my sy quay s dng loi si gm mi trong l c v a ra thit k cho h thng t nng v b phn quay. Mt s tin b na cng c ngha tng ng nu xt v lng, thm ch cn cao hn nu xt v cht v v cng ngh, l vic s dng quy trnh "na kh" d quy trnh ny cn nhiu nguyn liu th hn (tro nh, tro pyrit...). Cng ngh sinh hc ha hn slo tr nn i do ngy cng c th nghim v p dng rng ri trong lnh vc nng nghip, chn nui. Cc k thut c ng dng rng ri nht trong cng ngh sinh hc nng nghip gm c : nhn ging, th tinh trong phng th nghim (in vitro), bo qun ging cy (phi), ng lnh nguyn sinh cht, nui cy m t bao phn, sinh sn v tnh, chn
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lc trong phng th nghim, bin i en, phn tch ring cc hnh thi. Nhiu cng ngh sch mi v ang c pht trin thay v ngn chn tn gc, hay c gng lm gim hu qu ca nhim Chng hn trong ngnh cng nghip sn xut gch lt, nguyn liu thu tinh th cha no v ch vn c s dng trong nhiu nm nay sn xut gch gm. Cc nguyn t ny khi b thi ra mi trng theo nc thi l mi nguy hi cho sc kho cng ng v lm nhim ngun nc. Cc cng ty sn xut gch lt pht hin ra l vic lm trong sch ngun nc thi cui quy trnh tn km v khng hiu qu bng vic s dng nguyn liu thu tinh khng c flo v ch thay th cho loi nguyn liu c. Ngoi ra, khc phc cc hu qu mi trng ang tn ti th khng th thiu vai tr ca khoa hc cng ngh, c bit l cc cng ngh x l cht thi cu ng ng". 2.3: TNG HP NHNG QUAN NIM KHC BIT GIA HAI HNG PHT TRIN Bng 2.2. Nhng quan nim c bn ca 2 hng pht trin TT 1. Pht trin khng bn vng Ti nguyn thin nhin l v tn. khoa hc cng ngh s tm ra cc ti nguyn mi thay th cho cc loi ht. Kh nng t lm sch ca mi trng l v tn. Pht trin bn vng Ti nguyn thin nhin l c hn c v s lng v kh nng t phc hi i vi ti nguyn c th t phc hi.

2.

3.

Nng lc sn xut v quay vng ca cc h sinh thi c th c tng cng nh con ngi, nhng s tng cng khng th vt qu gii hn t nhin . Ngho i ch n gin l do c tnh ca chnh quyn l u tin li tng trng kinh t cha y nhun cho nhng ai nm quyn lc. , xut pht t u t cha Quyn lc kinh t v quyn lc chnh tr c mc: y khng c vn lin h cht ch vi nhau, quyn lc ny quyn lc. lm tng quyn lc kia ca ngi nm gi. Cng ng ngho i l cng ng khng c quyn lc thc s. Ct li ca s nghip xo i gim ngho l thc hin dn ch tn gc, m bo quyn lm ch ca nhn dn lao ng.

44

4.

Th trng cho php cnh Th trng c c ch phn phi rt quan tranh t do, bnh ng. trng, nhng cc loi th trng u khng hon ho : c tnh ca th trng l tho mn ci "mun" ca ngi giu nhiu hn l ci "cn" ca k ngho. Vay n quc t u t cho sn xut s to kh nng hon tr cho ngi i vay v l biu hin ca s bnh ng. H thng ton cu ch bn vng v cng bng trn c s cc cng ng bn vng v cng bng. Vay n ch c li cho pha i vay trong mt s trng hp, nhng c li cho pha cho vay trong mi trng hp. Cc hot ng kinh t a phng a dng ho trn c s ngun ti nguyn a dng ca a phng c kh nng p ng tt hn i vi cc nhu cu c bn ca cng ng, tng an ton ca cng ng, ca quc gia v ton cu. Chuyn i ngh nghip cho nng dn mt t, cho ng dn mt mt nc khng phi l vic lm n gin. Khi ngi a phng kim sot cc ngun ti nguyn ti ch v to ra ngun sng cho con ci h th h c trch nhim tt hn l nhng nh qun l vng mt v xa. iu quan trng khng phi l lc th trng m l quyn s dng v kim sot ti nguyn. Ngun : R.Hart, 1997.

5.

6.

Nhng ngi nng dn, ng dn tht nghip do cng nghip ho s d dng c gii quyt vic lm ti cc th v khu cng nghip.

7. Lc th trng s t iu chnh v phn phi cc li nhun t th trng. Qun l pht trin phi tn trng cc nguyn tc th trng.

KT LUN CHNG 2 Pht trin ly tng trng kinh t lm trng tm, khng quan tm n mi trng ang y x hi loi ngi vo vng xoy ca s lun qun, trong vic tng trng kinh t - suy thoi ti nguyn mi trng - xi mn vn ho x hi - tng trng kinh t s nhanh chng tin n giai on khng hong ca x hi loi ngi. Pht trin bn vng khng loi tr tng trng kinh t m i hi phc li kinh t phi cn bng vi cc phc li sinh thi v phc li nhn vn. l lnh vc lin ngnh. Pht trin bn vng l mt qu trnh x hi - chnh tr. Thch thc ln nht ca pht trin bn vng khng phi l khoa hc, cng ngh m i hi phi thay i hnh
45

vi ca con ngi v mt t chc, hoch nh chnh sch v chin lc. Pht trin bn vng l mt li sng, mt nguyn tc o c mi, mt "o l ton cu mi. V vy, gio dc v truyn thng mi trng l mt cng c cc k quan trng ca pht trin bn vng. Tuy nhin, cng c ny ch thc s sc bn nu nhng la chn v gi tr c chuyn giao vo qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch v ra quyt nh. CU HI N TP 1 . Pht trin bn vng l g ? 2. Nu cc nguyn tc c bn v mc tiu ca pht trin bn vng. 3. Trnh by vai tr ca khoa hc cng ngh i vi pht trin bn vng.

46

Chng 3 MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG CC VNG KINH T- SINH THI C BN

3.1. PHT TRIN BN VNG NNG THN C mi lin h gia mi trng v ngho i c khu vc nng thn v th. Ngho i gy ra nhiu nh hng ti mi trng nh : ph rng, sa mc ho v di c nhng vng c cc tai bin sinh thi, suy thoi mi trng, gim nng sut t, bnh tt, thiu ni v thu nhp thp. Khong 70% dn s cc nc ang pht trin sng khu vc nng thn. Mc d tc th ho cc nc ny c d bo l c xu hng ang tng ln, nhng vn phi tha nhn l s ngi sng cc khu vc nng thn s vn tip tc tng. Di y l mt s c im ca khu vc nng thn cc nc ang pht trin, cng nh cc ngun lc c th to ra s thay i v hng ti PTBV . 3.1.1. Cc vn mi trng nng thn Nng nghip v sinh k nng thn Sn xut nng nghip phi da trn c s trng trt v chn nui. Ngoi ra, m bo cuc sng, ngoi hnh thc sn xut ch yu l lm nng nghip, cn c cc hnh thc khc nh bun bn, sn xut cc sn phm th cng... (hnh 3.l). sn xut nng nghip c coi l cc "h sinh thi nng nghip" c th bc. Nt c trng ca h ny l phi chu nh hng ca c mi trng t nhin v mi trng nhn vn. C ngha l, cc hot ng sn xut nng nghip v phi nng nghip khng ch ph thuc vo cc iu kin t nhin (nh t ai, kh hu) m cn ph thuc vo c cc nhn t chnh tr, kinh t v x hi nhng mc khc nhau. H sinh thi nng nghip khng phi l bt bin. Chng hn, nu gim nhu cu sn xut hng th cng nh an r r (mt nhn t kinh t) hay thiu ma (mt nhn t mi trng) c th to ra s thay i cch kim sng ca ngi dn a phng. Hay ch mt chnh sch mi ca chnh ph lin quan ti vic bo tn t cng c th lm thay i c cu cy trng a phng. Mi h sinh thi u b gii hn bi nhiu nhn t. Cc nhn t ny c th c nh hng trc tip hay gin tip, ln hay nh, ngay lp tc hay lu i, c quan h mt thit vi nhau v vi cc hot ng ca h sinh thi nhiu mc khc nhau. iu ny to nn thch thc trong tng lai i vi PTBV nng thn. H sinh thi nng nghip ang thay i Hot ng ca con ngi trong qu trnh th ho v pht trin kinh t lm
47

chuyn i cc mc ch s dng t. Hin nay, t ai v lao ng c tnh thnh tin v ngi ta c th bn nhng g h to ra v mua nhng g cn cho cuc sng gia nh. Nhiu ngi cc nc ang pht trin c th to ra thu nhp cao hn bng cch m rng hot ng sn xut nng nghip hoc chuyn sang cc hot ng phi nng nghip. Tuy nhin, phn ln ngi dn nng thn cc nc ny vn ch yu ch lm cng vic ng ng l chnh - vi nhng cng c v k nng sn xut n gin.

Hnh 3.1. H thng th bc ca h sinh thi nng nghip Ngun : Conway."Cc tnh cht ca h sinh thi nng nghip", H sinh thi nng nghip 24 (2) : 95-117, G.R. (1987).

3.1 CHIN LC I PH VI HN HN Hn hn khng phi l hin tng mi. iu mi y chnh l nhng nh hng lin i ca n vo nhng nm cui th k XX - to ra nn i km v cht i nhiu ni trn th gii. y l mt thch thc nan gii m nhiu cng ng nng thn cc nc ang pht trin ang phi ng u trong nhiu th k nay.
48

Vy, mi c nhn v cng ng c th lm g gim c nh hng ca hn hn i vi vic cung cp lng thc ca h. Trc ht, cn phi xc nh c mi quan h gia h vi mi trng cng nh cc yu t v chnh sch kinh t v x hi. Chng hn, cc kin thc v sinh thi a phng (t ai, a hnh, vi kh hu) phi c xem xt cn thn khi a ra cc la chn lin quan ti v tr, hay cch thc xen canh ma v. Cc kin thc ny c th c s dng nh nhng ngun ti nguyn c gi tr nht v lm gim tht bt ma mng. Mt s gii php x hi cng c th lm gim nh hng ca hn hn da trn mi quan h ca cc c nhn hay cng ng (gia nh, tng x). S tr gip trong cng ng thng da trn c s trao i ln nhau, c i c li - c th tng trng cho s n p i vi s gip trong qu kh hay iu rng buc s phi gip trong tng lai. t ai kh canh tc v nhng ngi nng dn ngho tim nng C 3 loi hnh sn xut nng nghip : "cng nghip" (i vi cc nc cng nghip ho), "cch mng xanh" ( nhng vng c t ai mu m, kh hu n nh v k thut ti tt), "ngho tim nng" (nhiu ni cc nc ang pht trin). c tnh c ti 1/4 dn s th gii sng ph thuc vo loi hnh nng nghip th ba - "ngho tim nng. H l nhng ngi ngho nht v thng sng nhng vng nhy cm sinh thi. iu cng c ngha l h thng xuyn phi i mt vi nhng thch thc sinh tn v duy tr cuc sng ca mnh. ng thi, y cng l ni gp kh khn trong vic mong mun t c PTBV. Ngho i v ph hu mi trng tr thnh mt cp khng th tch ri nhau, bi v nhng ngi ngho nht (t c hi c tip cn vi u t v cng ngh) li nhng vng t cn c u t c s h tng, qun l v cc u vo t bn ngoi nht. Leonard, 1989 Nhng ngi nng dn ngho tim nng c xem l nhng ngi phi canh tc trn nhng "vng t kh canh tc" - ni xy ra l lt hay c cc iu kin kh hu bt li, trong khi cc hnh ng s dng t ca h nh t rng lm ry ang e do ti cn bng sinh thi ca vng. Hn na, vic u t ti chnh cho pht trin sn xut, ci thin t ai, s dng cc cng ngh ph hp vi c im sinh thi ca vng gp nhiu kh khn. Nhng ngi nng dn thuc nhm ny tng c gi l cc "t nhn sinh thi". H cng khng d chp nhn u t cho cc dch v cng cng, c s h tng, hay cch thc sn xut nng nghip hin i hn.

49

 3.2. GI TR CA CC TRI THC BN A Kin thc ca ngi dn nng thn cng nh ca cc nh khoa hc u c nhng im mnh v im yu. Vic kt ni chng li c th to nn nhng thnh cng m nu ch mt mnh th s khng th c c. Chambers. 1983 Mt nh nhn chng hc ca Vin Nghin cu La go Quc t (Philtppinnes) ch ra rng, 90% s cng ngh m Vin ang t vn s dng bt ngun t nhng tng ca chnh nhng ngi nng dn. Thc t, kin thc v nhng ng gp ca ngi dn bn a vo cc chng trnh nghin cu trin khai trong nng nghip c cp ti trong nhiu bo co v hi ngh nghin cu khoa hc. Cc tng ny c th nghim trong phng th nghim v thu c nhiu thnh cng. Tuy nhin, trong mt iu tra gn y cho thy, ch 2% trong s 4.000 trng hp p dng thnh cng cc kt qu trong phng th nghim. Thch thc hin nay l ngi nng dn khng i mi v vic xy dng mi quan h nng dn - nh nghin cu b nh gi thp. Do vy, cc nghin cu khng nn ch dng li trong phng th nghim m cn phi c p dng trn ng rung, mi l nhng "phng th nghim" thc s. Cc nh nghin cu nn h tr nng dn thch nghi c vi nhng k thut mi hn l ch "trao tay" cho h (Elliott, 1994 ) . 3.1.2. Hng ti PTBV nng thn Cc iu kin cho s thay i Kh nng khai thc ti nguyn b gii hn bi nhiu yu t. Chng hn nng sut t ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc c im ca t nh m, cht dinh dng,... Ngoi c im t nhin, mi a phng, cc quyt nh s dng t cn ph thuc vo cc nhn t nh chnh sch, kinh t, x hi (v d, gi c th trng nh hng ti quyt nh la chn loi ging cy trng). Vi trng hp nhng ngi nng dn ngho ti nguyn, la chn s dng t cn ph thuc vo ngun ti chnh ca h, vo cc ngun u vo t bn ngoi v cch thc tip cn vi cng ngh. Cch ng x ca mi c nhn khng phi lc no cng c xc nh y m ph thuc nhiu vo cc p lc chnh sch, x hi v kinh t. T nhng hnh ng nh s to nn nhng thay i ln. Chambers. 1983 Ngoi ra, cc nc ang pht trin cn ang gp rt nhiu kh khn do chnh sch nhp khu cc mt hng nng sn rt nghim ca cc nc pht trin. Vy lm sao c th t c PTBV nhng khu vc ny ?
50

Trc tin, cc khu vc sn xut nng nghip ny cn phi c s h tr v ti chnh i vi xut khu v sn xut hng nng sn. Mc d, chnh ph c th trc tip hoc gin tip tc ng ti sn xut nng nghip, nhng bin php ph bin nht m cc nc ang pht trin p dng l can thip ca chnh ph vo th trng (c th thng qua chnh sch gi c). Cc chnh sch tr gi v cc hot ng m rng th trng s c nh hng ti gi ca nng sn. Cc bi hc ca s thnh cng pht trin bn vng cho vng nng thn, trc ht, phi hng ti 5 im chnh sau : 1. Cch tip cn hc hi ngi a phng ; 2. Cc u tin ca ngi dn phi t ln hng u ; 3 . Li ch v quyn c an ton ca ngi dn ; 4. Bn vng thng qua n lc ca chnh bn thn ngi dn ; 5. Nng lc, s tn tm v lin kt ca cc cn b pht trin cng ng. im u tin tri ngc hon ton vi cch tip cn "theo k hoch t trn xung" c s dng rt nhiu trong cc d n trc y. Cc mc ch, th tc v hot ng phi hng ti s bn vng trong ton b cc khu ca d n. Cc thay i xy ra phi c s i thoi gia tt c cc bn c lin quan. Ngoi ra, d n ch c coi l thnh cng khi dc gn vi chnh nhng nhu cu ca ngi dn a phng. Thc t c qu nhiu d n trong qu kh thng "ng bn ngoi" cc quan tm ca a phng. Bi hc th ba cho PTBV nng thn c da trn c s cn phi c mt tm nhn di hn i vi vic s dng ti nguyn. Ngi dn s khng lm c iu ny nu h khng c c nhng li ch cng nh kh nng an ton khi s dng ti nguyn. Cch tip cn da vo chnh ngi dn a phng gip cho vic hng ti s bn vng khng ch i vi d n m cn cho c tng lai. t c c 4 im trn, cc cn b trc tip tham gia vo d n c vai tr quan trng - h l nhng ngi trc tip xy dng, qun tr d n v li ko s tham gia ca ngi dn a phng. Ph n v mi trng Ph n nng thn c vai tr ch yu trong vic hng ti PTBV vng nng thn cc nc ang pht trin c trong qu trnh sn xut v ti sn xut. C ngha l ph n c lin quan rt mt thit ti vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn (rng, nc,...), ti xi mn t, hn hn v ph rng. Do vy, c nhiu l do gii thch ti sao cc d n gii quyt cc vn lin quan ti mi trng v pht trin nhm hng ti PTBV vng nng thn cc nc ang pht trin nn c s tham gia ca ph n. T nhiu
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nm nay, ph n thc s chnh l nhng ngi qun l mi trng, v do , h c th cung cp nhng hiu bit v mi trng a phng, cng nh nhng c hi v thch thc cho PTBV. Hn na, ph n cn l nhng ngi trc tip chm sc v nui dng tr em, nn h c nhng nh hng mnh m ti vic thay i thi i vi mi trng trong c nhng giai on ngn hn v di hn. H tr cho ph n s gip h ci thin cuc sng, t tng kh nng tham gia vo cc hnh ng pht trin trong tng lai. Ph n cn phi c h tr h c th ho nhp vo qu trnh pht trin v: cch thc tip cn vi t ai, ti chnh, gio dc, sc kho v o to 3.3. C TRNG V MI TRNG V PHT TRIN VNG NNG THN Nng thn ng bng - c im sinh thi : + Nhng bc xc v nc sch, v sinh mi trng v dch bnh. + Cht thi t th v khu cng nghip. + Ho cht bo v thc vt. + Dch hi cy trng. + Cc ging cy trng v vt nui bin i en (GMO). - c im nhn vn : + mn tng s (TFR) cao, bng n dn s. + Cng ng nh, quan h tng tc, vn ho truyn thng, hc vn thp. + Di dn nng thn - th. - c im kinh t : + C s h tng yu km. + Bin ng s dng t nhanh. + Ph thuc thin nhin. - Xu th pht trin : + Tng cng thnh phn kinh t phi nng nghip. + Tin ti kinh t trang tri v sn xut hng ho. Ngy cng ng nng dn bn t. + Sinh thi ho nng nghip, nng nghip sch. + Tng cng lao ng lm thu trong nng nghip.
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 Nng thn vng bin - L vng c nhiu h sinh thi nhy cm (rng ngp mn, san h, c bin, o nh...). - Hng chu x thi t vng t pha trong. - C ngha v cung cp ti nguyn cho s pht trin ca cc vng pha trong. - Kh xc nh quyn s hu ti nguyn i vi ng trng. - Nhiu tai bin mi trng (bo, sng thn, xi l bin...). Nng thn vng ni - Nhng tc ng a dng ca suy thoi ti nguyn rng (xi mn t, thiu nc, tng cng l lt, thiu ti nguyn sinh vt, xi mn vn ho bn a, bng pht di dn nng thn - nng thn...). - Tnh trng v sinh mi trng, dinh dng v sc kho c nhiu vn . - nhim do khai thc m. - Nhiu kh khn v pht trin kinh t x hi : + C s h tng km pht trin. + u t cho dch v x hi c bn cha mc. + Mt bng dn tr cha cao. - Nguy c tt hu v b tc ot sinh thi. Tho lun Trog sut thi gian di, cc c s d liu v mi trng v pht trin thng ch quan tm ti th hn l nng thn. Nhng im c cp ti trong chng ny ch yu tp trung vo : s gia tng cc tn hi ti mi trng, ngho i v nhng ngi nng dn ngho nhiu vng sinh thi nhy cm trn th gii . Trong tng lai, vic kim sot v c c cc la chn trong s dng ti nguyn cng nh m bo an ton cho cc hot ng sn xut nng nghip v phi nng nghip hon ton khng n gin. iu quan trng l cc hot ng hng ti PTBV nng thn phi xut pht t vic ci thin c iu kin sng cng nh cch thc v c hi kim sng ca ngi nng dn thng qua cc chng trnh pht trin nng thn, th ho nng thn, t gim c cc p lc i vi dn s v ti nguyn, cng nh kim sot c dng di dn nng thn - th. 3.2. PHT TRIN BN VNG TH 3.2.1. Cc xu hng th ho ton cu Kinh t th gii pht trin ko theo s gia tng dn s v th ho. Nm 1800 ch c
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3% dn s th gii sm cc th trn v thnh ph, ti nm 2000 c khong 50%. Trong lch s, nhiu thnh ph c xy dng phc v cho nhiu chc nng khc nhau nh : phng th, bun bn, cc trung tm hnh chnh hay sn xut cng nghip. Qua cc giai on pht trin v suy tn ca mnh, cc thnh ph u xut hin nhng mu thun gia vic quan tm ti t nhin v mc ch ca thnh ph. Gia cc nc pht trin v ang pht trin cng c nhng mu thun trong cch xem xt v cc qu trnh v mu hnh tiu th trong x hi th ho. Mc d qu trnh th ho cc nc pht trin din ra nhanh hn (bng 3.1) nhng cng thy cc thch thc th" trong tng lai cc nc ny. cc nc ang pht trin, th thng tp trung thnh mt s trung tm (34 nc c 40% dn s th tp trung mt thnh ph, nhiu nc khc t l ny cn trn 60%). Hn na, cc nc ny hin cn c tc th ho cao hn so vi tc tng dn s. iu c ngha l ngoi s tng t nhin dn s th cn c vai tr ca dng di c t nng thn ra thnh th. Bng 3.1. Tng dn s th trn th gii t nm 1950 n 1990 Ch tiu Tng s dn th trn th gii Dn s th (triu ngi) 1950 734 1960 1031 1970 1371 1980 1990 1764 2234

Tng s dn th cc nc pht 447 571 698 798 877 trin Tng s dn th cc nc t pht 287 460 673 966 1 357 trin hn (LDCS) % s dn th cc nc LDCS so vi 39 45 49 55 61 ca th gii Ngun : Ti nguyn th gii 1988-89. Vin Nghin cu Th gii, Washington DC. Nn tht nghip th rt cao. Cc ngnh cng nghip mi ngy cng lm gim s lng nhn cng. Bng 3.2 cho thy u ra ca nh my tng ln, trong khi s lng nhn cng khng tng cc nc ang pht trin. Bng 3.2. Cng nghip ho v nhn cng cc nc ang pht trin 1963-1969 Cc vng/ quc gia Chu Phi Ethiopia Kenya Nigeria Ai Cp
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Tc tng sn phm u ra (%) 12,8 6,4 14,1 11,2

Tc tng nhn cng (%) 6,4 4,3 5,3 0,7

Cc vng/ quc gia Chu n Parkistan Philippines Thi Lan Chu M La Tinh Brazin Colombia Costa Rica Dominican - Repuplic Equador Panama

Tc tng sn phm (%) 5,9 12,3 6.1 10,7 6,5 5,9 8,9 1,7 11,4 12,9

Tc tng nhn cn (%)

5,3 2,6 4,8 -12,0 1,1, 2,8 2,8

6,0 7,4

Ngun : Todaro. M.P. Pht trin kinh t th gii th ba, London, 1989.

Ngho i th l mt hin tng mang tnh ton cu. cc nc ang pht trin, s lng ngi ngho v sng di mc ngho kh cn ln hn nhiu so vi cc nc pht trin. 3.2.2. Ngho i th - thch thc mi trng ton cu Ngho i v mi trng c mi lin h mt thit th cc nc ang pht trin. Dng nh vi ngi ngho - c mc thu nhp thp - th nhng iu kin v mi trng cng nh cc iu kin sng khc tr nn khng quan trng, mc d nhng nguy c ny lun tim n nhiu ri ro i vi sc kho ca h. Thu nhp thp Nhiu ngi ngho th lun trong tnh trng tht nghip hay bn tht nghip. Thc t h thiu cc c hi c vic lm, thiu o to c bn v ch yu ch l lao ng chn tay. Rt nhiu ngi trong s h l nhng ngi lm thu, mi dm, n xin hay ti phm. Nh ti tn Gi nh v t th cao hn nhiu ln so vi nng thn, gi nh ngy cng cao v din tch cung ng b gii hn. Ngoi ra, thnh ph, gi nh cn ph thuc nhiu vo v tr v thit k nh : iu kin c s h tng, dch v, tin nghi... a phn nhng ngi ngho th cc nc ang pht trin thng l nhng ngi v gia c, nhng ngi sng trong cc khu nh chut v nhng ngi chim dng nh bt hp php, cc xm liu.
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Sng trong cc khu vc nhy cm vi tai bin Ngi ngho thng sng gn nhng ni c cc nguy c d xy ra tai bin, nh gn cc nh my ho cht, nhng ni c nhim, vng ngp lt, xi l, cnh bi rc ... C s h tng v dch v thiu thn Cc dch v c bn nh cung cp nc sch v v sinh, chm sc sc kho cc nc ang pht trin cha . Bng 3.3. Cung cp nc v iu kin v sinh thiu thn mt s th cc nc ang pht trin Bangkok Khong 1/3 s dn khng c s dng h thng c cng cng, ch 2% dn s c kt ni vi h thng thot nc. Khong 3 triu ngi sng trong cc khu t nn, thiu nc v l lt thng xuyn. Ch c h thng ng nc trung tm thnh ph. H thng thot nc ch gii hn cho 1/3 dn c th. Kho st 660 h gia nh c mc thu nhp thp (7/1986) cho thy : 47% khng c s dng h thng nc cp, 32% phi dng h thng cung cp nc cng cng. Trong s nhng h gia nh khng c s dng h thng cp nc th 67% phi mua nc. Mc trung bnh tiu th nc l 23,6 lt/ ngy. Ch c 4,5% c s dng h x hp v sinh. Di 1/4 dn s c s dng h thng nc cp trc tip. Nm 1980, hn 13 triu dn sng th , trong 64% sng cc h gia nh khng c cc dch v v sinh.

Calcutta

Dar es sallaam

Jakarta

Ngi dn c mc thu nhp thp trong cc khu th thng trong nhng khu vc c c s h tng v iu kin sng thp km. Vi nhiu khu th cc nc ang pht trin, la chn ca h ch l s dng cc ngun nc mt (thng b nh hng bi h thng cng rnh) hoc mua nc (khng bit chc chn v cht lng), hoc nc cp t h thng chung nhng cng ch c vi gi trong mt ngy. Nc cp i vi th l mt thch thc. Thiu nc cng nh nc cp khng m bo cc iu kin v sinh l nguyn nhn ca nhiu cn bnh truyn nhim. Hn na, i vi ngi ngho, thch thc ln hn i vi h thc cht l vn vic lm. Nhiu ngi ngho s dng nh ca ca mnh nh nhng ca hng bn thc phm, qun bai hay cafe. Cc vn mi trng lin quan ti nhng hot ng ny rt a dng, bao gm nhng ri ro i vi sc kho (c bit i vi ph n v tr em) c to ra o thiu s thong kh, thiu nh sng, s dng cc cht d chy.

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 3.4. NHNG VN MI TRNG V PHT TRIN TH - Cht lng mi trng th : nc sinh hot, nng lng, thc Phm, nh , nhim (kh, nc, ting n, trng vt l), dch bnh do ng dn... - Vn ho th : phng Ty ho, di dn nng thn ra th (nng thn ho th), li sng tiu th... - S c mi trng th : ngp ng, chy, ng t, ln st t... C 3 vn trn u c nguy c rt cao. Ngoi ra, i vi cc nc ang pht trin, cc vn mi trng th nh nhim nc, khng kh ang ngy cng tng do qu trnh th ho v cng nghip ho cn manh mn, thiu quy hoch v thiu kim sot. 3.5. NC MT CA MEXICO Thng 3/1992, mc zn thnh ph Mexico t mc k lc l 398 im. Thnh ph Mexico ngt th, rt nhiu ngi dn b vim hng, chy nc mt, nc mi. Ngay lp tc, Chnh ph buc hn 200 nh my phi ngng hot ng, kim sot 40% xe khng c vo thnh ph. Trong 1 tun, ch s zn gim xung cn 360 im, tuy nhin, mt bo ng " nhim khn cp vn c a ra v xc nh gii hn nghim ngt i vi vic s dng t v gim hot ng ca 30% s nh my c thng bo. Ngoi ra, nhng chic t mi phi ph hp vi b bin i xc tc v phi kim tra pht x nh k nghim ngt hn. cao 2.256m, thnh ph Mexico c tng xy t hn 23% so vi mc nc bin, do vy nhin liu t chy s km hiu qu hn. Ni bao bc thnh ph 3 pha v ngn khng cho nhim pht tn ra ngoi. Tuy nhin, nguyn nhn chnh gy ra nhim zn l t. Theo lch s, chnh sch giao thng ca thnh ph chuyn sang xe t t nhn, v lng xng tiu th tng 18% so vi nm 1988.
Ngun : Reid.M. Nc mt Mexico, Guardian. 27/3/1992

3.2.3. Hng ti PTBV th Cc iu kin cho s thay i Ngi ngho t quan tm ti nhng vn ton cu hn l nhng nhu cu sinh tn c bn trong cuc sng ca h. Vn y l "nhng quan tm ton cu nh thay i kh hu nhn c nhiu s ch ca nhng ngi lm quy hoch mi trng c cc nc pht trin v cc nc ang pht trin, v chng c nh hng ln ti nn kinh t, ti con ngi. Tuy nhin, i vi cc nc ang pht trin, vic lp cc chin lc bo v mi trng th, trc tin, li l vic cn phi gii quyt nhng vn mi trng mc vi m ca ngi ngho th.
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Cc nc ang pht trin b nh hng bi cc quyt nh nhiu cp khc nhau. Do vy, mt s iu kin cho pht trin bn vng th c th c xc nh c mc quc t, quc gia v cp a phng. Cng ng quc t c mt vai tr ni bt trong qu kh nh hng ti s pht trin th cc nc ang pht trin. Trong nhng nm 1950 - 1960, pht trin kinh t thng qua cng nghip ho c y mnh nh l mt nhn t chnh cho s pht trin tng lai ca nhng vng ny. Cc th c nhn nhng ngun vin tr t bn ngoi v u t trong sut giai on ny. Cc ngun tr gip c thc hin thng qua cc d n cc lnh vc khc nhau nh : mi trng th, cng nghip, xy dng nh ca, giao thng, pht trin c s h tng. Tuy nhin, nhng nm 1960, ngi ta nhn ra rng, cc li ch ca "s pht trin" ny khng th nhn rng t nhng th trung tm ti nhng th trn nh v vng nng thn c, mc di c t nng thn ra thnh th vn tng ln v to ra nhiu sc p ln cho th. Ti nhng nm 1970, nhiu ngun ti tr c chuyn sang cho cc d n pht trin nng thn nhm to ra cc li ch pht trin v gip gim di c ra th. Cc chnh sch tr gip quc t hng ti pht trin th bn vng phi c s ho nhp vi cc chng trnh pht trin trong cc lnh vc nh : lng thc, nh c, nc, t, vic lm,... Ngoi ra, cc hip nh thng mi quc t cng s l mt trin vng cho s pht trin bn vng trong tng lai. Cc bi hc ca s thnh cng Bi hc cho pht trin th bn vng c thit lp trn c s cc kinh nghim thnh cng. Cc bi hc c rt ra l : 1. Nh ca l mt vn quan tm ca ngi dn ; 2. Xy dng nng lc cng ng ; 3. T chc cng ng ; 4. Vai tr ca nhng ngi h tr t bn ngoi ; 5. Ti tr t bn ngoi. Nh ca l iu kin tin quyt cho pht trin th bn vng, khng ch i vi chnh ph m cn i vi chnh quyn a phng, cc thnh phn t nhn cng nh s quan tm ca chnh cng ng. Hy to c hi ngi ngho c th c gii php i vi vn nh ca ca h. Cc d n pht trin th bn vng ch ra rng, cng ng a phng cn phi c s h tr ci thin nh ca, cng nh c cung cp cc c s h tng c bn. Bi hc th hai v th ba ch ra rng, s bn vng di hn ch c th t c thng qua vic "xy dng nng lc cng ng", thng qua cng ng t chc cc chng trnh pht trin. iu c ngha l, nhng ngi ngho cng phi c tham gia vo trong qu trnh xy dng v thc thi, duy tr d n. Cc cch thc t chc cng ng rt khc nhau. Cc d n bn vng s dng nhng
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phng php nh: cc nhm o to lu ng, xy dng khung chnh sch, cc t chc ph n v cc nhm gm mt s h gia nh hay ng ph. Tt c s cng nhau chia s, vi cch tip cn ph bin l "hc thng qua lm" ; phng php t chc linh hot v da trn c s nhng kinh nghim v nh gi thu c ca cc d n trc. c im th t i vi pht trin th bn vng l cc d n cng nn c thm s h tr t bn ngoi (c th l ca cc t chc phi chnh ph). Nhng ngi ngoi cuc c vai tr quan trng i vi vic thc y cng ng ci thin mi trng ca mnh thng qua nhng tr gip v k thut, lut l, t vn, ti chnh. Ti tr t bn ngoi dng nh l mt tiu ch cn thit cho s thnh cng ca cc d n pht trin th bn vng. 3.6. D N PILOT ORANGI, KARACHI, PAKISTAN Orangi l khu nh c ln nht Karachi. Nm 1980, c khong 50% s h gia nh y tham gia d n Polt Orangi - c ti tr bi Ngn hng Tn dng v Thng mi Quc t - ci thin iu kin v sinh. D n tp trung tm kim cc gii php thi b cht thi, chn la tm ra gii php v sinh cho cng ng c mc chi ph thp nht. H thng thi ngm c chn la. D n t chc gp mt tt c nhng ngi dn trong khu vc v gii thch cho h v d n - nhng li ch kinh t v sc kho do d n mang li cho cng ng. Nu cng ng ng tham gia vo d n, h s c h tr xy dng ng thi trong vng ca h. Sau , mi nhm cng ng s t chn ra ngi "qun l ca h" - ngi s da vo cng ng thc hin d n. Cn b ca d n s tin hnh kho st, cung cp cng ngh, thc hin cc hot ng m rng,... Ti nm 1985, hn 1.500 ng ng thi c xy dng. D n thnh cng, ci thin c iu kin v sinh cho hn 43.000 h gia nh, ci thin c sc kho ngi dn, gp phn vo pht trin bn vng ca cng ng a phng. Ngun : Ellion, 1994. Tho lun Tip tc vi nhng bi hc rt ra c t vic ci thin sinh k nng thn bn vng, pht trin th bn vng trong tng lai cng phi tp trung gii quyt nhng nhu cu phc li cho nhng thnh phn ngho nht ca th cc nc ang pht trin. Ngi ngho th thng phi i mt vi nhng tai bin i vi sc kho. Cc quan tm v mi trng v pht trin lun ph thuc ln nhau. Tht nghip v bn tht nghip c lin quan ti ngho i, ti cc iu kin sng v lm vic. Pht trin th bn vng trong tng lai cn phi gii quyt c nhng vn ny hn l ch quan tm ti nhng chng trnh hp.
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Cc hn ch v cc iu kin cn thit cho pht trin th bn vng c xc nh nhng mc khc nhau t cng ng ti cc hot ng kinh t v chnh tr quc t. Cc chnh sch v hnh ng c th cho nng thn nh h tr kinh t s c nh hng quan trng ti s di chuyn ca dng ngi t nng thn ra thnh th. C hi cho pht trin bn vng s to s an ton cho mi c nhn c th p ng cc nhu cu c bn ca mnh, ch khi chng ta c c nhng tm nhn di hn cho pht trin v mi trng. KT LUN CHNG 3 Pht trin bn vng i hi nhng hnh ng khc nhau ph hp vi cc vng kinh t - sinh thi khc nhau : nng thn v th. Ngay nng thn cng gm nhng vng sinh thi rt a dng : rng ni, ng bng, ven bin. Ct li ca PTBV cc vng sinh thi ny u da c bn vo vic xo i gim ngho v n nh cc qu trnh dn c. Nhm dn c ngho thng c dn y t nhin vo nhng vng c tr kh khn. nng thn, vng c tr ca ngi ngho thng l nhng vng sinh thi t sinh li, kh canh tc, c sc thu ht u t km. Hon cnh d dng bin nhng ngi nng dn bn a thnh t nhn ca cc h sinh thi. Cc d n pht trin cng ng nng thn phi hng ti th ho nng thn, gim cc qu trnh di c. iu i hi cc d n phi hng ti li ch ca cng ng a phng, thu ht s tham gia rng ri ca nng dn, c bit l pht huy vai tr ca ph n nng thn. th, nhng ngi ngho th thng c tr trong cc khu lao ng, cc xm liu, khu chut. Ci thin cuc sng ca ngi ngho th l ct li ca pht trin th, khng cn phi song hnh vi pht trin nng thn kim sot c dng di dn nng thn - th. Khng c mt th giu c no c kh nng p ng ht ci ngho ca nng thn trn vo. Tic thay trong nhiu thp k qua, cc vng th c pht trin tch ri vi pht trin nng thn v tr thnh biu tng ca s "giu sang", "vn minh", biu tng v c bn l sn phm ca mt x hi tiu th, sn phm ca vng lun qun khng bn vng. PTBV th, v l cn phi gn kt vi vic "xanh ho tiu th vi vai tr rt quan trng ca ngi tiu dng. CU HI N TP 1. Trnh by cc c im mi trng v pht trin vng nng thn v th. 2. Vn di dn nng thn - th v nng thn - nng thn c quan h nh th no vi PTBV ? 3. Cc bi hc m bo cho PTBV thnh cng nng thn v th l g ? 4. Nu vai tr ca ph n trong PTBV vng nng thn.
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CHNG 4 NHNG KH KHN TRONG BO V MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG

Bo v mi trng nhm PTBV l mt chin lc sng cn ca nhn loi trong th k XXI. Tuy nhin, x hi hin i c rt nhiu cn tr i vi s nghip ny. S cn tr, nhn b ni ca vn , tng chng nh gn b trc tip n nhng s kin rt nhy cm nh ngho i, dt nt, bng n dn s... Nhng pha sau nhng nguyn nhn trc tip v nhy cm , l nhng ro cn su r bn gc gn cht vi thi quen, li sng, vi cc quan im, trng phi khc nhau v bo tn v pht trin, vi c quyn c li ca mt s nhm ngi trong x hi. 4.1 . NHNG THCH THC CHNH TR: Bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng c c v tr nh ngy nay xut pht t quyt nh ca U ban Mi trng v Pht trin Lin hp quc (UNCED), y l mt quyt nh c tnh thi s, c tm nhn xa v tht s cn thit. V c bn, pht trin bn vng mang tnh chnh tr rt r nt v n tr thnh mc tiu, i tng ca k hoch pht trin. Vn l ch cc nh mi trng khng phi nh chnh tr, trong khi cc vn v mi trng V PTBV li lun lun m mu sc chnh tr ! l ci ngun ca mi s trc trc. S tranh ci gay gt gia i biu ca cc nc pht trin v ang pht trin Rio'92 l mt v d trong hng lot nhng vn mi trng mang mu sc chnh tr ton cu. S min cng ca tng thng M George Bush khi n hi ngh v k hip nh v bo v a dng sinh hc l do s nh hng n li ch ca American DNA v nn cng nghip cng ngh sinh hc Hoa K. ng lu l sc p m cc nc ang pht trin p dng thnh cng tiu dit d nh Cng c v rng (Convention on Forest) do cc nc cng nghip xut. N c thay th bi ci gi l Thng co chnh thc v cc nguyn tc bo v rng (Authoritative Statement of Forest Principles) khng c ch ng hp php trong h thng lut quc t. Chnh tr l sn phm ca cch mng x hi v l tinh thn ca chng ta. Chnh tr l bn cht ca con ngi. V vy, chng ta c t l do tin hoc chng minh kin cho rng bn cht con ngi s thay i mt cch ton din v mau chng chuyn sang bn cht chnh tr quc t cho php pht trin bn vng thnh cng theo hnh thc nh sn, hp l v trn quy m ton cu mt cch mau l. Do cc vn mi trng v PTBV c lin quan cht ch n chnh tr, nn c nhng phong tro mi trng tr thnh mt ng phi chnh tr mnh, v d ng Xanh CHLB c xut pht t phong tro Ho Bnh Xanh nc ny. nc ta, ch th 36/CT-TW ca B Chnh tr ch r bo v mi trng phi tr
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thnh "nhim v ca ton ng, ton dn v ton qun", cho thy s nghip bo v mi trng cho PTBV l mt s nghip chnh tr trng i v bc xc ca c dn tc trong bi cnh hin i ho v cng nghip ho. Do lin quan cht ch vi chnh tr, nn trong bi cnh x hi hin i, xut hin 2 quan im i lp : Quan im phi chnh tr ho mi trng Nhiu ngi c gng tuyn b rng vn mi trng l vn ton cu l vn khoa hc thun tu, mang tnh trung lp. Vic gii quyt vn mi trng theo quan im ny khng nn b chnh tr ho, hoc b " nhim" bi mu sc chnh tr. Quan im ny c xu hng t ch mi trng ra khi nhng cuc i thoi chnh tr bng cch c lm cho chng tr nn t bc xc, lm cho chng tr nn t c quan tm. Cc nh lp chnh sch theo quan im ny thng c chng minh rng h cn phi quan tm hn n nhng vn cp bch hn nh thu nhp, vic lm, cc dch v c bn. Nh vy, quan im "phi chnh tr ho mi trng" t chi quan nim pht trin bn vng, khng coi mi trng l mt b phn bn cht ca pht trin v khng th tch ri s sng cn ca cng ng. Quan im xanh ho chnh tr Quan im ny cho rng cc lnh vc chnh tr c lin quan n pht trin, n s dng ti nguyn ; cc chin lc pht trin ngnh, pht trin vng, pht trin quc gia... u cn c cn nhc v mt mi trng. Mi quy hoch, k hoch, chin lc, chnh sch... u phi c thm nh v mt mi trng, tc l phi c xanh ho. Mt cng c c sng to nhm thc hin nhim v ny l phng php nh gi mi trng chin lc (SEA - Strategic Environmental Assessment). Phi ni rng quan im "xanh ho chnh tr" l mt quan im tch cc nhm gip cho cc quyt nh, chnh sch pht trin tn trng v gp phn bo v mi trng, gip khc phc nhng nhc im ca quan im pht trin cc oan. Tuy nhin, xanh ho chnh tr li t cc nc ang pht trin trc mt th thch mi, l i hi cc nh lp chnh sch phi c kin thc mi trng vng vng. Vn "o to quan tr" v lnh vc mi trng khng phi l mt cng vic d v nhanh. S thiu ht tri thc cn thit v mi trng ca cc nh lp chnh sch s dn n cc kh nng : - Vic nh gi mi trng chin lc s b b qua hoc lm chiu l. - Cc chnh sch, k hoch, quy hoch s khng c thi hnh v khng qua c khu thm nh mi trng. C hai kh nng trn u gy ra nhng kh khn cho cc nc ang pht trin, lm chm tr qu trnh hin i ho v cng nghip ho, d rng l qu trnh hin
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i ho theo hng bn vng. 4.2. PHT TRIN CC OAN Quan im tro lu pht trin cc oan l quan im ly tng trng kinh t lm trng tm, "tt c cho tng trng GDP hoc GNP", coi nh hoc b qua trch nhim vi mi trng. Mc d c nhng ngoi l, hu ht tt c cc dn tc trn th gii ngy nay u ang p dng mt vi m hnh kinh t cho sn xut, phn phi v trao i hng ha t nhiu lin quan n tng ban u ca A dam Smith v Thomas Malthus. Cc m hnh ny gp mt phn trong thng mi quc t, trong ti sn kinh t ca mt quc gia c o trn kinh t v m bi GNP (Gross National Product), GNP l tng gi tr hng ha v dch v c sn xut bi quc gia trong mt nm. Nu GNP tng trng n nh th nn kinh t ca quc gia c coi l pht trin tt. Mt khc, nu GNP tng trng m trong 3 qu lin tc th nn kinh t c cho l khng hong kinh t ngn k, l nn kinh t i xung. R rng l GNP m ko di dn n giai on i xung ca kinh t cng ko di theo, v nu khng c s t chc li hoc khng c s gip t bn ngoi gii thot th nn kinh t s dn ti sp . Bi v khi nim tng trng l trng tm ca m hnh ny nn phn bit vi cc m hnh khc t nay chng ta s coi l m hnh tng trng kinh t (Growth Economic Model). C th gii thch rng, m hnh tng trng kinh t xy dng thnh cng da trn vic tiu th cc hng ha v dch v. C ngha l, vai tr ca ngi tiu th, nhng ngi cng dn cn phi tiu th hng ha v dch v tht nhiu. Hay ni cch khc, h phi chi tiu nhiu hn ngun thu nhp ca mnh vo nhng nhu cu cn (needs) v c nhng ci thch (wants). y thch" c coi l nhng hng ha v dch v khng thit yu, ch l nhng th h mun c thm, tho mn lng ham mun ca mnh. V d : mt ngi c mt ci t tuy c nhng vn chy tt. Do b thuyt phc bi qung co, anh ta i n ly mt ci mi. Mt cuc iu tra cho thy rng, vic to ra "thch" thng thnh cng do c marketing thch hp, ng ch, khn kho kch ng lng ham mun v s tho mn ca ngi tiu dng. iu ny ng mt vai tr quan trng trong nn kinh t ca nhng nc giu. Chng ta cn lu rng, pht trin bn vng p ng nhu cu v nguyn vng thit yu ch khng phi tham vng, hng vo tho mn ci "cn" ch khng phi l tho mn ci thch". Tng tiu th hng ha c ngha l tng bn rt ti nguyn, c bit l nguyn liu th v nng lng cn thit sn xut hng ha vi mt s lng khng l. Nhng lng ph ti nguyn khng cn thit c hm n trong khi nim "thch". V y chnh l im m m hnh tng trng kinh t khng thch hp vi khi nim pht trin bn vng. Bi v, nu chng ta tip tc tiu th ti nguyn tho mn c nhu cu ln tham vng th r rng phng hi n kh nng p ng nhu cu cho th h tng lai.
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Vic ti ch gip gii quyt phn ln ph thi. Kt qu kho st bi rc thi ca mt s thnh ph nh Bombay, Manila cho thy cht thi vi tim nng ti ch hu ht c thu gom bi nhng ngi ngho phc v cho cuc sng ng thng ca h. Ch c mt vi loi cht thi khng ti ch c v cc cht thi hu c dng phn. Trong khi , s lng ph v i khi cn c gi l "throw away culture" (vn ha thi b) xut hin phn ln trong li sng ca nhng nc cng nghip giu, ni m sa mt chic tivi cn t hn l mua mt ci mi. Chnh v vy, vic ti ch nhng nc pht trin ny cn phi xc tin. V d : ngi ta thng k 30% t BMW mi ngy nay c lm t nguyn liu ti ch. S dng ti nguyn ti to v c bit l nng lng cng s rt c ch. D sao, cng tht kh c th lm mt chic t mi vi 80% nguyn liu ti ch, hay thuyt phc mt ngi giu khng nn mua m mi v m hin nay ca anh ta cn dng c vi nm na. V nu thuyt phc c h khng mua th iu li i ngc vi m hnh tng trng kinh t, l nhu cu tng tht nhanh tiu th hng ha v dch v gp phn tng tht nhanh sn xut. 4.3. QUAN IM MI TRNG CC OAN Lch s tro lu mi trng cc oan (MTC) Nm 1975, Edward Abbaf - mt nh vn M - xut bn cun tiu thuyt c tn l "Con kh Wrench Gang trong m t hnh ng ca 4 "nh mi trng" cho n ph cc cy cu v cc cng trnh xy dng trn sng Colorado v h cho rng nhng cng trnh ny ph hoi v p t nhin ca dng sng. Cng khng ai ng rng cun sch m ng cho mt s ngi - a phn l nhng ngi giu c - thit lp c s hc thuyt ca tro lu MTC. Di nh hng ca tro lu ny, chnh quyn colorado thnh cng trong vic thuyt phc Chnh ph Lin bang (M) hu h d n xy dng p Two Forks c chc nng cung cp nc cho cc cng ng ngho mi nhp c vo bang Colorado, khin cho h lm vo tnh trng thiu nc nghim trng phi di c i ni khc. Ngi ta khng quan tm n vic h phi di c i u, nhng d c i u th vic cung ng cc nhu cu v nc v ti nguyn cho h cha chc s t gy tn hi mi trng hn Colorado. Nm 1978, to n ti cao M da vo lut Bo v Mi trng ra lnh ngng thi cng p thu li Tellico tr gi 78 triu USD vi l do l d n s gy nguy him cho mt loi c ang c tr vng d n. in hnh theo tro lu MTC c l phi k n Theodore Kaczmski, nguyn Ph Gio s Ton hc ca trng i hc Berkeley, Califomia, Hoa K. Qu tht vng vi nn vn minh hin i Kaczinski mong mun a con ngi tr li vi thin nhin bng cch khng b v git hi cc nh khoa hc, cng ngh v cc doanh gia hng u nc M bng bom th. Kaczinski h st Moccer T. ph Ch tch cng
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ty Qung co cho tp on Du la Ecson, Murey G. - mt ng trm ngnh khai thc tung, Campbell H. - ch tp on my tnh v l k s lp trnh ni ting. Mt s nhn vt ni ting khc cng b Kaczinski gy thng tch nh chuyn gia hng u trong lnh vc sng siu cao tn Angelaus D., nh ho hc Crist B., chuyn gia hng u v gen Epstein C., nh nghin cu tr tu nhn to Gelenter D., ch tch hng Hng khng United Airlines Wood P. v nhiu ngi khc. Kaczinski cng l ngi cng b bn Tuyn ngn i din cho t tng cc oan v mi trng hin vn cn c lu gi trng i hc Michigan. Mc d nu loi b nhng phn cc oan, bn Tuyn ngn ca Kaczinski qu l mt co trng rt hay i vi tro lu pht trin cc oan, i vi x hi tiu th m trong "con ngi lm vic nh mt ci my". Thuc v nhm nhng ngi hng hi bo v mi trng, nhng khc vi bo v mi trng nhm pht trin bn vng, nhng ngi theo tro lu MTC nhm mc tiu "tt c v mi trng", ngi trng trn ht", bo tn trn ht". H qun mt rng con ngi v x hi cng l mt b phn ca cc h thng sinh thi nhn vn (h thng sinh thi c con ngi). Khng th hy sinh li ch ca con ngi - mt b phn ca h thng - cho li ch ca cc b phn khc v ngc li. Nguyn nhn xut hin tro lu MTC MTC trc ht l mt i lp ca pht trin cc oan (PTC) ni trn. PTC c xut x t lch s xa xi ca loi ngi v gia tng quy m cng vi cch mng cng ngh. Tro lu ny ban u l s c gng ca nhan loi nhm xo i ngho v thot khi s ph thuc vo thin nhin. Ban u tro lu ny l mt thc tch cc khi m sc p dn s cha tr thnh vn bc xc, ngun ti nguyn v kh nng t lm sch ca Tri t cn di do v nhng pht minh cng ngh cn cha t n mc to ra nhng sn phm c hi (v d : da chut ghp gen b cp, ging la giu vitamin A gy au bng kinh nin v sng ty chm thp xng s tr em...). Vo cui th k XX, suy thoi v nhim mi trng tr nn trm trng, k c quy m a phng v ton cu, cng vi li sng tiu th v v trch nhim i vi mi trng, lm bng pht mt tro lu i lp vi tro lu rc, chnh l tro lu MTC . L do th hai l c s trit hc ca vn . Phi ni rng, c hai hng cc oan trong thc x hi - PTC v MTC - u xut pht t phng Ty, ni m nn khoa hc thc nghim ch cng nhn nhng g o m c, ni m khoa hc nhm vo vic phn tch i tng v s vt thnh tng mng nh nhn thc, ni m li sng tiu th nh gi cao con ngi qua ci m h s hu, ni m kim sot v iu khin cc nhim v qua cc b tiu chun, quy chun rch ri... Ch khi lng ghp c nhng tinh hoa ca trit hc phng ng vi nhng thnh tu ca khoa hc thc nghim phng Ty, con ngi mi tin ti mt thc h mi : thc h
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da trn h thng v pht trin bn vng. Pht trin bn vng coi mi trng l mt h thng mm v s bn vng ca c h thng mi l quan trng. Cc tro lu PTC hay MTC ch cao b phn ring l ca h thng mi trng. Nh ch r trn, chnh l sn phm ca t duy phn tch v thc nghim. L do th ba cng hay gp, l mt s nhm MTC s dng khu hiu "tt c v mi trng" v li v kinh t hoc danh ting, v mi trng l vn nhy cm ang c c nhn loi quan tm v thng c nhiu d n u t ln. Nn nhn ca tro lu MTC Nhng dn chng trn cho thy nhng nh khoa hc hng u nhng nh kinh doanh giu c... c th l mc tiu khng b ca mt vi "nh mi trng cc oan", tuy nhin nn nhn ch yu ca MTC chnh l nhng cng ng ngho v yu th. Cc nc ngho vng nhit i, do cha pht trin, nn vn cn st li nhiu khu vc t nhin rng ri c gi tr a dng sinh hc v cnh quan cao. Ch cn khu vc c mt vi loi ng vt c hu l l do xy dng khu bo tn thin nhin tm c quc gia, to c s xin ti tr quc t. khng t ln bo ch ni n nhng kh khn ca cc cng ng dn c ngho kh, v l do bo tn thin nhin, phi di chuyn ra khi mnh t m h c tr nhiu i nay m khng c mt s tr gip tho ng. Chng ta hy vng cc chnh sch x hi ph hp s gp phn ci thin cuc sng ca nhng cng ng ngho vng bo tn thin nhin, nhng cc quc gia v a phng s phi pht trin ra sao nu qu nhiu khu vc thin nhin cn phi "gi nguyn hin trng" c thnh lp trn c s nhng tnh ton thiu tm chin lc di hn : khng m ng c, khng xy p lm h c, khng xy dng th c, khng khai thc khong sn c v ch ny mt loi c c hu ng tr, ch khc my loi k nhng phn ph, cn ch n th phi gi nguyn v thy vt chn cn ti ca mt loi d rng qu him ... Khng ai l khng thy r nhng li ch ca bo tn thin nhin, th nhng vn cn hng chc triu "triu ph o rch" sng trong cc vng cnh quan c gi y mi nm c th t ba n 6 thng, tui th trung bnh cha ni 50, 80% ph n trn 15 tui m ch, gn 60% tr em di 5 tui b suy dinh dng, c trn dch st rt git cht 90 trn tng s 170 nhn khu ca mt bn v khng thuc men v qu xa trm y t, thu nhp tnh ra tin mt ngi/mt nm cha ni 10.000 (nh mt s vng Trng Sn, Ty Nguyn - Vit Nam). Nhng cng ng ny - nh cch ni ca tp ch Ambio, 1994 - c nguy c tr thnh "t nhn ca h sinh thi" m cai ngc li chnh l cc gi tr sinh thi phi th trng ni h ang sng c v trang bng nhng l thuyt bo v mi trng cc oan. y cng cn ni thm rng, nhng ngi ng h trng phi mi trng cc oan khng phi l nhng ngi ngho ang phi hng ngy vt ln mu sinh, kht
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khao ming cm manh o v hc hnh. Trong khi gi cc th l nhng "ung nht ca Tri t" l "cc t bo ung th trong c th t nhin" th nhng ngi ng h MTC li l nhng dn c th chnh cng vi cuc sng y tin nghi. iu ny cng d hiu v ch nhng ngi no mi ngh nhiu n sch, m mi lo lng n p. Xu th pht trin trn th gii u th k XXI s lm tng c nhm ngi giu c v nhm ngi ngho kh. chnh l mnh t lm cho c nhm MTC ln nhm nn nhn ca MTC s cn bnh trng trong tng lai. 4.4. T THAM NHNG V LI SNG TIU TH: Li sng tiu th va l mc tiu, va l ng lc thc y ca m hnh tng trng kinh t. Bi v tiu th to ra "cu, t thc y cung". Li sng tiu th ngy cng lan trn, t cc nc giu sang cc nc ngho, t th n nng thn. Tiu chun nh gi s thnh t ca mt con ngi b rt gn mt cch phi l thnh vic nh gi nhng th m anh ta s hu. Li sng tiu th c tung h bng cc kiu qung co v trch nhim v cc phng vin cng v trch nhim khng km ca mt s t bo. Rt nhiu ln trn thng tin i chng, chng ta gp nhng bi vit ca ngi Vit Nam l t nc "ng t ho" v l quc gia th 8 ng trong danh sch nhng nc c trng ua ch hin i nht th gii (Tp ch Heritage, Vietnam Airlines) ; ngi n ng c bn lnh phi l ngi "bit ung bia Tiger" ; xe my Suzuki l "snh iu... Li sng tiu th l bn ng hnh ca t tham nhng. S hm li c bit l nhng ngi c quyn lc din ra nghim trng hn ti nhng nc ngho ang pht trin, v tr thnh nn tham nhng kh khc phc. S phn ho giu ngho ngy cng tr nn r nt. N c th lm bn cng ho, lm ngho t nc v thm ch lm suy sp trin vng pht trin. Mt yu t ng lo ngi na l s tham nhng c cu kt thng ng gia ngi cho vay cc nc pht trin v ngi quyt nh nc ang pht trin. Trng hp tng thng Ferdinand Marcos ca Philipin l v d in hnh v hnh vi tham nhung t qu vay cho mt d n ln ca t nc nh nh my nng lng ht nhn Batang. V hn th na, ng ta r rng cu kt vi nhng ngi cho vay. Nh my nng lng ht nhn Philippines c xy dng vi mt s tin vay kh ln t Ngn hng Th gii l mt v d in hnh. N c xy dng ni c 3 t gy sinh ng t v 2 ni la, 1 trong 2 ni la ang giai on hot ng: Tht kh c th chp nhn c rng vi hc vn v s khn ngoan, c i ng cc chuyn gia ngn hng th gii v chnh ph li b thuyt phc xy dng nh my . Theo thng k, nh my ny lm thit hi ln tng ti chnh ca ngi dn Philipin, c bit l ngi ngho, nhng ngi phi lao ng ct lc hn tr n. y khng phi l ni lo ca Ngn hng Th gii v c n v li c bo m bi chnh ph Philippines. C th l : 44% ca GNP nm 1992 ca Philipines phc v cho tr n,
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trong khi chi ph cho phc li y t nm ch c 3%. Tht kh m hnh dung c cc vn mi trng v cht lng cuc sng c u tin nh th no trong k hoch pht trin ca Philipin thi tng thng F. Marcos. T tham nhng trit tiu phn ln n lc ca nhn dn v chnh ph trong s nghip bo v mi trng. V hn c th na, n lm xi mn vn ho - x hi. S xi mn ny lm cho cc c gng ca chnh ph nhm thot khi "vng lun qun" ca ngho i v suy thoi mi trng khng hiu qu v mt ln na, "vng lun qun li tip tc tng tc. 4.5. BNG N DN S Tt c cc kh khn k trn cn tr con ng i ti pht trin bn vng v vn cng phc tp hn khi ta gn kt vi s bng n dn s trn quy m ton cu. Theo con s c tnh th dn s th gii s gp i trong th k ti v nh hng bt li n s thnh t ca pht trin bn vng trn quy m ton cu. Dn s v sn xut lng thc u tng nhng khng theo mt t l ph hp. Kiu sn xut lng thc hin nay trn th gii mang tnh cht d tha nhng nc giu v khan him nhng nc ngho. chuyn hng s tng trng khng ng u ny gia nhu cu v cung cp thc phm trn th gii, pht trin bn vng cho rng nhng trng im ca sn xut cn chuyn sang nhng vng b thiu km ca th gii. Mc d l mt lgic ng nhng cng khng chc liu cc t chc v c cu quc t c mun iu ny tr thnh hin thc hay khng Hn na, thng mi v s tr gip quc t hin nay mt ln na tr thnh bc ro chn kh c th vt qua. Khi s tng trng dn s nh hng ti mi trng v cht lng cuc sng th s i lp gia cc nc pht trin v ang pht trin tr nn trm trng. mt s nc giu phng Bc, dn s thc s ang gim dn. Gi c cao v s i ln ca i sng, c bit l nhng tn km cho mt a con ra i l l do ca vic gim sinh . nh hng chnh ca n l vic tip tc gim s lng ngi i lm v gim ngun ph cp lng hu cng cc bo him x hi khc. Kt qu l, chnh ph ca mt s nc phng Ty (Php, Anh, Thy S) xt li chnh sch lu di v cc vn nh lng hu, li ch an ton x hi v dch v y t quc gia. Tri li, nhng gia nh cc nc ang pht trin thng ng hn phn ln l do quan nim truyn thng. Thiu nhng li ch an ton x hi, cha m phi da vo con c' c chm sc lc tui gi. Phong tc ny vn thnh hnh nhng nc ang pht trin, c bit l phng ng. Con ci c xem nh mt th "bo him" v hu qu l h c rt nhiu con so vi cc nc pht trin, ni m cha m gi ch yu da vo s tr cp x hi nhiu hn l vo con ci. Ph n - tng lp thp km ca cc x hi lc hu - b b buc trong nhiu tp tc v b hn ch hc hnh. S hn ch hc hnh ca ph n, c bit l nhng thng tin thit yu v nhng vn t chc k hoch ha gia nh l nguyn nhn chnh ca vic c nhiu con hn l s lng con hp l cho mt cht lng cuc sng mc
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chp nhn c. Nhng vn ny cng vi im ngng v thi x hi thm cn c ngn cm ci gi l k hoch ha gia nh", hnh thnh mt cn tr nghim trng t c pht trin bn vng trn quy m ton cu trong mt hn nh thi gian thch hp. Kt qu l nhiu tr em sinh ra bi nhng ngi cha, ngi m ngho vi vn hc vn t i hoc khng c, nhng gia nh nh th l iu khng ai mong mun. Nhng ngi cha m ngho kh i khi buc phi b ri cn hoc thm ch bn con gii phng chng khi cnh ngho kh ca mnh, iu khng him Vin ng v chu M La tinh. 4.1. BNG N DN S CC NC ANG PHT TRIN U ban Dn s v Pht trin Lin hp quc (LHQ) d bo vo gia th k XXI, dn s th gii s tng thm 3 t ngi. S ngi tui trn 65 s tng gp i t 7 - 16% vo nm 2050. Bn cnh l s bng n dn s cc quc gia ang pht trin. Nhng d tnh ny cho thy c khong 90% dn s th gii s phi sng trong cc quc gia m hin nay chng ta gi l "cc nc ang pht trin". Theo ng J-sp, Gim c U Ban Dn s ca LHQ th nhng nc thuc khu vc Nam v ng s l nhng quc gia c tc tng dn s ln nht th gii, c th l n , Trung Quc, pakistan, Nigera, Bangladesh v Indonesia. Hin nay, 6 quc gia ny chim ti 50% tc tng dn s ca th gii. Ch ring n , tc tng dn s bnh qun hng nm ca nc ny bng vi tc tng dn s ca 3 quc gia cng li l Trung Quc, Pakistan v Nigeria. Theo d tnh, dn s ca M s tng khong 40% trong gia th k XXI .Tuy nhin, s dn cc nc Chu u li gim, c th gy nn tnh trng thiu ht nhn cng lao ng trm trng khu vc ny. U ban dn s LHQ v ang xem xt mi tng quan gia dn s mi trng v pht trin. Vn gy tranh ci l mi quan h gia tc tng dn s v s bin thi ca mi trng. Mt s cc nh khoa hc cho rng, gia tng dn s l nguyn nhn chnh dn n nhng nguy hi cho mi trng. Tuy nhin, mt s khc li cho rng tiu dng qu mc mi l nguyn nhn ng bo ng.
Ngun : L Hng Sn, Bo Gia nh v X hi No 50 - 51 ngy 22-29/06/2001.

4.6. MT TRI CA KHOA HC - CNG NGH Phi ni rng nhng vn bc xc nht ca mi trng ton cu cng nh a phng u c gy ra do cc tc ng xu ca k thut. Nhng tc ng xu ny khng bao gi c tnh ng, tnh khi cc pht minh cng ngh ra i.
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ng c t trong v cc thit b l t s dng than m ho cuc cch mng cng ngh ln th 2 (sau pht minh ra ng c hi nc), nhng lc cha lng cha ai bit chnh nhng pht minh ny s dn n thm ho nng ln ca bu kh quyn Tri t do s pht x qu nhiu kh nh knh. Nhng mt tri cha qun tr c hoc ht c ca in nguyn t, ca cng ngh sinh hc ngnh, cng ngh ho hc... sau vi ba thp k khi cng ngh c p dng vo thc t mi c pht hin. iu l tt nhin v nhng tc ng xu n h sinh thi cn c thi gian tch t v biu l thnh s c. Ngy nay, danh mc cc ho cht BVTV c hi nh Monitor, Wofatox, DDT,... b cm s dng trong nng nghip di thm d tt c u bit r l khi cc ho cht ny c pht minh, chng c chnh ngnh bo v thc vt n cho v ca ngi nh nhng v cu tinh ca nh nng ? S cn nhiu pht kin khoa hc trong tng lai, v loi ngi cn phi tn nhiu thi gian, tin bc v cng sc tm hiu v qun tr cc tc ng xu n mi trng ca cc pht minh . iu ny tht d hiu v cc nh khoa hc cng ngh t khi ng thi l cc nh mi trng. Mt khc, sau mi pht minh khoa hc cng ngh li c hng lot cng ty b vn ra sn xut, ng dng v qung b trn th trng bi v cc cng ty cn li nhun. Cn vn gii quyt hu qu mi trng khng phi l iu h quan tm hng u. 4.2. LA BIN I GEN GY HI CHO CON NGI V MI TRNG Ging la cha hm lng vitamin A cao hn bnh thng do Vin Nghin cu la Quc t (IRI) to ra ang b cc nh khoa hc quc t ch trch mnh m. Ging la ny c tn gi l lng thc giu vitamin A, hay lng thc Franken (ly tn nh to ging Franken) c to ra bng phng php bin i gen. c im ca loi la ny cha hm lng beta - carotene rt ln. Mc ch ca cc nh khoa hc khi to ra ging la siu vitamin A ny nhm gip hng triu tr em trn khp th gii trnh c cnh m m do n lng thc, ch yu l go, cha hm lng vitamin A rt thp. Tuy vy, nhng nghin cu mi nht ca cc nh khoa hc ti Vin Cy trng Zurich, Thu S, ch ra rng : s dng cng ngh gen to ra ging la siu vitamin A l mt sai lm. S tch lu beta-carotene hp th t go s bin i mt phn thnh sinh t A, s cn li s "u c" c th, gy ra cc ri lon chuyn ho khin cho tc b rng, au bng kinh nin, nn tho, chng mt, sng ty chm thp trn xng s ca tr em. Mt nghin cu khc ca Gio s Vandana ngi n thuc Vin Nghin cu v vn canh nng (KMP) cn ch ra rng : s bi thc sinh t A do c th nhn qu nhiu ngun vitamin A nhn to s lm ri lon qu trnh trao i cht, lm cho xng
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v cc khp ni b thng tn gy au n, lm cho mi b kh nt, gy nn cc cn st nh, lm gim trng lng c th v mt lot bin chng khc. Ging la Franken cn gp phn y nhanh tc hu hoi mi trng. canh tc ging la ny, ngoi vic nng dn phi bo m lng nc ti tiu nhiu hn cn phi s dng rt nhiu phn bn v thuc bo v thc vt ho hc, v chnh v th lm cho ngun nc nhanh chng b cn kit, cng nh hu hoi cc loi cn trng c ch v ng vt b st... y l ln u tin, cc nh khoa hc th gii a ra nhng bng chng r rng v tc hi ca mt sn phm bin i t gen. Ngun : Hng H, Bo Lao ng No 5123 ngy 07/04/2000 nhanh chng khc phc cc tc ng ti mi trng khng mong i ca cc pht minh k thut, mt mt ngnh khoa hc - cng ngh v mi trng phi tr thnh mt lnh vc mnh, c u t xng ng, pht trin ngang tm vi cc lnh vc khoa hc cng ngh khc. Mt khc, chnh ph cn c nhng bin php ch ti xc ng i vi cc lnh vc khoa hc cng ngh c kh nng cha ng nhiu ri ro n mi trng. Vic hng lot chnh ph trn th gii ra sc lnh cm cc nghin cu v nhn bn ngi bng sinh sn v tnh l mt gii php phng nga rt tch cc. KT LUN CHNG 4 Pht trin bn vng v bo v mi trng chu sc p rt ln t nhng quan im chnh tr. "Phi chnh tr ho mi trng" l mt quan im nhm lm cho cc vn mi trng tr nn t c quan tm. Trong khi th quan im "Xanh ho chnh tr" li t cc chnh sch, chin lc u phi c thm nh v mt mi trng. Mc d "Xanh ho chnh tr" l con ng ngn nht dn ti PTBV, nhng hnh nh kh nng "Xanh ho chnh tr" s kh c thc hin v chnh cc nh lp k hoch l nhng ngi u tin cm thy b mt quyn lc . Pht trin cc oan v mi trng cc oan l hai quan im i lp c hai u nhm lm tan r tnh h thng ca mi trng. T tham nhng, li sng tiu th, bng n dn s l nhng sc p d thy, tuy nhin thay i c hin trng ny li l vn cc k kh khn. Cui cng, mt tri ca khoa hc v cng ngh l thch thc kh qun tr nht. V chng ch c nhn thy sau mt thi gian kh di k t khi cc tin b khoa hc v cng ngh c ng dng vo thc tin. CU HI N TP 1. Trnh by nhng thch thc (kh khn) ch yu i vi bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng : ni dung, nguyn nhn, tm nh hng v phng hng khc phc. 2. Hy xc nh thm 1 thch thc khc m bn cho l cng rt quan trng ngoi nhng thch thc trn.
71

Chng 5 NH GI BN VNG

Mc d mi trng v pht trin l nhng vn c quy m ton cu hoc quc gia, nhng thc hin bo v mi trng v PTBV li thng cp a phng (tnh, huyn, x...). Bi v, trong lnh vc ny c mt nguyn tc rt thc tin, l ngh ton cu ; lm - a phng". Nu s pht trin ca tng cng ng, tng a phng l bn vng v an ton, th s pht trin ca quc gia cng s bn vng v an ton. V l c rt nhiu c gng trong vic xut, tm kim cc gii php nhm nh gi hoc o lng bn vng trong qu trnh pht trin ca cc a phng, quc gia hay khu vc. Cc tiu chun c s dng o c trc ht phi ph hp vi cc c trng sinh thi, vn ho v dn tc ca a phng c nh gi. 5.1 . MI TIU CHUN CHUNG CA PHT TRIN BN VNG Cho d cc c trng sinh thi, vn ho v dn tc ca a phng c nh gi c a dng nh th no, th PTBV cng cn phi tho mn cc tiu chun chung (bng 5.1). Bng 5.1. Cc tiu chun bn vng v cc ngnh kinh t lin quan Lnh vc quy hoch pht trin vng 1. Hn ch s - Nng lng dng cc - Vn ti ngun ti - Cng nghip nguyn khng ti to 10 Tiu chun bn vng M t S dng cc ti nguyn khng ti to nh nhin liu ho thch, qung khong l bt xn ngun lc cho pht trin ca cc th h tng lai. Mt nguyn tc chnh ca PTBV l s dng ti nguyn ti to cn ht sc hp l v tit kim. Ti nguyn khng ti to bao gm c cnh quan, a cht. sinh thi n nht v khng th thay th ng gp vo kh nng sn xut,

72

2. S dng ti - Nng lng nguyn ti to - Nng nghip di ngng - Lm nghip t ti to - Du lch - Thu li - Mi trng - Vn ti - Cng nghip 3. S dng v - Cng nghip qun l cc - Nng lng cht c hi v - Nng nghip cht thi theo - Thu li hng thn - Mi trng mi trng 4. Bo tn sinh - Mi trng vt hoang di, - Nng nghip cc sinh cnh - Lm nghip v cnh quan - Thu li - Vn ti - Cng nghip - Nng lng - Du lch 5. Duy tr v ci thin cht lng ti nguyn t v nc -Nng ghip - Lm nghip - Thu li - Mi trng - Cng nghip - Du lch

Khi s dng ti nguyn ti to trong cc hot ng sn xut s cp nh lm nghip, nng nghip, ng nghip, c mt nng sut cc i m vt trn n th ti nguyn s bt u suy thoi. Do , vic s dng ti nguyn ti to khng c qu kh nng t phc hi ca chng bo m rng ti nguyn c duy tr, thm ch tng ln phc v nhu cu ca th h tng lai. Rt nhiu trng hp c nhng c hi s dng cc cht t gy hi cho mi trng, trnh hoc gim x thi, nht l cht thi c hi. Tip cn bn vng l tm cch s dng cc nguyn liu u vo t gy hi cho mi trng nht v gim thi bng cch s dng cc h thng sn xut hp l qun l cht thi v Mt nguyn tc c bn nht l phi duy tr, ci thin cht lng v cc ngun di sn thin nhin cho thng ngon v cho phc li ca cc th h hin ti v mai sau. Cc di sn thin nhin ny bao gm ng thc vt, cnh quan, cc thnh to a cht, cnh p t nhin. Nhng di sn ny cng thng i km vi di sn vn ho.

t v nc l ti nguyn thin nhin ti to c, to ra nhng tim nng cho sc kho v phc li nhng cng l ti nguyn nhy cm cao vi nhim, xi mn.

73

6. Duy tr v ci thin cht lng cc ti nguyn vn ho v lch s

- Du lch - Mi trng - Cng nghip - Vn ti

7. Duy tr v ci thin cht lng mi trng a phng

- Mi trng ( th) - Cng nghip - Du lch - Vn ti - Nng lng - Thu li

8. Bo v kh - Vn ti quyn (v d - Nng lng bin i kh - Cng nghip hu)

Cc ti nguyn vn ho v lch s l n nht, chng khng th c thay th mt khi b ph hoi. l mt dng ti nguyn khng ti to, gm cc cng trnh, kin trc, di ch kho c, cnh quan, vn hoa v cng vin lu i ; cc li sng, phong tc, ngn ng truyn thng. Li sng, phong tc v ngn ng truyn thng cng l cc ti nguyn lch s v vn ho cn c bo tn hp l. Nhng thnh t c bn ca mi trng a phng l cht lng khng kh, nc, t ting n, cnh quan, thm m. Mi trng a phng cc k quan trng i vi cc khu nh c v nhng ni lm vic ngh ngi ca nhn dn. Mi trng a phng chu nh hng rt ln mi khi thay i cc hot ng giao thng, cng nghip, xy dng, khai m, pht trin c s h tng, pht trin du lch. Cc vn bin i kh hu c phm vi nh hng rng, thng gn lin vi hot ng t x, ma axit, axit ho t v nc. CFCS ph hu tng zn v nh hng n sc kho con ngi. CO2 v cc kh nh knh khc cng lin quan ti bin i kh hu. Suy thoi kh quyn gy hi lu di, nht l cho cc th h tng lai. Nhn thc v cc vn mi trng v cc la chn c vai tr quan trng. Cc thng tin v qun l mi trng, gio dc v o to l cha kho t c pht trin bn vng. C th tin n mc tiu ny thng qua ph bin kt qu nghin cu khoa hc, a mi trng vo gio dc ph thng v o to, s dng rng ri cc phng tin truyn thng v cc dch v ca cc t chc phi chnh ph hot ng trn lnh vc mi trng.

9. Nng cao - Nghin cu nhn thc, - Mi trng gio dc v - Du lch o to mi trng

74

10.Tng cng - Tt c cc lnh vc s tham gia ca cng ng vo vic quyt nh lin quan n pht trin bn vng

Tuyn ngn Rio (UNCED, 1992) xc nh rng, s tham gia ca cng ng, nht l cc nhm chu lc ng, vo cc quyt nh nh hng n quyn li ca h l nn mng ca pht trin bn vng. C ch ch yu ca s tham gia l t vn ca cng ng trong vic xy dng chnh sch v quy hoch trong qu trnh kim sot pht trin, trong nh gi v thc hin cc d n pht trin.

5.2. B CH TH V PHT TRIN BN VNG CA VIT NAM (Do B K hoch v u t xut nm 1999) Pht trin kinh t 1. Tng sn phm quc ni (GDP) theo u ngi . 2. Cc cng c v chnh sch kinh t tr thnh ng lc trong vic thc hin cc mc tiu PTBV v bo v mi trng. 3. Chi ph cho cng tc BVMT tng theo t l phn trm ca GDP. 4. Mc gii ngn h tr pht trin chnh thc (ODA) cho PTBV. Pht trin x hi 1. T l tng dn s. 2. T l dn s c nc sng di mc ngho kh. 3 . T l ngi ln bit ch. 4. T l t vong tr s sinh. 5. Tui th trung bnh. 6. Thit hi v ngi v ca do thin tai. 7. Mc tp trung dn ch trong b my nh nc. 8. Cam kt tham gia tch cc cc hip nh v din n mi trng quc t. 9. H thng hnh chnh ci m, trung thc v c nng lc hn. 10. Cc th ch BVMT c thit lp, hot ng hiu qu v c cp ngun lc mi cp trong Chnh ph v tt c cc ngnh. 11. Thc hin hiu qu c ch ho nhp cc nhn t kinh t, x hi v mi trng trong cc giai on v quy m ca qu trnh quy hoch pht trin. 12. Cc phng php nh gi mi trng c p dng nh mt th tc chnh
75

thc trong tt c cc c quan, cc cp ca Chnh ph ngay t bc u hnh thnh cc chnh sch, k hoch v cc d n. 13. Thit lp h thng gim st tng hp i vi vic thc hin quan trc mi trng, cng nh i vi cht lng ca cc chnh sch v d n pht trin hin nay v trong tng lai. 14. Ti ch v s dng ti rc thi. Bo v mi trng t nhin 1. V rng: Tng din tch ph xanh, mt , cht lng rng. 2. V nc : - Lng nc ngm v nc mt khai thc tng nm. - Quyn c s dng ngun nc an ton. - X l nc thi. 3 . V nng lng : - Tiu th nng lng mi nm theo u ngi - Chi ph cho cng tc d tr nng lng (theo t l phn trm trong GDP). - Tiu th nng lng t cc ngun ti to (theo t l phn trm tng mc tiu th nng lng). 4. V a dng sinh hc : - T l cc loi b e do (tnh theo t l phn trm tng s loi bn a). - T l cc khu bo tn so vi tng din tch t lin v bin. - S lng cc k hoch, cn b cng nhn vin v khon ngn sch dnh cho cng tc qun l cc khu bo tn. 5 . V ng nghip : Sn lng c duy tr bn vng ti a.
Ngun : B K hoch u t, 1999.

Nhn xt : Cc "ch th" trn y ca B K hoch v u t nu ra thc cht mi ch l cc tiu ch. 5.3. THC O BN VNG BS (Barometer of Sustainability) NHM XC NH V SO SNH CC VNG (do IUCN xut nm 1994) Cc phng n pht trin vng cn c so snh trn c s cn nhc hiu qu ca tng phng n. Hiu qu bao gm phc li sinh thi v phc li x hi nhn vn. S dng thc o bn vng c th nh gi mc sung mn v sinh thi v nhn
76

vn, l mt cng c tng hp v m t sinh ng cc nh hng ca cc phng n pht trin : Phc li sinh thi t Nc Khng kh a dng sinh hc S dng hp l ti nguyn Tng t trng T trng Phc li x hi nhn vn T trng 20 20 20 20 20 100 Sc kho cng ng Vic lm/thu nhp Hc vn Trt t an ton x hi Bnh ng x hi Tng t trng 20 20 20 20 20 100

Trong trng hp hiu qu tt nht, mc t c ca mi yu t l 20. Tc ng mi trng xu s lm gim t trng cc tham s mi trng cho n 0. Tng t trng thc t cho php s bn vng ca mi phng n pht trin c nh gi da trn 5 hng nh hnh 5.1. Phc li sinh thi

Hnh 5.1. Mc nh gi bn vng ca phng n pht trin V d : p dng thc o BS so snh bn vng ca 2 x A v B. Cng thc :

77

 Phc li sinh thi Ch th n lei le1 T l din tch t khng b nhim le2 T l s h gia nh c cp nc sch

X A 0,95 x 20 = 19 0,160 x 20 = 12

X B 0,86 x 20 = 17,2 0,40 x 20 = 8 0,197 x 20 = 19,4 0,35 x 20 = 7 0,95 x 20 = 19 70,6 X B 0,60 x 20 = 12 0,25 x 20 = 5 0,90 x 20 = 18 0,99 x 20 = 19,8 0,15 x 20 = 3 57,8

le3 T l tr em di 5 tui khng b ARI vim 0,98 x 20 = 19,6 phi cp le4 T l cc loi cy trng,vt nui bn a c bo tn le5 T l t ai c s dng hp l (tr t hoang ho, trng trc...) Phc li x hi nhn vn lh1 Ch th n lhl T l dn s c bo him y t Tng le 0,40 x 20 = 8 0,80 x 20 = 16 74,6 X A 0,45 x 20 = 9 0,30 x 20 = 6 0,198 x 20 = 19,6

lh2 T l thu nhp ngoi phn dnh cho n ung* lh3 T l ngi ln (15 tui) bit ch

lh4 T l cng dn khng phm php hoc dnh 0,198 x 20 = 19,6 vo t nn x hi lh5 T l n cn b so vi nam cn b (cp x) 0,10 x 20 = 2 Tng lh 56,2

Ghi ch : T l thu nhp ngoi phn dnh cho n ung c tnh nh sau : - Tnh t l dnh cho n ung trong tng thu nhp ca h gia nh. T l ny c gi l ch s Enghen (E). Tnh hiu s (1 - E). y l t l thu nhp ca h gia nh tch lu c u t cho cc phc li khc. T=1-E - Ch s t phn nh an ton kinh t ca h gia nh. Theo Enghen, t 0,76 c coi l h gia nh c an ton kinh t cao. - Cc s l u tin trong 2 ct tnh ton x A v x B l kt qu kho st thc t V d 0,95 l t l din tch t khng b nhim trn tng din tch ca x A. V th ca hai x A v B trn biu BS nh trn hnh 5.2. To : A(56,2 ; 74,6) B(57,8 ; 70,6).

78

le (phc li sinh thi)

T hnh 5.2 cho thy : C 2 x A v B u nm trong vng 3 - c bn vng trung bnh. C hai x u c phc li nhn vn thp hn phc li sinh thi. Cn u t thm cho cc dch v x hi c bn. 5.4. NH GI PHT TRIN CNG NG BNG CH S BN VNG A PHNG 5.4.1. Gii thiu chung v ch s bn vng a phng (LSI) Pht trin cng ng l mt vn a gi tr, ph thuc rt nhiu vo phng php nh gi cng nh nhn quan ca ngi nh gi. Cc ch s ca Chng trnh pht trin Lin hp quc (UNDP) a ra dng cho nh gi nhanh s pht trin cng ng, hoc l ch nh gi mt thnh cng ca pht trin (nh ch s HDI, GDI), hoc ch nh gi mt tht bi ca pht trin (v d ch s HPI, CPM). Nhng d c nh gi kiu g th nhng ch s trn y ca UNDP cng ch thin v cc phc li kinh t v nhn vn, trong cc ch s khng thy xut hin cc ch th phc li sinh thi. Nm 1998, hai nh khoa hc B Nath v Talay xut ch s bn vng a phng LSI (Local Sustainability Index) l bc t ph v phng php lun, gp phn y nhanh qu trnh nh gi pht trin cp cng ng [17]. Ch s LSI ca Nath v Talay gm 5 ch th n sau y : - I1 : T l tr v thnh nin khng phm php, t trng Cl= 2 - I2 : T l tr s sinh khng t vong, t trng C2 = 2 - I3 : T l s dn c dng nc sch, t trng C3 = 4 - I4 : T l s ngy khng b nhim kh trong nm, t trng C4= 3
79

- I5 : T l din tch t khng b nhim, t trng C5= 1

Ch s LSI lng ghp c cc yu t phc li kinh t - x hi v phc li sinh thi, cch tnh n gin, nhng cng bc l cc nhc im sau y : - Ch th I4 v I5 khng c hoc rt kh thu thp i vi cc nc ang pht trin, v c s d liu v mi trng khng sn cc s liu ny. - Vi nhng cng ng c trnh pht trin cao, ch th I2 khng nhy cm, thng rt thp. Cng nh vy, I1 c th l khng nhy cm vi mt s cng ng min ni thun phc. - Cc cng ng khc nhau (v d nng thn, min ni, vng ven bin, th, im du lch) c nhng c trng khc nhau v mi trng v pht trin. Vic dng mt ch s LSI thng nht khng phn nh st hin trng ca cc h thng mi trng. Cn phi ci tin v b sung LSI c th tnh nhanh bn vng ca cc cng ng c cc c trng sinh thi nhn vn khc nhau. Vic tnh ton, so snh bn vng bng ch s LSI do cn theo nguyn tc : - LSI phi bao gm cc ch th ring cho tng kiu h thng mi trng (v d nng thn, th). - Khi so snh bn vng ca cc cng ng bng LSI, khng nht thit cc ch s LSI u phi c xy dng trn cng mt loi ch th, m c th s dng cc ch th tng ng, thay th cho nhau. 5.4.2. Nguyn tc xc lp cc ch th n (indicator) - Cc ch th n l mt php o khch quan, ai o cng cho mt gi tr nh nhau v c th kim chng c. Theo nguyn tc ny, cc ch th n phi nh lng hoc phi c lng ho. - Phn nh ct li, bn cht ca mt thnh phn trong h thng mi trng. - Thu thp s liu d, nhanh v r. Tt nht l nn s dng ti a cc s liu thng k lun lun c cc a phng, hoc c th qua phiu iu tra thu thp. - Phn nh c nhng thnh phn nhy cm ca h thng mi trng. Cc thnh phn n nh, c tnh cao s lm cho i s LSI tm c khng phn nh c cc bin ng ca h thng. 5.4.3. Xc lp cc ch th n tng ng Cc ch th n tng ng c xc lp cho ph hp vi iu kin thu thp ti liu a phng v thch hp vi cc vng sinh thi nhn vn khc nhau ca Vit Nam
80

(bng 5.2).
Bng 5.2. Cc ch s LSI cho 2 vng sinh thi nhn vn c bn LSI nng thn/min ni LSI th N LSI (Nath & Ta lay) Ch th n Ii Ci Ch th n Ii Ci Ch th n Ii Ci 1 T l tr v thnh 2 T l tr < 15 tui c i hc 2 T l tr v thnh 2 nin khng phm nin khng phm php php 2 T l tr s snh 2 T l tr em < 5 tui khng b 2 T l tr em < 5 2 khng t vong suy dinh dng (nng thn) tui khng b suy dinh dng T l tr s sinh khng t vong 2 (min ni) T l s dn c 4 T l s dn c dng nc 4 T l s dn c 4 dng nc sch sch dng nc sch T l s ngy 3 T l tr em < 5 tui khng b 3 T l tr em < 5 3 khng b nhim ARI tui khng b kh trong mt ARI nm T l din tch t 1 T l din tch t khng b 1 T l rc thi 1 khng b nhim thoi ho do xi mn, nhim c thu gom mn, khng b nhim do s dng qu mc phn ho hc/ho cht BVTV Tng trng s 12 Tng trng s 12 Tng trng s 12
0

2 3 4

5.4.4. So snh s pht trin ca hai phng Vnh Tri v ng Kinh - th x Lng Sn nm 1999 trn c s ch s LSI Gii thiu chung v hai phng Vnh Tri v ng Kinh - Phng Vnh Tri : Vnh Tri (VT) l mt phng trung tm ca th x Lng Sn, din tch 167,33 ha, nm dc quc l 4B k t u cu K La n km s 3, VT c 6 trc ph chnh v 30 ng xm thng nhau. Dn s tnh n 1/4/1999 c 2.513 h vi 11.683 nhn khu, c 13% dn s lm nng nghip trn din tch 23% tng din tch ton phng. B phn dn c cn li VT sng bng sn xut tiu th cng nghip v dch v thng mi. Trong phng c 100 h kinh doanh vn ti t, xe cng nng, 400 h kinh doanh ch v ln nh, trn 1.700 h cng nhn vin chc, c 4.720 nh tng, 112 t t nhn, 1.910 my thu hnh, 664 my in thoi v 100% dn s phng c s dng in li quc gia. Vnh Tri c nh gi l phng giu nht th x Lng Sn.
81

- Phng ng Kinh Phng ng Kinh (K) nm pha nam th x Lng Sn, din tch 232 ha, c 9.482 nhn khu, trong ch yu l dn tc Ty v Nng. Trn 50% dn s lm nng nghip vi 70% t phng dnh cho sn xut nng nghip. Ngoi ra, K c 152 h kinh doanh dch v, 62 h kinh doanh vn ti. K khng phi l mt phng giu ca th x, nhng c cnh quan sinh thi cn c bo v kh tt, t ai rng ri, t nhim. So snh pht trin ca hai phng VT v K trn c s cho s LSI dng cho khu vc th (bng 5.3)

Bng 5.3. Kt qu tnh ton ch s LSI ca hai phng Vnh Tri v ng Kinh - th x Lng Sn Cc ch th n li No Ch th n Trng s 2 T l tr v thnh nin l1 khng phm php l2 T l tr em di 5 tui khng b suy dinh dng T l s dn c dng l3 nc sch l4 T l tr em di 5 tui khng b ARI l5 T l rc thi c thu gom Phng Vnh Tri 0,974 Phng ng Kinh 0,968

2 4 3 1

0,759 0,81 0,924 0,75

0,714 0,50 0,824 0,65

Tnh ton : p dng tnh theo cng thc (5.1) c : - Phng Vinh Tri : LSIVT = (0,974 x 2) + (0,759 x 2) + (0,81 x 4) + (0,924 x 3) + 0,75 12 1,948 + 1,518 + 3,24 + 2,772 + 0,75 12 = 10,228 12 0,85

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- Phng ng Kinh : LSIK = (0,968 x 2) + (0,714 x 2) + (0,50 x 4) + (0,824 x 3) + 0,65 12 1,936 + 1,428 + 2,0 + 2,472 + 0,65 12 = 8,486 12 0,71

Nhn xt :
C s nh gi bn vng theo LSI nh sau : LSI : 0,0 < 0,20 0,20 < 0,40 0,40 < 0,60 0,60 < 0,80 0,80 1,0 : Khng bn vng : Km bn vng : Trung bnh : Kh bn vng : Bn vng

Vi LSIK = 0,71, bn vng ca phng ng Kinh thuc din kh, trong khi LSIVT= 0,85, phng Vnh Tri c pht trin thuc din bn vng. - Kin to ch s l phng php c hiu qu trong nh gi pht trin cng ng, trong LSI l mt ch s cho php nh gi nhanh v r v cc s liu u c trong bo co thng k ca a phng. - LSI cung cp phng php kin to nhiu loi ch s khc tu theo mc tiu nh gi, ct li l phi chn cc ch th n v trng s ca chng mt cch ti u. KT LUN CHNG 5 Vic o lng bn vng ca pht trin l mt lnh vc mi m v ang thu ht s n lc ca gii khoa hc. Vic quy bn vng ca h thng mi trng - bao gm c cc phc li sinh thi v phc li x hi nhn vn - vo mt ch s l mt vic lm kh khn v khng th ni l chnh xc. Tuy nhin, phng php ny rt tin li cho cc nh qun l x hi. Vic nh gi gp kh khn l do : - Khng am hiu hnh vi v tin ho ca cc h sinh thi bn a. - Phn ng ca h sinh thi vi cc sc p mi trng l phi tuyn tnh v c tnh chm tr do sc ca h to ra. - Sai s do chn ch tiu v s liu iu tra thc t. - Vi nhng vng ln v khong thi gian nh gi l di (5 nm, 10 nm), cc
83

s liu quan trc thng khng y - Cung cp d liu sai lch v nhng l do vn ho - x hi hoc chnh tr Ngoi cc phng php n gin v d nh BS, LSI, cn tip tc nghin cu hon thin cc php o khc v hai ch s BS v LSI cha thc s phn nh ht tnh nhy cm ca h thng mi trng cn quan trc. CU HI N TP 1. Trnh by 10 tiu chun chung ca PTBV. 2. Ni dung, u im v hn ch ca B ch th v PTBV ca Vit Nam. 3. Nu cch tnh ch s BS v LSI : u im v hn ch ca hai cch tnh ny.

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Chng 6 NH HNG CHIN LC V BO V MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG VIT NAM

Chin lc Bo v mi trng Quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt theo Quyt nh s 256/2003/Q - TTg ngy 02/12/2003 [6]. Trc hn 1 nm, ti Hi ngh Thng nh th gii v PTBV ti Johannesburg Nam Phi (26/8-4/9/2002), bn bo co ca Chnh ph nc ta v PTBV vit Nam c trnh by [12]. Hai vn kin ny l c s cho cc k hoch, quy hoch v cc chng trnh hnh ng ca "ton ng, ton dn, ton qun" nhm lng ghp cc chnh sch mi trng vo PTBV trong 10 nm u ca th k XXI ny. 6.1. MC TIU V NH HNG BO V MI TRNG 6.1 .1 . Mc tiu bo v mi trng n nm 2010 Mc tiu tng qut - Hn ch mc gia tng nhim, khc phc tnh trng suy thoi v ci thin cht lng mi trng ; gii quyt c bn tnh trng suy thoi mi trng cc khu cng nghip, khu dn c ng c cc thnh ph ln v mt s vng nng thn ; ci to v x l mi trng trn cc dng sng, ao h, knh mng. - Nng cao kh nng phng trnh v hn ch tc ng xu ca thin tai, ca bin ng kh hu bt li i vi mi trng ; ng cu v khc phc c hiu qu s c mi trng do thin tai gy ra. - Khai thc v s dng hp l cc ti nguyn thin nhin, bo m cn bng sinh thi mc cao, bo tn thin nhin v gi gn a dng sinh hc. - Ch ng thc hin v p ng cc yu cu v mi trng trong hi nhp kinh t quc t, hn ch cc nh hng xu t qu trnh ton cu ho n mi trng trong nc. Mc tiu c th Hn ch mc gia tng nhim - 100% c s sn xut xy dng mi phi c cng ngh sch hoc c cc thit b gim thiu nhim, x l cht thi t tiu chun mi trng. - 50% cc c s sn xut kinh doanh c cp giy chng nhn t tiu chun mi trng hoc chng ch ISO 14001 . - 30% h gia nh, 70% doanh. nghip c dng c phn loi rc thi ti ngun, 80% khu dn c c thng rc tp trung ; 80% khu vc cng cng c thng gom rc thi.
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- 40% cc khu th, 70% cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut c h thng x l nc thi tp trung t tiu chun mi trng ; thu gom 90% cht thi rn sinh hot, cng nghip v dch v, x l trn 60% cht thi nguy hi v 100% cht thi bnh vin. -An ton ho cht c kim sot cht ch, c bit l cc ho cht c mc c hi cao ; vic sn xut v s dng thuc bo v thc vt gy nhim mi trng c hn ch ti a, tng cng s dng cc bin php tr dch hi tng hp. - X l trit cc c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng trn phm vi ton quc theo quyt nh s 64120031Q TTg ngy 22/4/2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph.

Ci thin cht lng mi trng

- C bn hon thnh vic ci to v nng cp h thng tiu thot nc ma v nc thi cc th v khu cng nghip. Phn u 40% cc th c h thng tiu thot v x l nc thi theo ng tiu chun quy nh. - Ci to 50% knh mng, ao h, cc on sng chy qua cc th b suy thoi nng trn phm vi c nc. - Gii quyt c bn cc im nng v nhim c dioxin. - 95% dn s th v 85% dn s nng thn c cung cp nc sinh hot hp v sinh. - 90% ng ph c cy xanh ; nng t l t cng vin cc khu th ln gp 2 ln so vi nm 2000. - 90% cc c s sn xut kinh doanh t tiu chun an ton lao ng v c cy xanh trong khun vin thuc khu vc sn xut. a cht lng nc cc lu vc sng t mc tiu chun cht lng nc dng cho nng nghip v nui trng thy sn (loi B).

m bo cn bng sinh thi mc cao

- Phc hi 50% mi trng cc khu vc khai thc khong sn, 40% cc h sinh thi b ph hu. - Nng t l t c rng che 50% rng u ngun b suy t 5% tng thoi v nng cao cht lng rng ; y mnh trng cy ph t 43% tng din tch t t nhin, khi phc phn tn trong nhn dn. - Nng t l s dng nng lng schnng lng tiu th hng nm. - Nng tng din tch cc khu bo tn t nhin ln gp 1 ,5 ln hin nay, c bit l cc khu bo tn thin nhin v vng t ngp nc. Phc hi din tch rng ngp mn bng 80% mc nm 1990.
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- p ng cc nhu cu v mi trng hi nhp kinh t quc t v hn ch cc tc ng tiu cc t mt tri ca ton cu ho. - 100% cc doanh nghip c sn phm xut khu p dng h thng qun l mi trng. - m bo 100% cc ging, loi, cc tin nhp khu vo nc ta phi c kim nh. - 100% sinh vt bin i en nhp khu vo Vit Nam phi c kim sot. 6.1.2. nh hng bo v mi trng n nm 2020 - Ngn chn c bn mc gia tng nhim, phc hi suy thoi v nng cao cht lng mi trng, m bo PTBV t nc ; m bo cho mi ngi dn c sng trong mi trng c cht lng tt v khng kh, t, nc, cnh quan v cc nhn t mi trng t nhin khc t chun mc do nh nc quy nh. Mc tiu c th nh sau: - 80% c s sn xut, kinh doanh c cp giy chng nhn t tiu chun mi trng hoc chng ch ISO 14001. - 100% th, khu cng nghip, khu ch xut c h thng x l nc thi tp trung t tiu chun mi trng. - 100% dn s th v 95% dn s nng thn c s dng nc sch. - Nng cp t l t c rng che ph t 48% tng din tch t nhin ca c nc. - 100% sn phm, hng ho xut khu v 50% hng ho tiu dng trong ni a c ghi nhn mi trng theo tiu chun ISO 14021 . 6.2. K HOCH PHT TRIN BN VNG CA NC TA N NM 2010 6.2.1 . Mc tiu tng qut a t nc ra khi tnh trng km pht trin ; nng cao r rt i sng vt cht, vn ho, tinh thn ca nhn dn ; to nn tng n nm 2020 Vit Nam c bn tr thnh mt nc cng nghip. Ngun lc con ngi, nng lc khoa hc v cng ngh, kt cu h tng, tim lc kinh t, quc phng, an ninh c tng cng ; c ch kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha c hnh thnh v c bn ; v th ca t nc trn trng quc t c nng cao. Pht trin kinh t - x hi gn cht vi bo v v ci thin mi trng, bo m s hi ho gia mi trng nhn to vi mi trng thin nhin, gi gn a dng sinh hc. 6.2.2. Nhng nguyn tc c bn ca pht trin bn vng Vit Nam - Coi con ngi l trung tm ca PTBV. p ng ngy cng y hn nhu cu vt cht v tinh thn ca mi tng lp nhn dn, xy dng t nc giu mnh, x hi cng bng, dn ch v vn minh. Tng trng kinh t phi c t trn nn tng s
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dng hp l ti nguyn, bo tn v ci thin mi trng, khng lm tn hi ti kh nng p ng nhu cu ca th h tng lai. - n nm 2010, phi coi pht trin kinh t lm nhim v trung tm, l mt phng tin ch yu t c cc mc tiu t ra. Tng trng nhanh v kinh t s to iu kin pht trin con ngi v ci thin mi trng tt nht. Pht trin kinh t da trn nguyn tc hi ho x hi, s dng hiu qu ti nguyn thin nhin v bo v mi trng mt cch bn vng, tn trng nguyn tc "kinh t, x hi, mi trng u c c hi". Trong nhng trng hp khng th thc hin c nguyn tc ny, th s tnh n nhng ci gi phi tr v mt x hi v mi trng cho nhim v tng trng kinh t, sao cho tng trng kinh t c cn nhc mc hp l khng vt qu ti trng m mi trng t nhin c th chu ng c. Khng xy ra cc tc ng nghim trng ti mi trng mc khng th sa cha c, hoc nu sa cha th phi tr gi qu t ; pht trin kinh t phi nm trong khun kh c th chp nhn c v mt vi bt bnh ng x hi, nh s chnh lch mc sng mt mc nht nh gia cc vng, cc ngnh, cc tng lp x hi, khng gy ra nhng xung t x hi cng thng do qu trnh tng trng kinh t mang li. - Bo v mi trng phi c coi l yu t khng th tch ri ca qu trnh pht trin. Vit Nam ch trng xy dng h thng php lut c hiu lc v bo v mi trng, ch ng gn kt yu cu ci thin mi trng trong mi quy hoch, k hoch, chng trnh v d n pht trin kinh t - x hi, coi yu cu bo v mi trng l mt tiu ch quan trng nh gi cc gii php pht trin. Tch cc v ch ng ngn chn, phng nga tc ng xu i vi mi trng do hot ng ca con ngi gy ra. Khi cha nh gi tc ng mi trng hoc cha bit chc chn cn c khoa hc x l tc ng mi trng th s khng vi v tin hnh cc hot ng. p dng rng ri nguyn tc "Ngi gy thit hi n ti nguyn mi trng th phi bi hon". S dng ngy cng tng cc cng c kinh t thc hin PTBV. - m bo bnh ng gia cc th h trong pht trin. Th h hin nay phi to ra nhng nn tng vt cht, tri thc v vn ho tt p cho th h mai sau, ng thi s dng tit kim nhng ti nguyn khng ti to c, gi gn v ci thin mi trng sng, pht trin h thng sn xut thn thin vi mi trng, xy dng mt cuc sng c cht lng v hi ho vi thin nhin. - Khoa hc v cng ngh l u tu ca pht trin. Cng nghip ho phi gn vi hin i ho ngay t u v trong sut cc giai on pht trin. Cng ngh hin i v thn thin vi mi trng cn c u tin s dng nhng ngnh v lnh vc c tc dng lan truyn mnh, c tc dng thc y s pht trin ca nhiu ngnh v lnh vc khc. - PTBV c coi l s nghip ca ton dn. Phi nng cao nhn thc nng lc v to c hi cho mt ngi pht huy ht ti nng, tham gia vo qu trnh pht trin v th hng thnh qu pht trin.
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- M rng quan h hp tc quc t trong s nghip pht trin t nc. Ch ng ngn chn, phng nga nhng tc ng xu v mi trng do qu trnh ton cu ho gy ra. Tch cc thc hin nhng cam kt quc t v phi hp vi cc nc, cc t chc c lin quan gii quyt nhng vn pht trin ca khu vc v ton cu. 6.1. TON CU HO MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG Ton cu ho (Globalisation) mang li c c hi ln thch thc cho s PTBV. Nhng c hi chnh l s m rng thng mi u t, lun chuyn vn, tin b khoa hc cng ngh tng trng kinh t v nng cao cht lng cuc sng ni chung trn ton cu. Thch thc bao gm phn cc giu ngho cng su sc hn, c th dn n nhng khng hong ti chnh nng n u ; bt n nh, ngho i v khng cng bng x hi gia mt s quc gia ; s chuyn giao cng ngh lc hu sang cc nc ngho; s tc ot sinh thi ca cc cng ng ngho i bi cc cng ty ln hoc cng ty quc t, km theo l s dch chuyn quc t ca nhim v suy thoi mi trng. Cn c s tr gip t cc nc pht trin dnh cho cc nc ang pht trin nh thit lp cc c ch ti chnh linh hot, gip xo i ngho, hon n, gii quyt cc vn mi trng xuyn quc gia, h tr ti chnh cho bo v mi trng v PTBV, chuyn giao cng ngh sch v cng thc hin nghim chnh cc iu c quc t. Ton cu ho phi i km vi s bnh ng hn gia cc quc gia. - Kt hp cht ch pht trin kinh t - x hi vi bo m quc phng v an ninh, trt t an ton x hi. 6.2.3. Cc lnh vc u tin cho pht trin bn vng Vit Nam - Duy tr tng trng kinh t nhanh v n nh trn c s nng cao khng ngng tnh hiu qu, hm lng khoa hc cng ngh, s dng tit kim ti nguyn thin nhin v bo v mi trng. - Thay i m hnh sn xut v m hnh tiu dng theo hng thn thin vi mi trng, duy tr li sng c nhn v x hi hi ho vi thin nhin, tit kim ti nguyn, gim ti a nhim mi trng. - Thc hin cng nghip ho sch, ngay t u phi quy hoch s pht trin cng nghip vi c cu ngnh ngh, cng ngh, thit b m bo nguyn tc thn thin vi mi trng, tch cc ngn nga v x l nhim cng nghip, xy dng nn "cng nghip xanh". - Pht trin nng nghip v nng thn bn vng, m bo an ton thc phm, bo tn v pht trin c cc ngun ti nguyn t nc, khng kh, a dng sinh hc. - Thc hin tt chnh sch dn s t c tng trng dn s n nh, chm sc sc kho, hc hnh, to vic lm, o to ngh nghip, bo v mi trng.
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- Tp trung n lc xo i, gim ngho, to lp c hi bnh ng cho mi ngi tham gia cc hot ng chnh tr, kinh t v x hi. - nh hng qu trnh th ho v di dn sao cho PTBV cc th, phn b hp l dn c v lao ng theo vng, m bo s pht trin kinh t - x hi v mi trng cc a phng. - i mi phng thc gio dc o to nng cao dn tr, trnh ngh nghip thch hp vi yu cu PTBV. - Pht trin v s lng v nng cao cht lng dch v chm sc sc khe, ci thin iu kin lao ng v v sinh mi trng, " ch trng h tr cc nn nhn ca dioxin; phc hi mi trng nhng ni b nhim c ca ho cht thi chin tranh, b nhim do cng nghip, b thin tai. - Nng cao nng lc qun l mi trng, qun l ti nguyn thin nhin theo hng bo v v s dng bn vng. 6.3. NHNG THCH THC CN PHI VT QUA T C PHT TRIN BN VNG NC TA - Kinh t cn km pht trin, cha to iu kin vt cht cho PTBV. Cc ngun u t ch yu nhm vo tng trng kinh t trc mt t ngun u t dnh cho ti to ti nguyn v bo v mi trng. Tng trng kinh t cn da nhiu vo ngun vn vay bn ngoi, buc cc th h tng lai phi hon tr. N nc ngoi ang tng ln nhanh chng ang tr thnh mi nguy c e da tnh bn vng ca tng lai. - Th ch, chnh sch cha hon thin. Cn thiu c quan qun l c thm quyn v c ch phi hp gii quyt cc vn hp tc trn vng v lin ngnh. Nng lc hoch nh chnh sch PTBV cn bt cp, c ch qun l v gim st PTBV cha c thit lp r. B my hnh chnh cn iu hnh km hiu qu [12]. Mi n u nm 2003, b my qun l nh nc v mi trng mi c to lp n cp c s nn cn nhiu vn phi gii quyt tng cng nng lc cho b my. - Sc p v dn s tip lc tng tnh trng thiu vic lm cn ph bin, t l dn s i ngho cn cao. Mt s gi tr vn ho, o c x hi truyn thng tt p ang b bin dng, nhiu loi t nn x hi cha c kim sot c hiu qu. - Trnh khoa hc, cng ngh ch t mc trung bnh ; vic hin i ho mi ch tin hnh c trong mt s ngnh, mt s lnh vc (nh du kh, bu chnh vin thng, hng khng...). c bit, cc lnh vc cng ngh thn thin vi mi trng cn yu km. Nguy c tt hu v khoa hc cng ngh l rt bc xc. - Cht lng mi trng t nhin (t, nc, rng...) ang bin ng theo chiu hng suy thoi. Tc hi ca chin tranh ho hc do M tin hnh cn cha lng ht ; s lm dng ho cht bo v thc vt, khng an ton v sinh thc phm, cc ging ng thc vt nhp t nc ngoi vo cha c kim sot cht ch ... ang tr thnh
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nhng ro cn ca PTBV. - Xu th ton cu ho trong c t do ho thng mi ang t nn kinh t nc ta trc mt cuc cnh tranh khng cn sc. Bin ng trong c cu chnh tr v an ninh quc t cng ang to sc p ln chin lc PTBV ca t nc. KT LUN CHNG 6 Cng vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t tri thc v mng thng tin ton cu, th gii ngy nay ang bin ng khng ngng vi tc ngy cng nhanh. Mt mt l s gia tng ca ngho i, ca chin tranh sc tc, tn gio hoc tranh chp ti nguyn i km vi khng b ; mt khc l s m rng hp tc ngy cng cht ch hn gia cc quc gia v mt cuc sng c cht lng hn, ngy cng bn vng hn trong mt bi cnh ton cu ho ang tr thnh hin hu. Hi ngh Thng nh Th gii ti Johannesburg v pht trin bn vng (2002), cng nh cam kt ca Vit Nam tham gia y v c trch nhim vo tin trnh thc hin tuyn b ca hi ngh l mt bng chng cho thy PTBV l xu th tt yu ca th gii. Tuyn b Johannesburg xc nhn rng "thch thc cp bch ca thi i chng ta vn l ngho i, thiu pht trin, suy thoi mi trng, bt bnh ng v kinh t x hi cc nc v gia cc nc. Nhng yu cu c bn nht PTBV l xo i, gim ngho, thay i cc mu hnh sn xut v tiu th khng bn vng, bo v v qun l c s ti nguyn thin nhin h tr cuc sng v pht trin kinh t - x hi". Vi nh hng, chin lc bo v mi trng v k hoch thc hin PTBV do Chnh ph cng b, nhng mc tiu c th ca giai on 10 nm u ca th k XXI c th l khng qu xa i vi nc ta. CU HI N TP 1. Nhng mc tiu v nh hng bo v mi trng ca nc ta n nm 2010 v tm nhn n nm 2020 l g? 2. Trnh by nhng mc tiu PTBV nc ta. Nhng lnh vc u tin no c la chn cho mc tiu PTBV ? Ti sao li sp xp th t u tin nh vy ? 3. Nhng thch thc m nc ta phi vt qua t c PTBV l g ?

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KT LUN iu nguy him nht i vi mi trng chnh l m hnh pht trin na vi hin nay ly kinh t lm trng tm v xy dng mt x hi tiu th lm mc tiu. M hnh pht trin ny to cho con ngi o tng rng khoa hc v cng ngh c th thng tr v thay i h t nhin xy dng cuc sng bn vng. Vi tt c cc tc ng xu kh o ngc i vi mi trng c du kn di nh ho quang ca tng trng kinh t, con ngi ch thc s tnh to khi nhng thm ho mi trng xy ra, tc ot nhng thnh cng ca pht trin. Bo v mi trng nhm pht trin bn vng tr thnh mt chin lc pht trin mi. Chin lc ny i hi con ngi phi c t duy mi trng trong hnh vi, li sng, trong quyt nh cc chin lc v chnh sch pht trin. Mi trng ca th k XXI khng ch l u ra ca cuc sng m cn l u vo ca sn xut. Thc thi nghim chnh cc quy nh php lut v BVMT khng ch n thun l ngha v cng dn m chnh l bo v s sinh tn ca con ngi. Bo v mi trng khng bao gi i nghch v cn tr pht trin, m i hi phi pht trin khc i, sao cho tng trng kinh t nhng vn bo tn c h t nhin v tng trng phc li x hi - nhn vn. Do , kim sot dn s, xo i gim ngho tuyt i, xanh ha nn kinh t, nng cao nhn thc mi trng, hon thin v thc thi c hiu qu c s lut php v BVMT l cc vn ct li ca pht trin bn vng. Khng ch th gii phi i mt vi suy thoi v nhim mi trng, vn mi trng cn mang m cc sc thi a phng. Chng ta khng th ch ch i cc quc gia cng lin kt gii quyt vn mi trng, bi v mi trng v pht trin bn vng l mc tiu ca ngay ngy hm nay, trn bnh din mi con ngi, mi phng x, mi a phng.

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TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Nguyn Thnh Bang, Cc nguyn l v mi trng. Ti liu ca d n VIETPRO.2020 B KHCN & MT, H Ni, 2000. [2] L Huy B, V Ch Hiu, V nh Long, Ti nguyn mi trng v pht trin bn vng. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 2002. [3] Nguyn nh Ho, "Mi trng v pht trin bn vng", trong sch Qun l Nh nc v Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng. NXB Khoa hc v K thut H Ni, 2000. [3] Nguyn c Hy, Pht trin bn vng trong tm nhn ca thi i. Vin Sinh thi v Mi trng xut bn, H Ni, 2003. [4] Nguyn c Khin, Mi trng v pht trin, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni, 2001. [5] B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Chin lc Bo v mi trng Quc gia trn 2010 v nh hng n 2020. H Ni, 2004. [6] Hi Bo v Thin nhin v Mi trng Vit Nam, Vit Nam, mi trng v cuc sng, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni, 2004. [7] IUCN. Chin lc cho cuc sng bn vng - Hy cu ly Tri t. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni, 1992. [8] U ban pht trin bn vng ca Lin hp quc, Cc ch s khung pht trin bn vng v phng php lun. UN, 1996. [9] Chng trnh v s thay i. Hi ngh Thng nh Tri t, 1992. [10] Qunh Trn v Nguyn Th Ngha, Pht trin th bn vng. NXB Khoa hc X hi, H Ni, 2002. [11] Pht trin bn vng Vit Nam. Mi nm nhn li v con ng pha trc. Bo co ca Chnh ph ti Hi ngh Thng nh Th gii v Pht trin bn vng ti Johannesburg, 2002. [12] Tuyn b Rio v mi trng v pht trin,1992. [13] Cairncross, F., 2000. Lng gi Tri t. Bn ting vit, Cc Mi trng dch v xut bn, H Ni. [14] Elliott, J.A., 1994. An Introduction to Sustainable Development. The Developing World. Routledge, Lon don and Newyork. [15] Hens, L. (Ed.), 1998. Sustainable Development. Free Univ. Press. Brussel, Belgium.
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[16] Nath, B. and Talay, I., 1998. Proposed Methodologyfor the calculation of a local Sustainability Indicator. In "Research in Hu man Ecology", Florence, Italy. [17] Trzyna, C. (Ed.), 1995. A Sustainable World. Defning and Measuring Sustainable Development. IUCN.

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MC LC Trang
M u ..................................................................................................................................... 3 BO V MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG HAY KHNG HONG TH K XXI.................................................................................................................................... 3 Chng 1: NHNG VN C BN V MI TRNG ................................................ 6 1.1. MI TRNG L G ?................................................................................................... 6 1.2. CU TRC H THNG MI TRNG....................................................................... 7 1.3. CHC NNG CA H THNG MI TRNG - NHIM, SUY THOI V S C MI TRNG.................................................................................................................. 9 1.3.1 . Chc nng ca mi trng .......................................................................................... 9 1 .3.2. Suy thoi mi trng ................................................................................................... 9 1. 3.4. S c mi trng v tai bin mi trng: ................................................................. 12 1.4. AN NINH MI TRNG V AN TON MI TRNG : ....................................... 14 1.5. NGHO KH V MI TRNG:............................................................................... 15 1.6. DN S V MI TRNG......................................................................................... 16 1.7. NHNG VN MI TRNG TON CU .......................................................... 19 1.7.1. Bin i kh hu.......................................................................................................... 19 1.7.2. Suy gim tng zn .................................................................................................... 19 1 .7.3. nhim xuyn bin gii gia tng ............................................................................. 19 1 .7.4. Xut khu cht thi c hi ....................................................................................... 19 1.7.5. Suy thoi a dng sinh hc ......................................................................................... 20 1.8. NHNG VN MI TRNG BC XC VIT NAM .................................... 21 1.8.1 . Bin i kh hu......................................................................................................... 21 1.8.2. Suy thoi t ............................................................................................................... 21 1 .8.3. Ti nguyn v mi trng nc ................................................................................ 21 1 .8.4. Mi trng bin......................................................................................................... 22 1.8.5. Ti nguyn rng.......................................................................................................... 22 1.8.6. a dng sinh hc ........................................................................................................ 22 1 .8.7. Mi trng th....................................................................................................... 23 1.8.8. Mi trng cng nghip ............................................................................................. 23 1.8.9. Mi trng nng thn v nng nghip ....................................................................... 24 1.8.10. S c mi trng ...................................................................................................... 24 KT LUN CHNG 1....................................................................................................... 27 CU HI N TP ................................................................................................................ 27 Chng 2: PHT TRIN BN VNG................................................................................. 28 2.1. KHI NIM V NI DUNG PHT TRIN BN VNG (PTBV)........................ 28 2.1.1. Pht trin v pht trin khng bn vng..................................................................... 28 2.1 .2. Yu cu ca pht trin bn vng ............................................................................... 31 2.1 .3. Cc nguyn tc ca pht trin bn vng.................................................................... 34 2.2. CC MC TIU CA PHT TRIN BN VNG ................................................ 35 2.2.1: Hi ngh Thng nh v Mi trng v PTBV .................................................. 35 2.2.2. S dng hp l ti nguyn v tnh bn vng ........................................................ 36 2.2.3. Duy tr a dng sinh hc v tnh bn vng ........................................................... 39 2.2.4. Phng thc tiu th trong PTBV ........................................................................ 41 2.2.5. Vai tr ca khoa hc cng ngh trong PTBV ....................................................... 42 2.3: TNG HP NHNG QUAN NIM KHC BIT GIA HAI HNG PHT TRIN .................................................................................................................................... 44 KT LUN CHNG 2....................................................................................................... 45 CU HI N TP ................................................................................................................ 46 95

Chng 3: MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG CC VNG KINH TSINH THI C BN............................................................................................................ 47 3.1. PHT TRIN BN VNG NNG THN .............................................................. 47 3.1.1. Cc vn mi trng nng thn .............................................................................. 47 3.1.2. Hng ti PTBV nng thn ....................................................................................... 50 3.2. PHT TRIN BN VNG TH......................................................................... 53 3.2.1. Cc xu hng th ho ton cu......................................................................... 53 3.2.2. Ngho i th - thch thc mi trng ton cu ........................................... 55 3.2.3. Hng ti PTBV th ......................................................................................... 57 KT LUN CHNG 3....................................................................................................... 60 CU HI N TP ................................................................................................................ 60 CHNG 4: NHNG KH KHN TRONG BO V MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG ........................................................................................................................... 61 4.1 . NHNG THCH THC CHNH TR:...................................................................... 61 4.2. PHT TRIN CC OAN ......................................................................................... 63 4.3. QUAN IM MI TRNG CC OAN ............................................................... 64 4.4. T THAM NHNG V LI SNG TIU TH:....................................................... 67 4.5. BNG N DN S..................................................................................................... 68 4.6. MT TRI CA KHOA HC - CNG NGH ......................................................... 69 KT LUN CHNG 4....................................................................................................... 71 CU HI N TP ................................................................................................................ 71 Chng 5: NH GI BN VNG.............................................................................. 72 5.1 . MI TIU CHUN CHUNG CA PHT TRIN BN VNG........................... 72 5.2. B CH TH V PHT TRIN BN VNG CA VIT NAM ............................... 75 5.3. THC O BN VNG BS (Barometer of Sustainability) NHM XC NH V SO SNH CC VNG (do IUCN xut nm 1994) .................................................. 76 5.4. NH GI PHT TRIN CNG NG BNG CH S BN VNG A PHNG............................................................................................................................... 79 5.4.1. Gii thiu chung v ch s bn vng a phng (LSI) .......................................... 79 5.4.2. Nguyn tc xc lp cc ch th n (indicator)........................................................ 80 5.4.3. Xc lp cc ch th n tng ng....................................................................... 80 5.4.4. So snh s pht trin ca hai phng Vnh Tri v ng Kinh - th x Lng Sn nm 1999 trn c s ch s LSI ............................................................................................ 81 KT LUN CHNG 5....................................................................................................... 83 CU HI N TP ................................................................................................................ 84 Chng 6: NH HNG CHIN LC V BO V MI TRNG V PHT TRIN BN VNG VIT NAM................................................................................................... 85 6.1. MC TIU V NH HNG BO V MI TRNG ....................................... 85 6.1 .1 . Mc tiu bo v mi trng n nm 2010 ........................................................... 85 6.1.2. nh hng bo v mi trng n nm 2020 ........................................................ 87 6.2. K HOCH PHT TRIN BN VNG CA NC TA N NM 2010 ........... 87 6.2.1 . Mc tiu tng qut .................................................................................................. 87 6.2.2. Nhng nguyn tc c bn ca pht trin bn vng Vit Nam .............................. 87 6.2.3. Cc lnh vc u tin cho pht trin bn vng Vit Nam....................................... 89 6.3. NHNG THCH THC CN PHI VT QUA T C PHT TRIN BN VNG NC TA .................................................................................................... 90 KT LUN CHNG 6....................................................................................................... 91 CU HI N TP ................................................................................................................ 91 KT LUN............................................................................................................................ 92 TI LIU THAM KHO...................................................................................................... 93

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Chu trch nhim xut bn : Ch tch HQT kim Tng Gim c NG TRN i Ph Tng Gim c kim Tng bin tp NGUYN QU THAO

T chc bn tho v chu trch nhim ni dung : Ch tch HQT kim Gim c CT CP Sch H DN

TRN NHT TN Bin tp v sa bn in : HONG TH QUY Trnh by ba : BI QUANG TUN Trnh by v ch bn : L TH HNG THY

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