Derrick Lai Chapter #30: The War to End War Big Picture Themes

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1. President Wilson outlined the wars objecti es with his !ourteen Points. The" set the goals o# #ree seas$ sel#%determination a#ter the war$ and establishing a bod" to &re ent #uture wars. '. ( militar" dra#t was instituted$ the #irst since the )i il War. *. Women went to work more than the"d e er done and black soldiers were dra#ted into the militar" into segregated units. +. The (mericans #ocussed their militar" e##ort in &rotecting Paris #rom the ,ermans. -. (t the Treat" o# .ersailles$ Wilson agreed to allow England and !rance to &unish ,erman" #or the war. /n return$ the" agreed to start Wilsons 0League o# 1ations.2 3. 4owe er$ the 56 6enate rejected the Treat"7League. The" didnt wish to turn o er (mericas decision%making to a #oreign bod" like the League o# 1ations. Chapter #30 /denti#ications ,eorge )reel ,eorge )reel was a journalist that was the leader o# the )ommittee on Public /n#ormation. 4is main &ur&ose was to sell &ro&aganda. 4e was the leader o# the )ommittee on Public /n#ormation and he used man" methods to encourage the &ublic &eo&le to su&&ort the ongoing war. Bernard Baruch Bernard Baruch was a stock in estor and was on the War /ndustries board #or a short &eriod o# time. 4e was the leader o# the War /ndustries Board who wanted to regulate the materials made during and #or the war. 4enr" )abot Lodge Lodge went against Wilson in the election. Wilson re#used to take him to the con#erence in Paris and it made the 8e&ublicans er" mad. 4e was the &art o# the 6enate !oreign 8elations )ommittee and was in charge o# #ighting against &eo&le joining the League o# 1ations. 4e also was &art o# the 9reser ationists9 o# the )ongress. 6el#%Determination This is used in &olitics to make the &eo&le im&lement its own national identit" to make a go ernment using #oreign in#luence. This is the skill or &ower o# a go ernment to determine b" themsel es their own de elo&ment their #ree will without an"thing tell

Derrick Lai them.

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:ames ;. )o< )o< su&&orted the internationalist &olicies o# Woodrow Wilson and #a ored 5.6. entr" into the League o# 1ations. ( ca&able and well%liked re#ormer$ he was nominated #or the &residenc" b" the Democratic &art" while ser ing as ,o ernor. 4owe er$ )o< was de#eated in the 1='> &residential election b" a #ellow ?hioan and news&a&erman$ 5.6. 6enator Warren ,. 4arding o# ;arion. The &ublic had grown wear" o# the turmoil o# the Wilson "ears$ and eagerl" acce&ted 4arding@s call #or a 9return to normalc".9 6el#%Determination 6tates that nations based on res&ect #or the &rinci&le o# eAual rights and #air eAualit" o# o&&ortunit" ha e the right to #reel" choose their so ereignt" and international &olitical status with no e<ternal com&ulsion or inter#erence. )ollecti e securit" E er"one res&onds to an outside threat to &eace. ( securit" arrangement$ &olitical$ regional$ or global$ in which each state in the s"stem acce&ts that the securit" o# one is the concern o# all$ and there#ore commits to a collecti e res&onse to threats to$ and breaches to &eace. 1ormalc" 4arding@s slogan in the &residential cam&aign. 4e meant that the 56 had gotten in ol ed in a Euro&ean war that we should not ha e. The 56 would return to its historic &olic" o# isolation #rom Euro&e. )ommercial treaties but no de#ensi e alliances. Bimmerman 1ote ( letter that was interce&ted b" the 5nited 6tates that stated i# ;e<ico were to in ade the 5.6.$ then ,erman" would grant some o# the land back to ;e<ico. The letter was a major ste& in bringing the 5.6. in to the war$ because it was a #ull%on threat towards the 5nited 6tates. !ourteen Points The !ourteen Points was a s&eech that Wilson ga e to congress. /ts goal was to kee& the (merican &eo&le strong and strengthen moral. The !ourteen &oints was a s&eech Woodrow Wilson ga e to )ongress 1=1C. This was to gi e (merican more con#idence as well as make the (llies more courage to kee& #ighting. 6ome &oints were ban secret treaties$ the seas were o&en to e er"one$ take awa" economic &roblems. League o# 1ations The League o# 1ations was an idea brought together b" Wilson in order to insure

Derrick Lai

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&eace. The" howe er did not ha e an" &ower because the" had no arm". The" were also &owerless to sto& the world wars. )ommittee on Public /n#ormation The )ommittee on Public /n#ormation was created in order to get (mericans and the (llies read" #or war. This )ommittee was made b" Woodrow Wilson$ This grou& was &art o# the !ederal grou& that #ocused on creating and dis&ensing &ro%war &ro&aganda to the &ublic. Es&ionage and 6edition (cts These acts were made so that (mericans couldnt down&la" or talk back to the go ernment. The &eo&le would be &unished i# the" do. Deli ered &unishments D sentence to &rison #or &eo&le creating wrong statements to hel& the enem" and &roclaiming rebellion inside the militar". /ndustrial Workers o# the World The /WW did not su&&ort the war e##ort and sabotaged #actories so the" could not make stu##. This was a labor union #or industrial laborers who did not like the war. The" wanted to combine all the labor unions o# similar moti es. War /ndustries Board The War /ndustries Board was set u& to bring justice and order in the war e##ort. This was a su&&ort creating during World War / to create more industries that are reliable and the reduice the amount o# trash created #rom &roducts. 1ineteenth (mendment Basicall" allowed women the right to ote. Prohibits an" 5nited 6tates citiEen #rom being denied the right to ote on the basis o# se<. The amendment was the culmination o# the women@s su##rage mo ement in the 5nited 6tates$ which #ought at both state and national le els to achie e the ote. /t e##ecti el" o erruled ;inor . 4a&&ersett$ in which a unanimous 6u&reme )ourt ruled that the !ourteenth (mendment did not gi e women the right to ote. !ood (dministration 4erbert 4oober set u& the !ood (dministration to insure that #ood reaches (llied troo&s. This was go ernment owned organiEation b" 4erbert 4oo er who was in charge and was created to make more #ood and ration #or the ;ilitar" /rreconcilables Bitter o&&onents o# the Treat" o# .ersailles. The term re#ers to the re&ublicans and democrats alike who #ought intensel" to de#eat the rati#ication o# the treat" b" the 6enate in 1=1=. The" succeeded$ and the 5nited 6tates ne er rati#ied the Treat" o#

Derrick Lai .ersailles and ne er joined the League o# 1ations.

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Treat" o# .ersailles The Treat" o# .ersailles ended WW/ and ga e ,erman" a er" big war debt that dro e them into &o ert". /t was one o# the main reasons that started WW//. This was a treat" where ,erman" was #orced to sign because the" had to &a" back all the damage done and where e er" countr" banded together and hated ,erman". Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions War b" (ct o# ,erman" FnowG 9Peace without .ictor"$9 5nlimited 6ubmarine War#are$ (rthur Bimmermann 1. What e ents led Woodrow Wilson to ask )ongress to declare warH When the 5%Boats attacked (merican shi&s and the 8ussian Tsar !ell were e ents that lead to the (mericans declaring war. (rthur Bimmermann sent a telegram to ;e<ico but it was interce&ted b" the British. /t said that ;e<ico could gain their inde&endence i# the rebel against (merica. /t also stated that ,erman" would begin 5nlimited 6ubmarine War#are. Peace without ictor" was a s&eech gi en b" Wilson to other nations to encourage the end o# war. !ighting would sto& i# each nation would sto& attacking each other. Wilsonian /dealism Enthroned FnowG :eannette 8ankin '. 1ame Wilsons twin war aims. 4ow did these set (merica a&art #rom the other combatantsH 1I 0To make the world sa#e #or Democrac"2$ other countries wanted mone" or land #rom war 'I 0Peace without ictor"2$ (merica didnt want to win$ it wanted to end the war Wilsons !ourteen Potent Points FnowG !ourteen Points *. List se eral o# Wilsons !ourteen Points. Wilsons !ourteen Points was to abolish secret treaties$ #reedom o# the seas$ abolishment o# economic barriers$ reduction o# armament burdens$ and adjustment o# colonial claims. (bolish all secret treaties% good #or liberals !reedom o# the seas% good #or germans and anti brits /nternational economic barrier remo al% liberals 8eduction o# armament burdens% good #or ta<&a"ers (djustment o# coloniEation &olic"% good #or antiim&erialists )reel ;ani&ulates ;inds FnowG )ommittee on Public /n#ormation$ ,eorge )reel$ !our%minute ;en$ The 4un$ ? er There

Derrick Lai +. 4ow were (mericans moti ated to hel& in the war e##ortH

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(mericans were moti ated in the war e##ort through &ro&aganda and de#ending democrac" #or (merican and all around the world. !our ;inute ;en were J-$>>> creel workers that were sent out to gi e s&eeches to (merica. ,eorge )reel was a journalist that was the leader o# the )ommittee on Public /n#ormation. 4is main &ur&ose was to sell &ro&aganda. The )ommittee on Public /n#ormation was created in order to get (mericans and the (llies read" #or war. En#orcing Lo"alt" and 6ti#ling Dissent FnowG Libert" )abbage$ Es&ionage (ct$ 6edition (ct$ Eugene .. Debs$ William D. 4a"wood -. 4ow was lo"alt" #orced during WW/H Lo"alt" was #orced with the use o# the Es&ionage (ct and 6edition (ct. /t said that (mericans could not criticiEe the go ernment and what the" do. /# the" did the" would be &ut into jail under treason. Libert" )abbage was when (mericans were being racist towards an"thing ,erman. 6auerkraut was changed to Libert" )abbage. The 1ations !actories ,o to War FnowG Bernard Baruch$ War /ndustries Board 3. Wh" was it di##icult to mobiliEe industr" #or the war e##ortH (merica was not read" #or war and didnt know how to build wea&ons. The states also did not want the !ederal ,o t. to control their #actories. The War /ndustries Board was set u& to bring justice and order in the war e##ort. Bernard Baruch was a stock in estor and was on the War /ndustries board #or a short &eriod o# time. Workers in Wartime FnowG 9Work or !ight$9 1ational War Labor Board$ Wobblies J. 4ow did the war a##ect the labor mo ementH Limited7reset labor mo ement &rogress Work or #ight &olic" /n#lation catching on to new wages 1=1= steel strike '->$>> *>$>>> black strike breakers sent 1ational War Labor Board )ontrolled b" Ta#t$ hel&ed workers get more &a" and C hours (merican !ederation o# Labor (! o# L with 6amuel ,om&ers su&&orted war 8ewarded with more members /WW /ndustrial Workers o# world or Wobblies or / Wont Works sabotaged e##orts 8ace 8iots in )hicago and 6t Louis Black . White 6u##ering 5ntil 6u##rage

Derrick Lai FnowG 1(W6($ 1=th (mendment$ Womens Bureau C. 4ow did the war a##ect womenH

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Women were able to work in #actories and increased the work#orce because men were #ighting the war. 1(W6( was led b" (nna 4oward and called #or Womens 6u##rage. The Womens Bureau was established a#ter the war to gi e rights to women. The 1=th amendment was &assed to gi e rights to women. !orging a War Econom" FnowG !ood (dministration$ 4erbert 4oo er$ ;eatless Tuesda"s$ Eighteenth (mendment$ 4eatless ;onda"s$ Libert" Bonds =. Did go ernment become too intrusi e in &eo&les li es during the warH ,i e e<am&les to su&&ort "our answer. Kes the go ernment did. The" wanted the measure o# war to be er" marine and strong. /t would allow good &eo&le skills. The !ood (dministration was set u& to gi e #ood to allied troo&s. This was set u& b" President 4erbert 4oo er who &receded Wilson. Libert" Bonds were used to gi e mone" to the go ernment to su&&ort the war. /t would gi e (mericans more mone" than what the" ga e a#ter the war. ;aking Plowbo"s into Doughbo"s 1>. Was the go ernments e##ort to raise an arm" #air and e##ecti eH The go ernments e##ort to raise an arm" was e##ecti e because it allowed the soldiers to gi e out their o&inion and &ro ide workout sessions. E##ecti e "es$ #air no$ e##ecti e in raising + million man arm" without a hitch$ un#air due to segregation o# black and white troo&s$ black troo&s usuall" did manual labor Lwomen also admittedI !ighting in !rance%%Belatedl" 11. 4ow were (merican troo&s used in 8ussiaH -$>>> were sent to (rchangel to &re ent ,ermans #rom taking 8ussian munitions (merica 4el&s 4ammer the 4un FnowG ;arshal !och$ :ohn :. Pershing$ ;euse%(rgonne ?##ensi e$ (l in Kork 1'. Describe the e##ect o# the (merican troo&s on the #ighting. (merican troo&s were "oung and able men who were read" to #ight #or their countr". ;arshal !och commanded these troo&s in the s&ring o# 1=1C. (nother leader was :ohn :. Pershing who was the ,eneral o# the (llied (rm". (l in Kork was a (merican soldier who killed man" ,ermans and was a war hero. The !ourteen Points Disarm ,erman" FnowG (rmistice 1*. What role did (merica &la" in bringing ,erman" to surrenderH (merica &ro ided !ood$ wea&ons$ mone"$ men$ intimidation.

Derrick Lai

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Wilson 6te&s Down #rom ?l"m&us FnowG 4enr" )abot Lodge 1+. What &olitical mistakes hurt Wilson in the months #ollowing the armisticeH Wilson broke his agreement o# 0Politics (djourned2 b" hel&ing the Democrats. 4enr" )abot Lodge went against Wilson in the election. Wilson re#used to take him to the con#erence in Paris and it made the 8e&ublicans er" mad. The /dealist Battles the /m&erialists in Paris FnowG .ittorio ?rlando$ Da id Llo"d ,eorge$ ,eorges )lemenceau$ League o# 1ations 1-. 4ow did Wilsons desire #or the League o# 1ations a##ect his bargaining at the &eace con#erenceH Wilson said that he would not take conAuered colonies. The League o# 1ations was set u& to be a &eace &arliament to o ersee coloniEation. .ittorio ?rlando and ,eorges )lemenceau was one o# the Big !our at the Kalta con#erence. 4ammering ?ut the Treat" FnowG William Borah$ 4iram :ohnson$ /rreconcilables 13. What com&romises did Wilson make at the &eace con#erenceH Borah and :ohnson were 0irreconcilables2 7 0battalion o# death2 who strongl" against the League o# 1ations. *= re&ublican senators told Wilson that he must edit his treat" #irst. Wilson #ought with !rance o er 8hineland and 6aar alle" rich with coal to not take but hold #or 1- "ears. Wilson settled a dis&ute between /tal" and Kugosla ia o er the sea&ort o# #iume b" letting the &ort go to Kugosla ia. 4e also dis&uted with :a&an o er chinas 6hangdong &ro ince and &aci#ic islands$ he mandated :a&an let the islands go but had to let them hold 6hangdong until an uns&eci#ied date$ breaking sel#%determination. /n words o# )lemenceau Wilson talks like god acts like Llo"d ,eorge. The Peace Treat" That Bred a 1ew War FnowG Treat" o# .ersailles 1J. !or what reasons did Wilson com&romise his 1+ PointsH Wilson had to com&romise his 1+ &oints$ kee&ing onl" #our due to con#licting interests o# the other allied nations$ so he had to sacri#ice the less im&ortant ones #or the ones that were critical$ like the league o# nations. The Domestic Parade o# Prejudice 1C. Wh" was the treat" criticiEed back in (mericaH ;an" (mericans didnt want to be in ol ed with #oreign a##airs. 6ome other &eo&le thought the treat" was too nice on ,erman". The (nti ,ermans thought the treat" was #ar too la<$

Derrick Lai

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the liberals thought the treat" was too harsh$ the minorities Lh"&henated (mericansI and ,ermans thought the treat" un#a orable7 cruel to their res&ecti e nations and the /rish thought that the treat" ga e Britain too much sea &ower. Wilsons Tour and )olla&se L1=1=I 1=. What was the &ur&ose and result o# Wilsons tri& around the countr" when he returned to (mericaH Wilson wanted to ha e su&&ort #or the League o# 1ations. /t was also to s&read &ro&aganda that (merica was a great nation. 5&on Wilsons return$ 6enator Lodge was determined to re&ublicaniEe or senatorialiEe the Treat" o# .ersailles so that he could claim &olitical credit$ to do this he stalled the senate and di ided &ublic o&inion b" using arious &eo&le o# di##ering nationalities to grie e about the Treat". Wilson conducted his tour to con ince the (merican &eo&le towards the merits o# the treat"$ though treated coldl" in the ,erman #illed ;idwest$ on The 8ockies and the Western coast welcomed him with #er or$ it was there that he &assed out and took the 0#uneral train2 back to Washington. 4e was also #ollowed b" irreconcilables De#eat Through Deadlock '>. Wh" was the treat" #inall" rejectedH 6enator tacked onto the treat" the Lodge 8eser ations L1+ to be e<actI which essentiall" nurtured the Wilsoninan as&ects o# the treat"$ causing Wilson to command the Democrats to reject the treat". (#ter ' rejections$ the senate sim&l" dro&&ed the matter.The treat" was #inall" rejected because it was deadlocked and he hated Lodge er" much to let the treat" &ass. /t re#used to let it &ast because he didnt back the Democrats. The 96olemn 8e#erendum9 o# 1='> FnowG Warren 4arding$ :ames ;. )o<$ 1ormalc" '1. What did the results o# the 1='> election indicateH Wilson had &lanned to settle the matter o# the Treat" o# .ersailles with a 06olemn 8e#erendum2 during the 1='> election. The election was between 8e&ublican Warren ,. 4arding with )al in )oolidge as .& and Democrat :ames )o< with !ranklin D. 8oose elt as .& s Eugene Debs. The senate bosses instructed 4arding to sta" on the #ence o er the treat" issue and a#ter the death o# Theodore 8oose elt in 1=1=$ all the bull moosers returned along with the old guard to the ,oP$ 4arding won a with crushing #orce. Peo&le clambered #or normalc"$ or the return #rom wilsonian idealism to normal no #oreign entanglements &olicies. The Betra"al o# ,reat E<&ectations ''. 4ow much should the 5.6. be blamed #or the #ailure o# the Treat" o# .ersaillesH Partiall"$ though the contributions o# the 5s amounted to little in terms o# actual in ol ement$ the main #ault o# the treat" was that none o# the allies were willing to loose their chance to humiliate ,erman". /t should be noted howe er$ that the 5s is to blame #or

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the League o# 1ations$ which the" backed out o# and the same with !rances 6ecurit" Treat". .ar"ing .iew&ointsG Woodrow WilsonG 8ealist or /dealistH FnowG 8ealism$ /dealism$ Wilsonianism '*. To what e<tent was Wilson realistic when he called #or a world o# coo&eration$ eAualit" and justice among nationsH Entirel"$ though Wilsons &lan was brilliant on &a&er$ in &ractice it amounted to little due to the lack o# both e<ternal coo&eration #rom #oreign nations and lack o# internal coo&eration #rom the er" &eo&le that Wilson em&owered$ the (merican Peo&le.