ChuongI - Gioi Thieu Chung

Qun tr CSDL v Phn mm ng dng
B mn CNTT Khoa Tin hc Thng Mi
11/3/2008
Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng
Mc tiu mn hc

Trang b kin thc c bn v CSDL. Gii thiu phng php thit k, xy dng CSDL quan h, ngn ng SQL. Trang b nhng hiu bit c bn v thao tc vi CSDL thng qua mt phn mm ng dng qun tr CSDL quan h
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Yu cu mn hc
Nghe ging
Gi l thuyt : 30 tit Gi tho lun + thc hnh: 6 tit
Tho lun + Thc hnh
c ti liu tham kho
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Ti liu tham kho

[1] Gio trnh qun tr CSDL v phn mm ng dng, Trng i hc Thng mi. [2]Nhp mn CSDL quan h. L Tin Vng, NXB Thng k, 2002. [3] Access 2002 Bible. Cary N.Prague & Michael R.Irwin, New York. NY, 2002 [4] Principles of Database Systems. Ullman, J.D, Computer Sience Press, Rockville, Md. 1982. [5] Nguyn l ca cc h CSDL. Nguyn Kim Anh, NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni, 2004.
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Ni dung l thuyt
Chng Chng Chng Chng 1: 2: 3: 4: Tng quan v CSDL Thit k CSDL quan h Ngn ng SQL Phn mm ng dng qun tr CSDL
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Chng I: Tng quan v CSDL
1.CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1.CSDL 1.2.Nhng ngi s dng CSDL 1.3.H qun tr CSDL 1.4.H CSDL 2.1.Cc mc tru tng 2.2.Lc CSDL 2.3.Tnh c lp d liu 3.1. M hnh thc th lin kt (ER)

2.KIN TRC CA MT H CSDL

3.CC M HNH D LIU
3.1.1.Thc th v lin kt 3.1.2.S thc th lin kt
3.2. M hnh d liu quan h 3.2.1. Cc khi ni m trong m hnh quan h 3.2.2. Bin i s ER sang lc quan h
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1.1. CSDL
nh ngha:
D liu: phn nh mt s vt hin tng trong th gii khch quan c lu tr trong my tnh di dng c cu trc (bn ghi) hoc khng c cu trc (hnh nh, m thanh) CSDL: tp hp d liu tng quan c t chc c lu tr trn cc phng tin lu tr nh a t, bng t v..v nhm tha m cc yu cu khai thc thng tin (ng thi) ca nhiu ngi s dng v ca nhiu chng trnh ng dng.
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c tnh ca CSDL
Chia s tc CSDL cho php nhiu ngi dng, nhiu ng dng. Bn vng tc d liu c t trn thit b lu tr n nh, cho php s dng li nhiu ln
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Trc khi c CSDL
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CSDL dng chung

11/3/2008 Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng 10
CSDL trong cc ng dng
Thng dng
Csdl trong cc ng dng qun l ngun nhn lc, dch v cng cng (in, nc...) Csdl khch hng, sn phm hng ho... ca cc ca hng trc tuyn (B2C) sn giao dch trc tuyn(B2B) Csdl lu tr d liu ca cc ng dng chuyn bit nh h thng thng tin a l (GIS_ Geographic Information System)
Thng mi in t
Chuyn bit
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CSDL lu tr di dng bng (hay quan h) l hnh thc lu tr nhiu nht v c ng dng rng ri nht hin nay.
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Csdl thng tin a l lu tr
D liu bn (hnh nh bn ) D liu thuc tnh (m t c tnh, c im v cc hin tng xy ra ti mt v tr a l c th)
Mi lp trong d liu bn lu tr mt bn lin quan n 1 chc nng c th
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Tiu chun ca CSDL
Gim vic d tha: Mi mt ng dng khng cn phi c cc tp tin d liu ca ring n Trnh c s khng nht qun d liu D liu c chia s p dng cc chun nghim ngt p dng cc bin php an ton bo mt Cc rng buc phi c duy tr
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1.2. Ngi s dng CSDL
Ngi dng cui: Khai thc CSDL thng qua cc ng dng hoc da trn phn mm qun tr CSDL. Ngi lp trnh ng dng: L ngi vit cc chng trnh ng dng cho php ngi s dng cui s dng CSDL. Ngi qun tr CSDL (Database Administrator): L ngi thu thp d liu, thit k v bo tr CSDL, thit lp cc c ch m bo an ton cho CSDL (sao lu, phc hi d liu).
Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng 15
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1.3. H qun tr CSDL
Khi nim
H qun tr CSDL l mt phn mm cho php to lp CSDL v iu khin mi truy nhp i vi CSDL . Qun l d liu lu di H tr truy nhp d liu ln mt cch hiu qu
c im

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Chc nng ca h QT CSDL

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H tr t nht mt cch t chc d liu (m hnh d liu) Lu tr, truy xut v cp nht d liu Qun l giao dch (transaction management) iu khin tng tranh (concurrency control) Chp lu v phc hi d liu. Bo mt d liu Duy tr tnh ton vn/nht qun d liu. Cung cp cc tin ch H tr truyn thng d liu
Phn loi h qun tr CSDL

Da trn cch thc t chc d liu H QTCSDL phn cp (IMS ca IBM) H QTCSDL mng (IDMS ca Cullinet Software) H QTCSDL quan h

Cho my tnh c nhn:Microsoft Access Cho my ch: Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle
H QTCSDL i tng (Ozone)

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1.4. H CSDL
Khi nim
H CSDL l h thng gm 4 thnh phn

Ngi s dng H QTCSDL CSDL Phn cng: My tnh, a, bng t dng lu tr d liu
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2. Kin trc h CSDL

Ngi dng 1 Ngi dng 2 .. Ngi dng N
K nhn 1
K. nhn 2
Mc khung nhn
K nhn N
Mc khi nim (Mc logic)
Mc vt l
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2.1. Cc mc tru tng
Mc khung nhn:
M t ch mt phn ca ton b CSDL. H thng c th cung cp nhiu khung nhn i vi cng mt CSDL. M t nhng d liu no c lu tr trong CSDL v cc mi quan h no tn ti gia cc d liu ny. M t d liu c lu tr nh th no. Ti mc vt l, cc cu trc d liu mc thp phc tp c m t chi tit.
Mc khi nim (logic):
Mc vt l:
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2.2. Lc CSDL
Mt thit k tng th ca CSDL c gi l lc CSDL
Lc khi nim l b khung ca CSDL mc khi nim. Lc vt l l b khung ca CSDL mc vt l. Lc khung nhn c gi l lc con.
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2.3.Tnh c lp d liu
Khi nim
Kh nng thay i mt nh ngha lc trong mt mc m khng nh hng n nh ngha lc mc cao hn tip theo c gi l tnh c lp d liu. c lp d liu mc vt l l kh nng thay i lc mc vt l m khng dn n cc chng trnh ng dng phi vit li. Cc thay i ti mc vt l i khi l cn thit tng hiu nng h thng. c lp d liu mc logic l kh nng thay i lc mc logic m khng dn n cc chng trnh ng phi vit li. Cc thay i ti mc logic l cn thit bt k khi no cu trc logic ca CSDL b sa i.
Phn loi
c lp d liu mc logic l kh t c hn so vi c lp d liu mc vt l do cc chng trnh ng dng ph thuc nhiu vo cu trc logic ca d liu m h ang truy cp.
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3. M hnh d liu
Khi nim
M hnh d liu l mt m t ca vic t chc d liu trong CSDL: d liu, rng buc c nh ngha cho d liu cng quan h gia cc d liu. M hnh d liu da trn i tng
Phn loi
V d: M hnh thc th lin kt ER (Entity-Relationship model) M hnh d liu da trn bn ghi V d: M hnh d liu phn cp, m hnh d liu mng, m hnh d liu quan h.
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3.1. M hnh thc th lin kt
M hnh thc th lin kt da trn c s s nhn thc ca th gii thc bao gm mt tp cc i tng c s c gi l cc thc th v mt tp cc lin kt gia cc i tng ny.
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Ti sao dng ER ?
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M hnh thc th lin kt l cch tip cn chnh m hnh ha d liu theo khi nim (conceptual data modeling). M hnh ER l cng c giao tip gia ngi s dng cui cng v ngi thit k CSDL xy dng CSDL trong giai on phn tch. M hnh ER c dng xy dng m hnh d liu theo khi nim (conceptual data model) nhm biu din cu trc v cc rng buc ca CSDL.
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3.1.1. Thc th v lin kt
Mt thc th l mt i tng c th c nh ngha v d liu v n c th c lu tr.
c tnh ca thc th gi l thuc tnh ca thc th.
Mt lin kt l s kt hp gia mt s thc th.

Lin Lin Lin Lin
kt kt kt kt
1- 1 1- nhiu nhiu- nhiu l-mt

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Biu din tp thc th mc s
Nhm bao gm tp thc th ging nhau (t nht cn c mt tp cc thuc tnh chung) c gi l mt tp thc th (kiu thc th) Biu din
Nhn vin Tn
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Cc dng thuc tnh
Thuc tnh nh danh/kha :Xc nh thc th mt cch duy nht
M t c gch chn phn bit vi cc thuc tnh khc Gi tr khc rng v thnh phn khng cha cc thng tin thay i Kha n, kha phc, kha d tuyn, kha chnh
Thuc tnh m t: Cung cp thng tin lm r thm v thc th
Ch nn xut hin trong mt kiu thc th trnh d tha d liu
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Cc dng thuc tnh (t)
Thuc tnh phc hp: Hp thnh ca mt s thnh phn thng tinthuc tnh ca thc th.
Phn r thnh thuc tnh n (khng th b phn r) ty thuc nhu cu x l.
Thuc tnh a tr: Nhn nhiu hn mt gi tr
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H m
Nhn vin
H tn Tn
CMTND
K nng
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Biu din tp lin kt mc s
Nhm bao gm cc lin kt cng kiu c gi l mt tp lin kt (kiu mi lin kt/mi lin kt) Biu din
Nhn vin Trc thuc Phng ban
n Nhn vin Trc thuc
1 Phng ban
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Cc kiu mi lin kt gia hai tp thc th (E1, E2)
mt - mt (one-to-one): mt thc th a trong E1 lin kt vi mt thc th b trong E2 v ngc li nhiu - nhiu (many-to-many): mt thc th a trong E1 lin kt vi nhiu thc th b trong E2 v ngc li. mt - nhiu (one-to-many): mt thc th a trong E1 lin kt vi nhiu thc th b trong E2; mt thc th b trong E2 lin kt vi mt thc th a trong E1. l mt: Tp thc th E2 l s tng qut ha ca tp thc th E1, hay E1 l mt kiu c bit ca E2
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Thuc tnh ca mi lin kt
Mi lin kt c th c nhiu thuc tnh dng m t cc c tnh ca s lin kt gia cc thc th

Gi
n Nh cung cp Cung ng
n Sn phm
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3.1.2. S thc th lin kt
S tm tt thng tin cn lu tr trong mt csdl c m t bng m hnh thc th lin kt c gi l s thc th lin kt hay s ER. S ER ca mt c s d liu thuc mt ng dng c xy dng trn cc c t ca d liu cho ng dng .
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V d
c t d liu cho ng dng qun l ca siu th M[5]:
Siu th c t chc thnh cc phng, mi phng c mt ngi qun l v mt s nhn vin Mi phng c 1 ngi qun l, v mi ngi qun l cng l mt nhn vin trong siu th Mi mt hng c bn bi ch mt phng v mi phng s bn mt s mt hng nht nh.
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c t d liu cho ng dng qun l ca siu th M[5] (t)
Mi khch hng s t mua cc mt hng t siu th M thng qua cc ha n. Mi ha n bao gm danh sch cc mt hng v s lng tng ng cho mi khch hng c th. Mi mt hng c th do nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau cung cp v mi nh cung cp li cung cp nhiu mt hng khc nhau Mi mt hng c mt gi do nh cung cp a ra cho siu th.
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Cc bc xy dng s ER
B1: Xc nh cc kiu thc th lin kt chnh B2: Xc nh cc thuc tnh cho cc kiu thc th ny B3: Xc nh cc thuc tnh kha v thuc tnh kt ni B4: Xc nh cc mi lin kt B5: Xy dng lc
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3.2. M hnh quan h (Relation Model)
Biu din mi d liu di dng cc bng, bng c nh dng gm cc hng v ct. M t vic t chc d liu trong h qun tr c s d liu.
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3.2.1. Cc khi nim trong m hnh quan h

Quan h Thuc tnh B gi tr Kha Lc quan h Th hin ca quan h
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Quan h (Relation)
Mt quan h l mt bng
1 thuc tnh
Mi hng (bn ghi) TenNCC biu din mt b gi tr ca quan h. S Hi H cc b c gi l lc Kinh lng ca quan h. Mi ct (trng) biu S_Shop din mt thuc tnh/ Hi H thnh phn ca cc b. S cc thnh Bibica phn c gi l bc ca quan h.
SanPham Bnh m Bnh ngt Bnh ngt Ko Ko
Gia 1500 5000 3000 1000 1500
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1 b gi tr
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Thuc tnh (Property)
ngha:
Thuc tnh l mt tnh cht ring bit ca mt i tng cn c lu tr trong CSDL phc v cho vic khai thc d liu v i tng. Cc thuc tnh cho i tng nh cung cp hng ha l TenNCC, iaChi,
V d:
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Thuc tnh (Property)
Thuc tnh c c trng bi: Tn gi, kiu d liu, min gi tr
Tn gi: Thuc tnh c t tn mt cch gi nh nhng khng qu di hoc qu ngn. VD: SNAME, TEN_NCC, TenNCC, TnNCC Kiu: Mi thuc tnh u phi thuc mt kiu kiu d liu nht nh. V d: TenNCC kiu xu k t Char, NgaySinh kiu ngy thng Date. Min gi tr (MGT): L tp tt c cc gi tr m thuc tnh c th c. V d: SanPham c cc gi tr thuc tp {Bnh m, Bnh ngt, Ko}. Gi tr c bit: gi tr rng/NULL.
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B gi tr (Tupe)
ngha
Mt b l cc thng tin ca mt i tng thuc quan h. Hai b bt k trong quan h l khc nhau t nht gi tr ca mt thuc tnh. Mt b khng th c xc nh nh v tr ca n trong quan h b nhn din nh kha
c im
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Kha (Key)
Kha ca quan h l mt hay mt tp hp cc thuc tnh m gi tr ca n xc nh duy nht mt b trong mt quan h (kha ni).
Kha n l kha ch c mt thuc tnh.Kha kp l kha c hai thuc tnh tr ln Kha ti thiu l kha cha ti thiu cc thuc tnh c th to thnh 1 kha cho quan h. Kha chnh (primary key) l mt kha ti thiu tt nht cho quan h.Cc kha cn li gi l kha d b Mt/ mt tp thuc tnh ca quan h m gi tr ca n khp vi kha chnh ca mt quan h khc th n c gi l kha ngoi (foreign key) ca quan h .
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Kha (Key)
TenNCC Hi H Kinh S_Shop Hi H Kinh Bibica

SanPham Bnh m Bnh ngt Bnh ngt Ko Bnh quy Ko
Gia 1000 5000 3000 1500 5000 1500
Kha {TenNCC, SanPham} {TenNCC, SanPham, Gia} cng l kha {TenNCC, SanPham}: Kha ni, kha ti thiu, kha chnh.
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Lc quan h
Quan h
TenNCC Hi H Kinh S_Shop Hi H Bibica
SanPham Bnh m Bnh ngt Bnh ngt Ko Ko
Gia 1500 5000 3000 1000 1500
Lc :CUNG_UNG (TenNCC,SanPham, Gia)
S tru tng ha ca quan h mc cu trc ca mt bng hai chiu.

1 quan h i c tng ng 1 lc quan h Ri Lc CSDL C = {Ri}

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Lc quan h
M t:
Lc quan h c m t thng qua mt tn t V d:

Lc CUNG_UNG(TenNCC, SanPham, Gia) Tn t : Mi s cung ng s c thc hin bi mt nh cung cp, tng ng vi mt sn phm. Mi sn phm c cung ng bi mt nh cung cp s c mt gi.
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Th hin ca quan h
Th hin (tnh trng) ca quan h R, k hiu l TR, l tp hp cc b gi tr ca quan h R vo mt thi im. Ti nhng thi im khc nhau th quan h s c nhng th hin khc nhau
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3.2.2. Bin i s ER sang lc CSDL quan h

Bc 1: Bin i cc tp thc th Mt tp thc th E c bin thnh mt quan h R m lc ca R bao gm cc thuc tnh ca E. Mi b ca R l mt thc th trong E
V d: tp thc th CUSTOMERS CUSTOMERS(CNAME, CADDR, BALANCE)
Nu cc thc th trong E c xc nh thng qua mt lin kt vi mt tp thc th F no th lc R tng ng c thuc tnh l cc thuc tnh trong kha chnh ca F.
V d: tp thc th MANAGERS ch c mt thuc tnh ENAME l kha ca EMPS.
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Bc 2: Bin i lin kt
Mt lin kt gia cc tp thc th E1, E2, .., Ek c bin thnh mt lc R trong thuc tnh ca R l tp tt c cc thuc tnh trong kha ca mi E1, E2, , Ek
V d: Ta c quan h WORKS IN (ENAME, DNAME) trong ENAME l nhn vin trong phng DNAME, cn quan h MANAGES (ENAME, DNAME) th ENAME l qun l ca phng DNAME t li tn nu c 2 thuc tnh ca hai tp no trng tn Xc nh min gi tr v khng lm mt cc thc th.
Ch khi ly cc tp thuc tnh ca R cn:
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Cc quan h bin i t tp thc th cng tn

EMPS(ENAME, SALARY); MANAGERS(ENAME); DEPTS(DNAME, DEPT#); SUPPLIERS(SNAME, SADDR); ITEMS(INAME, ITEM#); ORDERS(O#, DATE); CUSTOMERS(CNAME, CADDR, BALANCE);
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Cc quan h bin i t cc lin kt

WORKS_IN(ENAME, DNAME); MANAGES(ENAME, DNAME); CARRIES(INAME, DNAME); PLACED_BY(O#, CNAME); SUPLLIES(SNAME, INAME, PRICES); INCLUDES(O#, INAME, QUANTITY).
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Bc 3: Tm kha cho cc lc
Ngyn tc
Nu mt lc quan h c bin i t mt tp cc thc th, kha ca lc quan h chnh l kha ca tp thc th. Nu mt lc quan h c bin i t mt lin kt nhiu nhiu th kha ca quan h l tt c cc thuc tnh (kho) ca quan h Nu mt lc quan h c bin i t mt lin kt mt mt gia hai tp thc th E v F th kha ca lc quan h c th l kho ca E hoc l kho ca F. Nu mt lc quan h c bin i t mt lin kt nhiu mt t E1, E2, , Ek-1 n Ek th kha thng l hp cc kha ca E1, E2, .., Ek-1.
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Kha ca cc quan h bin i t tp thc th cng tn

EMPS(ENAME, SALARY); MANAGERS(ENAME); DEPTS(DNAME, DEPT#); SUPPLIERS(SNAME, SADDR); ITEMS(INAME, ITEM#); ORDERS(O#, DATE); CUSTOMERS(CNAME, CADDR, BALANCE);
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Kha ca cc quan h bin i t cc lin kt

WORKS_IN(ENAME, DNAME); MANAGES(ENAME, DNAME); CARRIES(INAME, DNAME); PLACED_BY(O#, CNAME); SUPLLIES(SNAME, INAME, PRICES); INCLUDES(O#, INAME, QUANTITY).
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Bc 4: Gin c lc CSDL
Nguyn tc
Khi hai lc quan h c kho chung, c th t hp cc thuc tnh ca hai lc ny v thay th hai lc ny bng mt lc quan h mi vi tp thuc tnh l hp ca hai tp thuc tnh ca hai lc quan h ban u.
Tit kim khng gian b nh Truy vn thun tin
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Lc CSDL sau khi gin lc

EMPS(ENAME, SALARY, DNAME) DEPTS(DNAME, DEPT#, MGR) ITEMS(INAME, ITEM#, DNAME) CUSTOMERS(CNAME, CADDR, BALANCE) SUPPLIERS(SNAME, SADDR) ORDERS(O#, DATE, CNAME) SUPPLIES(SNAME, INAME, PRICE) INCLUDES(O#, INAME, QUANTITY)
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NHAN_VIEN (TenNV, Luong, TenPhong) PHONG_BAN(TenPhong, MaPhong, NguoiQuanLy) MAT_HANG(TenHang, MaHang, TenPhong) KHACH_HANG(TenKH, DiaChi, SoDuTK) NHA_CUNG_CAP(TenNCC, DiaChi) DON_DAT_HANG(MaDDH, NgayLap, TenKH) CUNG_UNG(TenNCC, TenHang, Gia) CHI_TIET_DON_HANG(MaDDH, TenHang, SoLuong)
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Ch mc

Database Management System (DBMS): H qun tr CSDL. Data Definition Language (DDL): Ngn ng nh ngha d liu Data Manipulation Language (DML): Ngng ng thao tc d liu Data Control Language (DCL): Ngn ng iu khin d liu Entity Relationship(ER): M hnh d liu thc th lin kt Hierachical Model: M hnh d liu phn cp Network Model: M hnh li Relational Model: M hnh quan h
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Qun tr CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

B mn CNTT Khoa Tin hc Thng Mi

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Gi l thuyt : 30 tit Gi tho lun + thc hnh: 6 tit

Tho lun + Thc hnh

c ti liu tham kho

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Ti liu tham kho

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Chng I: Tng quan v CSDL

1.CC KHI NIM C BN

2.KIN TRC CA MT H CSDL

3.CC M HNH D LIU

3.1.1.Thc th v lin kt 3.1.2.S thc th lin kt

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Trc khi c CSDL

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

CSDL dng chung

CSDL trong cc ng dng

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Csdl thng tin a l lu tr

D liu bn (hnh nh bn ) D liu thuc tnh (m t c tnh, c im v cc hin tng xy ra ti mt v tr a l c th)

Mi lp trong d liu bn lu tr mt bn lin quan n 1 chc nng c th

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Tiu chun ca CSDL

1.2. Ngi s dng CSDL

1.3. H qun tr CSDL

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Chc nng ca h QT CSDL

Phn loi h qun tr CSDL

H QTCSDL i tng (Ozone)

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

H CSDL l h thng gm 4 thnh phn

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

2. Kin trc h CSDL

Mc khi nim (Mc logic)

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

2.1. Cc mc tru tng

Mc khi nim (logic):

Mt thit k tng th ca CSDL c gi l lc CSDL

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

3.1. M hnh thc th lin kt

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

3.1.1. Thc th v lin kt

Mt thc th l mt i tng c th c nh ngha v d liu v n c th c lu tr.

c tnh ca thc th gi l thuc tnh ca thc th.

Mt lin kt l s kt hp gia mt s thc th.

Lin Lin Lin Lin

1- 1 1- nhiu nhiu- nhiu l-mt

Biu din tp thc th mc s

Bi ging - CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Cc dng thuc tnh

Thuc tnh nh danh/kha :Xc nh thc th mt cch duy nht

Thuc tnh m t: Cung cp thng tin lm r thm v thc th