ChuongIII - Ngon Ngu SQL

Qun tr C s d liu v Phn mm ng dng
B mn CNTT TMT Khoa Thng mi in t
Chng III
Ngn ng SQL
Chng III: Ngn ng SQL

1. 2. 3. 4. i s quan h v ngn ng SQL Lnh nh ngha d liu Lnh cp nht d liu Lnh truy vn d liu
03/11/2008
Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng
Chng III
1. i s quan h v ngn ng SQL 1.1. i s quan h 1.2. Ngn ng SQL 2. Lnh nh ngha d liu 3. Lnh cp nht d liu 4. Lnh truy vn d liu
03/11/2008
1.1.i s quan h
i s quan h cung cp tm php ton tc ng trn cc quan h v cho kt qu cng l mt quan h gm:
Cc php ton tp hp: Hp, tr, giao, tich cc. Cc php ton quan h: Chn, chiu, kt ni, chia.
03/11/2008
i s quan h(t)
Quan h kh hp
nh ngha: Hai quan h l kh hp nu chng c xc nh trn cng tp thuc tnh v cc thuc tnh cng tn c cng min gi tr.
03/11/2008
a. Php hp (union)
nh ngha:
Php hp ca hai quan h kh hp r v s, k hiu l r U s, l tp tt c cc b thuc r hoc thuc s hoc thuc c hai quan h.
B b1 b1 b2 b2 b2 C c1 c2 c2 c2 c2 U A a1 a1 a1 B b1 b2 b2 C c1 c1 c2 = A a1 a1 a1 a1 a2 a3 B b1 b1 b2 b2 b2 b2 C c1 c2 c1 c2 c2 c2
7
V d:
A a1 a1 a1 a2 a3
03/11/2008
b. Php giao
nh ngha:
Php giao ca hai quan h kh hp r v s, k hiu l r s, l tp tt c cc b thuc c hai quan h r v s.
V d:
A a1 a1 a1 a2 a3 B b1 b1 b2 b2 b2 C
U
A a1 a1 a1
B b1 b2 b2
C c1 c1 c2 =
A a1 a1
B b1 b2
C c1 c2
c1 c2 c2 c2 c2
03/11/2008
c. Php tr
nh ngha:
Php tr ca hai quan h kh hp r v s, k hiu l r-s, l tp tt c cc b thuc r nhng khng thuc s.
V d:
A a1 a1 a1 a2 a3 B b1 b1 b2 b2 b2 C c1 c2 c2 c2 c2 A a1 a1 a1 B b1 b2 b2 C c1 c1 c2 = A a1 a2 a3 B b1 b2 b2 C c2 c2 c2
03/11/2008
d. Php tch cc
nh ngha:
Cho quan h r xc nh trn tp thuc tnh {A1, , An} v quan h s xc nh trn tp thuc tnh {B1, , Bm}. Tch cc ca hai quan h r v s k hiu l r x s l tp tt c cc (m+n)-b c n thnh phn u tin l mt b thuc r v m thnh phn sau l mt b thuc s.
03/11/2008
10
Php tch cc(t)
V d:
A a1 a2 a3
B b1 b2 b3
C 1 2 3 x
D 1 2 3
E e1 e2 e3 =
A a1 a1 a1 a2 a2 a2 a3 a3 a3
B b1 b1 b1 b2 b2 b2 b3 b3 b3
C 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
D 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
E e1 e2 e3 e1 e2 e3 e1 e2 e3
03/11/2008
11
e. Php chiu
nh ngha;
Cho quan h r xc nh trn tp thuc tnh U={A1, , An}. X U. Php chiu ca r trn tp thuc tnh X , k hiu l x(r), l tp cc b ca r xc nh trn X.
V d:
A,B(r) =
A a1 a1 a2 a3
B b1 b2 b2 b2
C(s) =
C c1 c2
03/11/2008
12
Php chiu trn mt quan h thc cht l php ton loi b i mt s thuc tnh v ch gi li nhng thuc tnh cn li ca quan h .
03/11/2008
13
f. Php chn
nh ngha:
Cho r l mt quan h, F l mt biu thc iu kin. Php chn trn r vi biu thc chn F, k hiu F(r), l tp tt c cc b ca r tha mn iu kin F.
V d:
A = a1(r)=
A B C
A = a1 ^ C= c 2(r)=
A a1 a1 B b1 b2 C c2 c2
14
a1 b1 c1 a1 b2 c2 a1 c2v Phn mm ng Bi gib1 ng CSDL

03/11/2008 dng
Php chn l php ton lc ra mt tp con cc b ca quan h cho tha mn mt iu kin xc nh. iu kin d c gi l iu kin chn hay biu thc chn.
03/11/2008
15
g. Php chia
nh ngha:
Cho hai quan h r xc nh trn n thuc tnh, s xc nh trn m thuc tnh (n>m, s ), php chia quan h r cho quan h s, k hiu r s, l cc b t sao cho vi mi b v thuc s th t ghp vi v thuc r.
A a1 a1 a1 a2 B b1 b2 b3 b4 B b1 b2 b3 = A a1
V d:
03/11/2008
16
h. Php kt ni
Khi nim:
Php kt ni hai quan h r, s, k hiu r s l php ghp cc cp b ca hai quan h tha mn mt iu kin kt ni hay mt biu thc kt ni F.

V d: F= (CD)
A A a1 a2 a3 B b1 b2 b3 C 1 2 3

B b1 b1 b1 b2 b2 b3
C 1 1 1 2 2 3
D 1 2 3 2 3 3
E e1 e2 e3 e2 e3 e3 17
D 1 2 3
E e1 e2 e3 =
03/11/2008
a1 a1 a1 a2 a2 a3
Biu din cu hi bng i s quan h
03/11/2008
18
III.1.2. Ngn ng SQL
SQL ( Structured Query Language) : Ngn ng truy vn c cu trc

Tin thn SEQUEL, IBM pht trin cho h CSDL th nghim System/R, 1974 1986, ANSI/ISO cng nhn mt chun ngn ng s dng trn csdl quan h.

SQL_86 (ANSI) SQL_89 (sa i nh) SQL_92 (chun hin ti, ANSI/ISO) SQL_99 (m rng i tng) SQL_2003 (h tr XML v nhiu tnh nng khc) SQL_2006
03/11/2008
19
Cc h qun tr c s d liu quan h thng mi hin c nh Oracle, SQL Server, Informix, DB2,... u chn SQL lm ngn ng cho sn phm ca mnh. SQL ci t trong cc h qun tr CSDL thng mi c mt s khc bit so vi SQL do ANSI/ISO xut. Cc cu lnh SQL cung cp c th c nhng vo trong cc ngn ng lp trnh nhm xy dng cc ng dng tng tc vi c s d liu.
Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng 20
03/11/2008
a. Cc thnh phn
Ngn ng nh ngha d liu (DDL)

nh ngha/thay i/ xa lc quan h nh ngha khung nhn c t quyn truy nhp c t rng buc ton vn Thm/xa/sa/truy vn cc b gi tr trong quan h c t s bt u v kt thc giao dch iu khin tng tranh
Ngn ng thao tc d liu (DML)
Ngn ng iu khin giao dch

03/11/2008
21
b. Cc dng quan h
Bng c s
Quan h c lu tr vt l trong csdl Kt qu truy vn trn cc quan h l mt quan h. Quan h o c nh ngha bi mt biu thc truy vn
Kt qu truy vn
Khung nhn
03/11/2008
22
Chng III
1. i s quan h v ngn ngSQL 2. Lnh nh ngha d liu
2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. Tao csdl, xa csdl To bng Sa i cu trc bng Xo bng To khung nhn
3. Lnh cp nht d liu 4. Lnh truy vn d liu

03/11/2008 Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng 23
2.1.To csdl, xa csdl
To csdl
CREATE DATABASE <tn c s d liu> DROP DATABASE <tn c s d liu>
Xa csdl
03/11/2008
24
2.2. To bng
C php CREATE TABLE <Tn bng> (<Tn ct> <Kiu d liu> [NOT NULL], [CONSTRAINT <Tn rng buc> <Kiu rng buc>])
V d:
To bng v khch hng c cc trng l m khch hng, tn khch hng, a ch , s in thoi v kha chnh l m khch hng.
CREATE TABLE KHACH_HANG (MaKH char(5) NOT NULL, TenCongTy varchar(40), DiaChi varchar (60), DienThoaiCD char(7), CONSTRAINT khoa_chinh PRIMARY KEY (MaKH))
03/11/2008
25
2.3. Sa i cu trc bng

C php Thm ct ALTER TABLE <Tn bng> ADD COLUMN <Tn ct> <kiu d liu> V d
Thm ct gi vo bng CUNG_UNG ng
ALTER TABLE CUNG_UNG ADD COLUMN Gia int

Xa ct gi trong bng CUNG_UNG
Xa ct
ALTER TABLE <Tn bng> DROP COLUMN <Tn ct>
ALTER TABLE CUNG_UNG DROP COLUMN Gia

Sa i kiu d liu ca ct gi trong bng CUNG_UNG l s thc
Sa kiu d liu ca ct
ALTER TABLE <Tn bng> CHANGE COLUMN <Tn ct> <kiu d liu mi>
ALTER TABLE CUNG_UNG CHANGE COLUMN Gia real

26
03/11/2008
Sa i cu trc bng(t)
C php Thm rng buc ALTER TABLE <Tn bng> ADD CONSTRAINT<Tn rng buc> <kiu rng buc> V d
Thm mt rng buc kha ngoi vo bng CUNG_UNG, ct MaNCC tham chiu ti m MaNCC ca bng NHA_CUNG_CAP
ALTER TABLE CUNG_UNG ADD CONSTRAINT khoa_ngoai FOREIGN KEY (MaNCC) REFERENCES NHA_CUNG_CAP(MaNCC)
Xa rng buc kha ngoi trong bng S cung ng
Xa rng buc
ALTER TABLE <Tn bng> DROP CONTRAINT <Tn rng buc>
ALTER TABLE CUNG_UNG DROP CONSTRAINT khoa_ngoai
03/11/2008
27
2.4. Xa bng
C php
DROP TABLE <Tn bng>

Xa bng KHACH_HANG
V d:
DROP TABLE KHACH_HANG
03/11/2008
28
2.5. To khung nhn
C php:
CREAT VIEW <tn khung nhn> [(danh sch tn ct)] AS <Cu truy vn> Bng c s:
V d
NHAN_VIEN(MaNV, TenNV, DiaChi, MaPhong, Luong, NamLenLuong, DanhGia) PHONG_BAN(MaPhong, TenPhong, NguoiQuanLy)
03/11/2008
29
To khung nhn(t)
Khung nhn: phc v cho i tng l trng phng ca phng k thut
CREAT VIEW KT(TnNV, ch, Lng, NmLnlng, nh gi) AS SELECT TenNV, DiaChi, MaPhong, Luong, NamLenLuong, DanhGia FROM NHAN_VIEN WHERE MaPhong IN SELECT MaPhong FROM PHONG_BAN WHERE TenPhong = K thut
03/11/2008
30
Chng III
1. i s quan h v ngn ng SQL 2. Lnh nh ngha d liu 3. Lnh cp nht d liu
3.1. Thm mt b gi tr 3.2. Xa b gi tr 3.3. Thay i thuc tnh cc b
4. Lnh truy vn d liu
03/11/2008
31
3.1.Thm b gi tr
C php:
INSERT INTO <Tn bng> [(danh sch tn ct)] { VALUES (cc gi tr)| <Cu truy vn>}
V d: Thm mt b gi tr vo bng
NHA_CUNG_CAP. INSERT INTO NHA_CUNG_CAP (MaNCC, TenCongTy, DiaChi) VALUES ('S1', 'Hi H', 'H Ni')
03/11/2008
32
3.2. Xa b gi tr
C php:
DELETE FROM {<Tn bng| Tn khung nhn>} [WHERE <Biu thc iu kin>]
V d:
Xa cc b c m nh cung cp = S1 ti hai bng CUNG_UNG v NHA_CUNG_CAP
DELETE * FROM CUNG_UNG WHERE MaNCC = 'S1' DELETE * FROM NHA_CUNG_CAP WHERE MaNCC = 'S1'
03/11/2008
3.3. Thay i gi tr thuc tnh cc b
C php:
UPDATE <Tn bng> SET <Tn ct > = <biu thc> [WHERE <Biu thc iu kin>]
V d:
Thay i thuc tnh tn ca b gi tr c MaHang l = P1 trong bng HANG_HOA.
UPDATE Items SET TenHang = 'Bnh ngt' WHERE MaHang= 'P1'

03/11/2008
Lc csdl quan h ca siu th M

EMPS(ENAME, SALARY, DNAME) DEPTS(DNAME, DEPT#, MGR) ITEMS(INAME, ITEM#, DNAME) CUSTOMERS(CNAME, CADDR, BALANCE) SUPPLIERS(SNAME, SADDR) ORDERS(O#, DATE, CNAME) SUPPLIES(SNAME, INAME, PRICE) INCLUDES(O#, INAME, QUANTITY)
03/11/2008
35
Lc csdl quan h ca siu th M

NHAN_VIEN (TenNV, Luong, TenPhong) PHONG_BAN(TenPhong, MaPhong, NguoiQuanLy) MAT_HANG(TenHang, MaHang, TenPhong) KHACH_HANG(TenKH, DiaChi, SoDuTK) NHA_CUNG_CAP(TenNCC, DiaChi) DON_DAT_HANG(MaDDH, NgayLap, TenKH) CUNG_UNG(TenNCC, TenHang, Gia) CHI_TIET_DON_HANG(MaDDH, TenHang, SoLuong)
03/11/2008
36
Thay i

Nhn vin c qun l theo m nhn vin. Phng ban c qun l theo m phng ban. Mt hng c qun l theo m hng. Khch hng c qun l theo m khch hng. Nh cung cp c qun l theo m nh cung cp. Cc mt hng phn thnh nhiu nhm hng. Mi gian hng qun l/bn mt nhm hng.
03/11/2008
37
Lc csdl quan h mi ca siu th M

NHAN_VIEN (MaNV,Ho, Ten, Luong, MaPhong,) PHONG_BAN(MaPhong, TenPhong, NguoiQL,) MAT_HANG(MaHang,TenHang, MaNhom,) NHOM_HANG(MaNhom, TenNhom, MaPhong,) KHACH_HANG(MaKH, TenKH, DiaChi, SoDuTK,) NHA_CUNG_CAP(MaNCC, TenNCC, DiaChi,) DON_DAT_HANG(MaDDH, NgayLap, MaKH,) CUNG_UNG(MaNCC, MaHang, Gia,) CHI_TIET_DON_HANG(MaDDH, MaHang, SoLuong,) Ch thch: lc c th b sung thm mt s thuc tnh khc (khng quan trng)
03/11/2008
38
To c s d liu cho siu th M theo lc c thay i

Bng PHONG_BAN CREATE TABLE PHONG_BAN (MaPhong char(5) not null, TenPhong nvarchar(100), NguoiQL char(5), CONSTRAINT khoa_chinhP PRIMARYKEY (MaPhong))
03/11/2008
39
Bng NHAN_VIEN
CREATE TABLE NHAN_VIEN (MaNV char(7) NOT NULL, Ho nvarchar(50), Ten nvarchar(50), Luong real, MaPhong char(5), CONSTRAINT khoa_chinhNV PRIMARYKEY(MaNV), CONSTRAINT khoa_ngoaiNP FOREIGNKEY(MaPhong) REFERENCES PHONG_BAN(MaPhong) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE CASCADE)
03/11/2008
40
Bng KHACH_HANG
CREATE TABLE KHACH_HANG (MaKH char(5) NOT NULL, TenCongTy nvarchar(100), DiaChi nvarchar(100), CONSTRAINT khoa_chinhK PRIMARY KEY (MaKH))
03/11/2008
41
Bng NHA_CUNG_CAP
CREATE TABLE NHA_CUNG_CAP (MaNCC char(5) NOT NULL, TenCongTy nvarchar(100), DiaChi nvarchar(100), CONSTRAINT Khoa_chinhC PRIMARY KEY (MaNCC))
03/11/2008
42
Bng NHOM_HANG
CREATE TABLE NHOM_HANG (MaNhom char(5) NOT NULL, TenNhom nvarchar(100), MaPhong char(5), CONSTRAINT Khoa_chinhNH PRIMARY KEY (MaNhom), CONSTRAINT duy_nhatNH UNIQUE (MaPhong), CONSTRAINT Kha_ngoaiNH FOREIGN KEY (MaPhong) REFERENCES PHONG_BAN(MaPhong))
03/11/2008
43
Bng MAT_HANG
CREATE TABLE MAT_HANG (MaHang char(5) NOT NULL, TenHang nvarchar(100), NhomHang char(5), CONSTRAINT Khoa_chinhH PRIMARY KEY (MaHang), CONSTRAINT Kha_ngoaiH FOREIGN KEY (NhomHang) REFERENCES NHOM_HANG(MaNhom) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE)
03/11/2008
44
Bng DON_DAT_HANG
CREATE TABLE DON_DAT_HANG (SoHieuDH char(7) NOT NULL, MaKH char(5), NgayDat datetime, CONSTRAINT Khoa_chinhD PRIMARY KEY (SoHieuDH), CONSTRAINT Khoa_ngoaiD FOREIGN KEY (MaKH) REFERENCES KHACH_HANG(MaKH) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE)
03/11/2008
45
Bng CHI_TIET_DON_HANG
CREATE TABLE CHI_TIET_DH (SoHieuDH char(7) NOT NULL, MaHang char(5) NOT NULL, SoLuong int, Gia real, CONSTRAINT Khoa_chinhCT PRIMARY KEY (SoHieuDH, MaHang), CONSTRAINT Kha_ngoaiCD FOREIGN KEY (SoHieuDH) REFERENCES DON_DAT_HANG(SoHieuDH) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE, CONSTRAINT Kha_ngoaiCM FOREIGN KEY (MaHang) REFERENCES MAT_HANG(MaHang) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE)
03/11/2008
46
Bng CUNG_UNG
CREATE TABLE CUNG_UNG (MaNCC char(5) NOT NULL, MaHang char(5) NOT NULL, Gia real, CONSTRAINT khoa_chinhCC PRIMARY KEY (MaNCC, MaHang), CONSTRAINT khoa_ngoaiCC FOREIGN KEY (MaNCC) REFERENCES NHA_CUNG_CAP(MaNCC) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE, CONSTRAINT khoa_ngoaiCH FOREIGN KEY (MaHang) REFERENCES MAT_HANG(MaHang) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE)
03/11/2008
47
Thay i rng buc trong bng PHONG_BAN

To mt rng buc sao cho ct NguoiQL nhn nhng gi tr khng trung lp. To mt rng buc kha ngoi gia ct NguoiQL v ct MaNV trong bng NHAN_VIEN To mi lin kt 1- 1 gia hai bng PHONG_BAN v NHAN_VIEN vi cc trng(ct) lin kt l NguoiQL v MaNV
ALTER TABLE PHONG_BAN ADD CONSTRAINT duy_nhat UNIQUE(NguoiQL), CONSTRAINT Khoa_ngoai FOREIGN KEY (NguoiQL) REFERENCES NHAN_VIEN(MaNV)
Chng III
1. i s quan h v ngn ng SQL 2. Lnh nh ngha d liu 3. Lnh thao tc d liu 4. Lnh truy vn d liu 4.1. Mnh truy vn tng qut 4.2. Cu truy vn lng nhau
03/11/2008
49
4.1. Mnh truy vn tng qut

SELECT[DISTINCT]<danh sch ct>|*|<biu thc s hc> FROM<danh sch tn bng>|<danh sch cc Khung nhn> [WHERE <biu thc iu kin>] [GROUP BY <danh sch tn ct>] [HAVING <biu thc iu kin>] [ORDER BY <danh sch tn ct>|<biu thc> [ASC|DESC]] [UNION|INTERSECT|MINUS<Cu truy vn>]
03/11/2008
50
a. Mnh SELECT
Mnh SELECT tng ng vi php chiu trong i s quan h, c s dng lit k cc thuc tnh mong mun Mnh SELECT cho php:
La chn mt/nhiu/tt c (*) cc thuc tnh
Hin th tt c thng tin ca nhn vin trong bng NHAN_VIEN SELECT * FROM NHAN_VIEN Cho bit h ca cc nhn vin SELECT DISTINCT Ho FROM NHAN_VIEN
Ly cc b gi tr khng trng nhau (DISTINCT)
03/11/2008
51
Mnh SELECT(t)
Ly kt qu t cc biu thc s hc (php tnh +,-,*,/) ca hng hoc cc thuc tnh
Cho bit danh mc mt hng v gi ca mt hng (tnh theo vit nam ng): SELECT MAT_HANG.TenHang, CUNG_UNG.Gia *16.02 FROM MAT_HANG, CUNG_UNG WHERE MAT_HANG.MaHang = CUNG_UNG.MaHang Kt qu ca biu thc s hc l NULL nu mt gi tr u vo l NULL.
03/11/2008
52
SQL s dng cch vit <tn quan h>.<tn thuc tnh> che du tnh lp l trong trng hp tn cc thuc tnh trong cc quan h trng nhau. SQL s dng cc php ni logic NOT, AND OR. Ton hng ca cc php ni logic c th l cc biu thc cha cc ton t so snh >, >=, <>, <, <=. Ton t BETWEEN c dng ch cc gi tr nm gia cc khong gi tr.
03/11/2008
b. Mnh FROM

Mnh FROM tng ng vi php tch cc ca cc quan h c xt. V d:Tm gi mua vo ca cc mt hng thuc
loi my tnh xch tay: SELECT MAT_HANG.TenHang, CUNG_UNG.Gia*16.02 FROM CUNG_UNG, NHOM_HANG, MAT_HANG WHERE ((MAT_HANG.MaHang=CUNG_UNG.MaHang) AND (NHOM_HANG.MaNhom = MAT_HANG.MaNhom) AND (TenNhom='laptop'))
03/11/2008
54
c. Mnh WHERE
Mnh WHERE tng ng chn da trn cc thuc tnh ca cc quan h xut hin sau FROM. V d: 1.Tm cc mt hng c s lng t hng
ln hn 1 trm SELECT MAT_HANG.TenHang, CHI_TIET_DH.SoLuong FROM CHI_TIET_DH, MAT_HANG WHERE (MAT_HANG.MaHang = CHI_TIET_DH.MaHang) AND (SoLuong>100)
03/11/2008
55
Mnh WHERE (t)
Kt qu ca biu thc iu kin l TRUE hoc
FALSE Nu 1 trong nhng u vo ca biu thc iu kin c gi tr NULL th kt qu tr v l FALSE
WHERE[NOT]<biu thc> <php so snh> <biu thc> WHERE[NOT]<biu thc logic> WHERE[NOT]<biu thc logic> {AND|OR}[NOT]<biu thc logic> WHERE[NOT]<tn ct> [NOT] LIKE <xu k t mu>
03/11/2008
56
Mnh WHERE(t)
WHERE[NOT]<biu thc> [NOT] IN ({danh sch | cu truy vn}) WHERE[NOT] EXISTS (<cu truy vn con>) WHERE[NOT]<biu thc><php so snh> {SOME|ANY|ALL (Cu truy vn con)} WHERE <ct> IS NULL
03/11/2008
57
Cc php i tn
Mnh AS cho php i tn cc bng hoc cc ct
<tn c> AS <tn mi>
i tn ct:
Cc bng trong mnh FROM cng tn S dng biu thc s hc trong cu lnh SELECT Thay i tn ct trong bng kt qu V d: i tn ct d liu hin th SELECT MAT_HANG.TenHang, CUNG_UNG.Gia*16.02 AS GiaSanPham FROM CUNG_UNG, NHOM_HANG, MAT_HANG WHERE ((MAT_HANG.MaHang=CUNG_UNG.MaHang) AND (NHOM_HANG.MaNhom = MAT_HANG.MaNhom) AND (TenNhom='laptop'))
03/11/2008
58
Cc php i tn(t)
i tn bng

So snh cc b (dng) trong cng mt bng V d: Ly tn ca cc hng cung ng c cung

ng cc sn phm mn hnh LCD + TV (m MH013) r hn hng hula (m l CHULA). SELECT T.MaNCC FROM CUNG_UNG AS T, CUNG_UNG AS S WHERE T.MaHang='MH013' AND T.Gia < S.Gia AND S.MaNCC = 'CHULA AND S.MaHang = MH013
03/11/2008
59
Cc php ton trn chui
Ton t LIKE v NOT LIKE trong mnh WHERE cho php i snh gi tr ca mt ct vi mt mu khi tm kim. Mu c th c biu din bi cc k t thay th:

K t (%): Tng ng vi mt chui con bt k. K t (_): Tng ng vi mt k t bt k. Nu trong xu mu c cha cc k t thay th (%, _, \) th t k t \ trc cc k t .
03/11/2008
60
Cc php ton trn chui(t)
V d: Mu
% Nam An %: Tng ng vi cc xu k t c cha xu con l Nam An. __%: Tng ng vi cc xu k t c t nht hai k t. 20\%%: Tng ng vi cc xu k t bt u bng 20% V d: Tm tn chnh xc ca nhn vin tip xc pha khch hng c cha xu Hoa. SELECT NguoiLL FROM KHACH_HANG WHERE NguoiLL LIKE %Hoa%
03/11/2008
61
Cc hm th vin
Hm th vin ly mt tp cc gi tr lm u vo v tr kt qu l mt gi tr n. Cc hm tnh gp:
Tnh trung bnh:
AVG([DISTINCT]<ct c kiu d liu s>) SUM([DISTINCT]<ct c kiu d liu s>) Min(<[DISTINCT]><ct > COUNT([DISTINCT]<ct>|*)
Tnh tng
Tnh Min, Max
03/11/2008
62
Cc hm th vin(t)
Tt c cc hm tnh gp (tr Count(*) b qua cc gi tr u vo NULL COUNT() = 0 V d: Kim k lng hng ho theo loi mt
hng cn trong kho SELECT MaNhom, Sum(TonKho) FROM MAT_HANG GROUP BY MaNhom
03/11/2008
63
d. Mnh GROUP BY v HAVING
Mnh GROUP BY nhm cc b c cng gi tr trn cc thuc tnh no

V d: In danh sch loi hng ha cng lng hng ho
theo loi mt hng cn trong kho vi iu kin lng hng ln hn 100.
SELECT MaNhom, Sum(TonKho) FROM MAT_HANG GROUP BY MaNhom HAVING Sum(TonKho) > 100
Mnh HAVING xut hin sau khi to nhm, a ra iu kin cho nhm.
03/11/2008
64
Mnh GROUP BY v HAVING(t)
Nu WHERE v HAVING cng trong mt cu truy vn th:
Biu thc iu kin trong WHERE s c thc hin trc. Cc b tha mn iu kin trong WHERE s c nhm vo bi GROUPBY. Mnh HAVING (nu c) s c p dng trn mi nhm. Cc nhm khng tha mn mnh HAVING s b xa b.
03/11/2008
65
e. Mnh ORDER BY
Mnh ORDER BY cho php trnh by kt qu cu truy vn theo th t .
Mc nh lit k theo th t tng
V d: a ra danh sch h tn nhn vin vi mc lng t cao ti thp.
SELECT Ho, Ten, Luong FROM NHAN_VIEN ORDER BY Luong DESC

f.Tm kim nh cc php ton tp hp
Php UNION tng ng vi php hp trong i s quan h.
V d: Tm cc hng l i tc ca siu th (khch hng hoc nh cung cp)
(SELECT TenCongTy FROM KHACH_HANG) UNION (SELECT TenCongTy FROM NHA_CUNG_CAP)
03/11/2008
67
Tm kim nh cc php ton tp hp(t)
Php INTERSECT tng ng vi php giao trong i s quan h
V d:Tm cc hng va l khch hng va l nh cung cp cho siu th.
(SELECT TenCongTy FROM KHACH_HANG) INTERSECT (SELECT TenCongTy FROM NHA_CUNG_CAP)
03/11/2008
68
Tm kim nh php ton tp hp(t)
Php MINUS tng ng vi php tr trong i s quan h
V d:Tm cc hng ch l khch hng (khng l nh cung cp) ca siu th.
(SELECT MaKH FROM KHACH_HANG) MINUS (SELECT MaKH FROM CUNG_UNG

03/11/2008
69
4.2. Cc cu truy vn lng nhau
Cu truy vn lng l mt cu truy vn c cha cu truy vn con. Cu truy vn con l mt biu thc truy vn (SELECT-FROM-WHERE) lng trong mt truy vn khc nh:

SELECT INSERT..INTO UPDATE DELETE Cu truy vn con khc

03/11/2008
70
Cc cu truy vn lng nhau(t)
C php to truy vn con

i)
<biu thc> [NOT] IN (<cu truy vn con>) [NOT] EXISTS (<cu truy vn con>) <biu thc><php so snh> {SOME|ANY|ALL} (<cu truy vn con>)
ii) iii)
03/11/2008
71
Mnh WHERE
WHERE[NOT]<biu thc> [NOT] IN ({danh sch | cu truy vn con}) WHERE[NOT] EXISTS (<cu truy vn con>) WHERE[NOT]<biu thc><php so snh>{SOME|ANY|ALL}(<cu truy vn con>)
03/11/2008
72
a. <biu thc> [NOT] IN (<Cu truy vn con>)

Xc nh kt qu trong truy vn cha (khng) phi thuc tp hp cc b l kt qu ca truy vn con.
V d
IN
V d: Tm nhng MaHang t bng CUNG_UNG m mt hng c lng lu kho >0.
SELECT MaHang FROM CUNG_UNG WHERE MaHang IN (Select MaHang from HANG_HOA where TonKho >0)
NOT IN
V d: Tm nhng MaHang t bng CUNG_UNG m mt hng c lng lu kho <0.
SELECT MaHang FROM CUNG_UNG WHERE MaHang NOT IN (Select MaHang from HANG_HOA where TonKho >0)
03/11/2008
74
b. [NOT] EXISTS (<Cu truy vn con>)

Kim tra quan h l rng hay khng. Nu kt qu tr v ca truy vn con cha t nht mt dng th iu kin tn ti tho mn.
V d trong cu lnh SELECT
Hin th thng tin ca nhng nh cung cp cung cp t nht mt sn phm
SELECT * FROM NHA_CUNG_CAP WHERE EXISTS (select * from CUNG_UNG where NHA_CUNG_CAP.MaNCC = CUNG_UNG.MaNCC
03/11/2008
76
Hin th thng tin ca nhng khch hng c yu cu v hng ho
SELECT * FROM KHACH_HANG WHERE EXISTS (Select MaKH from DON_DAT_HANG Where KHACH_HANG.MaKH= DONG_DAT_HANG.MaKH)
03/11/2008
77
V d trong cu lnh DELETE
Xa trong bng S cung ng (nu c) tt c nhng nh cung cp va l nh cung cp va l l khch hng.
DELETE * FROM NHA_CUNG_CAP WHERE EXISTS (select * from KHACH_HANG where KHACH_HANG.MaKH = NHA_CUNG_CAP.MaNCC)
03/11/2008
78
V d trong cu lnh INSERT
Thm mt b gi tr vo bng Customer v kim tra xem m ca khch hng = 'CQTHG' tn ti hay cha.
INSERT INTO KHACH_HANG (MaKH, TenCongty, ThanhPho ) SELECT DISTINCT 'CQTHG', 'Cng ty Quc t Hong Gia', 'H Ni' FROM KHACH_HANG WHERE NOT EXISTS (select * from KHACH_HANG where MaKH = 'CQTHG')
03/11/2008
79
c. <biu thc><php so snh> {SOME|ANY|ALL} (<Cu truy vn con>)
So snh kt qu vi truy vn con
V d
SOME/ANY

{<| <=| >=| >| <>| =} SOME <>SOME NOT IN =SOME IN

V d: Hin thng tin v vic cung ng cc mt hng c m MH013 c gi nh hn gi ca nh cung cp c m CHULA cung ng.
SELECT * FROM CUNG_UNG WHERE MaHang='MH013' and Gia < SOME (select CUNG_UNG.Gia from CUNG_UNG where MaNCC = 'CHULA' );
03/11/2008
81
V d
ALL

{<| <=| >=| >| <>| =} ALL <>ALL NOT IN V d: Tm nh cung ng cung ng mt hng laptop vi gi trung bnh thp nht SELECT MaNCC FROM CUNG_UNG where MaNhom =12 GROUP BY MaNCC HAVING avg (Gia) < ALL (select avg(Gia) from CUNG_UNG inner join MAT_HANG on CUNG_UNG.MaHang = MAT_HANG.MaHang where MaNhom =12 group by MaNCC);
03/11/2008
82
Ph lc
Kiu d liu:

char(n): Xu k t c di c nh varchar(n): Xu k t c di thay i vi di ti a l n int: S nguyn smallint: S nguyn nh numeric (p,d): S thp phn: phn thp phn p, prhn nguyn d real, double precision: S thp phn du phy ng v s thp phn du phy ng vi chnh xc kp float(n): S thp phn du phy ng vi chnh xc t nht l n ch s date: Ngy gm nm, thng, ngy time: Thi gian gm gi, pht, giy NULL
03/11/2008
83

ChuongIII - Ngon Ngu SQL

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ChuongIII - Ngon Ngu SQL

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Qun tr C s d liu v Phn mm ng dng

B mn CNTT TMT Khoa Thng mi in t

Chng III: Ngn ng SQL

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Php giao ca hai quan h kh hp r v s, k hiu l r s, l tp tt c cc b thuc c hai quan h r v s.

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Php tr ca hai quan h kh hp r v s, k hiu l r-s, l tp tt c cc b thuc r nhng khng thuc s.

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Php tch cc(t)

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

a1 b1 c1 a1 b2 c2 a1 c2v Phn mm ng Bi gib1 ng CSDL

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Biu din cu hi bng i s quan h

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

III.1.2. Ngn ng SQL

SQL ( Structured Query Language) : Ngn ng truy vn c cu trc

Ngn ng nh ngha d liu (DDL)

Ngn ng thao tc d liu (DML)

Ngn ng iu khin giao dch

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

3. Lnh cp nht d liu 4. Lnh truy vn d liu

2.1.To csdl, xa csdl

CREATE DATABASE <tn c s d liu> DROP DATABASE <tn c s d liu>

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

2.3. Sa i cu trc bng

ALTER TABLE CUNG_UNG ADD COLUMN Gia int

ALTER TABLE <Tn bng> DROP COLUMN <Tn ct>

ALTER TABLE CUNG_UNG DROP COLUMN Gia

ALTER TABLE CUNG_UNG CHANGE COLUMN Gia real

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

ALTER TABLE <Tn bng> DROP CONTRAINT <Tn rng buc>

ALTER TABLE CUNG_UNG DROP CONSTRAINT khoa_ngoai

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

DROP TABLE <Tn bng>

DROP TABLE KHACH_HANG

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

2.5. To khung nhn

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Khung nhn: phc v cho i tng l trng phng ca phng k thut

4. Lnh truy vn d liu

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

3.3. Thay i gi tr thuc tnh cc b

UPDATE Items SET TenHang = 'Bnh ngt' WHERE MaHang= 'P1'

Lc csdl quan h ca siu th M

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Lc csdl quan h ca siu th M

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

Lc csdl quan h mi ca siu th M

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng

To c s d liu cho siu th M theo lc c thay i

Bi ging CSDL v Phn mm ng dng