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Spivak Calculus, Chapter 1 Exercises 1. Prove the following: i. If ax = a for some number a = 0, then x = 1.

Since a = 0, there exists a multiplicative inverse a1 , such that

a1 ax = aa1 x=1
ii. x2 y2 = ( x y)( x + y).

x 2 y2 = x 2 + x y x y y2
= x( x + y) + ( y)( x + y) = [ x + ( y)]( x + y) = ( x y)( x + y)

iii. If x2 = y2 , then x = y or x = y.
| x| =

x2

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