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Let A be an arbitrary set and n ∈ N. A function ω: A −→ A is called an n-ary operation on the set A. The number n is called the arity or the type of the operation ω
Let A be an arbitrary set and n ∈ N. A function ω: A −→ A is called an n-ary operation on the set A. The number n is called the arity or the type of the operation ω
Universal algebras
Definition
Let A be an arbitrary set and n ∈ N. A function ω : An −→ A is called
an n-ary operation on the set A. The number n is called the arity or the
type of the operation ω.
Definition
Let A be an arbitrary set and n ∈ N. A function ω : An −→ A is called
an n-ary operation on the set A. The number n is called the arity or the
type of the operation ω.
If B ⊆ An , a function ω : B −→ A is called a partial n-ary operation on
the set A, with the domain B.
Definition
Let A be an arbitrary set and n ∈ N. A function ω : An −→ A is called
an n-ary operation on the set A. The number n is called the arity or the
type of the operation ω.
If B ⊆ An , a function ω : B −→ A is called a partial n-ary operation on
the set A, with the domain B.
Gω = {(a1 , a2 , . . . , an , (a1 , a2 , . . . , an )ω )| ai ∈ A, i = 1, n} .
Remark
Any set may be considered an universal algebra with the operations
domain Ω = ∅.
Remark
Any set may be considered an universal algebra with the operations
domain Ω = ∅.
Example
Let M be a nonempty set. On the set of parts of M we can define the
universal algebra (P(M), ∩, ∪, CM , ∅, M), whose type is
∩ ∪ CM ∅ M
τ= .
2 2 1 0 0
Example
Let M be a nonempty set. On the set of parts of M we can define the
universal algebra (P(M), ∩, ∪, CM , ∅, M), whose type is
∩ ∪ CM ∅ M
τ= .
2 2 1 0 0
Remark
1) A ∈ S(A, Ω).
Remark
1) A ∈ S(A, Ω).
2) If Ω contains nullary operations, and B ≤Ω A, then B 6= ∅.
Remark
1) A ∈ S(A, Ω).
2) If Ω contains nullary operations, and B ≤Ω A, then B 6= ∅.
3) If Ω does not contain nullary operations, then ∅ ∈ S(A, Ω).
Remark
1) A ∈ S(A, Ω).
2) If Ω contains nullary operations, and B ≤Ω A, then B 6= ∅.
3) If Ω does not contain nullary operations, then ∅ ∈ S(A, Ω).
is commutative.
Proposition
Let f : A −→ B be a bijective homomorphism of Ω−algebras. Then
f −1 : B −→ A is also a homomorphism of Ω−algebras.
Proposition
Let f : A −→ B be a bijective homomorphism of Ω−algebras. Then
f −1 : B −→ A is also a homomorphism of Ω−algebras.
The equivalence classes [a]ρ are called in this case congruence classes.
We denote Cong (A, Ω) = {ρ ∈ Eq(A)| ρ − congruence on (A, Ω)}.
Definition
An universal algebra (A, Ω) such that
Definition
An universal algebra (A, Ω) such that
Remark
If f : A −→ B is a homomorphism of Ω−algebras, since
idB ∈ Cong (B, Ω), from the proposition above we deduce that
ker (f ) ∈ Cong (A, Ω).
Remark
If f : A −→ B is a homomorphism of Ω−algebras, since
idB ∈ Cong (B, Ω), from the proposition above we deduce that
ker (f ) ∈ Cong (A, Ω).
Remark
In the proposition above we have identified the operation domains Ω
and Ω = {ω| ω ∈ Ω} in order to consider both A and A/ρ to be
Ω−algebras.
Remark
In the proposition above we have identified the operation domains Ω
and Ω = {ω| ω ∈ Ω} in order to consider both A and A/ρ to be
Ω−algebras.