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tipologii clasice n acest domeniu. Vom prezenta principalele caracteristici ale grupurilor, analiznd
PHFDQLVPHOHLQWHUDF LXQLORUVRFLDOH
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mai curnd dect separat ceea ce doresF VDXFHHDFH WUHEXLH V

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membrii grupului se supunLPSOLFLWVDXH[SOLFLWXQXLDQVDPEOXGHQRUPHLYDORUL

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alte sisteme ce-l pot

modifica.
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vQV L$FHVWHUH]XOWDWHSRWV LQFOXG DWkWDWLWXGLQLQRLFkWLSHUIRUPDQ HLQGLYLGXDOHLGHJUXS

Formarea grupurilor. - )DPLOLDHVWH vQ JHQHUDOSULPXO JUXS vQ FDUH VH DIO

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mediul n sensul cel mai larg al cuvntului. A face parte dintr-un grup sau a constitui un alt grup
presupune un ansamblu de mobiluri: interesele indivL]LORU VH SRW H[SULPD vQ WHUPHQL UD LRQDOL FDUH
SRW IL DGHVHD vQVR L L GH JUDWLILF UL DIHFWLYH )LHFDUH VLWXD LH SRDWH UHSUH]HQWD GLIHULWH DVSHFWH

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-un grup. Individul se va plasa ntr-un grup sau altul n

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PREOL]HD] LQGLYL]LLV FRQVWLWXLHXQJUXS

WUHEXLQ HHFRQRPLFH
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reducerea incertitudinii, diminuaUHD

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LL HOLPLQDUHD

solitudinii;
-

WUHEXLQ HDIHFWLYHHPR LLGUDJRVWH

WUHEXLQ HGHFRRSHUDUH

: integrare, schimburi, comunicare;

sentimentul de a fi noi;
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WUHEXLQ HGHDSDUWHQHQ

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tigiu.

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propria personalitate.

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SR]LWLY GLQWUHHL

Dinamica grupurilor. - Expresia GLQDPLF

GHJUXS

apare n 1944 ntr-un articol al lui Kurt

/HZLQ FRQVDFUDW UDSRUWXULORU GLQWUH WHRULH L SUDFWLF  vQ SVLKRORJLD VRFLDO  'LQDPLFD JUXSXULORU
UHSUH]LQW  OD RUD DFWXDO  DQVDPEOXO FHUFHW ULORU L H[SHULHQ HORU UHIHULWRDUH OD JUXSXUL XWLOL]

explicarea fenomenelor psiho-VRFLDOH vQ WHUPHQL GH IRU

dinamic. Psihologia lui K. Lewin descrie grupul ca u

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PHPEULORUV L([SUHVLDDPLQWLW SRDWHDYHDDVW ]LGRX VHPQLILFD LL

nd

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principale:

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Curentul dinamic VH UHIHU

e cu precizie;

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FX H[DPHQXO VLWXD LHL vQ FDUH DFHDVWD LQWHUYLQH *UXSXO HVWH XQ

LL

organism definit de Lewin ca un

ansamblu de persoane interdependente. Nu este vorbD GH XQ DJUHJDW L QLFL GH R FROHF LH GH
LQGLYL]L DO WXUD L FL GH XQ VLVWHP GH WHQVLXQL DWkW SR]LWLYH FkW L QHJDWLYH vQVFULVH vQWU-R DQXPLW 
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un grup QVHDPQ

DUH]ROYDDFHVWHWHQVLXQLLDUHVWDELOLRIRUP GHHFKLOLEUX

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SRDWHDWLQJHRDQXPLW PDWXULWDWH$WXQFLFkQGFRQGL LLOHH[LVWHQ HLVDOHQXVXQWUHXQLWHHOG

ispare.

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SHUVSHFWLY  JHQHWLF  D FRQGXV OD HODERUDUHD GH PRGHOH D F URU YDOLGLWDWH U PkQH HPSLULF  %:
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SUHWLQGHF DFHVWHHWDSHVHGHUXOHD] vQPRGREOLJDWRULXLQLFLFRQIRUPVFKHPHLLQGLFDWHGHHO

Etapa 1: Formarea grupului. - ,QGLYL]LL vQFHS V LQL LH]H DF LXQL FRPXQH VSHFLILFH JUXSXOXL
n formare. RezultateleFRQGXFODLPSOLFDUHLFRH]LXQH
Etapa 2: Furtuna. -0HPEULLJUXSXOXLLQWU vQFRQIOLFWSHQWUXSR]L LDGHOLGHULFRQWUROXO
DF LXQLORU5H]XOWDWXOGREkQGLUHDSXWHULLLPDQDJHPHQWXOFRQIOLFWXOXL

Etapa 3: Formarea normelor. - *UXSXO GHWHUPLQ

 DWHSW UL FX SULYLUH OD FRPSRUWDPHQWHOH

FRQFUHWH L vL IL[HD]  R LGHQWLWDWH GLIHULW  GH FHD D DOWRU JUXSXUL 5H]XOWDWXO DFRUG DVXSUD
DWHSW ULORUUHFLSURFHLDVXSUDUHJO ULLHURULORUHYHQWXDOHFRPXQHvQWUHJXOXLJUXS

. - Membrii grupului sXQW LPSOLFD L DFWLY vQ vQGHSOLQLUHD VDUFLQLL L vQ

(WDSD  3HUIRUPDQ D

UHDOL]DUHDRELHFWLYHORU5H]XOWDWHSHUIRUPDQ HLQGLYLGXDOHLFRRUGRQDUHDDF LXQLORU

8QDVWIHOGHPRGHOQXDUHvQV  GHFkWUDUHRULDFRSHULUHvQSUDFWLF HWDSHOHVHSRWVXSUDSXQH

unele grupuri sar peste

HWDSHOH  L  DMXQJkQG GLUHFW OD SHUIRUPDQ

 $QXPLWH JUXSXUL QX DWLQJ

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-se. Cu toate
trece ntr-un

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SRWV UH]ROYHSUREOHPHOHFHU PkQDGHVHRULDVFXQVHLFDUHvPSLHGLF DF LXQHDJUXSXOXL0DLPXOW
FXQRVFkQGFRQIRUPD LDJUXSXOXLPHPEULLDFHVWXLDSRWV SUHYDG DFWLYLW

LOHYLLWRDUH

2. Tipologia grupurilor

7UHEXLHXUPDW

PXO LPHDSHQWUXDRGLULMD7UHEXLHV

-i cedezi tot pentru

a-i lua tot.

A. Artaud

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ii n

IXQF LH GH FULWHULL FH OL V DX S UXW SHUWLQHQWH )LHFDUH JUXS DVWIHO LGHQWLILFDW SULYLOHJLD]  R VHULH GH

UHOD LL vQWUH PHPEULL V L L DQXPLWH FRPSRUWDPHQWH Q UkQGXULOH FH XUPHD]  YRP SXQH DFFHQWXO SH

trei categorii de grupuri, devenite clasice n literatura de specialitate.

A. *UXSXULSULPDUHLVHFXQGDUH
Grupurile primare. - )LHFDUH GLQWUH QRL HVWH LPSOLFDW vQ JUXSXUL SULPDUH vQ LQWHULRUXO F

URUD

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uri,

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Grupurile secundare. - Q JUXSXULOH VHFXQGDUH UHOD LLOH VXQW LPSHUVRQDOH IRUPDOH GLVWDQWH
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grupului VXQW PDL GHJUDE

GHFkW

HPR LRQDO 

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asociative etc.
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LQGLYL]LFHXUP UHVFVFRSXULGHWHUPLQDWHLGHQWLFHVDXFRPSOHPHQWDUHVDXXQDQVDPEOXGHVWUXFWXUL
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ELURXULLFDUHGHWHUPLQ PDLPXOWVDXPDLSX LQUROXULOHLQGLYL]LORU

B. *UXSXULGHDSDUWHQHQ

LGHUHIHULQ

(VWH SRVLELO FD JUXSXULOH OD FDUH DSDU LQHP V  QH VDWLVIDF  DWHSW ULOH L V  FRUHVSXQG  GLQ
SOLQ LGHDOXULORU QRDVWUH (VWH SRVLELO V  DSDU LQHP XQXL JUXS I U  V  vPS UW LP vQV  WRDWH YDORULOH

sale.
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Acestea sunt concomitent grupurLGHDSDUWHQHQ LGHUHIHULQ 

C. *UXSXULIRUPDOHLLQIRUPDOH
Grupurile formale. - $FHVWHD VXQWFUHDWH SHQWUXD vQGHSOLQL IXQF LL VSHFLILFH RUJDQL]D LHL Q
interiorul unei ntreprinderi - GH SLOG  - HOH UH]XOW  GLQ VWUXFWXUD RUJDQL]D LRQDO  0HPEULL Dcestor
JUXSXULDXGUHSWVFRSV DWLQJ RELHFWLYHOHRUJDQL]D LHLvQFDUHVXQWDQJDMD LQIXQF LHGHGXUDWDORU

ele pot fi permanente sau temporare.

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VLPSO  SULYLUH D RUJDQLJUDPHL (VWH FD]XO GH SLOG  HFKLSHL GH FRQGXFHUH GLQ FDGUXO XQXL
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UHJOHPHQWHD] OHJ WXULOHGHLQWHUGHSHQGHQ

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are.

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Grupurile informale - Membrii unei organi]D LL

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dect a grupurilor

formale.
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JUXS LQIRUPDO FD L FHL FH IDF VSRUW vPSUHXQ  VDX LDX PDVD vPSUHXQ  *UXSXULOH LQIRUPDOH SULQ
HILFDFLWDWHD UH HOHL ORU GH FRPXQLFDUH GHS HVF DGHVHD ODFXQHOH SURFHVXOXL FROHFWLY GH OXDUH D
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DQ[LHW

LLPHPEULORUJUXSXOXL

3. Caracteristicile grupului

2PXO LPHFHDWHDSW
FDOHDFDUHJDO

VWkQGvQSLFLRDUHFLQFLRUHSHQWUXDYHGHDWUHFkQG

HVWHPDLIHULFLW

GHFkWSULQ XOFDUHRVDOXW

GLQFDOHDF

Maurice Druon

8Q JUXS SUH]LQW  GLIHULWH

caracteristici interdependente ce pot fi analizate ca tot attea

YDULDELOH XWLOH IXQF LRQ ULL JOREDOH DOH VLVWHPXOXL 1HZFRPE L 7XUQHU  YRUEHVF GH

SURSULHW L GH JUXS. Ne referim n continuare la cteva din principalele SURSULHW L ale grupului
apreciind impactul lor relativ asupra dinamicii acestuia.
Scopurile. - Pot fi identificate cu claritate scopurile unui grup? Se suprapun scopurile
SHUVRQDOHFXFHOHDOHPHPEULORUJUXSXOXLVDXSXWHPYRUELGRDUGHRUH]XOWDQW "

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