Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tesis
Tesis
Tesis
=I >E E IFEH=@=I
,EAC ) A = @H 1 C=H=
KI
#
2HAB=?E
-IJ= 6 IEI AI FHAIA J=@= ? @A E?A ?E=@ A +EA ?E=I @A = + JH=I OA ,H = & @A =H?A EI = ? JEA A F=HJA @A FKJ=?E I HAGKEIEJ I F=H= FJ=H = CH=@ =?=@ @A = 7 ELAHIE@=@ @A JH J JK =?E = @A 5= E? KEI O
D= IE@ FHAIA J=@= FHALE= A JA F=H= = >JA ?E ,AF=HJ= A J @A 1 B H -HHA?= @A JE?= @KH= JA A FAH @ ? = @EHA??E
=O @A # >=
5=
KEI $ @A K E @A #
)CH=@A?E EA J I
-IJA JH=>= ,HAI /KE AH EI @K@=I O A B ?E AI @A ELA I AI A HAIK J=@ @A AIBKAH ACKE = I O A J I DA JA E@ =H?A @A K?D=I FAHI E E LAIJEC=?E =I FHE ?EF= IKFEAH A JA @A @EAH I = =I -HHA?= @A GKA A J @ A J HAIF
I @EB ?E AI @A
J H =H I
-JAH = A JA AI L O = AIJ=H =CH=@A?E@ F H IK =OK@= = F HJK E@=@ @A ? J= >E ?AH = @ I FH BAIE =I I IAF=H= I= = EI I JH I O I ) O @EAH H I A A A JA = AI @A CH= F H IAH CH= @AI FAHI E =@
?E EA J I IE
3KEAH =CH=@A?AH = J @=
E B= E E= L O = A FA =H F H I JA C = F H KIJA@AI 5
K = CH= @EIJ= ?E= FAH IEA FHA B H = F=HJA @A KIJA@AI O IA HA= E )CH=@A?AH = FHE I GKA I K ?=HE I F HJAI +D = ? H= F H ? I @A I DAH =
I E JACH= JAI @A AIJ= FAGKA = FAH CH= B= E E= GKA JA C I @A J @= I LA E LE@= ANEIJA K O IAH I D=?A GKA =BA?J A JHA I A?AIEJA EI J I GKA I
EI =>KA I A @ =I FAHI
E CH= =
JA AH A F H =F O=H @A?EIE E F IE>E E@=@ O IA DE =?E = @A 5= A = ACH= I=>AH GKA JA A = -IFAH GKA
A D=? I BA E J @
I K = K ELAHIE@=@ ?
A JA @A@E?=@= = FH BAI H @A FH BAI HAI GKA AIJ= B=?K J=@ JKL = H @A ? @A ?=HHAH= O K?D=@ H O K AN?A A JA
4AIK A
)CHKF= EA J A @A JH @A = IE E =HAI A CHKF I K J @A > AJ I ) J6HAA AI K J @ >=I=@ A K ? JH=H ? F HJ= EA J @A =KJ A I= > = A A ? F HAA F JH=@ A ?EAHJ I JEF I @A D H EC=I ?K J=@AI GKA FKA@= A ? ? K EA > AJEL @A AIJA ? F HJ= EA J AI IKFAH=H ?EAHJ=I @E ?HK =H AIF=?E I L=? I ,A AIJ= B H = IA @AI=HH E C I ? KIJAHE C AI K = @A =I L=HE=I J=HA=I F IE> AI = HAI LAH > AJEL AI =CHKF=H > AJ I @=J I @A ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A @A E =@ @AI?HEFJEL O= GKA BK @= A J= @A KAIJH ? >JA EA @ @A AIJ= B H = K E AH = @A @=J I -
= K FH ?AI @A A I= > = A B H = @ K = AIFA?EA @A FKA JA F=H= F @AH HAI LAH @A ? FKJ=?E = @A E =@ ) J6HAA ? @A AIJA @A A > AJ @A HAI LAH A FH > A = @A E =HA I ) J6HAA ,E E
AIJA FH > A = - >=IA = FH FEA@=@AI BK @= A J= AI GKA F IAA AIJA FH ?AI =CHKF= EA J A -IJA JH=>= ? =I K AIJHK?JKH= ? @E ?=?E KAL @A A = @A ? =FH FE=@= A ) @EBAHA ?E= @A A E AH = @A @=J I GKA @A KC=H @A ) J6HAA JH=@E?E
= IAF=H= = CK =I D H EC=I O= K E@=I = = I =@A?K=@ F=H= A = J @ I >JA AH CKH=?E KAL I IECKEA JAI > AJEL I - E E =H A FH >
=H = A K =
=O H = @A AIJ I JEF I @A
@AFA @= @A K = ?
>JA E@ @A AIJ= B H = AI K
J @ GKA IA =@=FJ= @A
E AH = @A @=J I ) J6HAA ,E
E?
@E?A CA AH=
1 JH @K??E
+ JHE>K?E HC= E =?E AI @A = JAIEI !
E AH = @A ,=J I
= =JKH= A = @A I+ K J I @A ,=J I 6EF I @A ,=J I
#
$ % '
' ! '
"
- FH ?AI @A ANJH=??E " " "! "" "# .=IA @A 1 JACH=?E .=IA @A 5A A??E .=IA @A
! ! #
# $
4A =?E )F E?=?E
JH=I @EI?EF E =I
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
! + ?AFJ I CA AH= AI A@E@=I @A 2H NE E@=@ ! !
'
' !! !$ !% !& " " "$ J @ I >E E IFEH=@ I #"
HC= E =?E
!!
" - = C HEJ
" - = C HEJ " " "! "" "# " -
) J6HAA ,E
) J6HAA @A
E?
#%
#& #& #' $ $" $" $# $# $#
1 JAHFHAJ=?E
# 4AIK J=@ I
# - A J H # # #! #" # ) @A JH=>= 9- ) .K ?E .K ?E @A IE E EJK@ AI @A -L= K=?E
%
% % % %! %" %&
$ +
$
? KIE
6H=>=
AI
.KJKH
&
&
)FFA @E?AI ) 9- )
) 1 JH @K??E ) )F E?=?E @A K AIGKA =
&# &#
&# &$ &$ && && '
EIEI @A AI
+=F JK
1 JH @K??E
= @AI=HH KIK=HE E AH = @A ,=J I AI K = KAL= @EI?EF E = GKA AIJK@E= =I J ? E?=I HA =?E @A E B H =?E @A CH= @AI >=IAI @A @=J I 5KHCA ? =H J @ I ABA?JEL I @=@ A CH= ?HA?E EA J A >=IAI @A @=J I A = EBAIJ=HIA @EIJE J I JEF I @A A?AIE@=@AI @A DA @A A =@=I ? I JE I = ANJH=??E K = A?AIE@=@ @A E@=I F H A I JH=J=@
ANEIJA @ELAHI=I J=HA=I ?KO FH F IEJ AI I=JEIB=?AH =I - AIJA ?=I =I J ? E?=I @AI=HH =@=I D= FH @K?E@
= J=HA= @A =CHKF= EA J A E C I ? KIJAHE C A @ ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I IE E =HAI 6 ? E?=I JH=@E?E O A I = AI E L K?H=@=I ? AIJA HA= I @A I ? @A
A=
+ >MA> A = C HEJ
=F=I @A
A
=@ @ELAHI I FKJ=?E IJH= @ A = AI >E E IFEH=@ I ? AJA@ HAI @=@ I K?D I ?=I I IAH J @ I AI GKA F H E =@ = AH= CA AH= D= @A IJH=@ IAH FH
)?JK= IK ?
A JA IA D= @AI=HH
>E E IFEH=@ @A
) J6HAA -I K
J @
LA@ I FKJ=?E EA
IKI ?KAHF I +
= JH=I D H EC=I O= =@DAHE@=I +=@= D H EC= HAFHAIA J= K @=J @A KAIJH ? = B H = A GKA =I D H EC=I IA
+=F JK
1 JH @K??E
I @=J I +K= @ J @=I =I D H EC=I IA A ?KA JH= ? = HC= E =?E @E ?=?E @A = AIJHK?JKH= >JA E@= FHE ?EF= AI HA= E =@=I IA >=I= A JA A A?J=@=I A FH ?AI D= H>
ANEIJA A JHA = E =@ =I ? ?E
A?J=@= = I F HJA = ?=F=?E@=@ @A IAF=H=HIA @A = AIJHK?JKH= F=H= A ? I =@A?K=@= AI @A?EH K CHKF @A A A H> I =FH FE=@ F=H= = I CHKF I AIJ=H
D H EC=I IA HA=? JA @H K =
=CHKF=?E
JHE>K?E
J @ JEA A ?
AI
> AJEL A ? JH=H I K?E AI A ?EA JAI = FH > A = @A J @ GKA A@E @A A JA O AHH H FH ) J6HAA A ?K= AI K
- FHAIA JA D= >JA E@ >KA ? =IE ?=?E - FHE ?EFE F @A F IE?E EJAH=JEL GKA =HIA A
@A IK JEA F @A A A?K?E
K = ANJA IE @A H>
I =@A?K=@ A K J @A @=J I
H> -I K FH ?AI
AI O GKA@=HIA ?
A H IA =@A?KA = ?
JAH IJE?= IAH = J= A JA =? F =@ I O IK ?EA JA A JA @EIJ= ?E=@ I @A JH=@E?E = >JA EA @ ? HAIK J=@ FAGKA
- FH ?AI @A B H = CA AH= AI A IECKEA JA A FHE ?EFE IA A A?KJ= A = C HEJ H=H AIJA F=I E E?E= IA IA A??E @=@ IK F ?= =@=FJ=?E LA = E =@ AIJA FH ?AI C I @AI=HH ANEIJA CHKF I D ,A AIJ= B H = DA ?EF= AI - F IE?E GKA = EA J @E E? @A =I D H EC=I FAH EJA >JA AH @A I ? = =GKA =I D H EC=I GKA IA HAK>E?=H A > AJ @A J @ A H=H = =CHKF=?E I? A
I CHKF I = J= A JA =? F =@ I 2=H=
JH I CHKF I
I FHA?EI I
IA ?
I ? IJ I ?
HC= E =?E
@A = JAIEI
=I @EBAHA JAI E JAHFHAJ=?E =CHKF= EA J AH HGKE?
!
AI @A HAIK J=
+=F JK
JEL=?E
HC= E =?E
- HAIJ @A = JAIEI AIJ AI I @A
@A = JAIEI
HC= E =@= @A = IECKEA JA = = AH= E AH = @A ,=J I =I I =IFA?J I > IE? I @A = ,, O = CK
>JA E@ I =I @ELAHI=I J=HA=I F IE> AI = HAI LAH =I @EI?EF E =I I A A F I @A IK =F E?=?E E AH = @A @=J I AI = J=HA= @A =CHK = @A E?E @A CHKF IA @AI?HE>A
+=F JK
F=?E JK
! K = J=HA= KO E F HJ= JA @A JH @A
I?
> AJEL =CHKF=H @=J I F H ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I IE E =HAI - AIJA ?=F ?AFJ I > IE? I @A AIJA FH > A = J= AI ? @A I CHKF I AJ? ) F=H=?E ? AI @A KJE E =H = @A AIJA ?=F JK
@A I >E E IFEH=@ I F=H= HAI LAH ?K= GKEAH JEF @A @EIJE J I @A I >E E IFEH=@ I ? IE@AH= @ =I FHE ?EF= AI LA J= =I O @ALA J= ) J6HAA = = E = @ ?K= AI ) J6HAA @E A@E= JA = ? J @ E? F=H= A=
+=F JK
I
@A = C HEJ
IECKEA @ ?
+=F JK
?E
@A = C HEJ
+=F JK
+=F JK E AH = @A ,=J I
- =K A J @A L K A O = L=HEA@=@ @A E B H =?E A =I ?E =I >=IAI @A @=J I @ECEJ= AI D= ?HA?E@ @A IJ D= ?KHHE@ A J @=I =I HA=I A @ I? K AI =F E?=?E AI AI AJ? = =I GKA IA A ?KA JH= E B H =JE =@= =I AH?=@ JE =I @ ?=@=I ,AI@A K E?= I? I I JA A? = AH= =>HK =@ H= A EIEI @A
@E? I AJ? 7 ?=I F=HJE?K =H = @AIJ=?=H AI = 9 H @ 9E@A 9A> GKA = F @A IE@AH=H ? O @=J I IKHCA FH FEAJ=HE I @A A HAF IEJ HE @A E B H =?E I CH= @A O @ELAHI JANJ I E > AJ = ANJH=??E = J =K@E GKA ANEIJA A
= =?JK= E@=@ 6A EA @ A ?KA J= AIJA CH= ?HA?E EA J @A =I=I @A @=J I = I IKH A =I K A = = @A =OK@=H A = @A @A?EIE
A
E =@
AH = @A ,=J I ? ?E EA J
9. IA @A
FH ?AI @A ANJH=AH
?E EA J HAIK J= JA I @=J I K = >JA E@ IA =I
JE O ?
@A I
?E@ - ?
@A
@A
FHA@E?JEL
@A
@AI?HEFJEL
= IA??E
E@=I F H A KIK=HE
? =IE ?=?E
O HACHAIE
@A =@
+=F JK
E AH = @A ,=J I
$
A JHA JH=I -IJ=I
H> AI @A @A?EIE
J ? E?=I HA =?E
= AI J ? E?=I >=I=@=I A
= IA??E F ! A JAI ANJH=AH
= AI J ? E?=I AIJ ? IJE?=I O J ? E?=I >=I=@=I A @EIJ= ?E= @A E AH = @A @=J I O A A F E ?=HA FH ?AI GKA JEA A ? ?K I AIJA FH ?AI I
I ?=@= K = @A A =I = = E = @ IKI FHE ?EF= AI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I =I ? I GKA = E AH = @A @=J I AI K = IA??E JH= = = E =HA IA J H E > AJ
I >HALA A JA GKA ?
I =@A?K=@ I F=H= = A K@ A ? I
E AH = @A ,=J I
>H=@ @A JH @A ?
?E EA J A E C AI
E JACH=?E
?AFJ @A
O HA? FE =?E
IA A??E
JE = ?
E AH =
" IA = IA??E $
A E JAHFHAJ=?E
O F H =@=I ?
O KI
2 H
JE
= IA??E A = IA??E
E AH = @A @=J I O A
E AH = @A @=J I
,A
= =JKH= A = @A
= AH= CA AH= F @A I @A
I+
EH = K ?
K J I @A ,=J I
K J @A @=J I @A = IECKEA JA = AH=
7 ?
6A A
K J @A @=J I AI K ?
I K =I n
K J @A
A@E@=I J
I p
=@=I @A = C
I K ? =H
= >EA JA
K J @A p I K = =I
FH ?AI
A@E@=I =JHE @A
-I @A?EH GKA IE JA A
A@E@=I >JA A
pn
I ?K= AI IA J
A@E@=I GKA =I IA =I @A =I @A =
JANJ
=I ? K
= =JKH= A = @A
=JHE ? JEA A =I F
I+
K J I @A ,=J I
=@=I @A I > AJ I ) AIJ=I ? K =I IA =I @A
%
E =
A@E@=I J
?= F I
=
6EF I @A ,=J I
E AH = @A @=J I AI =F E?=> A = ?K= GKEAH JEF @A @=J I ANEIJEA @ F=H= ?=@= ?=I I ? =IE ?=H = I @=J I A AIJHK?JKH=@ I GKA I =GKA I FH LA = AI AIF=?E= AI JA F H= AI K JE A@E= O JANJK= AI O 1 JAH AJ
@=J I
= AI
= AI K ? K J @A J=> =I A @ AH @A @A ?=@= J=> = ? =I IJ=
K J @A =JHE>KJ I O FKA@A ?
JA AH K CH=
FHE ?EF= @A AIJA JEF @A >=IA @A @=J I AI GKA F IAA K AIGKA = =I ?E=@ I = BKA JA FHE ?EF= F=H= = AJ? 2=H= = =O H = @A =I J ? E?=I @A =O H = @A =I J ? E?=I @A E AH = @A @=J I
I @=J I @A>A HAIFAJ=H K = AIJHK?JKH= 5A FKA@A @A?EH GKA =I >=IAI @A @=J I HA =?E +=@= =JHE>KJ FKA@A IAH @A @EIJE J I JEF I @A @=J I O= IA= @A JEF A JAH ?=@A =I @A JANJ ? I? ? IA FKA@A ? =IE ?=H A K J JEF I @A @=J I HA= AI -IJ I
HA= BA?D=I HE K AI I
I JEF I @A @=J I
?=@A =I @A JANJ
F A E@=@ @A
I @=J I GKA =
IA JE@ CA AH= FKA@A IAH A JH=OA?J @A K = HKJ= K = HACE @A @=J I A AIJA JEF @A >=IA @A @=J I FAH EJA A ? AA F = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A =I ?=I=I A K = ?EAHJ= JH=H F=JH = AJ?
I @=J I F H
+=F JK
E AH = @A ,=J I
JEA A E B H =?E HA =?E =@= ? A JEA F
&
+=
=I >=IAI @A @=J I JA F H= AI ? @= =I J ? E?=I @A AL K?E AJ? =I >=IAI @A @=J I I > AJ I @A CH= K JE A@E= = ?
= FKA@A HABAHEHIA = @EIJE J I E JAHL= I @A JEA F @A ?EAHJ=I A@E@=I L= HAI =I JA @A ?E=I @A =?A = E AI A ?=I @A
CA AI =K@E O LE@A
J= =
I LE@A I )GK JA A F @A
=CHKF=H > AJ I ? =I E CA AI A I A ?
5E A K = B J FHA@
E =A ?
HH E
IACKH= A JA AI K =J=H@A?AH
B H =@=I F H @AI?HEF?E A AI @A
=I >=IAI @A @=J I @ ?K A J= AI AIJ @A JANJ I -IJ=I @AI?HEF?E >=IAI @A @=J I FKA@A IAH = E B H =?E ?D=I >E> E CH
IA FKA@A ANJH=AH
> AJ I JANJK= AI
AI A JHA
= 9 H @ 9E@A 9A>
2 @A A E B H =?E 2 @A I @A?EH GKA = 9A> AI A HAF IEJ HE @A @=J I L= E I= @A AIJA CH= ? K I CH= @A O ? FA GKA ANEIJA E =
= =?JK= E@=@ 2 H A
JA E@
JH=J= @A A ?
JH=H E B H =?E
E AH = @A KI GK JEF I
GKA A KIK=HE
?K AI I
@A I
'
@A I
+ J JE O ? AKH @A I @A @E E I = JAHE H A JA = E AH = @A @=J I JEA A ? H> @A @A?EIE > AJ ANJH=AH ? A@E= JA K ? ?E EA @A FHA IE> A -IJA ? ?E EA J AI HAFHAIA J=@
@A
@AI?HEFJEL
AIJE =H L= HAI BKJKH I @A L=HE=> AI GKA IA JH=I L=HE=> AI GKA IA @A A E = L=HE=> AI IAH = E F HJ= JA = JA E EA J O
@A I FHA@E?JEL I JEA A ? A
K J @A @=J I K = A > AJ @A
> AJ = = E =H =I FH FEA@=@AI @A
I @=J I AN= E =@ I 2 H A A F
?=@A = @A IKFAH AH?=@ I @AIA= I=>AH =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A IKI ? EA JAI ? =I @EIJE J=I J=HA=I @A )I =I J=HA=I @A ? =IE ?=?E FHA@E?JEL I E AH = @A @=J I FH @K?A @A I FHA@E?JEL I FH @K?A = AI O
F @AH A => H=H @AJAH E =@=I BAHJ=I F=H= ?=@= CHKF @A ? EA JAI A F=HJE?K =H @AI?HEFJEL I @A I @A I @A I H> AI @A AI
HACHAIE
=I J=HA=I @A =CHKF= EA J
I?HEFJEL I +=@= J=HA= FKA@A IAH HA= E =@= F H @EIJE J=I J ? E?=I ; ?=@= J ? E?= CA AH= @A I @A @EIJE J=I HAFHAIA J=?E @A?E?E @EIJE J=I I J ? E?=I GKA E AHA AI 2 H A A F @A I FHA@E?JEL I FAH F IAA HAFHAIA J=?E
@ I? ? ?
2=JH
?AFJ I ?
AI
IJ H E I @A O F=JH I GKA K FKA@A CA AH=H ? BKIE I? IEA @ = CK = F AJ= A JA @EBAHA JAI ,A?E IJA HA= E = = H =?E
@A
AI I
+=F JK
@A K ? =? @A AH?E
E AH = @A ,=J I
A ? JH=HA F @A I GKA =I FAHI IA ? =O H = ? =I GKA ? A JA @A FH=H
?EAHJ I FH @K?J I JEA @A F HJ=
FH=H JH I = AH=
CHKF @A HACEIJH I IA ? E =@
KO @EBAHA JA = =
KJ EAHI
6=HA=I O 6 ? E?=I @A
E AH = @A ,=J I
E AH = @A ,=J I K = J=HA=
) JAI @A ? 7 = J=HA= @A
JH=@ I -
I =I J=HA=I O =I J ? E?=I
!
6=HA=I @A =
E AH = @A ,=J I
? ? IA?KA ?E= = ?=JAC HE =?E @A @EA JA = @EIJE J I JEF I @A > AJEL I I HAIK J=@ I >JA E@ I A@E= JA JH= J=HA= I = AI I I I >JA AH
E AH = @A @=J I A @EIJE J I JEF I @A J=HA=I ? HHAIF A@E= JA K = J=HA= @E AHA = = IECKEA JA ?=JAC HE =?E F IE> A FAH IA ?=FJKH= =
CH=H -I @A?EH GKA ?=@= J=HA= JEA A IKI FH FE I HAGKEIEJ I O GKA I HAIK J=@ I GKA F @A AI E?= O K = @ELEIE =@=I + @E E
A J=HA=I @A B H = I A = IA??E
=I =?JELE@=@AI @A
E AH = @A @=J I
O 4ACHAIE
I AIJK@E=@= @A JH @A = E AH = @A ,=J I =I @EI?E GKE = A
-I FH >=> A A JA = J=HA= F E =I -
6=HA=I O 6 ? E?=I @A
BK ?E @A
E AH = @A ,=J I
E =@ I =JHE>KJ I @A FHA@E??E
+K= @ 2 H
I L= HAI @A JH I =JHE>KJ I @A K
A =JHE>KJ = FHA@A?EH AI @A JEF ?=JAC HE? @A?E EA JH=I GKA IE A =JHE>KJ AI @A JEF AA F GKA @A IKF C= E =HA I = =JHE>KJ ?H @EJ HE? @A?E
>KA
EA JH=I GKA
= A@=@ @A ? EA JA A I= =HE
IE F=C=H ,A AIJ= B H =
IECKEA JA
5E FH IJ= 51 FH IJ=
)GK JA A ? @E?E ?
! A J =
8
?AI ?H @EJ
>KA
?AI ?H @EJ
?AI ?
K J @A A JHA = EA J O A ?
JA @H =??AI = I L= HAI @A
K J @A FHKA>=
KAIJH= J ? E?= @A>A A 2=H= CH=H AIJA > AJEL O @A =JHE>KJ = AL= K=@=I A BK ?E ?KHHA K J @A
JH=H =I HAC =I A BK ?E
K J @A A JHA = EA J =I HAC =I A ?
FHA@A?EH 7 = LA JAH E =@ A FH ?AI K J @A FHKA>= 7 FH > A = A ?KA JH= HAC =I ? K J @A @=J I ? ?K>HEH HAC =I @A ? =IE ?=?E IE KAIJH = C HEJ A JHA = EA J I J J= E@=@ @A 6A A I @=J I K = F=HJA @A ?
KO E F HJ= JA GKA IKHCA A AIJA FH ?AI @A @AI E = I >HA= KIJA LAH JJE C -IJ @A A CA AH= KAIJH ? K = FHA?EIE F AJ O F H
AI A GKA IA @A
= 6=HA= @A
@A =@ @A ,AFA @A ?E=I
K = CA AH= E =?E @A = J=HA= @A ? =IE ?=?E IE - AIJA =
-IJ= J=HA= FKA@A IAH LEIJ= ? ?=I A > AJEL )GK J= >E I => ?=
AI A @A FHA@A?EH A L= H @A K =JHE>KJ
+=F JK
A A ? HAIJHE??E
E AH = @A ,=J I
IA?KA JA @A = HAC = FAH AI I >HA = CK FKA@A =F=HA?AH A A ? A = > I = = LA F @A
K?D=I LA?AI IA HA= E = ?EAHJ=I I AIFA?E ?=H GKA A =JHE>KJ GKA A =JHE>KJ A@=@ I
I =JHE>KJ I F H A A F
?H @EJ I
IA?KA JA @A =I HAC =I
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
= J=HA= @A ? =IE ?=?E K ? K J @A A JHA = EA J ? @A ?= >E A > AJEL AI A ? GKA IA ? =I ? =IAI O= =IEC =@=I JH=H =I ? =IAI @A B H = E@=I IJ IA HA= E = =FHA @E = A JH=H CHKF I I > AJ I @A ?A ?
AI @=@ ?
A JH=@= = = C HEJ
= J=HA= @A =CHKF= EA J A = @
E @AFA @EA JA AI @A?EH GKA =I ? =IAI F=HJE?E IKFAHLEI=@ K EI -I = J=HA= @AI?HEFJEL= I @=J I I CHKF I
=JKH= AI = F=HJEH @A
=CHKF=@ I @A J= B H = GKA
?AI ; @
K J @A =JHE>KJ I
E =@ I JA I O IA ?K F A GKA X Y = 7 A A F
51 D= >KHCKAI= A J
?AI F=
=O
AI=
=@
= FH FE=
6=HA=I O 6 ? E?=I @A
E AH = @A ,=J I
!
6 ? E?=I @A =
E AH = @A ,=J I
ANEIJA @EBAHA JAI F=H= AI GKA D=?A GKA ANEIJEA @ GKA @A AIJ I F=H=@EC =I E ? KOA K CHKF J= >E HAIJHE??E
@EC =I @AJH I @A =I @EIJE J=I J ? E?=I +=@= K I O L=HE=?E = ABA?JELE@=@ @A = C HEJ @AFA @= @A @
E E @A = =F E?=?E
@A
E AH = @A ,=J I
E AH = @A
@A
O =I AIJH=JACE=I @A =@ E EIJH=?E
@A
-IJHK?JKH= @A
@A
J @
-IJA AI K JA = GKA DA
.K ?E
?K= = ?
> AJEL
=I BK ?E
K J @A @=J I - JA H = = A A??E
AI > AJEL I ANEIJA JAI E JA J= FHE HE =H = C K J @A @=J I 2 H ? = IK = @A I AHH HAI = ?K=@H=@ O= GKA @A K = I
HE?= J= AI ?
@A ?EAHJ I L= HAI
A@E@= @A J @ I @A
K J @A @=J I -
=NE E?A @A A @ @A
+=F JK
=I BK ?E
E AH = @A ,=J I
AI > AJEL I @EB ?E J @ I A JA FKA@A IAH JH=H @A E E E =@=I = = JE?= A JA )
"
A K@ IA I
KJE E = J ? E?=I DAKH IJE?=I F=H= HAI LAH AIJA JEF @A FH > A =I > AJEL @A ? AI A @A A ? > AJEL @A @=J I 2KA@A GKA A AI A ?=I @A
K?D I ?=I I A
@A I FHA@E?JEL I
-IJH=JACE=I @A =@ E EIJH=?E
E?= @A A GKA = IA @AI=HH @A = A =?A = = IKF HE= 4) I E @AN= EA @ GKA =I JA?
@A
I @=J I
=?
F @A
A JA =
I = = E B H =?E
=?A = EA J IA?K @=HE=I @EI? I @KH I O JAH?E= IA?KA ?E= = CH= ?= JE@=@ @A HE=I FHE ?EF= AI =?JK= AI J @ I FAH=?E AI I @=@ = @EI?E I AI IE @A =I
EF AJ? J= >E
J @ I
F=H= = E F A A J=?E
6EF I @A 6 ? E?=I
+=@= K = @A =I J=HA=I = JAHE H A JA ANF E?=@=I HAGKEAHA @A J ? E?=I F=H= HAI LAH =I )C KO F=HJE?K =H GKA F @A =I IECKEA JAI IA??E I = ? I @A?EH GKA AI ? I A ? I JH=H AI GKA ? D=O J=HA=I GKA FKA@A = J=N I ? I IAH HAIKA J=I F H K CHKF @A J ? E?=I ANEIJA J ? E?=I GKA FKA@A HAI LAH K CHKF @A J=HA=I AI @AJ= =HA I @EIJE J I JEF I @A J ? E?=I K?D=I LA?AI A ? F AJ= @A
I
= GKA ?E@=I
@AI?HE>EHA F @A
7
JE K=?E
J @ I D >HE@ I
I = C HEJ
I ?AH?=
LA?E
6=HA=I O 6 ? E?=I @A
E AH = @A ,=J I
I J ? E?=I GKA ANFHAI= AI = ? HHA =?E I ? A ?EA JAI @A I AI
#
A@E= JA L= HAI CA AH= I
AI E A= AI BK ?E
E A= AI @EIJHE>K?E
A@E= = L=HE=
AI AJ? 2 H F=H
F=H=
AI = F=HJEH @A AJH I ) CK
A A ?K= IA AIJE = K
I = C HEJ
I @A JH @A AIJA CHKF I
=I J ? E?=I @A HACHAIE
E A=
HACHAIE
C IJE?=
I @EI?HE E = JAI E A= AI
E A= AI >=I= JE
@ I A BK ?E ? ? F=H=
EC=HIA A J H E JHE?=
F=H=
=I HA@AI AKH
6 ? E?=I >=OAIE= =I
CHKF HE KJE E = @ F=H= A ? =IE ?=@ H >=OAIE= -NFA?J=JE
IA >=I= A AIJE =H = FH >=>E E@=@ @A FAHJA A ?E= = K = ? =IA @A =I FH >=>E E@=@AI ? I @E?E I = AI E LAHI=I KO ? = FHE A A JA HA = @A *=OAI ) CK I = C HEJ ?E@ I I
=NE E =JE
6 ? E?=I >=I=@=I A
GKA IK HAFHAIA J=?E = C HEJ
H> AI @A @A?EIE
O IEIJA =I @A =FHA @E = A
>=I=@=I A @ I JEF I @A A +)46 O I = C HEJ
I I @A
J ? E?=I J @ I I E =@ I
I @ELE@A O LA ?AH I ?
IAF=H= O LA ?AH I ?
6 ? E?=I HA =?E
A CK= AI
CE?= 1 @K?JEL= I
@A J ? E?=I @A
E AH = @A @=J I HA =?E
=
IA JH=J= @A J ? E?=I GKA =FHA A?J= K ? K J @A @ I @A ANE AI @AJAH E = A
= AI =HJE ?E= AI
I FAI I @A =I ?
A@E= JA A A JHA = EA J @A
I FAI I GKA ?
+=F JK
=FHA @E@ I?
E AH = @A ,=J I
-NEIJA @EIJE J=I L=HE= JAI @A HC= E =?E
$
FAH?AFJH IE F A HA@AI
K JE?=
F=I HA@AI @A
AJ? ?
?E@ AI A = C HEJ
A E C I >=? FH F=C=JE =
= AI B H =
A JAI = A=J HE I I
A= E C
J @ I AL KJEL I O CA JE? I
GKA KJE E =
@EIJ= ?E=
@A = @EIJ= ?E= A JHA A A A J I O= IA= @A B H = @EHA?J= ? @A IA = AH= I !! II I ? IJE?=@= ?E@ I I A@E= JA A ? ?K @A BK ?E I = C HEJ = IA??E A + *9-* O A = C HEJ
LA?E
I ?AH?=
) CK I @A @AJ= =HA
AI @A @A IE@=@ A= GKA
= =E = ?E EA J
> AJ @A ANJH=AH ?
FKA@A AIFAH=H GKA K = @AJAH E =@= J ? E?= FKA@= JH=J=H I AI ?HK?E= GKA IA= A ?EA JAI A >=IAI @A @=J I HA =?E 5E A >=HC IA ? JH=H @A JH @A = @=@= AIJ= CH= L=HEA@=@ @A JEF I O
@A AIJA JEF
ANECA ?E= AIFAH=H GKA K = ?EAHJ= J ? E?= IA =@=FJA = ?K= GKEAH IEJK=?E
E AH = @A ,=J I )?AFJ=> AI
I = C HEJ F=H= ANJH=AH @A = AH= ABA?JEL= E B H =?E @A
%
@A @A
)
@A
=?A = EA J O )??AI =
I = C HEJ I D= IE@ @AI=HH
I @=J I
A
@E E
IA
= IA??E
=O H =
=@ I =IK EA @ GKA J @ I
@E@ I @A =I A
HE= FHE ?EF= ,=@ GKA = CH= ?= JE@=@ A ?E= A HA =?E IJ @A @=J I I GKA = CK =I J ? E?=I =I AL= = GKA KAIJH = C HEJ
AI L E@=
-NFHAIE
HA@AI AKH A ? GKA
@A
K?D=I LA?AI LA
?E EA J ANJH= @ F ? ?
FHA IE> A F H A A F
K?D I ?=I I E =?AFJ=> A @=@ GKA AI E @EIFA I=> A GKA FHA @E@ F H KIK=HE I E ANFAHJ I 2 H IJ AI A?AI=HE A@E= JA ?K= GKEAH J ? E?= FKA@= ELA CH ? I ANFHAIE AI IAH ANFHAI=@ I CE?=I AJ? I @=J I HKE@ I I ?KHHA I =O H =
?E EA J ANJH= @ IA= ?
A@E= JA = C
+=F= @A JH=J=H ?
I CA AH= @A
@=J I HKE@ I I O F ? ?
K AI KJ EAHI
@=J I F ? ?
I @=J I -IJ I I
= > I FKA@A E
)
-
FHAIA J=H !
+=F JK
E AH = @A ,=J I
> AJ IK>I= =H = CK =I @A AIJ=I B= A ?E=I ) ? F=H=?E @A = CK I @A I J @ I IA = =@ I A
&
6 ? E?=I @A
A = =O H = @A F=H= CH= @AI L
@A E =?E
I ?=I I ?
AIJ=@ IJE?=
FHA IE> AI
JHE?=I I JHE?=I I
F=H= F=H=
JHE?=I JH=>= =
6 ? E?=I >=OAIE= =I
JE@=@AI @A =JHE>KJ I 5 E EJ=@= ? IJHKOA
CH= @AI ?= KO
6 ? E?=I >=I=@=I A
H> AI @A @A?EIE
O IEIJA = @A =FHA @E = A
HE? I I A ?EA JAI O >JEA A >KA @A I >JA E@ I =
B ?E AI IEC E =O
@A KI=H =@ EJA =JHE>KJ I ?=JAC HE? I O K ?=JEL I @=J I HKE@ I I O L= HAI B= J= JAI 5 @A JH @A = J=HA= @A ? =IE ?=?E HAI ?K= E@=@AI AI = ? I H> AI @A @A?EIE FHA IE>E E@=@ @A I
I HAIK J=@ I
=O H @AILA J= = @A
K J @A A JHA = EA J
O IK E EJ=@= ANFHAIELE@=@
6 ? E?=I HA =?E
>JA E@ I I CA AH= @A @=@ = JA = I ?
= AI O @A? =H=JEL=I
I A A F I @A
J ? E?=I =I = AH= ?
KO ANFHAIEL=I O
@A I = @E ?K AIJ=>E E
=O HAI @AILA J= =I I
AJ? = L=HEA@=@ @A
= AI =HJE ?E= AI
IEC E ?=JEL I
E A= AI -I IA IE> A = L= HAI =
= I =K GKA I
- FH ?AI @A ANJH=??E
@A ?
?E EA J ,,
= L=HEA@=@ @A J ? E?=I ANEIJA JAI
'
I FAH EJA FKJ=?E =
I @A AIF=?E O JEA F
"
=
- FH ?AI @A ANJH=??E
@A ?
?E EA J ,,
I = F E ?KO > AJEL AI A D=?AH IJ= @A K = IA?KA ?E= AI F=H= ANJH=AH AJ?
@AI?K>HE EA J @A ?
?E EA J @A = J= ?= E@=@ -I E JAH=?JEL F HGKA A ANFAHJ A A @ I @=J I L= E@=?E = ?E ? B=IAI -IJA FH ?AI IA HC= E = A J H
E E @A FH > A =
?E EA J ANJH= @ L= E I= O @ F H @A ?
O HA? FE
IACKEH =I A@E= JA K =?
=?E
= =?
@A @=J I IA @AJAH E =
@A @=J I ? GKA ?
O LEIK= E =?E
JA AH L= HAI AHH
I @=J I E ? HHA?J I O IA @A?E@A = AIJH=JACE= = IACKEH ? I =JHE>KJ I HA AL= JAI O IA @AI?=HJ= = J=HA= = = C HEJ GKA IA @A @A E = FHAF=H=?E E AH = @A @=J I
E AH = @A @=J I IA @A?E@A
J @ = KJE E =H A JA A = B=IA @A AI >JA E@ I O IA @A?E@A .E =
A E JAHFHAJ=?E
IA AL= =
+=F JK @EBKIE
E AH = @A ,=J I
IA D=?A KI @A KAL ? ?E EA J O IA D=?A F=HJE?EFA @A =@=I =J @ I
I F IE> AI
KIK=HE I +=>A @AIJ=?=H GKA F=H= ?=@= K = @A =I B=IAI IA A F A= @EIJE J=I J ? E?=I @A =I @EBAHA JAI @EI?EF E =I HA =?E
"
GKA IA ? HC= E =?E F=
.=IA @A 1 JACH=?E
?A ? A
O 4A? FE =?E
AI >=I=@=I A A FH ?AI= EA J JH=@E?E = @A @=J I 62 A = E
>HA @A FH ?AI= EA J JH= I=??E IK ?EA JAI F=H= ?K>HEH =I AJ? AI @A?EH F=H= J
= A
A=
.HA?KA JA A JA
I @=J I A?AI=HE I F=H= AL=H = ?=> K FH ?AI @A AI @AF=HJ= A J I @A K = I = = HC= E =?E ? E =J O @A>=
?KA JH= A @EBAHA JAI HC= E =?E FKA@A GKA AIJ I @=J I IA= ANJAH F > E?=I @=J I @A FHEL=@=I @=J I @A ? ?=@= HC= E =?E @=J I AI @A?EH K JA? ? A??E EI = = 7 = =? CH ? I
F= =I >= ?=HE=I A ?JHE?=I AJ? -IJ HAFHAIA J= K HAJ O= GKA @A @A @=J I @EBAHA JA 2 H AIJ FHE AH GKA IA @A>A D=?AH AI KC=H = IKHCE EA J @A K = KAL= BK ?E EIEI @A I
E JACH=H J @ I AIJ I @=J I > AJ @A E JACH=H @EIJE J=I BKA JAI @A @=J I @E C = @A E =@= = =J =H @=J I @A @EIJE J=I BKA JAI ? I O =OK@=H A =? =?A =@= >= K = @A @A?EIE AI ? A??E K =@= @A @EIJE J=I BKA JAI E? A F = = EA J 7 ,, I A
@A @=J I AI
A B H =J I DAJAH C
- FH ?AI @A ANJH=??E
@A ?
?E EA J ,,
"
@=J I IE = E =H
.=IA @A 5A A??E
= ?= E@=@ @A ? J= >E
?E EA J ANJH= @ @A = ?= E@=@ @A E =
A FH ?AI @A
,, AI A @A IA A??E
=H O FHAF=H=H A IK>?
K J @A @=J I GKA IA L= E A?AI=HE I F=H= = J=HA= I @=J I 2 H A A F @K?EH = HAIK J=@ I F ? JH F=H= I
I ?K= AI IA @A
LEIJ=
@=J I HA? FE =@ I A A F=I = JAHE H FKA@A IAH EHHA AL= JAI = HA= E =H -NEIJA JH JEF @A E ?
= FHAIA ?E= @A @=J I B= J= JAI EIIE C L= KAI GKA FKA@A ? F=I E F HJ= JA @A JH @A AIJ= AJ=F= AI = IA A??E ?HK?E= GKA HAFHAIA J= + IK>? A A?K?E A A H=H = ?= E@=@ @A A ?=I @A @A >JA E@ IE J= >E
FHA?EI I -NEIJA @EIJE J=I AIJH=JACE=I O J ? E?=I F=H= JH=J=H AIJA JEF @A FH > A = I =JHE>KJ I IA= E JAHAI= JAI F=H= = J=HA= @A =O H JEA F @A FH ?AI= EA J F=H= A I =JHE>KJ I F @H = I HACEIJH I ? ,A>A A J @ HA= E =H K = A A??E E E E =H @A = E AH = @A @=J I I
I J= >E
K J @A = J J= E@=@ @A @A = C HEJ
> AJ @A
?KE@=@ I= F=H= =IACKH=H GKA AI LAH@=@AH= A JA HAFHAIA J=JEL= JH= J=HA= @A JH @A AIJ= AJ=F= AI = @A ? ANEIJA JAI ? 6= >E =C F @A A F @H = I IJHKEH KAL I =JHE>KJ I A >=IA = =JHE>KJ I = J=HA= @A E AH = @A @=J I I K AHE =H F @A I I =JHE>KJ I F=H= B=?E EJ=H A KI @A ?EAH F @H = A JAH I 6= >E > AJ @A GKA AIJ I KAL I =JHE>KJ I B=?E EJA @E ?=H A JEF @A = CK
J=I J ? E?=I GKA HAGKEAHA @A JEF I @A @=J I AIFA? ? I 2 H A A F JEF @A @=J ?=JAC HE? ? I JH=J=H = =JHE>KJ I K LAHJEH =I ?=JAC H =I A HA= E =H A FH ?AI E LAHI = = JAHE H @EI?HAJE = @ =JHE>KJ I ? HE? I ? =JHE>KJ I ?=JAC HE? I
JE K I ,A AIJ= B H =
"!
.=IA @A
E AH = @A ,=J I
I @AIJ=?=@= @A FH ?AI @A >H=H = J @ A FH ?AI JE F=H= A KIK=HE IJ IA K?D=I LA?AI IA KJE E = AIJ= B=IA F=H= ?E EA J
= B=IA @A -
,, O F H AIJ= H=
+=F JK
HA= E =
E AH = @A ,=J I
A@E= JA = ? @A IJHK??E @A K @A = F=HJEH @A I F=JH I @=J I HA? FE =@ I O JH= I AI HA =?E AI A ? JH=@=I =H AI A?AI=HE J
B H =@ I GKA JEA A ?
AI K = @AI?HEF?E FHA@A?EH
CA AH= @A
@AI?HE>EH A ?
K J @A @=J I 2=H= A
K = IAHEA @A @A?EIE
AI = JAI @A A FA =H A FH ?AI
I =FH FE=@= F H A A F
F @H =
- ACEH A JEF @A
GKAHAH >JA AH K H>
@A
F HAA F
F @H =
@A @A?EIE
F=H= ANJH=AH ?
?E EA J A B H = @A HAC =I
@A
H>
GKA AIJ=
IJHK??E
@A
@A
LA
@A KAIJH= J=HA= )I K = LA
GKE I KI=H JH=I J ? E?=I - AIJ= > IGKA@= @A E ? KI @E ?=H = @A E?E @A FH > A =
@A
=@A?K=@
FKA@A GKA JA C=
""
A 1 JAHFHAJ=?E
JH=@ I @A A AI K FH > A = JHELE= O= GKA AIJ= I IK> AJEL I JH=H F=JH A@E@= =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I E@A= AI GKA K J @A @=J I IAH AI A A ?=I @A @A I AI LA@ I I O JE AI 5AC FEAH@=
= FHA?EIE
FHA IE> AI E JA ECE> AI A E JAHAI= JAI A ? AI FKA@A E JAHAI=H IJE? I GKA FHA AHA F=JH
IEIJA =I @A @E=C
4A =?E
AI ?
JH=I @EI?EF E =I
E AH = @A @=J I ANEIJA @EBAHA JAI A@E@=I @A AL= K=H I F=JH A
!
I AI AH AH @A I = =I
FHA@E?JEL=
= ?K= IA ?= ?K = ?
K J @A FHKA>= - A ?=I @A = J=HA= @A HAC =I @A =I ?E=?E =O H AH @A E IJ= ?E=I O JEA A K = FHA?EIE ?AFJ I HA =JEL= A JA ?E@= ? =?
IA IKA A AL= K=H @A B H = IAF=H=@= ?=@= K = @A =I HAC =I ? HAC =I GKA IA =F E?= = K = J= I >HA =I I F HJA AI A AI = FH F H?E @ELE@E@= A EI =I IJ IA HA= E = A >=IA = @ I ?
= ? >AHJKH= ?
= =
@A E IJ= ?E=I GKA = HAC = FHA@E?A ? HHA?J= A JA AI @A?EH = ? >AHJKH= AH J J= @A E IJ= ?E=I = =I GKA = HAC = IA FKA@A =F E?=H 5E = J=HA= AI @A IA AL= = A@E= JA BK ?E AI J= AI ? IJ FH A@E= A AHH H ?K=@H JE? I AHH HAI O JEA A A@E =O H
HACHAIE
E =I
I @A L= H HA= 2=H= = J=HA= @A =CHKF=?E AI GKA IA >=I= A O IAF=H=?E = ? DAIE @A ?=@= CHKF O = = IA FKA@A B H = E =H KJE E = @ =? IJHK??E @A
A@E= = ?A JH @A CHKF
O = @EIJ= ?E=
?HK?E= AI J= J A
"#
.=IA @A ,EBKIE
7I O
@A EA @A =??E
EJ HE =?E
FKA@A KJE E =HIA FHE ?EF= AI >=I @ IA A A @A BK ?E K J I @A @=J I 6= >E I F=JH A JA F=H= @ I @A O IKI HAIK J= AI E F HJ= JA A >EA @A>A I
7 = LA ? @ I ?
IJHKE@ O L= E@=@ A @A @A AI @A
= E@=@AI F=H= GKA K = = EIJ= HA? >EA F=H= =F E?=H A FH >=H =I FHAIJ=?E A@EH GKA J= >EA A AL K?E EI
= @EBAHA JAI ?
AI FKA@A ?= >E=H
#
= ?
4A =?E
ANJA IE
AI ?
JH=I @EI?EF E =I
K JE@EI?EF E =HE GKA IA D= @AI=HH O =@ A F=H= A = E AH = = E LAIJEC=?E I =L= ?AI A
E AH = @A @=J I AI K ?= F
@A JH=I HA=I 2 H A
+=F JK
E AH = @A ,=J I
GKA IA FH @K?A A AIJ=I HA=I HA =?E IE KOA JAI =@=I -
"
=I IECKEA JAI
I =I @EI?EF E =I =
4A?KFAH=?E
B H =?E
@A = 1 B H =?E
1 B H =JE
GKA IK @AI=HH
4AJHEAL= + IEIJA A
>JA AH E JH=H
@ ?K A J I = F=HJEH @A F= =>H=I ? =LAI GKA F @H = LAHIA ? @A AIJ=I F= =>H=I ? =LAI 2=H= A K?D=I @A AIJ=I A@E@=I IA D=
?AFJ I GKA IA AI
= =I @EIJHE>K?E
AH?E= E = ?
E AH = @A @=J I
)FHA @E = A @A
I=HH =H = C HEJ I? AIJ=@ IJE?= I
A ? H=
A =FHA @E = A @A
GKE = O A
= F=HJEH @A A A F I O KJE E =H
5EIJA =I F=H= = J
GKA =IEIJA = > AJEL AI FH F H?E
= @A ,A?EIE
=H = E B H =?E
AI 5
I @EHA?JEL I A
= HAI K?E
@A FH > A =I O A
)F E?=?E
AI @A
I
8EIK= E =?E
A JA @AH F=JH JANJK= AI @A
AI GKA IAH =
HAI =I >=I=@=I A
AI @AFA @EA @ @A
FKJ=?E
I?
AH?E= AI
E ? KOA JA?
F A =I @A
E AH = @A @=J I IA HAF=HJA A JHA @EBAHA JAI FH ?AI=@ HAI 5K KI IA @A>A @EIJHE>KE@= @A CH= @AI = AI @A I = C HEJ AI E =@ @A JEF @A = =F E A A CK= A FKJ=@ H= AJ? =?A AI @A @=J I O @A = IK J= I I @A ? ?H JE?=I 7 = @A =I I = C HEJ
@A =I FHAIJ=?E
)F E?=?E
= E JACH=?E
AI
E AH = @A @=J I = = LE@= ? JE@E= = IA AIJ ? LEH I AC ?E I @A = FK> E?E@=@ @EHECE@= O = @EIJHE>K?E KA ?E=@=I F H = AI O= IA= F @A CH IA ? D= IE@ A JH=H A A F I F E?E= AI
@A =I J ? E?=I @A IE
E AH = @A @=J I O= GKA D= FAH EJE@ HA@K?EH = ?EAH=I IACKH I ?EA J ?=I A@E?E = B=H @A ?=I A@K?=?E
)F E?=?E
AI .E = ?EAH=I
@A F=JH AI @A KI BH=K@K A J @A J=H AJ=I @A ?H @EJ I
>JA ?E
,AJAH E =?E
+=F JK
E AH = @A ,=J I
1@A JE ?=?E )
@A HAC =I @A AH?=@ @A L= HAI = F=HJEH @A DA?D I DEIJ HE? I
)F E?=?E
)
AI +
AH?E= AI
FH= ? FH=I ? K J=I IA?KA ?E= AI LA J=I
EIEI @A = ?AIJ= @A ?
-L= K=?E )
5AC A J=?E
5ACKH I O 5= K@ 2HEL=@=
,AJAH E =?E )
@A ? EA JAI GKA F @H = IAH F JA ?E= @E? I I E?EJ=@ I ? A JA ?=H I K J= A JA HEAIC
AI @A ?
F HJ= EA J BH=K@K A J
-@K?=?E
5A A??E ,AJA??E -IJE =?E
?=FJ=?E @A =>= @ @A AIJK@E= JAI I BH=?=I I = E IJEJK?E
2H ?AI I 1 @KIJHE= AI
-NJH=??E ,AJA??E 2HA@E??E
@A @A I I >HA ? JH=>=I F HJ= EA J @A ? @A I @A ?= E@=@ FKAIJ I
@A FEA =I ? @A B=
I O =??E@A JAI
A@E?E =
1@A JE ?=?E ,AJA??E 4A?
@A F=J C =I HEAIC @A IKBHEH K = F=J C=? EI = F=J ?HAJ= C=
@A F=?EA JAI ?
A @=?E
)F E?=?E *E
) )
+ =IE ?=?E
6A A?
K E?=?E
AI
,AJA??E
@A BH=K@A
JH=I
HA=I
E? O =CA @=I FAHI CAIJE I IA A??E E? = = AI ? =IE ?=?E O @EIJHE>K?E =KJ JE?= ? HHA IF= @A =LEI I @A A F A=@ I I KIK=HE I @AJA??E CI @A K IAHLE@ H MA> @A @A BH=K@A A A I
+ HHA A A?JH
@A ? HHA
4A?KHI I 0K = 9A> =
? AH?E A A?JH
EIEI @A ?
F HJ= EA J @A EIEI @A
+=F JK
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
- A ?=F JK FHALE LE I GKA F @ = I >JA AH @ I JEF I @A I @A K @A = IA??E AJ? @A I K @AI?HEFJEL
@A
AI @A?EH I
FHA@E?JEL
K I ? I ? ?E ! @A
K GKA
@A
= J=HA= @A
=CHKF= EA J AI =
I @A E B H =?E
! @AI?HE>EHA KAC A
A@E@=I @A FH NE E@=@ = @A
?AFJ I CA AH= AI I >HA =I J ? E?=I GKA HAIKA LA AIJA FH > A = J @ I AH HGKE? I O J @ I F=HJE?E ! ! @AJ= =HA I =I FHE ?EF= AI J ? E?=I @A =CHKF= EA J
!
?AFJ I CA AH= AI
=@= F H A IAH DK = E L K?H= A =CHKF= EA -IJ= E@A= @A ? =IE ?=H AI ? =H= A JA AIJE> AI LA A I I @K ?AI @A A CK= AI =I GKA F @A I A JA F=H=
7 = @A =I D=>E E@=@AI > IE?=I @AI=HH K = E@A= FHE EJEL= F H A A F ?E I= =@ I O =I IECKEA @ = ? =IE ?=?E ?K= @ A ? A IK IA JE@ I= FE
J @A > AJ I IE E =HAI F=H= >JA AH K = ? =IE ?=?E IEA FHA DA @A = CK =I @A IKI FH FEA@=@AI J= AI ? D= IE@
JH=H 2 H A A F
+=F JK
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
K J @A ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I A ? C=J FAHH ?=>= AJ? ?=@=
!
F H
@AI?HE>EH K = ? =IA @A > AJ I GKA JEA A K ? AA F + ?=?E ?K= @ DA I LEIJ I HABAHE I = = E = AI J= AI ? >HA =CHKF= E @ELE@K I A CHKF I = ? =IE ?=?E
AI K = =?JELE@=@ ? JE@E= = A
AI
BK @= A J= F=H= = @A HC= EI
= ? =IE
AI HA= E =@=I
A A ?= F A AIJ= H= = @A = ?EA ?E= IA @A )HEIJ JA AI ? AIJ= @ELEIE @A E = AI @ I CHKF I FHE ?EF= AI =GKA I LAHJA>H=@ I O =GKA CHKF I A BK ?E E?= ? =IE ?=H HB IEI ? = GK =? FHA IE I GKA
J=N
A
=
= @ A JA KAC I AIJA D=
= E = ?
@A IK B H = @A ?HA?E EA J
K AH I=I @EI?EF E =I ?
J @ I K
HE? I )
> AJEL @A @A
@A> = I=JEIB=?AH @ I FH FEA@=@AI ,A> = IAH > AJEL= A A IA JE@ @A GKA A = K J @A > AJ I HA= E =@ ?
I HAIK J=@ I IEA FHA ,A> = IAH AIJ=> A A A IA JE@ @A GKA = ? =IE ?=?E KAL I > AJ I = KAIJH ? = AIJA ?
@A IA =F E?=H
6=N =
= K
HE?= IA =I @A
?E EA J
@A F=JH AI
IKFAHLEI=@
+
-
?AFJ I CA AH= AI
= =O H = @A AIJ=I =F E?=?E AI = F=HJE?E OJ @ I @A I @=J I IA @A I CHKF I ? @A K = JA =
!
= @A J= B H = GKA = J J= E@=@ @A I
E? CHKF
I CHKF I AH= K = I K?E =JHE K JEL=HE=@= @A n IE@AH=@=I =JHE @EIJE J > AJ i -IJ= =I F IAA
JA EA @ J @ I
= A JH=@= xij A X @A
=JHE @A @ I
@ I @=@ GKA =I
JE K I ?=JAC HE? I O K H@E = AI O = CK =I I @EB ?E ? = J=HA= @A =CHKF=?E > AJEL ? =IE ?=H = I
L= H HA= E = @ =I @A = =JHE :
I @=J I
,A
E?E
@A CHKF
I KJE E =@ A JAH E E?E
CHKF @A K =
= AH= E JKEJEL= IE K =
CA AE@=@ O
F=HA?A IAH
IAF=H=?E
IAF=H=?E
A O ? =H= A JA IAF=H=@
IK ?EA JA F=H= J @ I
.ECKH= ! /HKF I ?
? DAIE
E JAH = O
IAF=H=?E
-I F H A IAF=H=?E
E?E
AI A HA =?E HA?
= = D
CA AE@=@ O
F AJ= A JA ? =H ?
?AH K CHKF E ? KI A
+=F JK
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
I =IACKH=H GKA A FH ?AI @A HA? =O H = ? ? KEH = GKA
!
?E EA J HAGKEAHA =
@A = @EIJ= ?E= HA =JEL= A JHA FK J I ANEIJA CHKF I =JKH= AI I = = 7 EI =I ? AIFAH=H = GKA K = ? KIE AI 2AH A C A A @A FK J I A K F = @A>A A ? >E@E A IE
A JA K CHKF D
J ? E?= @A =CHKF= EA J =F E?=@= = AIJ I @=J I AC=H= = =I HA= E@=@ KAIJH = C HEJ AIJA FH ?AI IA @A AA F IKF C= K = ?EAHJ= JH=H K = ?EAHJ= @ELEIE E = @EIA??E -IJ= J=HA= AI
.ECKH= !
@A
I @=J I @AHA?D=
)F E?=?E
AI
EIEI @A CHKF I =BH IAA F IA ? J= =F=HA?A A @EIJE J=I @EI?EF E =I CA AI FIEGKE=JH = JH=@ I A AIJ=I HA=I O JH=I
- FH > A = CA AH= GKA A = ? =HGKA >E C= A@E?E = CA CH=B = C = )GK @AJ= =HA
=H AJE C FH ?AI= EA J @A E
I = CK
)IJH
I? A ? F IE?E JH=H
O AIJ= =CHKF=?E
?=H=?JAH IJE?=I
?AFJ I CA AH= AI
EIEI @A CHKF I IA D= KJE E =@ A HA@A E?E
!!
K?D I =IFA?J I @A JH @A AIJ= IJE? I @A A BAH A@=@AI E IJE J IKE?E@= @A F=?EA JAI ?
2IEGKE=JH = - =
=HA= @AI@A = HA IEA @ =?E
@A =I ?=JAC H =I @A @E=C
A J= AI F=?EA JAI @AFHAIEL I D=IJ= = ? =IE ?=?E = >=IA F=H= KAC F @AH A => H=H
-IJK@E @A
@A AH?=@A = K CHKF
AH?=@
I FAGKA @A
7 CH=
AH @A ?EK@=@AI I
)CHKF=H =I ?EK@=@AI F H ?EAHJ=I IE E EJK@AI IAH = E F HJ= JA K = @A A =I +=H=?JAH IJE?=I ? A@E F H ?=>A = IA KJE E =H I @E=HE I E CHAI FH F=H= HA= E =H
E AH = @A @=J I
F HA I @AIJ=?=@ @A JH @A A CHKF I D F H ?=@= CHKF C
E AH = @A @=J I ?
!
A@E@=I @A 2H NE E@=@
K J @A >IAHL=?E AI AI AI I I E @ELE@K I E =@= K?D=I E LAIJEC=?E =JHE @A IE E EJK@ =JHE
7 FK J ?A JH= = = =D H= @A E@A JE ?=H CHKF I @A K ? A I=>AH GKA J= ?AH?= IA A ?KA JH= A JHA A I >HA =CHKF= EA J K = FAGKA IJ=I JEA A ? A@E@= ?K= JEJ=JEL= @A ?AH?= = ? IK IE E EJK@ AI CH= @A -IJ=I E@= A = IA??E FK J @A F=HJE@= K = A JA @A A@E@=I I I ?K= @ IK @EIJ= ?E=
=JHE @A n n GKA HA A =
@EBAH
@AHEL=@=I @A =
n p X @A
! -NEIJA K CH= H= C @A
E E@=@ ) CK =I @A A =I IA =@=FJ= = @=J I @A JEF ?=JAC HE? I JEF @A @=J I ? JE K I O JH=I GKA IA =@=FJ= = A@E@=I ANEIJA JAI IA @AI?HE>A @EIJE J=I
I @ I JEF I @A @=J I -
+=F JK
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
!"
@A FAI I E F ?EJ A
= E F HJ= ?E= GKA A E LAIJEC=@ H A @= = ?=@= L=HE=> A F=H= HA= E =H = = =IEC =?E @A FAI I FKA@A HA= E =HIA A >=IA = = IA A??E I @=J I @A IE@AH=@=I E@ I F H = EA JH=I EH A FAI @A K = L=HE=> A A BK ?E AI ? I L=HE=?E A >=IA = = C =IFA?J F=HJE?K =H A =JHE :
I @=J I
I FAI IA A J HC=H O = = E LAH ,EIJE J=I A@E@=I @A @A FAI I A *- IA @AI?HE>A KE?E IK> AJEL GKA HAGKEAHA AI
I FAI IA A J HC=H
L=HE=>E E@=@ IA D= KJE E =@ F=H= HA= E =H = =IEC =?E = CK =I @A AIJ=I -I A = I >HA GK AI KO E F HJ= JA @AIJ=?=H GKA K = =IEC =?E E F HJ= JA HA A = K = ? =IE ?=?E ?E@ I A I @=J I 2 H IJ
EIEI @A CHKF I A I O= GKA = J=HA= FHE ?EF= @A K = J ? E?= @A ? =IE ?=?E =H =I L=HE=> AI = JA AH A ?KA J=
I JEF I AJH I ?
@A =I @EIJE J=I L=HE=> AI FKA@A L=HE=H -I ? =H GKA @A A@E@ A CH= AGKEL= A JAI FAH K@E?= = A ?EA ?E= @A = C HEJ J @ I F=H= I K?E ? =H AIJA JEF @A FH > A = 7 @A IA @=H J AIJ E =@ =KJ AI?= =@ =KJ I?= E C A @ JE K= O IA ?= ?K = = @AILE=?E
@A =CHKF= EA J
E@A J @=I =I L=HE=> AI A K = AI?= = = @ A ? K J @A @=J I ,A AIJ= B H = @A ?=@= K E@=@ FHALE = ?K= GKEAH
+
= = J +
?AFJ I CA AH= AI
EIEI 7 = = JAH =JEL= = AIJA KAIJH= 5A D= J @ AI @ELE@EH ?=@= L=HE=> A F H A H= C J @ BK ?E = = @A A H = AH= GKA A =O H = @A =I =F E?=?E FKA@A ? A ? NE
!#
@A
J @ @A
=KJ AI?= =@ ? @E E I A
AI @A =CHKF= EA
I FAI I IA @A
A@E@=I A ACE@=I F=H= ?K= JE ?=H = L=HE=>E E@=@ @A =I L=HE=> AI ? @A H= C I A >=IA = =I KAIJH=I 2 H IJ FHALE = ?K= GKEAH =
,=J I ?
L= HAI B= J= JAI
KO ? GKA A ? JH= IA A = EIEI @A CHKF I AI = F IE>E E@=@ AI O FKA@A IAH JH=J=@ @A I > AJ I GKA F IAA =I @EIJE J=I = K J @A @=J I 7 = = IA??E ! ?
I L= HAI A
A@E@= @A FH NE E@=@ @A / MAHI IA ANF E?=H A =JHE @A IE E EJK@ IA ANF E? A A E @ELE@K i I A L= H @A K = L=HE=> A 5E = k esima L=HE=> A I @ I A J A?
F IAA L= H O= IA= F=H= A E @ELE@K j FAI ? L=HE=> AI HAIJ= JAI 2 H A = @AILA J= = @A AIJA
I JH I E @ELE@K I
A A ?=I @A > AJ I ?
= A =H L= HAI B= J= JAI AI E JA J=H AIJE =H AIJ I L= HAI KJE E = @ A K@ AIJ I L= HAI IA ?= ?K = AI K A@E= JA K HAIK A = A@E= F=H= A @=@ I J @ HA? I >IAHL=?E AI @A AIJ= L=HE=> A F H A A F
I E @ELE@K I =
IA HA= E = I >HA
I E @ELE@K I
+=F JK
@A K 6= >E EI
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
CHKF = A J=> A A JA = FAHJA A ? = @A CHKF I I I @=J I GKA ? A@E= JA K FH ?AI EJAH=JEL I ?=I I GKA F IAA =IEC =@ I =GKA @A = I=>HA
!$
I KAC
@A =F E?=H K = J ? E?= @A =CHKF= EA J = IA FKA@A ?= ?K =H I > AJ I - FHE AH F=I AI ? =IE ?=H IACK @ F=I A
I GKA F IAA L= HAI @A L=HE=> AI B= J= JAI I CHKF I A ? EI A@E= JA = CK = J ? E?= AIJ=@ IJE?= > AJ = KJE E =H =D H= ? A ? K J
L= HAI B= J= JAI A
?= ?K =@ I
I E @ELE@K I @A
CHKF GKA A
I L= HAI @A =I L=HE=> AI
= A A??E
@A K =
@A
A@E@= @A IE E EJK@
A@E@=I @A IE E EJK@ 5E A >=HC AI 8AHA I=? JE K=?E =O H E ANEIJA K = @A A =I GKA IA I ?HEJAHE I = JA AH A =H K = A@E@= HKE@ I JEF I A@E@=I @A
= CK =I @A
=H K = @A A =I I @=J I AI = >E =HE I ? A KA ?E= F=H= IA A??E FKA@A GKA >= ?EAHJ=I ?EH?K IJ= ?E=I JA C= > AJ @A @E? J I @=J I -NEIJA ?EAHJ=I I FHABAHA ?E= A A@E@=I GKA JH=J=
= =JKH= A = @A JE K I ?
E =H L=HE=> AI ?
JH FK J = JA AH A ?KA J= AI = AI?= = @A = AH= ABA?JEL= = @=J I ? >E = @ @A @=J I E L K?H= = @=J I ? IE E EJK@ ? .E = @A =
JE K I = CK =I ?
!
-
6 ? E?=I @A =CHKF= EA J
AIJ= IA??E IA @AI?HE>EH ? ?AFJ I CA AH= AI HA =?E I ?=@= ? F =@ I ? =I J ? E?=I @A = C HEJ @A FHE ?EFE @AJ= =HA A JA > IE?= @A K
=CHKF= EA J
6 ? E?=I @A =CHKF= EA J
=CHKF= EA J LAHA KAC IA @AI?HE>EH = HC= E =?E FHE ?EF= @A =I @EIJE J=I J ? E?=I +
!%
I IA @ELE@A A
AH HGKE? O =I
= AI O
=@
=@
= IA??E
! ! LAHA
I J ? E?=I JH=@E?E
@A K =
A@E@= @A FH NE E@=@
4AFHAIA J=?E
? =IAI @EIF
@A
I > AJ I 5A HA AHA =
AH O JEF
@A =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I
,A
E?E
@A K =
A@E@= @A = =?JK=
FH NE E@=@ A JHA F=HAI @A > AJ I 7 = CH= L=HEA@=@ @A E@=@ O A J= ? *- IA @AI?HE>A ?E@= @EIJ= ?E= AK? E@E= = FAH
@A K = ?EAHJ=
2H ?AI @A =CHKF=?E
J=@ @A I @EIJE J I = C HEJ
-IJ= J=HA= FKA@A IAH HA= E =@= @A @EIJE J=I B H =I - HAIK I FKA@A IAH K = F=HJE?E
I @A =CHKF= EA J = C HEJ
@=J I >=I
AH HGKE?
A @
I @A =CHKF= EA J F=HJE?E
@ IA A = C
=@
+=F JK
!&
)>IJH=??E
F=?J= @A ? ?
K J @A @=J I
FHA @AH O E JKEJEL= A JA = =JEL J FE?= FKA@A IAH A J H E A ?A JH E@A @A ?=@= CHKF
JANJ @A =CHKF= EA J
F HAA F
8= E@=?E
F H A = C HEJ @=?E ?
@A
>JA E@
JEF I @A L= E
AI 8= E@=?E
@A K = AIJHK?JKH=
E JAH = JH=J= @A
@AJAH E =H IE = AIJHK?JKH= A ?
IA >=I= A K = AIJHK?JKH= = FHE HE ? >JA E@ @A>A ?K F EH 2 H A A F K = @A =I BK ?E ?E AI I? +=>A @AIJ=?=H GKA F H A A HAIK J=@ AL= K?E -
KO ? IJ I=I @A AL= K=H O K = BK A ?EA JA FAH IA FEAH@A FHA?EIE I A @AJ= A ,EIJE J=I *5! *! A@E@=I @A
=FH NE =@= IA KJE E = F=H= >JA AH K = BK ?E ) 5 IA @AI?HE>A AIJA JA = JH=HIA A 0*8 E JAH =I FKA@A A ?
HC= E =?E
AH HGKE?
@A =I J ? E?=I
)CHKF= EA J
AH HGKE?=
I @=J I
AH @A AI
CHKF I A K = I = AJ=F= - ?= >E =H @AI@A K CHKF ? I JA EA @ > AJ ?=@= CHKF CHKF I - FHE AH =>=H?= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= F=HJE?K =H ? @ BKIE A
= ? =IE ?=?E
JA EA @ J @ I
E =@ I =C I @=J I J JA AH J @ I
J @ I @A
FK J @A F=H=@= = >JA ?E
6 ? E?=I @A =CHKF= EA J
= ? =IE ?=?E @= @ELEIE BKIE >JA E@= O= IA= F H K @E A IE J @ @ELEIEL AI ? ?E@ ? J @ I AI @A = =C
!'
AH=JEL AI HAFHAIA J= KAIJH= =
A@E= JA K @E=CH= = @A
@A @ CH= = GKA
J @ I )C
@A =CHKF= EA J F=HJE?E @A K I @A ? I ANE ?
AH=JEL I
AH HGKE?
J @ I =C
AH=JEL I I
CHKF GKA ? J @ I =C
AI HA= E =@=I F H =
IE E =HAI , I A A F I JH=@E?E
IE C A E
=CA
IE F A O ?A JH E@ E
=CA ?
J @ IK A
CHKF I @A E @ELE@K I GKA IA A ?KA JH= D=IJ= >JA AH K CHKF GKA ? @A JH @A AIJ= ?=JAC H = I ? ANE FH
I ?AH?=
JEA A = J @ I
F AJA E =CA ?
I @EIJE J I =CA @A
=CA
A@E @A CHKF I J @ I HAIE@A A = @EIJ= ?E= A JHA ? =CA AI A@E@= @A I > AJ I A = @EIJ= ?E= A JHA CHKF I J +A JH E@ E @A
I = A =@ I @A ?=@= CHKF = @ K
- CH KF =LAH=CA E
J @ I ,ELEIEL I
=C AH=JEL I ? EA IK?AIEL= A JA 2 H
I = ?
CA AH= I AH=JEL I 5E E @ IA
k 1
1 @ELEIE
I
AI A
GKA
J @ I =C
I @=J I AIJ
?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A JEF >E =HE= ANEIJA =CHKF= EA J @A IA HA= E = ? IE@AH= @ = =KIA ?E=
J @ I @ELEIEL I
JE? I
= @ELEIE
I @=J I
+=F JK
HECA = @ELEIE
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
>HA JE? I O= GKA ?
"
J @ I
AH=JEL I O=
GKA KJE E = J @=I =I L=HE=> AI = = LA O KJE E = K = J @ @A AIJ= ? =IA AI A HA= E =@ F H CH= FH > A = @A I @A I >E =?E FHE ?EFE ALEJ= K > AJ KAL CHKF
=JHE @A FH NE E@=@ - A F 5 EJD '$" *- GKA ? IE@AH= J @=I =I IA E = F=H= K KAL CHKF AJH JH=HE GKA@= A A = AH= FHE AH >KI?=
J @ I @ELEIEL I KJE E = ?
F IE> AI ?
I = A =@ @A
4AFHAIA J=?E
CH= =I I FH ?A@E EA J ? CH= = HAFHAIA J= K EAH ?=@= K F H I I
@A FH ?A@E EA J @A =CHKF=?E
=JA F AJ @A K = J ? E?= @A =CHKF=?E I CHKF I O = = JKH= @A I > AJ I K E@ I = H> @A A I
,A @ CH= =I
AH HGKE?= I
I @A @
DAHH= EA J=I
@ I @A @A @
@A
@ HAFHAIA J= = @EIJ= ?E= F H = ?K= IA @ I JAH E = AI I @ C = @A EI @ IA @E?A GKA I @=J I A I @ = AIJHK?JKH= @=@=
I CHKF I
F IAA K = AJEGKAJ= GKA @AI?HE>A = @=J =I ?E=@ = AIA @ I O = = JKH= @A =J F = JEA A E B H =?E
AI?=
EI
=@
AI @A?EH GKA I
H> AI >E =HE I CHKF @A @=J I IA FKA@A H@A A GKA I @ I D= IE@ K>E?=@ I
)CHKF= EA J 2=HJE?E
- AIJ= IA??E @A =CHKF=?E A K J ? E?=I J= >E E? F=I ? I ?
=@
I JH= ? =IA @A J ? E?=I GKA = @EBAHA ?E= @A = IA??E =NE E =H = JAHE H FH @K?A F=HJE?E E E E =H = C ?HEJAHE K I HE? J @ I I @=J I -IJ=I
IE@AH=HA A ?
AI @A
J @ I @A FJE E =?E
6 ? E?=I @A =CHKF= EA J
"
= @AI?HEF?E
@A
I @A @ CH= =I AH HGKE?=
=I @EBAHA ?E=I =@ =
J @ I @A AIJA JEF
I @A =CHKF= EA J F=HJE?E
F HJ= EA J I
JH=@ I A D H EC=I ?
+HEJAHE I K
@A CHKF GKA ANEIJA
CA AE@=@ O IAF=H=?E
F IE> A D *- ) 5 @A I EI I C
I > AJ I A CHKF I @A>A IAH @A J= B H = CHKF @A>A IAH I IAF=H=@ F IE> A IAF=H=?E E JA J= HA A =H AIJ I ?
JE J I ?HEJAHE I IA D= @AI=HH
= = E = @ LA J= =I O @AILA J= =I
) C HEJ
I @A FJE E =?E
) = D H= @A @A
E E E =H
I @=J I A C CHKF I GKA FJE E?A AIJA ?HEJAHE F=H= ?=@= F IE> A F=HJE?E
I ?= ?K =H AIJ= BK ?E
+=F JK
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
= FH ?JE?= IJ
g
"
AI J= @EHA?J = ?= JE@=@ @A @EIJE J=I
- A??E
F=HJE?E
@A = ?= JE@=@ @A CHKF I =@
AI A?AI=HE E @E?=H A = ?= JE@=@ @A CHKF I GKA ANEIJA A J @ I O= GKA ?A I FAH EJA I @=J I F H A @A IJ=I IA @ELE@A A J @ IA ?
AI K = CH= @AILA J= = @A AIJA JEF @A O=?A JA A 5E = CK ANEIJA JAI A >=HC ANEIJA @A AIJ I
J @ I B H = AI A E B H = AI -NEIJA K = @AI?HEF?E
!!
!!
?E
E AH = @A @=J I
J @ I JH=@E =I
= AI @A =CHKF= EA J O
J @ I >E E IFEH=@ I IA = = E =H
LA J= =I O @AILA J= =I @A KJE E =H K
J @ >E E IFEH=@
=F=I =KJ
HA@ AKH @A
HC= E =JEL I @A
@A =F=I =KJ D A ?=F=I J= ?
A
D A BKA HA= E =@ F H K ?EA J ? - FHE ?EFE BKA = CKH= ! " @A E =@ ? @A ? K = IJ= @A K =
= @ I = =@ 6AKL = @A
KAIJH= A
E AH = @A @=J I
I A A F I O JH= ?=F= @A ? -
"!
FAJA ?E= A A GKA I FH J JEF I
=F= @A
-IJA ? ? F
@A A JHA = EA J LEA A @A
7 =IFA?J E JAHAI= JA @A AIJA JEF @A HA@AI AI GKA O = @A ? FAJA ?E= ,A DA?D JEA A J= J=I ? = E@=@ @A
I FH J JEF I FKA@A IAH HAFHAIA J=@ I AI A JHA = ?=F= @A A JH=@= A JH=@=I @A AIJ= B H = = F=HJA A JH=@=I A JH=@=I F IAA IAA F IO ANE D
I L= HAI @A IKI ?
KAIJH= K = HA@ @A
K =?
J @ IA @ELE@A A A H
IA IA A??E
= = K FH J JEF ?
C= =@ H @A
I O @AIFK I A FH J JEF C= =@ H AI @AIF = =@ F=H= GKA I @=J I GKA HAFHAIA J= = FHE AH= B=IA IA ?= ?K = K = A@E= JA = A@E@= @A K J @A A A F I KJE E = @ = CK = @A
I FH J JEF I O K FK J @A ? ?E@=I ?
+=F JK
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
""
@A FH J JEF I O A A F I I ?AH?= = FK J A
@EIJ= ?E= A ACE@= IA ?= ?K = ?K= AI A C= =@ H AI @A?EH ?K= AIJ ? + IE@AH=?E LE O IA AJEGKAJ= ? C= =@ H ) = ?=@= A A F F H LA =I ?E=@
JA @H K FH J JEF
AI @A?EH ?=@= FH J JEF HAFHAIA J=H = K CHKF @A A A F I I A =FHA @E = A IA HA= E = @A = K A A F O IA @AIF = = A FH J JEF @A @AIF = = EA J AIJ= @=@= F H = B H K =
C= =@ H = BK ?E
i = 1 5E Ci AI A C= =@ H IE
- F=H K?D = ? A JA I AJH AI GKA IA @A
i = 0
E = = J=I= @A =FHA @E = A 5A A ?=HC= @A HACK =H = I FH J JEF I IA =?AHGKA -I A@E@= O= GKA E E?E= = EA J = ) KO O= GKA I FH J JEF I =FA =I IA @AIF =?A
I J= >E
E AH = @A @=J I
"#
J @ @A =CHKF= EA J F H LA?E @=@ GKA F=HJA AH @A A A F I = =CHKF=H -I A =@ I @=J I FAHJA A?EA JAI = =@ EI J @ = E@A= > IE?= AI IEJK=H FH J JEF
AH @A FH J JEF I
?A JH E@AI O K
I F FK =H @A JH @A
J @ I @A =CHKF= EA J F=HJE?E
I FH J JEF I O= IA D= F IE?E
A J H E A
= @EIJ= ?E= AK? E@E= = I FH J JEF I IA @A = IK = @A =I @EIJ= ?E=I ?K=@H JE A= F H E> AI JAI ?=I A JHA ?=@= A A F JAI A= A @A A JHA = EA J O A ?A JH @A IK ? =IA HAFHAIA J=@ F H A FH - = C HEJ FKA@A IACKEH A B GKAI @EIJE J I IJ @ I A= - FHE AH IA =F E?= ?K= @ JA A I @=J I @EIF F H
EA JH=I GKA A IACK @ IA =F E?= ?K= @ IA FKA@A = =@EH KAL I JA @A @=J I +K= @ IA =F E?= = LAHIE A I K AA F IA L= A A?KJ= @ = CK E E?E= @A B H = GKA IA =IEC A = I ?A JH I A ?=@= F=I = ?=@= I FH
I A A F I ?= >E= @A K
AI @A?EH @AIF = = @
GKA FKA@A IAH A J= @AFA @EA @ @A FH > A = 2AH K = LA KO H FE@=I @A>E@ GKA = I FH J JEF I = EIJ=
xk A FH J JEF
I FH NE
Ag O IA E ? KOA A
Ag
=HC
{ x g1 x g2
x gk }
K J @A @=J I
I FH J JEF I D=?E= A ?A JH @A IK ?
Ak =
m i=1
xki
+=F JK
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
I FH J JEF I FH @K ?= E C
"$
@AIF = = EA
" 5A HAFEJA A FH ?A@E EA J D=IJ= GKA J A@E= JA AIJA FH ?A@E EA J IA @ELE@A JH @A ?=@= HACE ?K=@H JE?=I A JHA I F=JH
I A A F I A k HACE A I ?AH?=
> AJ @A
Mih .d(xh Ai )2
i=1 h=1
@A m AI A ?
K J @A F=JH
AI @ AI K = BK ?E
@A
= FH J JEF i @A B H = GKA L= A IE FAHJA A?A = FH J JEF O IE = B H = A GKA IA @AIF = = ?=@= KAL A A F ?=@= EJAH=?E GKA = ?=@= LA IAH E@A= GKA @ A A@E@= GKA I FH J JEF I IE@AH=>= J @ I =F=I @A D
IA FH @K ?= E CK
KAIJH= @A
!!
) J+ =II
J @ I >E E IFEH=@ I
5 8'' AI K
J @ D >HE@
GKA JEA A ?
> AJEL ? ?
>E =H
>=I=@ A K ?
F HJ= EA J A ?
-J=F= >=I=@= A
> AJ I @=J I GKA IA ? IE@AH=@ ? FKA@A IAH ?
A ?
?=H K =
AI GKA
E AH = @A @=J I
"%
.ECKH= ! $ - A F
@A = AL K?E
@A
J @
@A IA
KAIJH= A @AIF = = EA J @A
m2
@A
n4
JH ? ?AFJ E F HJ= JA @A JH @A AIJA I > AJ I @A J=> AH ANEIJA K F=JH =I J @ AI A @A F=HL= 7 = F=HL= AI = ? A??E = A K = CE? ? E?= ?A @= @A J=> AH E @E?= = CKH= ! % EI =I IA F IE?E
AI @A?EH GKA
AIF=?E= I = A JA
=? ?
E= ?
J=HA @A
I ant1 ant2
?= E E?E=
+=F JK
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
"&
.ECKH= ! % -
= FHE AH CKH= IA @A
AIF=?E= A A AIF=?E= I LE EA J I = = =H
LE EA J O F IE> A A JA HA? =
= K = @EHA??E
A JHA =I & F IE> AI ,AIFK I A =IEC = = AI= @EHA??E JE K= F H = +=@= D H EC= J= >E F=I I @A>A HA= E =H A IA HA= E = >IAHL= @ @A>A ? @A A > AJ F IAA K F=H
K = FH >=>E E@=@ Pdirection F=H= LAH A B H = = A=J HE= E =@ LA ?E@=@ GKA A E @E?= ?K= J I
A ACE@=
+K= @ K = D H EC= IA A ?KA JH= A K = ?EAHJ= ?A @= FKA@A HA? CAH K =I & ?A @=I @EIF JH=H K E> AI +K= @ K K = F=HL= @A D=O > AJ AI A ? > AJ I IE@AH=HIA A ? > AJ I
> AJ
JH=@
IJ ! ?=I I I
K = F=HL= @A
= D H EC= JEA A K = FH >=>E>E E@=@ =I ?E=@= F=H= HA? CAH @=@ GKA I > AJ I IA A J HC= = = D H EC= K = @A I > AJ I - A JAH?AH ?=I HA? CA A ?=I GKA AIJA B=?J H A@E @A =
FH >=>E E@=@ Pdestroy @A @AIJHKEH = F=HL= O HA? CAH K = D H EC= HA? CA A @A @EBAHA ?E= IA= @EIJ= ?E= @A J @ I = JH= =??E - FHE ?EFE ?K= @ > AJ A I @EBAHA JA @A = F=HL= O
H = JDHAID @ Tremove - B=?J H @A @EBAHA ?E= IA ?= ?K = A BK ?E > AJ = ?A JH @A = F=HL= O A FH = A@E= I > AJ I @A = F=HL= ?
GKA FKA@A HA= E =H = D H EC= AI = @A JEH=H K >IAHL= =I & ?A @=I F IE> AI O @A>A ? = ?A @= ? JEA A K > AJ
= D H EC= F IAA K = FH >=>E E@=@ Pdrop @A JEH=H A > AJ IE A GKA IA A ?KA JH= A - A JAH?AH ?=I K EH A AL= @ > AJ = CHKF
= D H EC= JEH=H A
E AH = @A @=J I
A@E= @A CHKF O A > AJ AI A
"'
H = = @EIJ= ?E= NE = M axcarry @A
I @EIJE J @A CHKF
K?D JEA F
AI IE F A A JA K ?EAHJ
@A = C HEJ
@A
A= ?
= F=HJE?E
E E?E= FH LEIJ=
FAHJA A?A
I FH > A =I @A = C HEJ
GKA IA FKA@A FHAIA J=H AI GKA IECKEA JA > AJ D= IE@ =IEC =@ = K CHKF KAL CHKF - ?E? IA HAFEJA D=IJ=
! -J=F= @A =F E?=?E @A = C HEJ @A =I D H EC=I FAH =F E?=@ = =I F=H L=I = JAHE H A JA A ? JH=@=I KAC @A D=>AH HA= E =@ I F=I I = JAHE HAI A
HAIK J=@ >JA E@ AI K = F=HJE?E ? @A I @=J I GKA JEA @A = I >HAAIJE =H A I KO D C = E?= =@=FJ=?E = AH @A =I F=H= =H CHKF I -I @A?EH GKA CA AH= D H EC=I JH=J=H A = C HEJ K?D I CHKF I FAGKA A I - AIJA ?=I A?= EI
F=HL=I @A > AJ I
A?AI=HE= AI HA F = =H A
=H?= GKA E @E?= IE AI= F=HL= D= IE@ ?=HC=@= = JAHE H A JA -IJ= JH= F=HL= H2 IE IA ?K F A
@A = C HEJ
= =I F=HL=I
+=F JK )+ ,.
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
#
- = C HEJ ?
= J ? E?= )+
GKA
@A E = A = I >HA
F HJ= EA J @A ?
KJE E =?E
I @=J I
= JAH?AH=
?= JE@=@ @A FK J I = = = E =H ?
- F IE?E
?AH
K = @ ?E = F=HJA @A J J= @A A A F I = A JHA A A F I ?AH?= = @A?HA?AH I GKA K A = KAIJH= ? = A =@ I A H=IJH @A BAH HA= E =@ F H = C HEJ I ?= E
IE E =HAI HAB H = @ A H=IJH @A BAH F H @EBAHA JAI CHKF I @A D H EC=I IEA @ = CKH= ! & IA
= IAH ?
ns(t + 1) = ns(t).T
@ @A ns AI = ?= JE@=@ @A A A F I = AL= K=H F H = D H EC= ns(t + 1) @A J= A AH
t F H
JE
T AI K = ?
IJ= JA KIK=
E AH = @A @=J I
#
@A = C HEJ
>=I=@= A J H A
@A L=HE I F IE> AI )
= AH= @A A A F
= ! ?= E
I @A # F IE> AI KAC IA
=I @EIJ= ?E=I A JHA @=J I IA HA= E = = JH=L I @A = CK = BK ?E AI = @EIJ= ?E= AK? E@E= =
- = C HEJ
FHE ?EF=
F IE?E
=H
J @ ?
1 E?E= E =?E
D H EC=I A
+=F JK
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
.ECKH= ! ' 5A A??E += ?K =H = ?= JE@=@ @A @=J I = LEIEJ=H A ! 5A A??E BAH =H c ?= E = KJE E = @ I c = 10 @A = IA A??E
JH=H A ?= E
KAC IA A??E
=H AIJA ?= E
F=H= LEIEJ=H " )?JK= E =H = ?= JE@=@ @A BAH # 4AFEJ= I F=I I = # D=IJ= GKA = @A ?=@= ?= E I H=IJH I @A BAH = IA AIJ=>E E?A = = BAH =A ? JH=@= A I
) J+ KIJ
JH=@ A J @ ) J+ KIJ 8! @A E = A IEIJA = @A HA? HAI A ? JH=@ I A IK ?=F=H= ?E EA J GK ? E? A ?
=I D H EC=I -I K ?
@A
=HJE ?E=
7 = D H EC= FKA@A ?
K J @A F=H
AJH I I
F HJ= EA J
E? O IA =F E?= ?K= @
D H EC=I
E AH = @A @=J I
FAHJA A?A = E C CHKF F HA IA
#!
etiqui
@E ?=
= D H EC= K
JH=H A CHKF
D H EC=I IA A ?KA JH= AL= = IK IE E EJK@ ? @E ?=@ F H K L= H A JHA O -IJA A @ @A ?=@= D H EC=
K >H= @A =?AFJ=?E
E ?
GKA
Ti
@ @A M eanSim(i, .) AI =
A@E= @A J @ I
M ax(Sim(i, .)) AI =
NE = IE E EJK@ A ?
7 = LA GKA =I D H EC=I =FHA @EAH A ?KA JH I F=H= @A?E@EH IE @A>A =?AFJ=?E I ? AIJ @A
IK JA F =JA IE
=?AFJ=H = = D H EC= A ?
E@ F H = IECKEA JA HA =?E
JHE?= A(i, j ) A @
D H EC=I @A
KAC AI E ?HA A J=@ F H ?=@= A ?KA JH -IJA AIJE =@ H F IE>E EJ= = ?=@= D H EC=
=FH NE =@ @A IK E@ AI @A?EH @A CHKF HA A = = FH F H?E @A A ?KA JH I F IEJEL I @A = D H EC= E ,A = CK = E@ IA IA A??E = D H EC=I @ IA =I IECKEA JAI HAC =I @A = AH= - ?=@= EJAH=?E J @ E@ IA A ?KA JH= - AIJA ?=I
Mi+
B H = E @E?= GKA J= =?AFJ=@= AI = D H EC= E A IK FH FE JH=>= = @A = IECKEA JA =? = A=J HE= A JA O IA IE K = A A ?KA JH A JHA = >=I =F E? F HJ= EA J GKA FAH EJA LAHCA ?E= @A D H EC=I IE
+=F JK
= 6=HA= @A )CHKF= EA J
E@ IA A ?KA JH= ?
#"
K =D H E
= IACK @= HAC = IA =F E?= ?K= @ K = D H EC= IE C= ? E@ - AIJA ?=I E@ O= B H =@ ! = JAH?AH= HAC = E ?HA A J= JHA D H EC=I GKA FAHJA A?A = A J J= " ?AI F @A IM
+
IE A A ?KA JH AI F IEJEL
= D H EC= I EJ=HE= IA K A =
I AIJE =@ HAI EI E@
IA =?AFJ= JH=H K
- AIJA E@ I
E@ AI ANFK I=@= @A
=@A?K=@ = A = # = GKE J= HAC = IA =F E?= ?K= @ AI KO E F HJ= JA O= GKA K A = D H EC=I @A @EIJE J I E@ I IA =?AFJ= CHKF I @EIJE J I -IJ= HAC =
) J6HAA
-IJA @ H> @A J @ IA >=I= A A =KJ A I= > = A A ? ? FKJ=?E = @KH= JA AIJA FH ?AI ? @A =@ EI FKA@A IAH LEIJ= ? JH=@ A ?EAHJ I JEF I @A D H EC=I A IJHKOA K = AIJHK?JKH= A K =CHKF= EA J B H = @A K I
@A IA K A @A
O = HC= E =?E
KALA F H = AIJHK?JKH= @AFA @A @A = IE E EJK@ GKA ANEIJ= A JHA O= GKA A = C HEJ JEA A ? >=I= IKI FHE ?EFE I A A I EI EI -IJA >HALA HAIK A
!!!
@EIA K
JEL=?E
@A ?
AI F=H= KJE E =H
FKJ=?E = GKA JKL ? LAHCA ?E= = ?
J @ I >E E IFEH=@ I
E= @A D H EC=I , HEC ,/'% FKJ=?E O FHE ?EF= ?=H=?JAH IJE?= = ? IJHK??E
E ?HA A J= @A K = I K?E
E AH = @A @=J I
JH=H I K?E = @ ? AI ABA?JEL=I E ? KI A FK J @A F=HJE@=
##
=I FHE AH=I AJ=
I BK @= A J I @A AIJA
@A
EI
= FH > A = @A ? KIJAHE C - HAIK J=@ BKA IJH = JH=L I @A @ELAHI I ANFAHE A J I >JA AH I? I I J @ IA ? F=H= E= @A E CKH=?E I AI J @ I >=I=@ I A ?
E =@ )+ ,. GKA @A
HAIK J=@ I
KO FHA?EI I O ?
,A B H = CA AH= F @A 5K ?
HC= E =JEL F=H= HAI LAH A FH > A = @A =CHK LAHCA ?E= FHA =JKH= A GKA = I J @ ? F IAA ? ?E EA J FHALE @A = AIJHK?JKH= =O H @AILA J= = GKA # AI IK A J= A?AIEJ= A A A= I @=J I I LAH ?= AI FAH F @A A
?= AI O FH @K?A HAIK J=@ I @A >KA = ?= E@=@ IE ? IK>O=?A JA A A ? ? ? @A - ? F A = @A F=H I F @A K J @A @=J I +=>A @AIJ=?=H J= >E AJH I O @A AIJ= B H = I J @ I O GKA ANF =O=HA KO JE AI O= GKA ALEJ=
B ?E AI @A KJE E =H E
>H=H @A AIJ I
I A A ?=F JK
LAHCA ?E= AI @A?EH GKA I K?D JEA F F=H= JH=IJA ? GKA E I AIJ I I=>HA NE
CH=H >KA
J @ ) J+ =II GKA KJE E = = H FE@= ? J= = @A JA AH = A?AIE@=@ @A ? E B H =?E GKA FHAIKF A JA A @A I IAH I K?E IA I
J @ I =I J ? E?=I JH=@E?E = =O H = @A A
CA AH= = @AILA
?AH = FHE HE = ?= JE@=@ @A CHKF I ANEIJA JAI A I ?=I I I @=J I ) IK LA IKA A ? > AJEL
?= AI @AFA @A @A = BK ?E
J @ I JH=@E?E AI FJE =I
AI H FE@= A JA =K GKA
+=F JK
" ) J6HAA ,E
@AI=HH IAH
- = C HEJ
JE = A JA IA D= @A D H EC=I ? E IFEH=@=I @A IK ? @A >KA A IJH=H
E?
A ? F HJ= EA J = AI @=@ -IJ=I J ? E?=I >E ?= AI O = >JA ?E J @ I ANF E 5 8'' >E =@ I ) J + =II ,/'% ?
J @ I JH=@E?E
I FHE ?EFE I ANF H=J HE I O AIJ ? IJE? I @A A B GKA )+ - A J H = A = ?K= =I D H EC=I HA? CA ) J + KIJ @AF IEJ=
IE K =@ AI K = ?E EA J J @ GKA
CHE = >E@E A IE GK
> AJ I A K = F=HL= @A
)+ ,. 669;" K =@ IA @A JH=@ I A
FHAIA J= K = =@=FJ=?E
F=H= HAI LAH = J=HA= @A =CHKF=?E E = ) J6HAA ) 5+ ! IA >=I= A =I D H EC=I A @ @A ? IJHKOA J=H -IJA @ IA A F=H=@ IJH= @ @AJ= =
K = AIJHK?JKH= ?
J @ HA= E = K FH ?AI A @ ? ? =HA A IAH K HAIK J=@ K = F=HJE?E J @ JH=@E?E I AIJA = J @ ABA?JEL O FH
@A =I D H EC=I IA ?
IE E EJK@ GKA ANEIJA A JHA A =I B H = @ K = AIJHK?JKH= A B H = @A H> @A ? K J @A @=J I -IJA = C HEJ A= O A = C HEJ
O >JA EA @
D= IE@ ?
J @ O KAC @AI?HE>EHA
= ?=F=?E@=@
+=F JK
@A @AI? > AJ @A
" - = C HEJ
A??E @A H>
) J6HAA ,E
GKA JA @H
E?
= E =@ A FH ?AI ?
#&
A
=I D H EC=I K = LA
A H=H
"
-IJA ?E
- = C HEJ
@A GKA
) J6HAA
D= IE@ KJE E =@ FHALE= A JA F=H= HAI LAH FH > A =I ? FKJ= F HJ= EA J @A =KJ A I= > = A HA= E =@ F H IKI ?KAHF I + EA = IK AJ = AIJHK?JKH= @AFA @A @A = A?J=@=I = =
IJHKOA K = AIJHK?JKH= ?
@ IA = K I F HJA E E?E= O IK?AIEL= A JA = JH=I D H EC=I O= =@DAHE@=I A@E= JA AIJA FH ?AI JEA A B H = @A H> K J O = B H = A GKA =I D H EC=I IA = E =@ " @=HA FHAIA J=HA I K = LEIE CA AH= @A @A >E KALA I >HA A H>
I A @AJ= A A = C HEJ
= IA??E
I =I
I = = E =H A HAIK J=@
>JA E@ F H A = C HEJ
"
@A HA= AI
5A D= @AI?K>EAHJ @ELAHI I ? A
@A =I D H EC=I F=H= ? =IE ?=H > AJ I @A IKA =H=@=I @A D H EC=I A BK ?E JH ? F HJ= EA J >IAHL=@ A
HAI ? HF H= AI
E AFEJDA = DK E AI A )HCA JE = O A
F HJ= EA J A IJHKEH IKI - ?= >E F=H= =I D H EC=I =BHE?= =I @ I AIF=?E I L=? I O F=H= ? AIJHK?JKH=I IA @AI=H =
A? FDO =
CE
JH=@
@= A
BHE?=
=I D H EC=I =HCA JE =I J @=L = AI E ?EAHJ AI IA D= A ? F=H= ?HK =H JEA F AIJ=I = > I ?=I I KAC @A K
E@ I -
- = C HEJ
,A AIJA ?
) J6HAA
F HJ= EA J IA HAI?=J= =I IECKEA JAI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I GKA ? IJEJKOA
#'
I BK
@= A J I F=H= A = C HEJ =I D H EC=I ? IJHKOA AIJ= AIJHK?JKH= F=HJEA @ @A K = >=IA = GKA = =HA I
I F HJA
=I D H EC=I IA ! KALA F H = AIJHK?JKH= AC=H = = F IE?E EA JH=I IJ= IA AIJ ? IJHKOA @
GKA GKEAH= =H
"
=O H = @A =I D H EC=I GKA B H = F=HJA @A = AIJHK?JKH= IA A ?KA JH= > F IE>E E@=@ @A HA= E =H E C JEF @A LE EA J IJ ?KHHA ? I D =I A@E @A = AIJHK?JKH= GKA
GKA=@=I IE @A H>
A? =I
ANE
FKA@A @A
D =I @A
$ 5A D= >IAHL=@ K BA A @A HA@K??E
A @A =
"
HAFHAIA J= H> @A ? @A ?
=H? I GKA K A = =I D H EC=I @A>A IAH @AI?K>EAHJ I ,A>A >JA E@ K J K J AI AGKEL= A JA = @ @A KAIJH H> F H JH=I J ? E?=I JH=@E?E
I @A @ CH= =I A ? J @ IA ? HHAIF
=I D =I IA ? HHAIF
>JA E@ F H A = C HEJ
+=F JK
" - = C HEJ
) J6HAA ,E
E?
$
IJHK??E
@A
H>
AH GKA ?=@= @=J FKA@A IAH @AI?HEJ F H = C EH K = A@E@= @A IE E EJK@ A JHA @ I @=J I ,A
IE E EJK@ = Sim(i, j ) GKA @ALKA LA F=H= K F=H @A @=J I di dj E [1, N ] L= H A JHA AI = ?= JE@=@ J J= @A @=J I 5EC E ?= GKA di O dj I @EBAHA JAI O IEC E ?= GKA I = IAH ? A?J=@ = H> ECK= AI I I FHE ?EFE I CA AH= AI @A = C HEJ GKA = =HA A ?KA JHA ? A JHA A =I @A
[1, N ] K
F AJ= A JA @
= JH=I D H EC=I O= ?
A?J=@=I O =I IK?AIEL= A JA D=IJ= GKA J @=I =I D H EC=I IA @A = AIJHK?JKH= @AFA @A @A = A@E@= @A IE E EJK@ LE EA J ?= @A =I D H EC=I A
EHA
I IECKEA JAI ?
?AFJ I
I= EA JA @A ai AI A E I A JH= JAI @A ai I
= JEA A D=?E= JH=I D H EC=I I GKA JH=I D H EC=I = JEA A D=?E= ai AI
=I F=J=I@A ai
! - @=J di HAFHAIA J=@ F H ai " 7 ? A@E@= @A IJHK??E @A E =@= J AH= ?E= @A IE E EJK@ TSim (ai ) O K = H> A@E@= @A E =@=
- = C HEJ
) J6HAA
$
.ECKH= "
+ ?K
LE
a0
?
@ IA A
H>
LE
@ IA I >HA A I F HJA @A
IA A ?KA JH=
=I CKH=I =I D H EC=I @A ?
I @A I F HJA @A = AIJHK?JKH=
A?J=@= =
H>
ai
IJ
FKA@A
LAHIA E
J= >E
Lmax E
IAH )?
I F IE>E EJ= = @A
JE K=?E
) J6HAA
"!
- ?
F HJ= EA J @A =I D H EC=I
I IJH=@ I A IA =I CKH=I " ! " " O " # - ?=@= AJ=F= IA H@A = AIJ= EIJ= IKI LA?E I @A = HA= E =?E LAH =? H@A = = IE E EJK@ ?
I @AJ= AI @A = C HEJ O IA ?
K = D H EC= AI A ACE@= @A K = EIJ= H@A =@= O= IA ANF E?=H ? A?J=H I >HA = CK = D H EC= LE EA JH=I ANEIJ= D H EC=I
@ IA I >HA = AIJHK?JKH= IA IE K =H
+=F JK
" - = C HEJ
) J6HAA ,E
E?
1 E?E= E =?E
6 @=I =I D H EC=I I
?=I D H EC=
? A?J=@=I = H>
?AI
5E = 5A= a+ = D H EC= ? A?J=@= = a0 =I IE E =H = ai > 5E Sim(ai , a+ ) TSim (ai ) A J ?AI LAH ai I >HA a+ ? 5E
E 5E Sim(ai , a+ ) < TDissim (ai ) A J = I F HJA a0 IE EE 5E GKA@= =I ? I >HA a+ O @A?HA A J=H TSim (ai ) @A?HA A J=H TSim (ai ) O =K A J=H TDissim (ai ) .ECKH= " " +=I 5 F HJA - FHE AH ?=I = a+ =? H@A ? @A a
+
?AI ANE
ai AI >=IJ= JA @EBAHA JA = a+
AI @A A JH=@= A a0 A J ?AI
A?J=H ai
LAH = ai
ai AI
=I J AH= JA
AI ?K= @ ? =@
IA A ?KA JH= A
IE E =H
@EBAHA JA @=@ IK J AH= ?E= @A @EBAHA ?E= A J KAL IK> H> = I F HJA .E = @=@ A JA IE ai AI
IK ?EA JA A JA IE E =H O
- = C HEJ
@EIJE J
) J6HAA
$!
= AH=
@E ?=H=
A?J=HIA - IACK @ ?=I AI ?K= @ ai IA A ?KA JH= I >HA JH= D H EC= @A E A JH= JA E>HA O ai AI A?J=@=I = apos A J KAL IK> H> LE@ @A ? IK ?EA JA IE E =H = apos O ?AI ? A?J=
@EBAHA JA = =I D H EC=I ?
ai HAFHAIA J= = H=
JH=I D H EC=I ? @A
@A K
KAC @A apos
I ,A JH= B H = ai AI
@A apos O =E =
A ACE@
?AI
= 5A= a = D H EC= ? A?J=@= = apos I IE E =H = ai > 5ESim(ai , a+ ) TDissim (ai ) A J ?AI ? A?J=H ai I >HA a+
5E GKA@= =I E I A JH= JAI A J ?AI LAH ai F H ak
LAH ai I >HA ak
? 5E
,A?HA A J=H TDissim (ai ) E ?HA A J=H TSim (ai ) O .ECKH= " # +=I 0 H EC=
= E =H ?
A @AI=HH
@A = C HEJ
A HAI HAIK J=@ I AI H@A =H =I D H EC=I @A B H = ?HA?EA JA A BK ?E I D H EC=I K FH I F HJA AI =GKA = GKA AI I @EIJE J= = J @=I =I @A
I O ?AH?= = = IK FH FE CHKF
+=F JK
" - = C HEJ
) J6HAA ,E
E?
$"
""
+
1 JAHFHAJ=?E
DA I @E?D E E?E=
@A
H>
HAIK J= JA
J @ AI K @A ? H> GKA F H IKI A? K = F=HJE?E =@ ? K J @A @=J I ? K I H> A B H = I >= A F=H=@
@A @A @ CH= = @A = @ GKA =I D H EC=I GKA IA A ?KA JH= A D=?E= =I D =I IECKEA @ ? ?K= GKEAH = C HEJ I IE E =HAI = AH HGKE? @A =CHKF= EA J
O @A AIJ= B H = IAH ?
H>
K = F=HJE?E
IE
AH=HGK =
"#
J @
FK J I E F HJ= JAI ) IAH K F HJ= EA J FH >=>E IJE? @A I @=J I
=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I FHE ?EF= AI @A J @ >E E IFEH=@ O FH @K?A HAIK J=@ I FHA?EI I IE ?
?= AI CH=?E=I = IK ?
?E EA J FHALE @A = @EIJHE>K?E
- = C HEJ
) J6HAA @E
E?
$#
"
"
- = C HEJ
4AI A
J @ JEA A ?
) J6HAA @E
E?
> AJEL A ?
JH=H I K?E
) J6HAA A ?K= AI K
@A IK JEA F @A A A?K?E
K = ANJA IE H>
I =@A?K=@ A K J @A @=J I
AI O GKA@=HIA ?
A H IA =@A?KA = ?
* IE?= A JA KJE E = A = C HEJ ?EA JA A JA @EIJ= ?E=@ I @A @A IKI F=H =@A?K=@ ?E AJH I KAC
) J6HAA F=H= >JA AH CHKF I = J= A JA =? F =@ I O IK I @A I IJ IA >JEA A A@E= JA = @E ?=?E @A = CK I A@E= JA K FH ?AI EJAH=JEL @AI? A JA HAK>E? >JA E@ JEA A ? JH=H AI @A A?J= =I D H EC=I GKA @ =I A K CHKF > AJEL = >JA JE = AJ=F= IA HA= E = K @A >JA E@ ? A A H AI AI
IA =@A?K= = CHKF A GKA IA A ?KA JH= =?JK= .E = E =@= AIJ= AJ=F= A FHA A JHA CHKF I ? A J A 5E A
@A CHKF I = J= A JA =? F =@ I O >EA IAF=H=@ I - K = > AJ A ? KAL @A I @=J I 2 H ?=@= EJAH=?E ?AI CK=H@= A FH ?AI AL= = A HAIK J=@ JH=@ I
FH ?AI @A K E @A JH @A A ? JH=@ IA @A A J
@A = ?= JE@=@ @A CHKF I A ?
K J I @A @=J I = J= A JA =? F =@ I F H
"
J @ FH FKAIJ A @AJ= A
@A @A AIJ= @ELE@E@ A JHAI AJ=F=I FHE ?EF= AI I A FHE AH @A = FHE AH=
@A ) J6HAA A @ @A >JA A
GKA F IJAHE H A JA
+=F JK
EHA ?E I =HA
" - = C HEJ
@E ?= @
) J6HAA ,E
E?
$$ @A D H EC=I A @ @A IA A?
HA= E =>= A = C HEJ I A @AJ= A O IA HA=? ) J6HAA @= =I
FAH AIJ= LA A B H = @A?HA?EA JA KAC ANF E?=HA ? JH=@ K CHKF =@A?K=@ @A IA ? >E = =GKA = IA HAFEJA ? @A = C HEJ .E =
D H EC=I A IKI KAL I CHKF I -IJ= AJ=F= IA HA= E = D=IJ= GKA ?=@= D H EC= D=O= A A JA IA HA= E = K FH ?AI @A K E
A JHA CHKF I
I
A @
I CHKF I A @ NE
@A ANEIJA K = CH= IE E EJK@ O IA AL= = LA?AI L =IA = CKH= " % F=H AJH I @E ?=@ I
A H IA D=O= =@=FJ=@ = ?
- A?K?E
) J6HAA ?
A K CHKF =@A?K=@
= 5A A??E @A =I D H EC=I = @AI? A?J=H @A H> > H@A = EA J @A = EIJ= @A D H EC=I A B H = @A?HA?EA JA ? 4AK>E?=H =I D H EC=I ) J6HAA ? FHA =IEC =?E @A = H= = = IACKEH ! 1JAH=H LA?AI D=IJ= GKA IA FKA@= HA= E =H K E AI = 5A A??E @A CHKF I = ? >E =H > 2H ?AI @A K E ? -L= K=?E @A @A
.ECKH= " % ) C HEJ IK>IA??E AI @AI?HE>EHA 2HE ?EF= @A ) J6HAA ,E E? >H=@=I
- A?K?E
@A ) J6HAA
J @ AI = A A?K?E I @A = C HEJ F=H > IE? ) J6HAA = = IA??E E = K J = AH
>= J AH= ?E= @A IE E EJK@ O J AH= ?E= @A @EBAHA ?E= GKA > IE?= A JA @A
A?J=HIA ?
- AIJA ?=
AI @A =?JK= E =?E
F ?= ?= JE@=@ @A A A A J I
KO ?AH?= '
5A
= JEA A 1CK=
- = C HEJ
2=H= A
) J6HAA @E
IA =K A J =
E?
NE = =FAHJKH= @A =H> @A Lmax = 20 @A A @ @A >JA A
$%
= AH= @A I K?D I
J= >E
>JA AH K =
=O H ?= JE@=@ @A CHKF I
4AK>E?=?E
@A =I D H EC=I
I IECKEA JAI F=I I
5A A??E
@A =I D H EC=I = @AI?
IA DA
H>
J @ @A 5E D KAJJA
F=H= @A?E@EH IE K = ?EAHJ= D H EC= @A>A IAF=H=HIA @A IK AIJHK?JKH= > AJEL IAF=H=H = =GKA =I D H EC=I GKA HA= IA A =IEC IA ? A L= H @A JH=@ K CHKF ?KO= A@E= IA A ?KA JH= A JA
A JA AIJ
,A AIJ= B H = F @A
I =GKA =I D H EC=I GKA s(i) < 0,2 AI @A?EH GKA ANEIJA = A@E= @A CHKF =?JK=
=@= 7 = LA
) J6HAA L =IA A
>JA E@= = EIJ= ANEIJA K F=I = AH= @A F H = @A = IA??E A JA HA= E = " ! AI @A?EH I AIJA F=I
+=F JK
" - = C HEJ
) J6HAA ,E
E?
$&
A IECKEA JA ALA J GKA ?KHHA A A F=I = JAHE H +K= @ IA ABA?J = A FH ?AI @A IA A? ?E @A K FKA@A GKA = CK I CHKF I IA BKIE ? A JH=OA @ ? ? IA?KA ?E= = HA=IEC =?E =@ -IJA A@E= A@E= 5E I IA @ @A IK = CHKF KAL CHKF = =GKA I A A A J I GKA D=> = IA A??E IEIJA IE F A A JA A =@ = CHKF BKIE
=IEC =H A CHKF A
I IE E =H @A = EIJ= E
@A CHKF GKA IA A D= =IEC =@ O =I D H EC=I IE E =HAI = A = J I H@A =@ @A = EIJ= @A B H = ?HA?EA JA = D H EC= = O IK HA=IEC =?E = = K CHKF DK>EAH= F IE?E A@E= @A K HA=IEC =?E =@ A FHE AH KC=H @A =
4A=? @=H =I D H EC=I -IJ= AJ=F= IA @ELE@A A FH ?AI I - FHE AH AI LAHE ?=H I CHKF I FHA=IEC =@ I ? A > AJ @A ?DAGKA=H IE = CK @A AIJ I CHKF I D= IE@
BKIE ANEIJA EI =@ ? JH 5E =I BKAH= A J ?AI IA A =IEC = K KAL CHKF @A I GKA J @=L = IJ IA HA= E = I I = JA C= =@ O I I= JA=H - IACK @ F=I AI A @A HA=IEC =H = D H EC= = IK KAL CHKF = D H EC= = = FHE AH= @A IK CHKF ? A?J=@= = I F HJA A I F=I I GKA A A = C HEJ KJE E?A > IE? @A ) J6HAA ? =H
LEA @
KAC HAFAJE
> AJ @A GKA IA
I = = E =H = AH=HGK = @A I ? IJ I ?
7 E
A JHA CHKF I
@A IA HA= E = A FHE ?EFE K FH ?AI @A K E @A A H =CHKF= EA J A ? =I K E JH=@ D=IJ= A A JHA KAL A J CHKF I
-IJ= AI K = AJ=F= EJAH=JEL= A @ I CHKF I = JAHE H A JA A ? =CHKF= EA J I = A JA >JA E@ ? O =IE IK?AIEL= A JA D=IJ= GKA HAIFA?J =
5A A??E
@A
CHKF I = ?
I F=H= @
CHKF I =I
I ANEIJA JAI A
A@E=I
- = C HEJ
) J6HAA @E
E?
@=H D H EC=I LEIJ A =@ I =
$'
= AJ=F= = JAHE H =@ +=>A
2H ?AI @A K E
5A K A
=I D H EC=I @A K
JH CHKF IA A??E
-L= K=?E
7 LA @A
@A
= E =@
@A
= =IEC =?E KAL @A ? @A =I D H EC=I = IKI HAIFA?JEL I CHKF I A A A H @A >JA E@ D=IJ= A A J GKA IA @A JE
I =@A?K=@= = >=I=@= A A
CHKF I Ci O Cj A >=IA = K =
Rij = Rji
! 5E si = 0 O sj = 0 A J -IJ=I ? @E?E ?AI Rij = 0 JHE? >H=@=I AI
7 = IE F A A A??E
AI = JAHE H A JA
si = @A
I?
B H =
DBnc
1 = nc
nc
Ri
i=1
+=F JK
" - = C HEJ
@A 7
) J6HAA ,E
E?
A@E A JHA ?=@= CHKF ? @A ?=@= CHKF IA=
%
IK I
-IJ= BK ?E I F=HA?E@ BK ?E
@ E JKEJEL @A @AIA=H = A ? I @A @A I 2 HA
A = IE E EJK@ FH EA JH=I A
JH=H K = =CHKF=?E
A @
@EBAHA JA F IE> A ?
A H AI KAIJH
+=F JK
4AIK J=@ I
- AIJA ?=F JK O A = C HEJ A J H GKA KJE E =HA ?=@= @A A A GKA DA HA= E =HA I K = ? F=H=?E A JHA I J @ I A= ) J6HAA I A ) J6HAA @E I F=H= ?= E ?=H A BK ?E @A E? FH FKAIJ , ) J6HAA - FHE ?EFE ANF E?=HA E = 9- ) =I BK ?E I @EIJE J I I @A I >JA E@ I F H
I JH=>= =@ GKA IA @A
A JA IA = = E =H A @AJ= A
#
#
- A J H
9- )
@A JH=>=
=@ A
= K ELAHIE@=@ @A 9=E =J )KIJH= E= -IJ E E> A F=H= I IEIJA =I FAH=JEL I ,, GKA ANF E?= I JH I J ? E?=I @A @EI HE? I D=I I
F A A J=@ A A A CK= A =L= O IA A ?KA JH= @EIF " @AI@A A FHAFH ?AI= EA J @A 2HE ?EF=
@A =JHE>KJ I K
A JA IA @AIJ=?= F H = CH= ?= JE@=@ @A = C HEJ E AH = @A @=J I 2=H= = J=HA= @A =CHKF= EA J I A= O + >MA> I = C HEJ
7 = @A IKI FHE ?EF= AI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I AI GKA AI K I BJM=HA @A E>HA @EIJHE>K?E AIJHK?JKH= FAH EJA ANJA @AH = DAHH= EA J= E ? HF H= @ KAL I J E AH = @A @=J I ,A AIJ= B H = IA ANJA @E = DAHH= EA J= E F A A J= @
O I
+=F JK
= C HEJ A J @
# 4AIK J=@ I
I ) J6HAA O ) J6HAA @E E? /H=?E=I = IK E>HA @EIJHE>K?E AI @A AL= K=?E
%
IA FK@ ANJA @AH I I @E?A )
A= E ? KOA @ = CK =I BK ?E
GKA @AI?HE>EHA
.ECKH= # - A J H
#
@A
.K ?E
= BK ?E A @A = IECKEA JA
@A IE E EJK@
E = BK ?E
p k=1 wijk sijk p k=1 wijk
@A IE E EJK@ @A / MAH O IA
Sim(i, j ) =
#
- A J H
@
@A JH=>=
%!
=JHE>KJ
wijk AI
F=H=?E @A I
IA ?
A JA 2 H A A F ? I IA ?
=JHE>KJ I B= J= wijk AI A
ECK= AI sij
JE K I IA KJE E = = IECKEA JA BK ?E
#!
?E@ ? ?
.K ?E
L= E@=?E
AI @A -L= K=?E
I HAIK J=@ I @A K = C HEJ ? =IAI @A =I BK ?E @A =CHKF= EA J AI ? =I BK ?E AI @A L= E@=?E
- FH ?A@E EA J @A AL= K=H @A CHKF I FKA@A @ELE@EHIA A > AJEL AL= K=H K ? ?A GKA A AIJA ?=I
AI @A L= E@=?E
AI @A L= E@=?E
@AI?HE>EHA
E JAH =I A ?= >E
I =I
AL= K=
= @ ?
.K ?E
?A ,A
@A L= E@=?E
ANJAH =
HA= @A
I = @EIJHE>K?E E I ki ?
I @=J I F @HA
IFA?J = IKI ? =IAI LAH@=@AH=I + =H GKA AIJ= E B H =?E = ? =IA LAH@=@AH= @A ? HHAIF JH=@ I F H @ I F=H= A = AH= > AJ di
> AJ di ki AI = ? =IA A ? I J @ I = BK ?E
ij (i,j ){1,.......N }2 ,i<j
= = ?= JE@=@ @A CHKF I A ?
A @A = IECKEA JA #
Ec =
@ @A
ij
2 N (N 1)
+=F JK .K ?E
=I BK ?E
#"
*=IAI @A ,=J I
I BKAH =F E?=@ I = @ELAHI=I >=IAI @A @=J I E ? KOA @ >=IAI @A @=J I ?=@= ?=I ? @A ?A I = ? =IA CHKF @A ?=@= =I >=IAI @A @=J I I @A =FHA @E = A @A =HJE ?E= AI GKE = ?A = @EIJHE>K?E I @=J I I @AIJ=?=H GKA A
AI @A?EH GKA IA ? A
=I @EIJE J=I >=IAI @A @=J I KJE E =@=I +=>A H @A CHKF I ? HHA?J I O= GKA
?AH @A
= =I >?M
I D IFEJ= AI @A = K ELAHIE@=@ @A 9EI? IE F H
?=JAC HE? I
H = AI
8= HAI .= J= JAI $ A =I FHE AH=I $ E IJ= ?E=I + =IAI ANEIJA JAI ,EIJHE>K?E @A =I ? =IAI
- A J H
*A EC
@A JH=>=
"#& = EC "
%#
F=H= = ? A@E@=I ?
@A IKA I F=H= ?EAHJ=I JA F H=@=I A ?= F I D AJH F H = JKH= IK>IEIJA ?E= O JH I B=?J HAI
! ) JKH= # 8EC H ?
JE K
I @A F = J=?E
' . H = @A =I H= =I
?=JAC HE?
= @A
+=F JK
%$
- BAH A@=@ @A + H=
I @=J I BKAH ? E?= + ALA = @
HA? A?J=@ I @A
C *A=?D O = E IJEJK?E
. K H I? F =
1 B H =?E
6AIJ ? 6EH NE = ?
@A
JE K
I =JHE>KJ I
" 0 H JE K = @A AIJE K =?E ? JEH E@= JE K ? JE K # ,EBAHA ?E= =>I KJ=
JE K
! 6HE @ NE = ?
AH @A E IJ= ?E=I AH @A =JHE>KJ I ! 1 B H =?E @A I =JHE>KJ I 6 @ I I 8= HAI .= J= JAI E CK + =IAI ANEIJA JAI ! ,EIJHE>K?E @A =I ? =IAI
!!" !!" !!"
HE? I
= @EBAHA ?E= FHE ?EF= @A =I @EIJE J=I >=IAI @A @=J I HAIE@A A ? K J I - )HJ FAH ? =H= IAF=H=?E ? A )HJ O A )HJ!
= IAF=H=?E
@A
I I
I CHKF I IA A ?KA JH= >EA IAF=H=@ I A )HJ IECKA D=>EA @ K = I CHKF I IA A ?KA JH= KO ?AH?=
+=F JK
# 4AIK J=@ I
%&
#
-
EIEI
KAIJH= A I HAIK J=@ I ? = " " ? J @ K I @AIJ=?=H AH @A ? KIJAHI A ? = IA??E = IA??E 6= >E F=H=JEL I >JA E@ I ? A= I E@ @A @A ,=LEAI I @AIJ=?=H EI = A AHH H @A ? =IE ?=?E IA KAIJH= = BK ?E
N i=1
= J=> = # IA #
Ec @A
JH=@ I K O = BK ?E
/ >= 5E D K
AJJA FH
GS = (
s(i))/N ,A>A
I ?=I I A L= H K @A AJH
A= I ? HHAIF
@A = L= H @A K GKA AI
,=@= =I FHKA>=I HA= E =@=I F @A - FHE ?EFE F @A A E E E =@ I A ?KA JH= A ? F=H=?E AI @A @=J I A
J @ FH FKAIJ D= A ?
@A I GKA
=NE E = /5
=O H IA= A
=I D H EC=I ?=@= K = @A =I BK ?E
AI A HA =?E
@A ANEIJA K
AI A A ?=I @A =I >=IAI @A @=J I =HJE ?E= AI A AI FJE =I CA AH= @EBAHA ?E=
K J @A @=J I A @ @A I ?
? KEH GKA A I
@A I CA AH=
A JA
K
# ! # ! ! ! ! ! ! !
,* &' " &# #$ !& !& &% &# $! ! !% "& ! " " " % !&
GS
#& " "% % $" " ' $ $& " % &% &! &! &! @A -+ HAFHAIA J= O /5 =
AK?=
) J6HAA ,) J6HAA A=
DA=HJ
) J6HAA ,) J6HAA A=
JDOH E@
) J6HAA ,) J6HAA A=
art1
) J6HAA ,) J6HAA A=
art2
) J6HAA ,) J6HAA A=
art3
) J6HAA ,) J6HAA
+K=@H # 4AIK J=@ I >JA E@ I ? -HH H @A + =IE ?=?E BK ?E / >= 5E D KAJJA /HKF I A ?
,=LEAI * K @E
+=F JK
# 4AIK J=@ I
&
+=F JK +
@A ?
$ AI
AL=@= = ?=> A =@ = ? =I =HA=I = FHE ?EF= =GKE = O >=IA @A @=J I
? KIE
- JH=>= ? KIE
HAIFA?J = ?
F HJ= EA J @A D H EC=I
J @ I ) J+ KIJ J @ I @A @A =KJ
?= AI O FH @K?A HAIK J=@ I @A >KA = ?= E@=@ IE K J @A @=J I +=>A @AIJ=?=H AJH I O @A AIJ= B H = I I HAIK J=@ I E =@ ) J6HAA @E A E B ?E AI J @ I AI IK A J= F A = @A F=H I KAL CH=H >KA
?E EA J FHALE @A = AIJHK?JKH= IK>O=?A JA A A ? CKH=?E =O H @AILA J= = GKA F @A K?D JEA F F=H= EH ANE ? @A J @ ) J6HAA IA FHAIA J K H>
>H=H @A AIJ I J @ @A
K = ANJA IE
@A ) J6HAA E ? KOA @ AIA ?E= > AJ @A @A @A AJH I H> -I K = C HEJ =GKA = GKA A ? JH=@ 7JE E = A @AI? A?J= =I
I =@A?K=@ A
A H IA =@A?KA = ? I @A
) J6HAA F=H= >JA AH CHKF I = J= A JA =? F =@ I O IK ?EA JA A JA @EIJ= ?E I IJ IA >JEA A @E ?= @ IKI F=H KAC
+=F JK
$ +
? KIE
AI
A JA HAK>E?
&
@ =I A JHA
I @=J I 2 H
A FH ?AI AL= = A
FH FKAIJ F IAA =I IECKEA JAI AJ=F=I FHE ?EF= AI ) J6HAA > IE? @ @A IA @E ?= I F=H AJH I @A J
- A?K?E
@A = C HEJ
AH= ?E= F H IE E EJK@ O @EBAHA ?E= 4A=? 7 E -IJA @EIJHE>K?E @=H 0 H EC=I A >=IA = @A CHKF I A BK ?E J @ JEA A ? @A I @=J I K CH= IA @A = J @ @A 5E D KAJJA A@E= @A ?=@= CHKF F HJ= EA J A HA =?E = =
IA F=HJA @A K =? F =@ I AIJ @A ? A
CH= CH=?E=I = = EA
) J6HAA > IE? O = F IE>E E@=@ @A I J=HIA GKA JEA A J @ O KAC IA ? A HA ? = K FH ?AI @A K E I A J >JA E@ F H EJAH=?E IA AL= =
=I D H EC=I A
= IACK @= AJ=F=
@A I A >=IA = = BK ?E
@A ,=LEAI * K @E
J @ AI @=@ 6= >E IA D=
= ?=F=?E@=@ I FHA?EI I IE = JA E@ K = =@ K I
?=H=?JAH IJE?= BK @= A J= @A ) J6HAA O= GKA F @A >JA E@ @A AIJ= AI @A = AH= LEIK= E =H -IJA KAL =CHKF= EA J AH HGKE?
$
6H=>=
.KJKH
? IJ= @A ! F=HJAI = A A?K?E AJH I A FH ?AI @A HA=? @A = C HEJ @=?E @A @E ?=?E @A IKI F=H
6H=>=
.KJKH
A JHA CHKF I @A = A A??E @A =I D H EC=I = HA=? A >=IA = =
&!
@=H IA A@E= @A
I =@A?K=@ IA HA= E F @H =
A >=IA = = BK ?E
I D=>AH KJE E =@ = CK = I JH I A =@
AH= ?E= F H IE E EJK@ O @EBAHA ?E= 4A=? 7 E @=H 0 H EC=I IA A??E @A CHKF I IA A??E @A @A =H = C J @
=H BK ?E
-L= K=?E
IA A??E
=H BK ?E
KAL = C HEJ EI
AI KJE E =@=I 5E D KAJJA ,=LEAI > K @E C AJ? ANJA @AH I ANFAHE A J I ?
-I F IE> A J= >E
= >=IAI @A @=J I @ ?K A J= AI
)F
@E?A )
9- )
) 1 JH @K??E
AI @A I = C HEJ I AIJK@E=@ I A AIJ= JAIEI IA A ?KA JH= @A =@= A = K ELAHIE@=@ @A 9=E =J E KN O @A = =@ A A A CK= A HEA J=@ = > AJ I =L= @A K = E JAHB= K E ?=@= F=H= =I @EI I @A FHA O F IJ FH ?AI= EA J E =@= 9- ) @AI=HH
JH @A K = DAHH= EA J= @A
JE J=I J=HA=I ANEIJA JAI IAF=H=@= @A AL= K=?E F A A J=?E K CH= = C HEJ AL= K=H IK -NEIJA @EIJE J I ELA AI A @
E AH = @A @=J I 6= >E
AH @A DAHH= EA J=I F=H= =F E?=H = =I >=IAI @A @=J I A JHA A =I JA A I @A @EI?HAJE =?E @A =JHE>KJ I AJ? ,A AIJ= B H = F @H = A@E= JA = C J @ @A A= @A ? @EC O =@A K J @A @=J I = = E =H
FH ?AI=H K ?
E AH = @A @=J I O I
7 = ?=H=?JAH IJE?= E F HJ= JA @A AIJ= DAHH= EA J= AI IK E>HA @EIJHE>K?E ANE>E E@=@ F=H= E ? KEH AIJ= B H = KJE E =H AL= K=H I = C HEJ
)F
@E?A ) 9- )
&$
)
5KF
)F E?=?E
C= I GKA GKAHA
@A K AIGKA =
I A A?KJ=H = CK = C HEJ I =@=FJ=H KAIJH ? E ? KE@ @A JH @A = DAHH= EA J= K J @A @=J I = K B H =J AIFA?E ?A ? B H =J )4.. O IK K J @A ?=@= =I =I A @
?E@ F H 9- ) -IJA B H =J IA ?
> AJ @A FH LAAH A JEF @A ?=@= =JHE>KJ @A KAIJH ? IJ= @A K CHKF @A I =JHE>KJ I I IAF=H=@ I F H ?
= HAFHAIA J= K = E IJ= ?E= @A = >=IA @A @=J I O ANF HJ=H @=J I = AIJA B H =J K A A F LA GKA JA A J=C (HA =JE I @=J I A AIJA B H =J
I FH CH= =I =@ E EIJH=@ HAI @A @=J I FH LAA @A K = DAHH= EA J= F=H= J FE? AI ? JE E?H I BJ -N?A )??AII AJ? 7 = HAGKAHE EA J @A>A I E ? KEH A@E= JA A IECKEA JA I I @A I
K A ?=>A =@ A A =H?DEL GKA AIFA?E GKA A A J=C (=JJHE>KJA GKA AIFA?E ?= A @EA JA O F H K JE 7 = LA = C HEJ KAIJH= ? IECKEA JA >JA E@
A J=C (@=J= GKA KAC @A AIJA J=C 9- ) I=>A GKA I @=J I ? A B H =J )4.. F @A
I @=J I A A B H =J AIFA?E ?=@ E =CA B H =J )4.. I A A?KJ=H = CK I E ? KE@ I @A JH @A F=GKAJA )IK EA @ GKA JA A FKJ=@ H= O JA A I E IJ= =@ O ? A J? ?E@ ? I A F=GKAJA 9- ) A @A A A F IAHE= =
L= =L= 4K JE A - LEH
GKA IA A ?KA JH= @A JH @A F=GKAJA MA = ? =IIE AHI "& K I @A = HC= E =?E @ A= J @ I E L ?=@ =GKE = LEHJK= @A =L= E @E J E @E?
IK>F=GKAJA @A F=GKAJA FHE ?EF= MA = A I F=GKAJAI - FHE AH= E IJ= ?E= DA "& F=I K J @A @=J I = = = E =H ?= @ A GKA A A?KJA A = C HEJ
)!
+ @E E
-IJHK?JKH= @A = DAHH= EA J=
IA @AI?HE>EH = AIJHK?JKH= = ELA @A ? @EC I @A = DAHH= EA J= 9- ) I = JAHE H A JA 9- ) IA A ?KA JH= HC= E =@= A >=IA = = AIJHK?JKH= GKA
- AIJ= IA??E
-IJHK?JKH= @A = DAHH= EA J=
BHA?A ? I F=GKAJAI @A A CK= A =L= I F=GKAJAI I AI O ? =C A A?= EI
&%
F H A GKA =L= A ? I
> AJ @A = ? =IA )JJHE>KJA HAFHAIA J= K =JHE>KJ I =JHE>KJ I ?=JAC HE? I A H= C @A L= HAI JEA A I L= HAI @A I =JHE>KJ I @A K = JEA A K ? K J
GKA =?AFJ= 7
=@ I = = J=HA= @A
A = AIJHK?JKH= CA AH= @A
>KE @+ =IIE AH
I @A JH @A A= I
@A = > I
@A + =IIE AHI @A A
FH >=>E IJE?= F=H= K = ?EAHJ= E IJ= ?E= +K= GKEAH =I E IJ= ?E=I AI K = IK>? =IA @A ,EIJHE>KJE J @ JH I F=GKAJAI E F HJ= JAI @A JH @A 9- ) I
MA = ? KIJAHAHI MA =
I ?
=I E F HJ= JAI F @A I J @ I-
I @AIJ=?=H =
+ *9-* O A
E =@ MA =
A=
JAHI
)F
@E?A ) 9- )
I = C HEJ I @A FHAFH ?AI= EA J I
&&
IK>? =IAI @A
)"
HEJ I ? A J=?E KAL I ? = C HEJ
1 F A A J= @
K?D=I LA?AI IA E ? KE@ A EI AIFA? ? @A
KAL I
@A I
IKH = = A?AIE@=@ @A = F E=H = @ K = E FA AI IJH=HA I
-I F IE> A GKA
I FHAIA JA = A?AIE@=@ @A E F A A J=H K = C E AH = @A @=J I @AI=HH =I IECKEA JAI IK> IA??E A = C HEJ
= DAHH= EA J= 9- )
AI F IE> A IJ
)"
EIEI @A
J @ I FHE ?EF= AI
A A F=GKAJA MA = ? KIJAHAHI
@ ) JHAA
-IJA AI K = C HEJ @A A JHA = EA J AI HA= E =@= J @ FH FE @A = ? =IA ) J6HAA AI A A ?=HC=@ @A E F A A J=H A > AJEL FHE ?EF= ? @A @E E IJHKEH A H> ? A ? K J J @ I @A HAIFAJ= @ =I HAC =I E FKAIJ=I F H A J @ ) J6HAA 5K E L ?=?E I = C HEJ
1 F A A J= @
KAL I
@A I
&'
FK> E? IJ=JE? 5JHE C AL= K=JA+ KIJAHAH + KIJAHAH ? KIJAHAH 5JHE C FJE I JDH MI -N?AFJE E J IAA@ B @I > A= @ :L= B= IA 1 IJ= ?AI JH=E K 1 IJ= ?AI JAIJ K 4= @ H= @ 5JHE C JH=E .E A = A JAIJ.E A = A IAA@5JHE C B @I5JHE C > A?J KJFKJ.E A = A =JJHE>KJA4= CA5JHE C 5JHE C I=LA@ FJE I K > A= FHE J+ KIJAH)IIEC A JI B= IA 4= CA =JJHE>KJAI6 KJFKJ K > A?J1 FKJ5JHA= > A?J1 FKJ5JHA= K > A?J KJFKJ5JHA= > A?J KJFKJ5JHA= K 5JHE C*K AH JANJ AM 5JHE C*K AH E J JDA+ =II ? =II >=IA@ AL= K=JE B ? KIJAHE C JHO EB 7JE I CAJ. =CD FJE I JDH M AM -N?AFJE 0A F HAGKAIJA@ /AJ >=IE? FJE I FJE I JDA I= A B H = ? KIJAHAHI FHE J+ KIJAH)IIEC A JI 7JE I CAJ. =CF FJE I > A?J1 FKJ.E A = A 7JE I CAJ FJE FJE I > A?J KJFKJ.E A = A 7JE I CAJ FJE @ FJE I JH=E .E A = A 7JE I CAJ FJE J FJE I JAIJ.E A = A 7JE I CAJ FJE 6 FJE I +DA? F FJE JHO =JJHE>KJA4= CA5JHE C 7JE I CAJ FJE F FJE I
?=J?D -N?AFJE A JDH M AM -N?AFJE A CAJ AII=CA 6- JDA F FJE D=I ?D= CA@ 1J M ANFA?JI = F=H= AJAH IFA?EBOE C = H= CA B =JJHE>KJAI J EIJ MEJD JDA FHA@E?JE I 7IA F B H A
+K=@H ) + @EC @A
)F
@E?A ) 9- )
'
FHEL=JA L E@ @ ) JHAA JDH MI -N?AFJE K E IJ= ?AI JDA1 IJ= ?AI K 1 IJ= ?AI K =JJHE>I JDA1 IJ= ?AI K )JJHE>KJAI FHE J @AI?HEFJE B JDA JH=E E C IAJ 5OIJA KJ FHE J K >AH B E IJ= ?AI K E IJ= ?AI K >AH B =JJI K =JJHE>I 1 EJE= E A IJHK?JKHAI = JHAA 1 EJ JDA1 IJ= ?AI H@A =I D H EC=I I HJ JDA = JI I HJ = J =I? E IAHJ FHE AH A A A J A A I F HJA E IAHJ HIJ = J J JDA IKFF HJ E IAHJ=H D H EC=I F HJA = J = JHAA = A A A J)J I F HJA CAJ = J E I F HJA CAJE ? E C E I IAJ KJC E C A E E =H D H EC= H@A =H D H EC=I MDE AD=O D H EC=I EB = J = JHAA = A A A J)J CAJ KJC E C E K = J = JHAA = A A A J)J CAJ KJC E C E I F HJA IA A ?KA JH= A A I F HJA IKFF HJ ?=IA ?=I I F HJA= J = JHAA = A A A J)J A IA IA A ?KA JH= F IE?E =@ A K = D H EC= = J ?=IA ?=I D H EC== J = JHAA = A A A J)J
I F HJA
+K=@H )
+ @EC @A
J @ @ ) JHAA
= E JAHB=?A
2KA@A GKA A IJH = C HEJ E JAHB=?A
FJE
0= @ AH
A?AIEJA I AIFA?E ?=H K = EIJ= @A F=H CKH=?E @A F=H AJH I F=H= KA @A F=H AJH
K?D I ?=I I A I
2 HAA F
EIJ FJE
I IAJ FJE
I HAIA
J @ J 5JHE C
A > AJ @A E FHE EH I HAIK J=@ I O AIJ=@ IJE?=I @A KAIJH I J @ HAJ H = ? J @ I A?AIEJ=HA
I E F A A J=H A
? KIE
AI
'
FK> E? E J K >AH B+ KIJAHI JDH MI -N?AFJE HAJKH I F HJA CAJE ? E C E I FK> E? E J ? KIJAH1 IJ= ?A1 IJ= ?A E IJ= ?A JDH MI -N?AFJE 4AF =?A EIIE C.E JAH E FKJE IJ= ?A 4AF =?A EIIE C.E JAH >=J?D.E EIDA@ 1 IJ= ?A E IJ 4AF =?A EIIE C.E JAH KJFKJ HAJKH ? KIJAH2H ?AIIA@1 IJ= ?AE IJ
FHEL=JA E J ? KIJAH2H ?AIIA@1 IJ= ?A1 IJ= ?A E IJ= ?A E JE > A= A ? JH=H B= IA E J K ? KIJAH MDE A E I F HJA CAJE ? E C E I A ? JH=H A ? JH=H A ? JH=H E IJ= ?E=E IJ= ?A I F HJA CAJ = J EB A ? JH=H K ? KIJAH E E HAJKH K ? KIJAH E E E
)#
@EIJHE>K?E
? KIE
AI
A JB H M A@CA ) = OIEI AI K = DAHH= EA J= LEIK= @A =@= F H K AGKEF @A E LAIJEC=?E A = I @AIJ=?=H =I
9- ) 9=E =J - LEH
K ELAHIE@=@ @A 9=E =J KAL= A = @= 3KA A B H = HAIK E@= F @A IECKEA JAI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @A 9- ) I @=J I I C= E =@ A ?=HC=@ I @AI@A K =I O ? K =H?DEL ?
H KAIJH=
?= JE@=@
)F
@E?A ) 9- )
2H LAA J= >E @A DAHH= EA J=I @A FHAFH ?AI= EA J @A @=J I ? =H =JHE>KJ I @EI?HAJE =?E @A =JHE>KJ I K J @ I @A "& LAHIE -NFA?J=JE HE? I E AH = @A @=J I A JHA A @A J @ +" # LA?E AJ? I =NE EJ=JE I FAH=?E AI = JAHE H A JA @A K @ @A ? @A I F @A I
'
I
JH I F=H= IA A??E
L=HEA@=@ @A J @ -
I H> AI @A @A?EIE
I FH NE
= E JAHB= CH
?= FH LAA @A @EIJE J I A J H
- A J H
A J=?E
JH =H =I
>H=@=I AI @A?EH
O AIFA?E ?=?E =
ANFAHE
,A
?=>
@ ?
= @ @A =I
EI =I FAH=?E =O H ?
O = HA= E =?E
A@E= JA = ? AI
= AH= @A @E=CH= =I @A K
= DAHH= EA J= IA A ?KA JH= E F A A J=@= A A A CK= A =L= O @A AIJ= B H = FHAIA J= FH > A =I @A F HJ=>E E@=@ + = E? HAGKEIEJ A?AIEJ=HA I JA AH E IJ= =@= GKE = LEHJK= @A =L= =FH FE=@= HA " A =@A = JA +=>A @AIJ=?=H GKA = IAH K = DAHH= EA J= @EIJHE>KE@= >= =?JK= E =H IK ? @EC BKA JA FAH EJEA @ E ? HF H=H KAL I ) J6HAA O , ) J6HAA 2 H AIJ F @A 5FA?JH= ? KIJAHE C IA ? A= 9- ) AJ= AJ? = E?A ?E= / 7 AI F IE> A J @ I ? A ?=I @A
FK> E? 5JHE C J 5JHE C JDEI ? FE= = K ?= JE@=@ AL= K=@=I ? FE= = AM = J = JHAA K E IJ= ?AI 5JHE C*K AH JANJ AM 5JHE C*K AH L= HAI AM 5JHE C*K AH A@E= AM 1 IJ= ?A I F HJA CAJE ? E C E I E IJ= ?E=I GKA I ? KIJAH A ? JH=@ ?= JE@=@ > AJ I AM E J I F HJA CAJE ? E C E I JANJ =FFA @ ) JHAA JANJ =FFA @ )FAHJKHA 5E A B JDA JHAA =N JANJ =FFA @1 IJ= ?AI K E IJ= ?AI JANJ =FFA @ K >AH B + KIJAH B K @ I F HJA CAJE ? E C E I JANJ =FFA @ K >AH B =JHE>KJJAI K =JJHE>I B H E J E E K =JJHE>I E JANJ =FFA @ )JJHE>KJA I F HJA @ =JJHE>KJAE = A B H E J E E I F HJA CAJE ? E C E I E E J ?= JE@=@ JANJ =FFA @ KIJAH E JANJ =FFA @ A@E= E AM 1 IJ= ?A AM @ K> A K =JJHE>I ?= JE@=@ CAJ K > A?JII F HJA CAJ = J E E E ?= JE@=@ > AJ I E ?= JE@=@ B H E J K =JJHE>I EB I F HJA @ =JJHE>KJA JOFA )JJHE>KJA 1 ) A@E= E IAJ8= KA E J A@E= E L= KA ?= JE@=@ A IA A@E= E IAJ8= KA A@E= E L= KA ?= JE@=@
A@E= @A ?=@=
JEA F = =L= = C 5OIJA ?KHHA J6E A E EI JANJ =FFA @ KIJAH 8= E@EJO 6A?D EGKAI JANJ =FFA @ JANJ =FFA @5K B IGK=HA@ AHH H 7JE I @ K> A6 5JHE C55- JANJ =FFA @ DAIE 7JE I @ K> A6 5JHE C955 JANJ =FFA @5AF=H=JE 7JE I @ K> A6 5JHE C*55 JANJ =FFA @5E D KAJJA AJD @ 7JE I @ K> A6 5JHE C =JC >= IE D KAJJA =J K E IJ= ?AI JANJ =FFA @L= HAI J 5JHE C JANJ =FFA @,=LEAI * K @E AJD @ 7JE I @ K> A6 5JHE C,* JANJ =FFA @ =IE ?=JE -HH H 7JE I @ K> A6 5JHE C-+ JANJ =FFA @L= HAI J 5JHE C JANJ =FFA @ - =FIA@ 6E A 7JE I @ K> A6 5JHE C =JJEA F = JEA F E E?E= =J IA? JANJ =FFA @ JANJ =FFA @ L= HAI J 5JHE C HAJKH JANJ J 5JHE C
J @ J 5JHE C
)F
@E?A ) 9- )
'"
*E> E CH=B =
) 5+ !
) /KE =C 0 =H?DA 5 E = A 8A JKHE E / = @ J +
) JJHAA )
AM
1 +
CHAII
-L KJE
=HO +
FKJ=JE
+-+ !
$" $"%
@I 0 )>>=II
)>>=II 0
= @ 5=H AH 4
,=J=
E E C ) 0AKHEIJE?
E E C HAIA=H?D
E CI +
ACA
E B H =JE *56''
*AHI )
AA@ B KIAHI
5 EJD 5 = @ 6DA=H E C
*KE @E C ,=J=
= '''
E E C )F
F E?=JE
+0;'$
+DA
I B H +4
5 0=
?/H=M 0E 2H BAIIE
= @ ;K 2 5
,=J=
E E C )
LAHLEAM BH
J @=J=
+ HF H=JE
6DEH@ -@EJE
E A 2K> E?=JE
*1* 1 /4). )
,/'%
, HEC = @ /= >=H@A =
'$
) J? O IOIJA =? FAH=JELA
1--- 6H= I -L K
JE
,05
=HO +
FKJ=JE
''% #!$$
= @ 5 OJD 2 2HE ?EF AI B ,=J=
,=LE@ 0= @ 0
E E C 6DA
= @
16
2HAII += >HE@CA
=II=?DKIAJJI
)@=FJELA +
FKJ=JE
=?DE A
+ KIJAHE C L= E@EJO
, 4A? H@ ! ! ' %
= =
2
MI E 0 *
+ =IIE ?=JE
= = OIEI D&
D A 6 ) IE F A F=H=@EC
B IJHK?
=>H ?DA
= @ 8A JKHE E /
=HO +
FKJ=JE
+
5 8''
BAHA ?A +DE?=C
5 E = A
! FF
=H?D
= @ 8A JKHE E /
B= = J?
L= . )
1 FH LE C ANFHAIIE
@=J=
L= E@=JE 25"
2 5 5DA =H 8 =O=H= = *
= J ?
O =FFH =?D B H
? KIJAHE C
*1* 1 /4). )
669;" 6I=E + . 6I=E + 9 9K 0 + = @ ;= C 6 )? @B = ? KIJAHE C =FFH =?D B H @=J= " !!"# 9.
9EJJA 1 0 = @ .H= -
'%
LA @=J=
E E CE
=HCA @=J=>=IAI
5OIJ 5 BJM %!
,=J=
E E C FH=?JE?= I
HC=
=?DE A A=H E C
=KB = 2K> EID