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CHNG I ...............................................................................................................................3
NH HNG CA NHIM TI CC C TNH CCH IN................................3
1.1. Gii thiu chung v cch in ca ng dy trn khng.........................................3
1.2. nh hng ca nhim ti cc c tnh cch in....................................................6
1.2.1. Hin tng phng in b mt trn cch in sch...................................6
1.2.2. Phng in b mt trn cch in b nhim bn v b t..........................8
...................................................................................................................................................11
1.3. So snh gia phng in trn b mt cch in b nhim bn v phng in trn
cch in sch ..........................................................................................................................15
1.4. Cc thng k v s c ct in do nhim mi trng i vi cch in ng dy
trn khng.[5]............................................................................................................................16
1.4.1. S c ct in ti cng ty truyn ti in 3...............................................16
1.4.2. S c ct in trn li in 110 kV tnh Qung Ninh.........................16
1.5. Kt lun ....................................................................................................................17
CHNG II ...........................................................................................................................18
TNH TON PHN B IN TRNG BNG PHNG PHP PHN T HU
HN..........................................................................................................................................18
2.1. Cc phng php thng dng trong tnh ton phn b in p v phn b in
trng........................................................................................................................................18
2.1.1Phng trnh trng....................................................................................18
2.1.2. Cc phng php hin c..........................................................................19
2.2. C s l thuyt ca phng php phn t hu hn (FEM)......................................24
2.3. Ti sao li cn FEM..................................................................................................29
2.4. Gii thiu v phn mm ANSYS.............................................................................29
CHNG III...........................................................................................................................32
KT QU M PHNG BNG PHN MM ANSYS.......................................................32
3.1. Gii thiu v cch in m phng............................................................................32
3.2.Trnh t tin hnh m phng.....................................................................................35
2.2.1. La chn kiu phn tch ...........................................................................35
3.2.2. Xy dng m hnh hnh hc......................................................................35
3.2.3.La chn kiu phn t phn tch v thuc tnh vt liu.............................35
3.2.4. Chia li cho m hnh..............................................................................36
3.2.5. t ti v iu kin bin ln m hnh.......................................................36
3.2.6. Gii............................................................................................................36
3.2.7. X l v hin th kt qu...........................................................................36
3.3. Cc kt qu m phng..............................................................................................37
3.3.1.Cch in trong khng kh sch.................................................................37
3.3.2. nh hng ca tnh cht lp nhim ln phn b in trng trn chui
cch in...........................................................................................................................42
3.3.3 nh hng ca dy lp nhim ln phn b in trng trn chui
cch in...........................................................................................................................52
3.3.4. nh hng ca vng kh ln phn b in trng..................................55
CHNG IV:..........................................................................................................................60
TH NGHIM CCH IN V TH NGHIM CHNG MINH M PHNG ..........60
4.1.Tng quan v phng php th nghim La chn phng php th nghim ph
hp.............................................................................................................................................60
4.1.1. Gii thiu v tiu chun IEC 60507.........................................................60
4.1.1.1.Phng php sng mui (SALT FOG METHOD.:..............................60
4.1.1.2.Phng php LP RN(SOLID LAYER METHOD......................62
4.2. Thit b th nghim v qui cch th nghim............................................................67

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4.2.1.Thit b th nghim....................................................................................67
4.2.2. Trnh t th nghim..................................................................................68
4.2.3. Kt qu th nghim....................................................................................68
4.3 Phn kt lun ............................................................................................................68
Phn Kt lun v kin ngh....................................................................................................68
TI LIU THAM KHO......................................................................................................69

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CHNG I
NH HNG CA NHIM TI CC C TNH CCH
IN

1.1. Gii thiu chung v cch in ca ng dy trn khng

ng dy ti in trn khng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong h thng truyn ti v
phn phi in nng. Cc phn t ch yu ca ng dy trn khng l dy dn, dy chng
st, ct, cch in v cc ph kin.
Cch in ng dy dng cch ly cc dy dn ca ng dy vi ct. m bo
cho ng dy lm vic bnh thng, cch in ng dy phi c cc c tnh in v c
tt. Cch in ng dy c ch to t s hay thy tinh nung. Da vo cu trc cc cch
in c chia thnh cch in ng v cch in treo.
Cc cch in ng dng cho ng dy in p n 35kV. i vi cc ng dy in
p 6-10 kV v thp hn cch in ng ch c mt phn t, cn trn ng dy 22-35 kV
cch in ng c hai phn t.

Hnh 1-1: Cc cch in ng

i vi cc cp in p cao hn, dy dn c treo trn chui cch in nn khi lm
vic cch in trng thi b ko v nh vy tn dng c u im sn c v bn c gii
ca cch in. Cch in treo c chia ra lm 2 loi: loi thanh v loi a.
Cch in treo kiu thanh, thng c gi l s thanh. l thanh s di c l, hai
u c m kim loi, ng knh ca thanh chn theo bn khi ko. Cch in thanh treo
dng cho cc ng dy in p cao v siu cao. Cc u im chnh ca cch in thanh l
bn in v tin cy cao, nh v r tin. Tuy vy n cng c mt s nhc im l cng
ngh ch to i hi k thut hin i phc tp, khi s thanh b h hng phi thay th ton b,
vic vn chuyn - lp t thay th khi vn hnh s thanh rt phc tp.

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Hnh 1-2: Cch in thanh

Cch in treo kiu bt c s dng ph bin nht cho cc ng dy trn khng in
p 35kV v cao hn. Chui cch in gm c nhiu cch in kiu bt, s lng cch in
trong chui ph thuc vo in p ng dy. i vi ng dy 35 kV trong chui c 2-3
cch in, ng dy 110 kV c 6-7 cch in, ng dy 220 kV c 12-14 cch in [1].
Cch in a ca ng dy gm c: thnh phn in mi, b phn kim loi (lm m
v chn) v vt liu gn kt gia in mi vi b phn kim loi. in mi s dng ch to
cch in ca cc ng dy ti in trn khng phi c c tnh c gii cao v chng l cc
phn t phi chu cc ti trng c hc rt ln. Cc cch in ca ng dy truyn ti in
phi chu tc ng ca ti trng ca dy dn hng tn, i khi n hng chc tn. in mi
cng phi c bn cch in cao, cho php ch to cc cch in c tin cy lm vic cao
v kinh t. Chng cng phi l nhng vt liu khng ht m v khng bin tnh di tc ng
ca cc yu t kh hu.

Hnh 1-3: Mt s loi cch in a thng dng

Chng ta thng s dng nhng loi cch in dng in mi bng s hoc thy tinh v
cch in ch to bng s hoc thy tinh c cng cch in cao, bn c gii ln v
chu ng c cc tc ng ca mi trng kh quyn.
Cng cch in ca s trong in trng ng nht chiu dy ca mu s 1,5mm
c th t ti 30- 40 kV/mm. Khi dy tng, cng cch in c gim v nu l in
trng khng ng nht thi n cn gim nhiu hn na. bn in ca thu tinh trong iu
kin tng t t 45 kV/mm. Cng cch in xung kch ca s cao hn so vi tr s xoay
chiu khong 50 - 70%.[2]
bn c gii ca s v thu tinh ph thuc vo dng ti trng c gii. S lm vic rt
tt khi b nn khi b un th km hn v c bit l khi b ko th cng km. bn c gii
ca cc mu s ng knh 2-3 mm t 450 MPa khi nn, 70 MPa khi un nhng ch cn 30
MPa khi ko.

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Bng 1-1: Cc c tnh in v c ca cc loi in mi s v thu tinh.[2]

c tnh

Thu tinh

S cch in
truyn thng

S cch in
nhiu nhm

Statite

Sodocalcique

Sodo-calcique
postasique

Boro-silicate

6
0,01
1013

7,5
0,095
1013

6,1
0,002
1014

7,5
0,015
1012,5

7,3
0,013
1013

5,3
0,04
1014

170

160

180

230

250

290

2,4
3
7700
5,5.10-6
0,004

2,8
6
10700
6,5.10-6
0,007

2,7
4,5
10000
7,5.10-6
0,006

2,5
2
7400
9.10-6
0,0025

10
7200
9,1.10-6
0,0025

2,2
4,5
6700
3,2.10-6
0,0025

in tr sut mt
Hng s in mi 25oC, 50Hz
tg , 25oC, 50Hz
in tr sut 25oC, 50Hz, (.cm)
Cng cch in ca mu 25oC,
50Hz (kV/cm)
Khi lng ring (g/cm3)
bn ko (daN/mm2)
Module n hi (daN/mm2)
H s gin n nhit
Nhit dn 100oC (cal/cm.s.oC)

Bng 1-2: Kch thc v c tnh ca cch in a. [2]

Kch thc
Loi cch in

Chiu

in p

di ng H s s xut hin
H, mm

D, mm

r in,

dng

mm
6-B
16-A
20-A
C6-A
C12-A
C16-B
C22-A
C30-A
C40-A
5-A
6-A
8-A
C16-A
C22-A

140
173
194
130
140
170
200
190
190
194
198
214
160
185

270
280
350
255
260
280
320
320
330
250
270
300
320
370

324
365
420
155
325
387
390
425
445
450
455
470
480
570

vng
quang kV

1,1
1,2
1,1
1,0
1,2
1,2
1,1
1,1
1,1
-

Cng
in trng
phng in

Ghi ch

t trung bnh

35
28
35
40
40
45
50
-

kV/cm
2,5
2,4
2,4
2,6
2,3
2,3
2,3
2,0
2,0
-

Thu tinh

vng nhim cao

- l k hiu ca loi cch in treo s; C- l k hiu ca loi cch in thu tinh treo
- cch in dng trong vng nhim cao

Trong nhng nm gn y cc cch in cn c ch to t cc vt liu mi l nha

epoxy v polyster. S dng cc vt liu ny cho php gii quyt n gin cc vn v hnh
dng, cu trc v bn ca cch in. Tuy nhin, cch in bng s v thy tinh vn c
p dng rng ri v r tin hn nhiu trong khi cc c tnh v in v c gii khng b st
km (thng k v tnh hnh s dng cch in Vit Nam).

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1.2. nh hng ca nhim ti cc c tnh cch in

Khi ng dy i qua nhng vng c bi bn dn in nh: vng cng nghip ha cht,
luyn kim, khai thc m, vng duyn hith cch in ca ng dy b suy gim rt nhiu,
ti nhng vng ny thng xuyn xy ra hin tng phng in trn cch in, gy ra cc s
c mt in, h hng cch in, gy thit hi kinh t cho vic vn hnh li in.
vn hnh an ton ngi ta phi dng cc cch in c bit cch in dng cho
vng nhim. Ngoi kt cu v chng loi in mi nh cch in bnh thng, th chng c
sut chiu di ng r (l chiu di r in ng vi 1kV in p ng dy) ln hn nhiu
so vi cch in bnh thng (i vi loi thng chiu di r in khong 1,5 cm/kV cn
loi c bit chiu di ny khng b hn 2,25 cm/kV).[2]

a): Dng cho ct no

b) v c): Dng cho ct trung gian
Hnh 1-4: Mt s loi cch in a dng cho vng nhim.
Nguyn nhn gy ra phng in l do lp nhim bn trn b mt cch in c kh nng
dn in t lm xut hin nhng vng c in trng ln gy ra phng in cc b t
pht trin thnh phng in ton phn
Ta i phn tch nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng phng in trn b mt cch in .

1.2.1. Hin tng phng in b mt trn cch in sch

Cch in ca ng dy 35 kV quan trng v ca cc ng dy in p cao hn
thng c thc hin bng chui gm nhiu a cch in. S a nhiu t tu thuc vo yu
cu ca tng cp in p. Dc theo ng dy, cc ct trung gian chui cch in t theo
ng thng cn cc ct no c t hu nh nm ngang v chu lc cng ca dy dn.
V in p phng in khng th tnh ton n gin bng cch ly in p phng in
ca tng a em nhn vi s a trong chui m cn phi xt n s phn b in p v c
in ca qu trnh phng in dc theo chui. Qu trnh ny c th pht trin theo mt trong
ba ng:[2]

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lp

B
D

A1

Hnh 1-5: Qu trnh phng in dc chui cch in

Hon ton dc theo b mt cch n tc l theo ng CBA hoc CBA1

Theo ng CBD vi chiu di phng in n.lp (n l s a trong chui).
Theo ng ngn nht EF m chiu di ca n gn bng tr s L=nH.
Cng cch in theo ng EF thc t bng cng cch in ca khe h kh
gia in cc thanh - thanh do thng c tr s cao hn so vi cng cch in theo
ng CBD (tuy c nhiu di phng in di hn nhng do c mt phn i men theo mt
ngoi ca in mi nn in p phng in b). cng l gii hn trn ca tr s in p
phng in ca chui v suy ra bin php nng cao in p phng in l phi tng t s lp/H
sao cho cng cch in theo ng CBD t c mc ca ng EF. Thc nghim cho
thy khi t s lp/H bng khong 1,3 th c th t c yu cu trn v trong sn xut t s
ny thng chn trang gii hn 1,15-1,35.[2]
S phn b in p trn cc a ca chui cch in cng nh hng n tr s in p
phng in

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Hnh 1-6: S thay th chui cch in

C - in dung ca tng a cch in.

C1- in dung ca tng a cch in i vi cc phn t ni t.

C2 - in dung ca tng a cch in i vi dy dn, tr s ca chng ph

thuc vo v tr ca tng a trong chui.

Nu nh in dung tng ca chui cch in C=C/n (trong n l s a trong chui)
ln hn rt nhiu so vi cc in dung C1 v C2 th phn b in p dc theo chui cch in
gn nh ng u.
T s thay th chui s, ta thy nguyn nhn lm cho in p phn b khng u l
do nh hng ca in dung k sinh C1, C2. Chng c cc nh hng ngc nhau i vi s
phn b in p ging trn a cch in: nu ch xt ring tc dng ca in dung C1 th in
p ging trn a cch in cng xa dy dn cng b i v ngc li nu ch xt ring tc
dng ca C2 th in p ging li c chiu hng tng khi cch in xa dy dn.
Do nh hng ca cc in dung k sinh lm cho phn b in p trn tng phn t ca
chui khng ng u. in p t ln phn t gn dy dn nht l ln nht, v vy in
trng trong khu vc xung quanh ca phn t ny cng ln nht. Nu tr s in trng khu
vc ny ln hn in trng pht sinh vng quang ca khng kh, vng quang s pht sinh v
c th gy phng in b mt trn chui cch in. Trong cc trng hp phi tin hnh
cc bin php nhm ci thin s phn b n p trn chui cch in.

1.2.2. Phng in b mt trn cch in b nhim bn v b t

a) nh hng ca nhim ti phn b in p [3]
8

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Nh phn trn phn tch trong trng hp cch in sch th phn b in p dc
theo chui cch in ph thuc vo in dung ca tng phn t v in dung k sinh. Nhng
khi cch in b nhim bn th s phn b in p ny li ph thuc rt nhiu vo mc
nhim.
Tht vy, xt mt on nh L trn chiu di ca cch in bn knh r, c mt lp
dn in trn b mt nh hnh v:

Hnh 1-7: Mt phn cch in b nhim bn

Cch in c hng s in mi r ;

Lp nhim c chiu dy d << r , v c in dn sut khi l v ,

C th thay th cho phn cch in b nhim bn ny bng mt mch in thay th nh

sau:

Hnh 1-8: Mch in thay th

Trong mch in thay th trn th in tr, R lp nhim gia mt trn v mt di
c tnh nh sau:
L
L
L
R = . R =
=
(1.1)
S
V .2.r.d S .2.r
Vi S =v.d l sut dn in b mt
V in dung, C c tnh l :
C=

0 r ..r 2
L

(1.2)

tn s dng in l f th dung khng ca t in, Xc l :

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Xc =

1
2. f .C

Nh vy ta c t l gia Xc v R l :
Xc
S
1
=
=
R
2fC .R . f .0 r .r

(1.3)

(1.4)

Vi cc gi tr trung bnh ca cch in a ( r = 10 cm = 0,1m; S = 14,5 S ; r = 6 ;

0 =8,85.10 12 ( Fm 1 ) ( 0 : hng s in mi chn khng ); f = 50 Hz ( tn s dng in

cng nghip). Ta thu c t l l 1,74.10 4, iu ny c ngha l tn s 50 Hz th in tr
ca lp nhim dn in trn b mt ca cch in lun rt nh so vi dung khng ca cch
in , v vy s phn b in p dc b mt cch in ph thuc rt nhiu vo mc dn
in ca lp nhim.
Nh vy khi cch in b nhim bn th phn b th trn b mt ca n ph thuc rt
nhiu vo tnh trng nhim v t b nh hng ca cc loi in dung trn cch in ,
nhim cng ln, mc che ph b mt cch in ca nhim cng cao, v in dn ca lp
nhim cng ln th phn b in p s thay i rt mnh so vi khi khng b nhim

b) Hin tng phng in b mt trn cch in bn

Trong mi trng t nhin, cch in vn hnh trc tip chu nh hng bi mi trng
khng kh nh bi than, mui, bi t, SO 2, n dn hnh thnh mt lp nhim bn trn b
mt cch in. Nu lp bi ny kh ro, n c in tr rt cao v khng gy nh hng ng
k n in p phng in, in th phng in gn vi in th phng in trong trng thi
kh, sch.
Khi tri m, c sng hoc c ma nh cht nhim bn trn b mt cch in hp th
nc lm cho cht in phn trong lp nhim phn r v ion ha, lm tng in dn ca lp
ny hnh thnh lp dn in, lc dng r trn b mt cch in tng ln. V hnh dng, cu
trc, kt cu ca cch in khc nhau cng nh s phn b ca lp bn trn b mt cch in
khng ng u nn in tr ca n lun thay i v mt dng r cc v tr khc nhau
cng thay i. Dng in r ln t nng b mt, s pht nng cng mnh lit ti nhng ch
m in tr trn n v di dc theo ng phng in c tr s ln. nhng ni ny mt
ngoi c sy kh (hnh thnh vng kh), in tr tng ng thi cng s chu phn in p
ging ln to iu kin cho trng tng cc b. Khi in cng in trng mnh s
gy ra phng in cc b lm cho dng in r tng tng ln (chiu di r in c rt ngn
v nhng ni c phng in cc b coi nh ngn mch).
Qu trnh tip theo din bin tng t, phn on ng cn li tip tc c sy kh
v cng xut hin phng in cc b. Khi tng in p th phng in cc b xut hin cng
nhiu v c th xy ra cng mt lc ti nhiu ch khc nhau trn b mt cch in, v khi m
cc vng c phng in ny c ni lin vi nhau th s dn n phng in hon ton. Qu
trnh phng in ny din ra tng i chm, khng lin tc nn ph thuc vo thi gian tc
ng ca in p.

10

 n tt nghip
Khi mt ngoi in mi b t (do ma) th phn trn ca cch in b t, phn di t
b t hn nn phi chu phn in p ging ln c th xy ra phng in trn b mt.

c) Cc gi tr ti hn pht sinh phng in trn b mt cch in b

nhim bn (Vc; Ec; Ic; Sc)
Trong phn ny ta i tm cc gi tr: in p phng in ti hn V c; cng in
trng ti hn Ec; dng in r ti hn Ic; l cc gi tr m khi t ti n s xut hin phng
in b mt.
Obenaus [4] l ngi u tin phn tch hin tng phng in trn b mt cch in b
nhim. ng cho rng chnh s tng tc ln nhau gia tnh cht in tr m ca h quang
( negative arc resistance ) ca phng in cc b v in tr c trng cho lp bn lm cho
in p phng in b mt gim thp.
H quang in l mt dng phng in t duy tr. c tnh in tr m l mt tnh
cht quan trng ca h quang in, n c ngha l : Trong khi dng in h quang tng ln
th in p ca n li gim i .
Xt mt lp nhim dn in trn cch in c mt vng xy ra phng in h
quang cc b. By gi ta i tm iu kin xy ra phng in trn ton min nhim .
S m t hin tng nh sau:

Hnh 1-9: M hnh phng in vi ngun in mt chiu

in p h quang c tnh theo cng thc sau :

V a = A. X a .I a

hay

X a =k a . X

(1.5)

Trong :
Vs : in p t ln cch in
Va : in p h quang
A , a : l cc hng s h quang .
X : chiu di vng kh
11

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Xa : chiu di h quang
ka : h s chiu di h quang 0 < ka < 1
L : chiu di ng b ( creepage length)
I : dng in r (A).
Nh vy theo nh lut KicHp in p t ln ton b mch in l
Vs = Va + R(X).I

(1.6)

Hnh 1-10: M hnh mch KicHp thay th

Vi mi quan h gia in tr ca lp dn in v chiu di vng kh
R(X) = rpu.( L X )

(1.7)

rpu: gi tr in tr trung bnh trn mt n v chiu di

minh ha cho iu kin gy ra phng in b mt ta ly mt vi gi tr cc thng s
c th tnh ton nh sau: L = 100 mm, r pu = 100 / mm , A = 6.3 v a = 0,76; thay vo
(1.7) (1.6) v (1.5) ta v c cc quan h nh hnh sau:
Khi chiu di h quang X = 67 mm ta c quan h V-I theo phng trnh (1.6)

12

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7000
6000

V: in p(V)

5000
4000

Vs
rpu(L-X).I

3000

Va

V1

2000
1000
0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

I: Dng in r (A)

Hnh 1-11a: Quan h V-I theo phng trnh (1.6) ng vi X= 67 mm

Nhn xt: Hnh 1-11a mi quan h Vs-I cho thy lun tn ti mt gi tr in p nh

nht l, V1. Nu in p ngun Vs nh hn gi tr ny th khng th tn ti h quang.
By gi ta thay i chiu di ca h quang (nu xy ra) ln lt l (X=30, 50, 67,
90mm) ta v c mi quan h gia Vs v I khi X thay i nh sau.
7000

Vs: in p ngun (V)

6000

X=30
X=50
X=67
X=90

5000
4000
3000

Vc

2000
1000

Ic

0
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

I: Dng in r (A)
Hnh 1-11b: in p ngun cn thit ng vi chiu di h quang thay i

13

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Hnh 1-11b cho ta thy cc ng cong ph thuc gia in p ngun cn thit tn
ti c h quang vi dng in r.
Nhn xt: V1 khc nhau vi mi gi tr ca X v t gi tr ln nht, gi l gi tr in
p ti hn Vc, xut hin khi X = 30. T ta d nhn thy nu V s > Vc th h quang duy tr c
th tn ti vi mi gi tr X, iu ny c ngha l khi h quang s bc cu trong ton b chiu
di cch in chnh l hin tng phng in b mt.
By gi ta i tnh cc gi tr ti hn ny.

Hnh 1-7: M hnh cch in hnh tr b nhim

Gi s

s : sut dn in b mt ( S).
v : sut dn in khi (n v S/m)
d :chiu dy ca lp dn in (n v m) th mi lin h gia rpu v s vi m hnh
ng nht hnh tr bn knh r l :
1
1
rPu =
=
2..r.d .V
2..r.s

(1.8)

i vi cch in thc t th :
F
rPu =
s .L
L

vi F: l h s hnh dng . F =
O

(1.9)

1
ds
2.r ( s )

v r(s) l bn knh ti v tr s trn chiu di ca cch in .

By gi ta thay (1.9) (1.7) v (1.5) vo (1.6) ta c:
V = A.ka . X .I a +

( L X ).I .F
L.S

(1.10)

Phn tch mi quan h gia V, I , X v S thy rng I v X tng nhanh mnh lit khi
iu kin ti hn sau c tho mn.:

s = F (

SC
)
817

a +1
a

( k a A)
L

1
a

1000 2 .L 817.L
SC =
=
V
3.V

(1.11)
(1.12)

14

 n tt nghip
Sc : l sut chiu di ng b ( mm/kV )
Khi phn tch iu kin xy ra phng in Alston[ [4] ch ra cng in trng
ti hn c th xy ra phng in l :
Ec = A

1
a +1

a
a +1
Pu

.r

(1.13)

Trong :
V
EC = c v Vc l gi tr in p ngun ti hn xy ra phng in
L
Gi tr ny xut hin khi h quang c chiu di l
Xc =

L
a +1

(1.14)

tng ng vi dng in ti hn l :
IC

A
=
r
Pu

a +1

(1.15)

Cc hng s h quang tnh c bng thc nghim A = 6,3 v a = 0,76

T ta c :
0 , 43
EC =2,85.rPu

(1.16)

Theo IEC Guide[IEC1986] tu thuc vo mc nhim m gi tr ca gi tr ny thay

i
Bng 1-3: Cng in trng ti hn c th xy ra phng in[4]
Mt mui
Sut chiu di ng
Cng in
(mg/cm2)
Cp nhim
b nh nht, Sc
trng ti hn, Ec
Theo tiu chun
(mm/kV)
(kV/m)
IEC - 60815
0,06
I (Nh)
16
36
II (Trung bnh)
0,06 - 0,1
20
29
III (Nng)
0,1- 0,25
25
23
IV ( Rt nng)
>0,25 0,35
31
19
Kt lun : Qua s phn tch trn ta thy rng lp nhim trn b mt ca cch in
c nh hng rt ln ti cch in ca ng dy. iu kin p sut tiu chun cng
in trng xy ra phng in chc thng ca khng kh trong iu kin trng ng nht
khong 3kV/mm. Cn khi trng khng ng nht gi tr ny ch cn khong 1kV/mm. Khi
cch in b nhim in trng trn b mt cch in tr ln rt khng ng nht ti mt s
vng. in trng ti nhng vng ny c th vt qua gi tr ti hn lm xut hin phng
in trn ton b b mt lp nhim.

1.3. So snh gia phng in trn b mt cch in b nhim bn v

phng in trn cch in sch

15

 n tt nghip

in p phng in thp hn nhiu

Qu trnh phng in ton phn din ra chm hn

Dng in ln hn v din bin phc tp trong sut qu trnh phng in.

1.4. Cc thng k v s c ct in do nhim mi trng i vi

cch in ng dy trn khng.[5]

1.4.1. S c ct in ti cng ty truyn ti in 3.

ng dy ti in do Cng ty truyn ti in 3 qun l hu ht i qua vng ven bin
nhim mn, cc khu cng nghip c khi bi bn, vng cao nguyn c nhiu sng m, t
bazan bc ln bm vo ph kin ng dy, cch in b suy gim. Theo bo co ca Cng ty
truyn ti in 3, trong 5 thng u nm 2004 sut s c do phng in b mt l
0,69 ln/100/km/nm.
Bng 1-4: S c 5 thng u nm 2004 ca cng ty in lc 3
S v s c trong thng.
Stt
Nguyn nhn s c
1
2
3
4
5
Tng
1 Do st
0
0
0
0
6
6
2 Phng in trn b mt cch in
0
2
2
4
3
11
3 Nguyn nhn khch quan
3
1
2
4
3
10
4 Khng r nguyn nhn
1
3
0
0
2
6
Tng
4
6
4
8
14
33
% phng in trn b mt cch in
33
50
50
21
33

1.4.2. S c ct in trn li in 110 kV tnh Qung Ninh

Li in 110kV Qung Ninh di 725 km gm 5 ng dy 110 kV c lin kt bi
cc nh my nhit in v trm bin p: Ung B, Honh B, Mng Dng, Tin Yn v
Mng Ci, chy di dc a hnh ca tnh.
a hnh ni cc ng dy i qua rt a dng, gm cc vng ng bng, vng duyn
hi, vng i ni v cc khu cng nghip khai thc v ch bin than, cng nghip nhit in,
ha cht, xi mng. S pht trin ca cc ngnh cng nghip ny lun i km theo l hin
tng nhim khng kh. Hu qu l cch in ca cc thit b cng b nhim bn, mc cch
in b suy gim. Tc ng nguy him i vi cch in l cc loi bi c cha Silic v xit
st, loi bi ny c th gy ni tt cch in, lm bn b mt, tng qu trnh han r cc cu trc
kim loi. i vi cch in b nhim bn dng bi, ha cht, sng muikhi iu kin kh
hu khng thun li s gy ln hin tng ni tt tng phn hoc ton b chiu di ng r
in ca cch in. V hu qu l phng in qua b mt cch in, tng sut ct in.
Tnh hnh vn hnh ng dy 110 kV nhng nm qua vn b s c nhiu mc d in
lc Qung Ninh c gng khc phc cc hin tng trn.

16

 n tt nghip

Nm
2003
2004
2005

Bng 1-5: Sut ct in do nhim bn v st trn 100 km ng dy

Do cch in nhim
Do cc nguyn nhn
Do st
bn
khc
0,23
0,75
0,02
0,26
0,71
0,03
0,18
0,8
0,02

1.5. Kt lun
Mi trng nhim c nh hng xu i vi cch in. Trong khi phn ln li in
phn phi 35KV v 110KV ca nc ta l cc ng dy trn khng v c nhiu ng i
qua nhng vng bi bn, m, sng muilm pht sinh vng quang, phng in , gy tn
hao v mt in. Gy nh hng n vic vn hnh kinh t ng dy.
Qua cc phn tch trn vic tnh ton s phn b in p, cng in trng, dng
in rtrn cc cch in l yu t cn c quan tm gip ta nh gi c thc trng
ca cch in, cc yu t nh hng, phn tch nguyn nhn t a ra bin php khc
phc v hn ch cc hin tng .

17

 n tt nghip

CHNG II
TNH TON PHN B IN TRNG BNG PHNG
PHP PHN T HU HN
2.1. Cc phng php thng dng trong tnh ton phn b in
p v phn b in trng
T nhng phn tch trn ta thy rng cn thit phi tnh ton c phn b in p v
in trng trn chui cch in. Ta bit rng mi qu trnh in t xy ra u tun theo h
phng trnh Maxwell. y l cc phng trnh o hm ring i vi cng in trng
E v cng t trng H, phn b trong khng gian v din bin theo thi gian. gii
quyt lp bi ton ny ta phi s dng cng c phng trnh vt l- ton.[6] Cng vic ny rt
kh khn v mc kh khn tng gp bi khi b ca bi ton nghin cu c hnh dng phc
tp bt k.

2.1.1 Phng trnh trng.

nghin cu in th v in trng phn b trn chui cch in ta s dng m
hnh in trng tnh trong in mi.
Phng trnh ca trng l.

E
=0 ;
t

E =0

. D =

D = E

(2.1)

Vi :

E - vect cng in trng

D - vct cm ng in

- mt in tch khi

- hng s in mi

+j
+k
x
y
z

=i

V trng tnh nn

l ton t o hm vect

=0 ( in th v hng ) nn ta t : E =

T rt ra :
Phng trnh Poisson trong min c mt in tch khi

2=

Phng trnh Laplace trong min khng c mt in tch = 0

2

=0
2
Trong h to vung gc : =

(2.2)
(2.3)

+
+ 2
2 x 2 y
z
2

18

 n tt nghip
Gii cc m hnh (1)hoc(2) ta c , t tnh c E v cc i lng khc:

E ==( i

+j
+k
)
x
y
z

Kt hp vi iu kin bin v iu kin b ta s c nghim duy nht ca bi ton

2.1.2. Cc phng php hin c.

M hnh m ta nghin cu l :

2 =

(2.4)

gii quyt bi ton trn, hin nay ngi ta s dng phng php gii tch v cc
phng php s.

a) Phng php gii tch:

Phng php gii tch c s dng nhiu l phng php phn ly bin s. thc cht
ca phng php phn ly bin s l ta gi thit nghim l tch ca cc hm ch ph thuc mt
bin s.
Trong h ta vung gc gi thit hm th l tch ca ba hm X (x) ;Y(y); Z(z) . l cc
hm tng ng ca cc bin s x ; y; z .
( x , y , z ) =X ( x ) .Y( y ) .Z ( z )

Cng gi thit nh vy vi cc thnh phn ca E gi s thnh phn Ex:

E x ( x , y , z ) =X ( x ) .Y( y ) .Z ( z )

Thay th cc nghim gi thit vo m hnh trn s dn ra cc phng trnh c mt

bin s, vic gii cc phng trnh c mt n s n gin hn
Phng php ny c u im l tm c nghim tng minh thun li cho vic phn
tch ,gii thch hin tng xy ra,v tnh ton cc i lng dn xut
Nhng thc t khi iu kin b phc tp, min phi tuyn, hnh dng i tng phc
tpth vic gii bng gii tch s rt phc tp v khng th thc hin c

b) Phng php s.
Trong nhng nm gn y gii phng trnh Poisson v Laplce trong cc iu kin
b v bin phc tp ngi ta thng s dng cc phng php s.Tu thuc vo mc kh
d ca cc iu kin b m ngi ta s dng phng php thch hp. C 3 phng php s
chnh l: phng php sai phn hu hn (FDM), phng php m phng in tch (CSM) v
phng php phn t hu hn (FEM).

19

 n tt nghip
Phng php sai phn hu hn
Xt mt vng in trng trong mt phng Oxy tho mn phng trnh Poisson v
Laplace v bit c in th nh cc iu kin bin v b ca bi ton, cc gi tr ny cho
ta bit c thng tin v in th ca mt s hu hn nt ban u ca qu trnh tnh ton.
Y

(NW)

(NE)

hN
hW

hE

hS

(SW)

XW

XP
XN
XS

(SE)

XE

Ta chia min khng gian thnh tp hu hn cc im bng li gm cc ng dc

ngang nh hnh v.
Gi s nh cc iu kin bin b m ta bit c in th ti cc im N,E,S, W l
( N ) ; ( E ) ; ( S ) ; (W ) ; gi s in th phn b lin tc trong ton min ,by gi ta
i tm in th tai P .
Khai trin in th ti mt im ( x,y) bt k theo chui Taylor theo nt P ti cc vi
phn cp 2 ta c.:
1
1
[( x x p ) 2 xx ( P )
1!
2!
+2( x x p )( y y p )xy ( P ) + ( y y p ) 2 yy ( P )

( x, y ) =( P ) + [( x x p )x ( P ) +( y y p )]y ( P ) +

(2.5)
Trong
xy ( P ) =[

x ( P ) =[

( x, y )
]P
x

y ( P ) =[

( x, y )
]P ;
y

( x, y )
]P ;
xy

By gi thay in th cc nt N,E,S,W bit vo ta c:

1
2
hE xx ( P )
2
1
( N ) =( P) + hN Y ( P ) + hN 2YY ( P )
2
1
(W ) =( P ) hW x ( P ) + hW 2xx ( P )
2
1
( S ) =( P ) hS Y ( P ) + hS 2xx ( P )
2

( E ) =( P ) + hex ( P ) +

(2.6a)
(2.6b)
(2.6c)
(2.6d)

20

 n tt nghip
Vi hE =( x E x P ) ; hW =( xW x P ) ; hN =( y N y P ) ; hS =( y S y P ) ;
T cc phng trnh trn ta rt ra c
1
2
1
( N ) + ( S ) 2 ( P ) = ( hN hS )Y ( P ) + ( hN 2 + hS 2 )YY ( P )
2

( E ) + (W ) 2 ( P ) = (he hW )x ( P) + ( hE 2 + hW 2 )xx ( P)

(2.7a)
(2.7b)

Ta chn mt gi tr xp x u ca cc o hm cp 1 l:
hW
h
[ ( E ) ( P)] + E [ ( P) (W )]
h
hW
X ( P) E
hE + hW
=

Y ( P)

(2.8a)

hW
(h h )
hE
( E ) + E W ( P)
(W )
hE (hE + hW )
hE hW
hW ( hE + hW )

hS
(h hS )
hN
( N ) + N
( P)
(S )
h N ( h N + hS )
hN hS
hS ( hN + hS )

T rt ra cc vi phn cp 2:
2( E )
2.(W )
2( P )
XX ( P ) =
+

hE (hE + hW ) hW (hE + hW ) hE .hW

YY ( P ) =

(2.8b)

(2.9a)

2( N )
2.( S )
2( P )
+

h N (h N + hS ) hS ( hN + hS ) h N .hS

(2.9b)

By gi ta thay vo phng trnh Laplace v phng trnh Poisson ta c:

2 = XX + YY =

= F ( x, y )

(2.10)

Ta thu c :
D EF .( E ) + D NP .( N ) + DWP .(W ) + DSP( S ) + D PP( P ) +

1
F ( P ) =0
2

(2.11)
Trong :
D EP =
DWP =

1
hE ( hE + h
1
hW ( hE + h

D pp = (

W )

; D NP =
; DSP =

1
h N ( h N + hS )

1
;
hS ( h N + h S )

1
1
+
)
hE .hW hN hS

21

 n tt nghip

trong mt phng 2 chiu ta c th chia thnh li hnh vung nn

hE =hN = h W =hS =h

v ta thu c :
( E ) +( N ) +(W ) +( S ) 4( P ) + h 2 .F ( P ) =0

(2.12)

Phng trnh (2.12) chnh l cng thc sai phn hu hn gip ta tnh c in th cha
bit ti (P ) nh in th ti cc nt bn cnh bit.
Vit li (2.11) di dng ma trn ta c :
[D]{} = {d}
(2.13)
Trong :
[D] : l ma trn cc h s nh dn trn
{} : l ma trn ct in th ca cc nt
{d} : l ma trn ct l tng ca cc in th bit vi F(P)/2
Khi in trng thay i qua cc vng c in mi khc nhau, gi s N nm vng c
in mi 1 v S nm vng c in mi 2 th

2 1
2 2
1
( P ) = [ ( E ) + (W ) +
(N ) +
( S )]
(1 + 2 )
4
( 1 + 2 )

(2.14)

Nhn xt:
u im phng php sai phn hu hn l c th tnh c phn b in p trn ton
min khi bit in th cho nh iu kin b v bin.
Nhc im ca phng php ny chnh l cch chia min khng gian thnh cc nt
trn li l hnh ch nht v vy khi ng bin gii hn gia cc mi trng v iu kin
b c hnh dng qu phc tp th cc hnh ch nht ny khng th in y c b mt t
gy ra sai s ln trong kt qu. Hn na nu vic chn bc sai phn (chn h ) ban u cn
phi rt chun nu khng s gy sai s trong vic tnh sai phn cc bc tip theo.
Chnh v nhng nhc im ny m phng php FDM cng t c s dng.
Phng php m phng in tch CSM
Nguyn l c bn ca phng php ny l da trn nguyn l xp chng in th. V
in th l v hng ln in th trong mt mi trng gy bi cc in tch c tnh
bng tng cc in th gy bi cc in tch ring bit (cc loi in tch c th l in tch
im, in tch ng, in tch vng ).
Ni dung chnh ca phng php l: T nhng min j c in th bit (nh cc iu
kin bin) ta thay th bng cc in tch Q j (y chnh l vic m phng in tch). Sau khi
thay th th mi in tch Q j gy ra xung quanh n mt trng th, t cc trng in th
bit s dng nguyn l xp chng s tnh c phn b th trong ton vng.
Nh ta phn tch th in th ti mt im i gy bi cc in tch Q j s c tnh nh
sau. i =p ij Q j vi p ij l h s bit tu thuc vo loi in tch.

22

 n tt nghip
(V d in th gy bi in tch im Q ti khong cch d l

1
4.d

.Q = p.Q p =

1
4.d

By gi gi s trong mt trng c n vng c in th bit , ta thay th cc vng

bng cc in tch Qj ( j= 1- n ) ta s c h phng trnh :
n

i = pij Q j

(2.15)

j =1

Trong cc i (i =1 n) bit th ta c th a v h phng trnh tuyn tnh vi

n n Qj.. nh sau :

p1 p12 . . p1n Q1 1

p 21 p 2 . . p 2 n Q 2 2
. .. = .

. . .

p p . .p Q
n1 n2 n n n
Vit di dng ma trn th :

[ p ].{Q} ={}

(2.16)

(2.17)

Gii h phng trnh n n n phng trnh trn s tm c gi tr Qj .

Sau khi gii h ta s tnh c in th v in trng ti im bt k.
u im ca phng php ny l c th p dng vi iu kin b Dirichlet ( l iu
kin m cc i lng v cc bng khng ) dng c cho mi b mt cong.
Kh khn chnh ca phng php l vic la chn loi in tch m phng thch hp,
v khng th gii quyt c khi bi ton c nhiu in mi.

Phng php phn t hu hn

23

 n tt nghip
Phng php phn t hu hn da trn nguyn l tng qut cho php nghin cu hnh
vi ca cc h thng vt l l nguyn l tc ng cc tiu cn gi l nguyn l Hamilton.
Theo nguyn l ny th mi h thng vt l tn ti v pht trin theo quy lut sao cho bin
thin ca cc thng s c trng cho nng lng ca h l cc tiu.
Nguyn l ny c p dng rt kt qu trong lnh vc in t, nu quan tm ti cn
bng tnh ca h thng thit b in t, nng lng ca h hon ton xc nh nu ta bit in
th ti mi im. h cn bng th nng lng in t ca h c gi tr cc tiu. Nu h
trng thi tnh th mi bin thin ca trng in t quanh v tr cn bng sao cho cng ca
cc lc in t bng khng. Bng cch tm cc tr phin hm biu din cho nng lng ca h
ta c h phng trnh i s vi cc n l cc thng s ca h thng in t ti cc nt cn
tm.
Phng php phn t hu hn u vit hn hn cc phng php k trn do tnh chnh
xc v c th xy dng thut ton tng qut v thch hp vi hnh dng b bt k. u im
ny cng th hin r trong qu trnh tnh ton l c th chn hnh dng phn t bt k, chin
lc phn min bi ton v thc hin tnh ton cng ht sc linh hot, do vy thi gian tnh
gim ng k so vi phng php sai phn .
Sau y ta s nghin cu nguyn l c bn ca phng php phn t hu hn

2.2. C s l thuyt ca phng php phn t hu hn (FEM).

Thc cht ca phng php PTHH l phn chia min bi ton nghin cu thnh cc
min con c kch thc hu hn. Trn mi min con (cn gi l phn t hu hn) hm cn
tm c lm gn ng bng mt a thc c bc t 1 ti 6. Cc PTHH c th l tam gic, t
gic thng hoc cong. Vic phn chia min bi ton thnh cc PTHH nn tun theo mt s
nguyn tc thun tin cho qu trnh nghin cu.
n gin ta xt mt min A trong mt phng 2 chiu Oxy bit in th ti cc
bin l a ; b (cc iu kin b Derichlet) nh hnh v.[7]

24

 n tt nghip
Hnh 2-1: Gii hn trng ca min A trong mt phng 2 chiu
n gin hn na th ta ch xt bi ton trong trng Laplace (trng c mt
in tch = 0) . Min A gm 2 phn c khc nhau.
Vi cc gi thit nh trn th tng nng lng cha trong min A s l:

1 2 2
W = .[{ x ( ) + y ( ) }]dxdy .
2 x
y

(2.18)

Trc khi p dng nguyn l tc ng cc tiu ta phi i tm hm phn b th

( x, y ) trong ton min A., mun vy ta chia min A thnh cc phn t tam gic nh hnh
sau:

Hnh 2-2: M hnh phn t hu hn hnh tam gic

Trn mi phn t ta c th xp x phn b th l mt hm tuyn tnh:
( x, y ) = =1 +2 .x +3 . y
Xt vi phn t (e) d thy c in th ti cc nt i,j,m l:
( xi , y i ) =i =1 + 2 .xi + 3 . y i ;
( x j , y j ) = j =1 + 2 .x j + 3 . y j ;
( x m , y m ) =m =1 + 2 .x m + 3 . y m ;

(2.19)

(2.20)

T h trn ta gii ra c cc h s 1 ;2 ;3 nh sau:

25

 n tt nghip
1 =

1
( aii + a j j + a mm ) ;
2.e

2 =

1
(bii + b j j + bmm ) ;
2.e

3 =

1
(cii + c j j + c mm ) ;
2.e

(2.21)

Trong :

ai = x j y m x m . y j

a j = x m y i xi . y m

a m = xi y j x j . y i
bi = y j y m

b j = y m yi

bm = yi y j
ci = x m x j

c j = xi x m

c m = x j xi

(2.22)

(2.23)

(2.24)

V
2.e =ai +a j + a m
=bi c j b j ci

(2.25)

Nhn thy : e tnh theo cng thc trn c trng cho phn t chia l phn t tam
gic.
Nh vy ta c th tnh c phn b th trn phn t (e) qua th ti cc nt nh ca
tam gic nh sau:
e ( x, y ) =

1
[(a i + bi + ci ).i + ( a j + b j + c j ). j + ( a m + bm + c m ).m ] .
2. e

(2.26)

t
Ni =

1
(ai + bi + ci );
2.e

Nj =

1
( a j + b j + c j );
2.e

Nm =

1
(am + bm + cm );
2.e

Th (2.26) c th vit di dng ma trn :

26

 n tt nghip

i

e = [ N i N j N m ]. j = [ N ].{ }

m

(2.27)

N : c gi l hm hnh dng n ph thuc vo hnh dng ca loi phn t m ta

chia.
T cc cng thc ( 2.19) hoc (2.20) ta c th tnh c cc gi tr o hm sau:

= 2 = f ( i ; j ; m )
x

= 3 = f ( i ; j ; m )
y

(2.28)

T cng thc (2.18) ta c th tnh c phn b nng lng trong phn t (e) l :
We =

1
2
2
.e . x (
) + y (
)
2
x
y e

(2.29)

Trong mi phn t in mi c coi l ng hng nn : x = y = e .

Theo (2.29) th nng lng trn mi phn t ch ph thuc vo in th nt ca tng
phn t ring bit .
Gi W l nng lng c trong ton min A th theo nguyn l tc ng cc tiu W phi
t cc tiu. tm cc tr ca W ta cn tnh cc o hm ring v kim tra ng thi cc iu
kin :
W
=0
{}

(2.30)

Vi {} l vector in th ca tt c cc nt c trong min.

Ta c th tm tt ni dung ca phng php FEM nh sau:
u tin ngi ta chia min nghin cu thnh tp hp hu hn cc phn t c hnh dng
n gin ( nh tam gic), sau t cc iu kin b bit ta s bit c in th ca mt
s nt, t cc in th bit ta tnh c nng lng in trng phn b trong phn t
nh cng thc (2.29).Sau nh nguyn l tc ng cc tiu ta c th tnh c in th
ca cc nt ln cn .T cc in th tnh c li tip tc tnh c cc in th ca cc
nt tip theo,c tip tc nh vy cho ti cc nt cui cng.
Vic tnh ton ny u nh vic gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh nn ta c th lp trnh
cho qu trnh tnh ton .
Vc gii phng trnh (2.30) c tin hnh bng cch chia v tri ca (2.30) thnh cc
s hng c lin quan n tt c cc phn t (e) c trong min theo (2.29)
Ta c th xy dng c cng thc tnh ton nh sau.
T (2.28) v (2.29) ta c
27

 n tt nghip

Ta s c:
We 1

2
= . e .e .(2 2 .
+ 23 . 3 )
i
2
i
i
1
= . e ( 2 bi + 3 .ci )
2

2
2
= e [(bi + ci )i + (bi .b j + ci .c j ) j + (bi .bm + ci .c m ).m ].
4.e

(2.31)

Vit y cho tt c cc nt trn phn t (e) ta c h phng trnh di dng ma trn

nh sau :

(bi2 + ci2 ) (bibj + cic j ) (bi.bm + cicm )

i

We e

2 2
= . (bj + c j ) (bj.bm + c jcm ) . j
e
{ } .4 e

2 2
(bm + cm ) m
X

(2.32)

= [h] .{ }

e e

Trong ta thy ngay c [h]e l ma trn c trng cho hnh dng v vt liu ca
phn t (e).

(hi )e (hij )e (him )

e
[ h ] = ( h j ) e ( h jm ) e
X (h )
mm e

(2.33)

Vi

28

 n tt nghip
( hii ) e =
( hij ) e =

e
42

e
42

(bi2 + ci2 );
(bi b j + ci c j );

.
.
.

Khai trin (2.30) ra ta s c

W
= 0 =[ H ].{}

(2.34)

Trong [H] l mt ma trn tng th c xy dng t cc ma trn con [h]e

By gi th t cc in th bit nh iu kin bin ta c th tnh c in th ca
cc im ln cn t li c th tip tc tnh ti cc nt cn li cho ton b min.
u im ca phng php phn t hu hn :
C th tnh ton cho h thng c cc iu kin b, hnh dng phc tp, p dng c
trong mi mi trng khng ng nht c cc thng s thay i () .
Hnh dng v kch thc ca nhng phn t c th la chn c in y b ca
bi ton.
Phng php FEM c th s dng c trong cc trng hp vt liu dn in
Nhc im ca phng php: chnh l s lng tnh ton ln cn nhiu b nh lu
tr kt qu.V vy khi my tnh cha mnh th ta khng th dng c phng php ny.
Ngy nay vi s pht trin mnh m ca tc s l v kh nng lu tr b nh ca
my tnh ngi ta c th p dng rng ri Phng php trong cc bi ton c iu kin b
phc tp vi chnh xc cao.

2.3. Ti sao li cn FEM.

Gim s lng mu th nghim v m phng trn my tnh cho php gi lp mt cch
nhanh chng v thun tin
M phng c nhng thit k kh (hoc khng th) thc hin vi mu thc.
Tit kim chi ph, tit kim thi gian, to ra cc thit k c cht lng tt hn v tin cy
hn.

2.4. Gii thiu v phn mm ANSYS

Ngy nay vi s pht trin mnh m ca my tnh th vic p dng c phng php
FEM tr thnh n gin v c p dng vo nhiu phn mm chuyn dng
ANSYS l mt gi phn mm p dng FEM hon chnh dng m phng, tnh ton
thi k cng nghip , v ang c s dng trn ton th gii trong hu ht cc lnh vc k
thut:

Phn tch kt cu ( strucial)

29

 n tt nghip

Nhit

Dng chy, bao gm cc m phng s ng lc hc dng chy

in / Tnh in.

in t

Tng tc gia cc mi trng ,gia cc h vt l.

Cc lnh vc cng nghip chnh c s dng ANSYS:

V tr, hng khng

Cng nghip t.

Y sinh

Xy dng v cu ng.

in t v thit b.

Cc h vi c in t

Dng c th thao

Phn tch in t

Phn tch in t c s dng tnh ton t trng trong cc thit b in t

Phn tch in t tnh v tn s thp

-

M phng cc thit b s dng ngun in 1 chiu, ngun xoay chiu tn

s thp, cc tn hiu tc thi ngn tn s thp.
Cc thng s ng quan tm bao gm: mt thng lng t, cng
t trng, lc v m men t, tr khng, t cm, dng in xoy, tn
tht cng sut, v dng r.

Phn tch in t tn s cao

Phn tch kt ni mch.

Phn tch tnh in :

-

Tnh ton trng in khi kch thch bng in p hoc tch in.
V d: Thit b cao p, cc ng dy cao p, cc h vi c in t..
Cc i lng in hnh l cng v in dung ca trng in.

30

 n tt nghip

Giao din s dng ca ANSYS

31

 n tt nghip

CHNG III

KT QU M PHNG BNG PHN MM ANSYS

3.1. Gii thiu v cch in m phng
Cc m phng c tin hnh vi 2 cp in p l 35kV v 110kV.
S c s dng l -425 ca Nga sn xut c thng s chnh nh sau :
+)ng knh ca a s: 270mm
+) Chiu cao ca a s: 146mm
+) Tng chiu di ng b: 276mm
( Cc s liu trn u o bi thc t nn c sai s khong 2mm
M v chn s c lm bng gang v c gn vi tai s bng mt lp keo dnh bng xi
mng .

Lp keo dnh bng

xi mng

M s (cap)

H = 146mm
Tai s

Chn S (pin)
D = 270mm

Hnh 3.1:Hnh dng mt ct thc ca cch in

32

 n tt nghip
M s
Lp keo dnh
bng xi mng

Tai s

Chn s

Hnh3.2: M hnh 3D ca cch in

Cc cch in c nghin cu l cch in treo, cp 35kV gm 3 bt s v cp 110kV
gm 7 bt s.

Chui cch in
35kV

Chui cch in110kV

Hnh 3.3: M hnh 3D ca chui cch in treo

33

 n tt nghip
n gin cho qu trnh m phng chng ta khng b qua nh hng ca lp keo dnh
bng xi mng. M hnh 2D ca cch in dng cho m phng c xy dng li nh sau:

M s

Vng tip gip

gia m s, tai
s v khng kh

Vng tip gip gia chn

s, tai s v khng kh

Tai s

Chn s

Hnh 3.4: M hnh 2D ca cch in dng trong m phng

Vi c 2 cp in p 35kV v 110kV chng ta s m phng cc trng hp sau:
+) Chui cch in trong mi trng khng kh sch
+) nh hng ca tnh cht lp nhim ln s phn b in trng trn ton chui cch
in v trn a s b nhim
+) nh hng ca din tch lp nhim ln s phn b in trng trn a s b nhim
+) nh hng ca dy lp nhim ln s phn b in trng trn a s b nhim
+) nh hng ca rng vng kh ln s phn b in trng trn a s b nhim
.

34

 n tt nghip

3.2.Trnh t tin hnh m phng

Phn mm ANSYS cung cp cho chng ta mt cng c hon chnh dng m phng ,tnh
ton, thit k trong hu ht cc lnh vc k thut trong c lnh vc in v tnh in.

2.2.1. La chn kiu phn tch

Khi tin hnh m phng chng ta s chn kiu phn tch in(Electric) trong tp hp cc phn
tch in t(Electromagnetic).Vi s la chn ny th trong qu trnh tin hnh phn tch th ch c
cc kiu phn t in v tnh in s hin ra trong hp thoi la chn kiu phn t v ch c cc ti
trng in v tnh in s hin ra.

3.2.2. Xy dng m hnh hnh hc

Chng ta c th xy dng m hnh hnh hc trc tip bng cc cng c cho sn ca Ansys
hoc nhp mt m hnh hnh hc c xy dng sn bng cc phn mm khc nh Catia,
Parasolid, Sat, Unigraphics hay Pro/Engineer. Trong cc m phng ca mnh em xy dng m hnh
hnh hc trc tip bng cc cng c c sn ca Ansys.
M hnh cch in c xy dng c tnh i xng trc, kt cu ca n c i din bng
mt mt ct ngang i qua trc i xng. Do vy m hnh hnh hc c xy dng dng trong m
phng l m hnh 2D nh hnh 3.4.

3.2.3.La chn kiu phn t phn tch v thuc tnh vt liu

La chn kiu phn t l mt bc rt quan trng trong qu trnh m phng..Kiu phn t xc
nh cc c trng di y ca phn t: bc t do(Degree of freedom), dng phn t(hnh dng
hnh hc ca phn t), khng gian v dng gi thit ca trng chuyn v.
Trong m phng ca mnh, em chn kiu phn t l PLANE121 c bc t do l Volt, dng
phn t l hnh t gic v tam gic, khng gian 2D (ch trong mt phng 2D) v gi thit trng
chuyn v l bc nht.
Cc thng s chnh ca vt liu c s dng trong m phng nh sau: [8]
+) Mi trng: Khng kh, c hng s in mi kk =1; in dn kk=2.10-14 S/m;
+) a s: Hng s in mi s= 6; in dn s=2.10-13 S/m;
+) Lp nhim :Tnh cht ca lp nhim th hin qua thng s c trng l in dn sut
on ca lp nhim. Gi tr in dn sut ca lp nhim c ly trong khong t 8S/m ti
14,5S/m. [9]
Do vy, trong iu kin ti 200C chng ta s dng 2 lp nhim c thng s nh sau:
+ ) Lp nhim 1(ON1) c on = 8 S/m (SDD = 0,07mg/cm2)
+ ) Lp nhim 2 (ON2)c on = 14,5S/m (SDD = 0,14mg/cm2)

35

 n tt nghip

3.2.4. Chia li cho m hnh

Qu trnh chia li c s dng in y m hnh hnh hc bng nt v phn t tc l
to m hnh phn t hu hn. Nu li cng mn th li gii cng chnh xc song ti nguyn my
tnh phi tng ln rt ln trong qu trnh x l. Trong m phng ca mnh kch thc cnh mi phn
t ca phn kim loi c chia l 15mm, ca phn khng kh l 5mm, ca phn tai s l 1mm v
ca lp nhim l0,05mm.

3.2.5. t ti v iu kin bin ln m hnh

Ti c t ln m hnh l gi tr ca in th ti phn chn s ni vi dy dn v phn m
s ni vi ct(bng khng)
iu kin bin ca bi ton l vng khng kh xung quanh chui s l rng v hn v in th
ti cc ng bin bng khng.

3.2.6. Gii
Thi gian gii ty thuc vo ln ca bi ton, nu phn li chia cng mn th thi gian gii
cng lu. Trong m phng ca mnh th ti bc gii em chn phng php gii l phng php lp
ICCG (Incomplete Cholesky Conjugate Gradient) x l tng tc nhiu mi trng c tc gii
nhanh v yu cu b nh cao.
Phng php ny gii theo cc bc c bn sau:
1) Thit lp cc ma trn phn t.
2) Thit lp ma trn cng tng th.
3) Bt u gi thit l c cc gi tr ca in th bng khng, ri tin hnh gii lp ti khi hi
t.
4) S dng cc ma trn phn t tnh cho cc phn t.

3.2.7. X l v hin th kt qu.

Chng ta c th hin th cc kt qu v in th, in trng ti cc im mong mun trn
hnh v.

36

 n tt nghip

3.3. Cc kt qu m phng
3.3.1.Cch in trong khng kh sch
Ta c phn b in p v th phn b in p dc theo chui cch in nh sau:

35kV

110kV
Hnh 3.5 : Phn b in p trn chui cch in

Chiu di chui cch in x(mm)

Chiu di chui cch in x(mm)

35kV

110kV

Hnh 3.6: th phn b in p trn chui cch in

37

 n tt nghip

Ti cp in p 35kV qua hnh v ta thy in p ri trn a th nht l ln nht, khong

14kV chim 40% in p ri trn chui cch in. in p ri trn a th 2 l 11,4kV chim 32,5%
v in p ri trn a s 3 l 9,6kV chim 27,5%.
Ti cp in p 110kV, qua hnh v ta thy phn b in p trn chui cch in l khng u,
in p ri trn a th nht l ln nht khong 20kV chim 18% in p ri trn ton chui cch
in. in p ri trn a s 4 l thp nht,khong 13,9kV chim 12% in p ton chui. in p
ri trn a s 7 gn t nht khong 14,9kV chim 13,5% in p trn ton chui cch in.
Sau y ta s xem xt s phn b in trng trn chui cch in.

35kV

110kV

Hnh 3.7: Phn b in trng trn ton chui cch in

Chng ta c th thy rng cng gn dy dn in trng tp trung cng mnh v phn b cng
khng u. in trng ch yu tp trung ti cc vng tip gip gia cc mi trng v cc mm
trn tai cch in. Ta s nghin cu trn tng phn t cch in i vi cp in p 35kV v 3 phn
t gn dy dn nht i vi cp in p 110kV.

38

 n tt nghip

1800
1620
1440
1260
1080
900
720
540
360
180
0

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

110kV

35kV

Hnh 3.8: Phn b in trng trn a s 1

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

35kV

110kV
Hnh 3.9: Phn b in trng trn a s 2

39
Chiu di ng b x (mm)

 n tt nghip

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

35kV

110kV
Hnh 3.10: Phn b in trng trn a s 3

Qua s phn b in trng trn cc a ca 2 chui cch in 35kV v 110kV ta c th rt ra

cc kt lun sau:
+) in trng trn chui cch in 35kV tp trung mnh nht ti vng tip gip gia m s,
tai s v khng kh (triple junction) ca a s s 3 vi cng khong gn 1,8kV/mm.
+) in trng trn chui cch in 110kV tp trung mnh nht ti vng tip gip gia m
s, tai s v khng kh ca a s 2 vi cng khong 2,5kV/mm.
+)in trng ti a s gn dy dn nht (a s s 1) l khng u nht, tp trung ti cc
vng tip gip v ti cc mm ca tai s. Ti cc a pha trn in trng phn b u hn v ch
ch yu tp trung mnh ti vng tip gip gia m s, tai s v khng kh v tr nn khng ng
u ti cc vng gn chn s.
+) Do chu phn in p ging ln hn nn in trng ti cc a s trn chui s cp in
p 110kV ln hn so vi cc a s ti cp in p 35kV. Do vy trong cng mt iu kin mi
trng kh nng xy ra phng in trn chui s 110kV l ln hn so vi chui s 35kV.

40

3.3.2. nh hng ca tnh cht lp nhim ln phn b in trng trn

chui cch in.
Trong qu trnh m phng v nh gi nh hng v tc ng ca lp chng ta s s dng di
nhim c b rng bng 1/4 chiu rng ca mt trn a s, chiu dy bng 0,5mm
M hnh cch in b nhim th hin nh hnh di y

Vng nhim rng bng

1/4din tch b mt cch in
v c dy 0,5mm

H nh 3.11:Mt ct cch in b nhim

a) nh hng ca lp nhim
nh gi nh hng ca lp nhim ln phn b in trng trn chui cch in ta s
dng lp nhim 1(ON1).

 n tt nghip
+) Phn b in trng trn chui cch in:
+) I: Cch in trong trng hp khng kh sch
+) II: Cch in trong trng hp s dng lp nhim ON1

II

Hnh 3.12: Phn b in trng trn ton chui cch in 35kV

II

Hnh 3.13: Phn b in trng trn ton chui cch in 110kV

T hnh v chng ta c th thy do tc ng ca lp nhim m in trng phn b trn
chui s tr nn u hn v ch yu tp trung ti a s s 1.
43

 n tt nghip
+) Xt chui cch in 35kV
Phn b in trng trn cc a cch in trong 2 trng hp nh sau:

II
I
Hnh3.14:Phn b in trng trn a s 1

II

Hnh 3.15:Phn b in trng trn a s 2

44

 n tt nghip

II

Hnh3.16:Phn b in trng trn a s 3

Chng ta c th thy rng, khi chu tc ng ca lp nhim th in trng ti vng tip gip
gia m, tai s v khng kh gim i mt cch ng k( t 2 ti 3 ln)tuy vy in trng ti vng
tip gip gia chn, tai s v khng kh li tng ln nhng khng ng k. Trong iu kin mi
trng sch in trng tp trung ti vng tip gip gia m s, tai s v khng kh ca a s 3.
Tuy vy do tc ng ca lp nhim m in trng ti vng ny gim i ng k (gn 3 ln),
v in trng mnh nht tp trung ti vng tip gip gia chn s, tai s v khng kh ca cch
in s 1.
+) Xt chui cch in 110kV
Phn b in trng trn 3 a cch in gn dy dn nht:

45

 n tt nghip

II
Hnh 3.17: Phn b in trng trn a s 1

II
Hnh 3.18: Phn b in trng trn a s 2

46

 n tt nghip

II

I
Hnh 3.19: Phn b in trng trn a s 3

Cng ging nh cp in p 35 kV , ti cp in p 110kV, do nh hng ca lp nhim

m in trng ti vng tip gip gia m, tai s v khng kh gim i ng k( khong 3 ln)
cn in trng ti vng tip gip gia chn s, tai s v khng kh tng ln nhng khng ng k.
in trng ti vng bin ca lp nhim a s s 1 tng ln rt mnh v in trng ti vng
ny gim dn i vi cc a pha trn.
* Kt lun: Chng ta thy rng do nh hng ca lp nhim th in trng phn b trn
chui s tr nn u hn, tuy vy s phn b in trng ti cc a s li tr nn khng u hn,
in trng vng tip gip gia phn chn s, tai s v khng kh tng ln nhng khng ng k,
tuy vy in trng ti vng tip gip gia phn m s, tai s v khng kh li gim xung rt
nhiu. Nguyn nhn chnh l do khi xut hin lp nhim c tnh dn in lm phn b in th
trn phn b nhim u hn lm in trng trn vng ny gim xung r rt, v cng do tnh dn
ca lp nhim ny m phn in p ging trn 1 n v chiu di ng r in ca phn cn li
tng ln lm cho in trng phn cn li cng tng ln. Tuy vy, do in dn sut ca cc lp
nhim s dng trong m phng l nh (8S/m) v din tch ca lp nhim s dng l nh so vi
din tch b mt ca cch in nn cc nh hng ca cc lp nhim ti in trng l cha r
rt. Mt khc cng do in p ging trn cc phn t cch in ti cp in p 110kV ln hn so vi
cp in p 35kV nn cc gi tr ca in trng trn cc a s ti cp in p 110kV ln hn cp
in p 35kV.
T cc kt qu m phng trn c th thy rng in trng phn b khng u nht v tp
trung mnh nht trn a 1. Do vy cc m kt qu m phng sau ny chng ta ch xem xt nh
hng ca nhim ti in trng trn a 1.

47

 n tt nghip

b) nh hng ca tnh cht lp nhim ln phn b in trng trn chui cch

in
Cch in trong cc iu kin khc nhau th chu cc nh hng khc nhau ca mi trng,
do vy cc lp nhim trn cch in cng c tnh cht khc nhau . nh gi nh hng ca tnh
cht lp nhim ln phn b in trng trn chui cch in chng ta s dng 2 lp nhim khc
nhau l lp nhim ON1 v lp nhim ON2. Lp nhim trn cch in 35kV c dy 0,5mm,
din tch bng 25% din tch mt trn ca cch in. Lp nhim trn cch in 110kV c dy
0,5mm, din tch bng 75% din tch mt trn ca cch in

ON1

ON2

Hnh 3.20: Phn b in trng trn chui cch in 35kV

48

 n tt nghip

ON1

ON2

Hnh 3.21: Phn b in trng trn chui cch in 110kV

Chng ta c th thy rt r nh hng ca tnh cht lp nhim i vi s phn b in
trng trn chui cch in 35kV. Khi cch in chu tc ng ca lp nhim c in dn ln hn
th in trng trn chui s tr nn u hn v ch yu tp trung ti bt s gn ng dy nht. Ti
chui cch in 110kV th s nh hng ny l kh quan st hn. Sau y chng ta s xem st s
phn b in trng ti cch in s 1:

49

 n tt nghip

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

ON1

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

ON2

Hnh 3.22: Phn b in trng trn cch in s 1 cp in p 35Kv

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

ON1

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

ON2

Hnh 3.23: Phn b in trng trn cch in s 1 cp in p 110kV

50

 n tt nghip
T hnh v thu c chng ta thy rng khi lp nhim c in dn ln th in trng ti
vng tip gip gia chn s, tai s v khng kh nh hn nhng in trng ti vng bin ca lp
nhim v in trng ti vng tip gip gia m s, tai s v khng kh li ln hn so vi trng
hp lp nhim c in dn nh. Nguyn nhn chnh l do khi lp nhim c in dn ln hn th
kh nng dn in ca n tt hn lm cho in trng ti lp nhim nh hn nn in trng ti
vng tip gip gia chn s, tai s v khng kh nh hn. Cng do nguyn nhn ny m phn in
p ging trn phn cn li ca cch in ln hn, do vy in trng ti cc vng cn li cao hn
Do vy khi cch in b ph lp nhim c in dn ln th kh nng pht sinh vng quang cng
nh kh nng xy ra phng in cc b trn cch in ln hn so vi trng hp cch in b ph
lp nhim c in dn nh.

51

 n tt nghip

3.3.3 nh hng ca dy lp nhim ln phn b in trng trn chui

cch in
dy lp nhim ph thuc vo mc nhim ca mi trng v thi gian cch in
trong mi trng . Nu mi trng c mc nhim cng cao hoc thi gian cch in trong
mi trng nhim cng lu th lp nhim cng dy. dy cc lp c kho st l
0,25mm;0,5mm v 1mm, lp nhim c s dng l ON1. Do phn b in trng ti phn t
cch in gn dy dn nht l khng u v ln nht nn trong trng hp ny chng ta ch xem xt
s phn b in trng trn phn t ny.

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

35kV

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

110kV

Hnh 3.24: Phn b in trng khi dy lp nhim l 0,25mm

52

 n tt nghip

Chiu di ng b x (mm)
Chiu di ng b x (mm)

35kV

110kV

Hnh 3.25: Phn b in trng khi dy lp nhim l 0,5mm

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

35kV

110kV
Hnh 3.26: Phn b in trng khi dy lp nhim l 1mm
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Ta c th phn b in trng theo dy ca lp nhim nh sau:
E(kV/mm)
3

2,5

in trng ti vng tip gip gia m s, tai s v

khng kh ca cch in cp 35kV

in trng ti vng tip gip gia m s, tai s v

khng kh ca cch in cp 110kV
in trng ti vng tip gip gia chn s, tai s
v khng kh ca cch in cp 35kV
in trng ti vng tip gip gia chn s, tai s
v khng kh ca cch in cp 110kV

1,5

0,5

0,25

0,5

dy lp nhim

x(cm)

Hnh 3.27: th phn b in trng theo dy trn cch in

T phn b in trng trn phn t cch in gn dy dn nht trong cc trng hp ta c
th rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
+) Cng in trng ti vng tip gip gia phn m s, tai s v khng kh ca cch
in t l nghch vi dy ca lp nhim.
+) Cng in trng ti vng tip gip gia chn s, tai s v khng kh ca cch in
tng t l thun vi dy ca lp nhim.
Nguyn nhn l do khi dy ca lp nhim tng ln th kh nng dn ca lp nhim
cng tng ln, do vy phn b p trn lp nhim s u hn dn ti in trng trn vng tip
gip m s s gim xung ng thi khi phn in p ging trn phn cn li ca a s khng
b nhim tng ln lm in trng ca phn ny cng tng ln.
Do vy,nu lp nhim dy th kh nng xy ra phng in cc b trn cch in l ln hn
khi lp nhim mng. Do vy cch in trong mi trng c mc nhim cao nguy him hn
cch in trong mi trng c mc nhim thp.

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3.3.4. nh hng ca vng kh ln phn b in trng.

Khi cch in trong vng nhim, do nh hng ca nhim m trn b mt cch in
xut hin cc lp nhim khng ng nht vi nhau v dy cng nh thnh phn ha hc. Ti
cc vng c mt dng in r ln hi nc b bay hi lm kt ta cc cht rn hnh thnh nn cc
vng kh. Cc vng kh ny chia b mt cch in ra thnh nhiu phn khc nhau v lin k vi
vng kh l cc vng c m ln hn hoc c mt cc cht bi bn cao hn. Cc vng kh ny
chu phn in p ging ln v khi in p ging trn vng kh vt qua gi tr gii hn no s
xut hin phng in cc b trn vng kh. Cc xung phng in vng quang (pulse corona
discharges) xut hin to ng dn cho h quang pht trin, v di iu kin thun li h quang
truyn i qua cc lp nhim gy ra phng in trn cch in.
Nh vy nguyn nhn chnh ca vic xut hin phng in cc b trn b mt cch in l do
tn ti cc vng kh trn b mt cch in. Gi thit rng vng kh hnh thnh gia 2 lp nhim
ng nht ON1 c din tch rng bng 25% din tch mt trn ca cch in v dy l 0,5mm.
nghin cu nh hng ca rng vng kh ln phn b in trng trn cch in chng ta s m
phng in trng trong cc trng hp khi rng vng kh l 0,25mm;0,5mm v 1mm.
Ta c phn b in trng trn phn t gn dy dn nht nh sau:

Hnh 3.27: in trng trn cch in khi xut hin vng kh

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Chiu di ng b x (mm)

35kV

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

110kV

Hnh 3.28:Phn b in trng khi rng vng kh l 0,25mm

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

35kV

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

110kV

Hnh 3.29:Phn b in trng khi rng vng kh l 0,5mm

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Chiu di ng b x (mm)

35kV

Chiu di ng b x (mm)

110kV

Hnh 3.30:Phn b in trng khi rng vng kh l 1mm

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T cc kt qu trn ta c th cng in trng ti vng kh theo rng ca vng

kh nh sau :
E(kV/mm)
6,5
5
6

in trng ti vng kh cp
in p 35kV

5
4

in trng ti vng kh cp
in p 110kV

2
1

0,25

0,5

x (mm)

rng vng kh

Hnh 3.31: Mi quan h gia in trung trn vng kh v rng vng kh

T kt qu m phng ta c th thy rng in trng trn vng kh t l nghch vi rng
vng kh, tuy vy trong cc trng hp m phng in trng ln nht trn vng kh cp in p
35 kVcng ch khong 2kV/mm cn in trng trn vng kh ti cp in p 110kV l kh ln
(4,7kV/mm khi rng vng kh l 1mm v khong 6,6kV/mm khi rng vng kh l 0,25mm.
Do vy trong cng mt iu kin th phng in xy ra cp in p 110kV l d dng hn rt
nhiu so vi cp in p 35kV.
Mt khc khi vng kh cng hp th s phn b in trng trn phn cn li ca cch in
cng u, iu ny c gii thch l do khi vng kh cng hp th phn in p ging trn vng kh
cng ln do vy m phn in p ging trn phn cn li ca cch in gim i.

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Chiu di ng b x (mm)

Hnh 3.32: in trng trn cch in vi lp nhim ON2,

vng kh c rng 0,5mm
Chng ta c th thy rng, khi lp nhim c in dn ln hn th in trng ti vng kh
ln hn. Chng t rng trong mi trng c mc nhim cao th kh nng xy ra phng in trn
cch in l ln hn so vi mi trng c mc nhim thp.
Kt lun:
Qua cc m phng i vi cc trng hp trn ta c th rt ra cc kt lun sau:
+) Do tc ng ca cc lp nhim ng nht (l lp nhim m trn n khng xut hin
vng kh) m in trng trn chui cch in c ci thin ng k.
+) Cch in trong vng c mc nhim cao th nguy him hn trong vng c mc nhim
thp.
+) Lp nhim trn cch in cng dy th kh nng xy ra phng in trn cch in cng
ln.
+) Vng kh c din tch cng nh th in trng trn n cng ln v in trng trn phn
cn li ca cch in cng u.

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CHNG IV:
TH NGHIM CCH IN V TH NGHIM CHNG MINH M
PHNG
4.1.Tng quan v phng php th nghim La chn phng php
th nghim ph hp
4.1.1. Gii thiu v tiu chun IEC 60507
C nhiu phng php th nghim c th c tin hnh song c 2 phng php thng c
s dng c m t trong tiu chun IEC60507 nh sau:

4.1.1.1.Phng php sng mui (SALT FOG METHOD.:

a. Dung dch mui:
Dung dch mui s dng trong th nghim c pha t NaCl v nc my sch(tap water.
mn ca dung dch c ly theo mt trong cc gi tr sau:2,5-3,5-5-7-10-14-20-28-40-5680-112-160 v 224kg/m3. Cc gi tr s dng c th sai khc 5%
Bng sau cho chng ta gi tr tng ng ca mn, in dn khi v t trng ca dung dch
th nghim ti nhit 200C
mn Sa (kg/m3.
in dn khi 20 (S/m.
T trng (kg/m3.
2,5
0,43
3,5
0,60
5
0,83
7
1,15
10
1,6
14
2,2
20
3,0
28
4,1
1018,0
40
5,6
1025,9
56
7,6
1037,3
80
10
1052,7
112
13
1074,6
160
17
1104,5
224
20
1140,0
Bng 4.1:Gi tr ca in dn khi,t trng v mn ca dung dch th nghim ti 200C
Nu nhit ca dung dch th nghim khng phi l 200C th cc gi tr tnh theo cc cng
thc sau:

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20 = [1 b( 20)]

20 = 1 + (200 + 1,3.S a )( 20) x10 6

Trong :
+. l nhit ca dung dch th nghim
+. 20 l in dn khi ti nhit 200C
+. l in dn khi ti nhit
+. 20 l t trng ti nhit 200C
+. l t trng ti nhit
+. b l hng s theo bng sau:

(0C.
b
5
0,03156
10
0,02817
20
0,02277
30
0,01905
Bng 4.2:Gi tr ca hng s b
Nu nhit ca dung dch th nghim khng nm trong khong 5 0C 300C th hng s b
c xy dng bi php ni suy.
b. H thng phun sng v bung th nghim
H thng phun sng v bung th nghim c m t v gii thch r trong tiu chun
IEC60507
c. iu kin trc khi bt u th nghim
i tng th nghim v sng mui phi trng thi cn bng nhit vi nhit trong bung
th nghim. Cch in th nghim phi c lm sch bng nc my sch v c lau kh.( ch
khng s tay ln b mt cch in. Nhit ca bung th nghim phi khng nh hn 5 0C v
khng ln hn 400C v p sut ca khng kh trong bung th nghim bng vi p sut kh quyn.
d. Qu trnh tin hnh:
Qu trnh tin hnh cc th nghim tu thuc vo c im ca thng s cn kim tra.
Cch in a vo th nghim phi chu in p th nghim trong khong 20 pht trong iu
kin sng mui vi mn bit trc hoc cho ti khi cch in b phng in. Nu cch in
khng phng in th c 5 pht tng in p ln 10% gi tr in p th nghim cho ti khi phng
in.
Sau khi xut hin phng in th in p tr li v khng v tng nhanh ln ti khong 90%
gi tr in p phng in,sau , mi 5 pht li tng in p ln khong 5%gi tr in p phng
in cho ti khi phng in xy ra. Qu trnh ny lp li khong 8 ln , vi mi ln in p li c

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tng nhanh ti khong 90% gi tr ca in p ln phng in trc v cc bc tip theo l 5% sau
mi 5 pht. Sau cch in c lm sch bng nc my ,bung sng cng lm sch v tin
hnh cc th nghim khc.

4.1.1.2.Phng php LP RN(SOLID LAYER METHOD.

a.Thnh phn cu to ca cc dung dch nhim
Dung dch nhim c th pha ch bng cch s dng mt trong hai cch sau:
+. Thnh phn Kieselguhr
Bao gm:
- 100g Kieselguhr (ch yu l Diatomit, t ct.
- 10g Silicon dioxit tn nh, ng knh t 2-20nm
- 1000g nc my sch
- Mt lng NaCl thch hp
Nu in dn khi ca nc my ln hn 0,05S/m chng ta cn kh khong ca nc.
Cc gi tr ca thnh phn ca dung dch c th sai khc 15% so vi gi tr cho trn.Tu
theo lng NaCl cho vo m dung dch nhim c in dn khi v in dn ca lp nhim ti
200C nh sau:
Mt ng mui
in dn lp nhim K20 (S.
in dn khi ca dung dch
2
SDD(mg/cm .
nhim (S/m.
0,0176
7
0,21
0,025
10
0,30
0,0353
14
0,42
0,005
20
0,6
0,0705
28
0,85
0,1
40
1,20
0,141
56
1,69
0,20
80
2,4
Bng 4.3:Gi tr tng ng ca mt ng mui, in dn lp nhim v in dn khi
ca dung dch nhim thnh phn Kiesegluhr
+.Thnh phn Kaolin(Cao lanh.
40g Caolanh
1000g nc my
mt lng NaCl thch hp
Nu in dn khi ca nc my ln hn 0,05S/m chng ta cn kh khong ca nc.
Cc gi tr ca thnh phn cu dung dch c th sai khc 15% so vi gi tr cho trn.Tu
theo lng NaCl cho vo m dung dch nhim c in dn khi v in dn ca lp nhim ti
200C nh sau:
Mt ng mui
in dn lp nhim K20 (S.
in dn khi ca dung dch
2
SDD(mg/cm .
nhim (S/m.
0,025
3
1
0,035
4,2
1,4
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 n tt nghip
0,05
5,5
2
0,07
8
2,8
0,1
11
4
0,14
14,5
5,6
0,2
20
8
0,28
27
11,2
0,4
37
16
Bng 4.3:Gi tr tng ng ca mt ng mui, in dn lp nhim v in dn khi
ca dung dch nhim thnh phn Cao lanh
b. Ri lp nhim ln b mt cch in
Cch in c th c phun hoc cho dung dch nhim chy u ln b mt cch in kh
c lm sch to ra mt lp nhim c b dy cn thit,hoc khi cn to mt lp nhim
u trn ton b b mt cch in th cch in c th c nhng vo dung dich nhim.
Lp nhim c th c lm kh mt cch t nhin trong vng t 6h ti 8h trong mi trng
c m khng vt qu 70%. Nu m ca mi trng nh hn th cho php thi gian lm kh
t nhin ko di hn.
Nu qu trnh lm kh c tin hnh cng bc bng khng kh nng th tu theo nhit
ca kh nng m thi gian sy c tnh ton thch hp
c. iu kin v m ca cc lp nhim.
Cch in c lm m bng ngun to sng phn b u trn ton b chiu di ca cch
in. Nhit ca cch in ti thi im bt u lm m phi cn bng vi nhit ca bung th
nghim ( sai s khong 20C..Nhit xung quanh bung th nghim khng nh hn 50C v khng
ln hn 300C v nhit ca sng lm m trong bung th nghim khng vt qu 400C.
d.Phng php th nghim
C 2 phng php th nghim c th c la chn tu thuc vo iu kin ca lp nhim
t hay kh ti thi im a in p vo.
+. Lm m trc khi t in p
Vi phng php ny,lp nhim trn cch in c th cha thnh phn Kieseiguhr hay Cao
lanh. Thng s lp nhim c s dng l in dn lp hay mt ng mui cng c th c
dng.
Cch in sau khi c ph lp nhim th c a v trong bung sng khi ng.
Sng c phun vo bung sng vi mt ln m bo rng in dn lp tng ln ti gi
tr ln nht trong khong 20 ti 40 pht k t khi bt u phun sng.Gi tr ln nht ca in dn
lp c o v dng lm gi tr in dn c s dng trong th nghim.
in p th nghim sau c t vo, gi tr in p t vo phi tng nhanh ti gi tr
in p th nghim v thi gian khng c vt qu 5s. in p c gi cho ti khi phng in
xy ra hoc 15 pht nu khng xut hin phng in . Cch in sau c a ra khi bung th
nghim v cho php lm kh.Cch in c t ln th hai vo bung th nghim v lm t tr

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li cho ti khi in dn lp t gi tr ln nht,nu n khng nh hn 90% gi tr in dn ca ln
u tin th in p th nghim c t vo cho ti khi xy ra phng in hoc 15 pht nu khng
xy ra phng in. Nu gi tr ca in dn lp nh hn 90% gi tr ca in dn ban u th lp
nhim cn ph li nh hng dn trn. (ch l khng cnhiu hn 2 th nghim c tin
hnh vi cng 1 cch in c cng 1 lp nhim.
+.Lm m sau
Vi phng php ny , thnh phn ca lp nhim c s dng l dung dch pha t Caolanh
. Thng s ca lp nhim c s dng l mt ng mui(SDD..
Cch in vi lp nhim kh s c s dng tin hnh th nghim v hi nc s
c s dng lm m lp nhim. Cc vi phun hi s c t pha di ca cch in,trn sn
ca bung th nghim. Khong cch nh nht t cc vi phun hi ti cch in khng c nh
hn 1m m bo rng hi nc c phn b u khp b mt cch in.
Tc ca hi phun v bung th nghim c gi bng khng cho ti khi in p th
nghim c t vo v sau c gi khng i. ti iu kin nhit thng th tc ca
dng hi vo khong 0,05kg/h 0,01kg/h trn mt n v th tch bung th nghim.
in p th nghim c gi cho ti khi phng in xy ra .Mt khc n cng c gi trong
vng 100 pht k t khi bt u th nghim hoc cho ti khi gi tr ca dng in t ti nh(ln
nht. ( cn b xung tip.
e.Th nghim chu ng v tiu chun p dng
Cc th nghim ny nhm xc nhn tnh chu ng theo l thuyt ca cch in khi chu tc
ng ca cc lp nhim ti mt cp in p c th. Cch in c coi l tt trong cc iu kin
th nghim nu khng c phng in xy ra trong sut 3 ln th nghim.Nu c mt ln phng in
xy ra th mt th nghim th 4 c tin hnh v cch in c coi l tt nu khng c phng
in xy ra trong ln th nghim ny.
Ch : +. Khi tng s ln phng in ti mt cp in p no vt qu 2 ln ,khng th
nghim c tin hnh vi cch in ti cp in p th nghim hoc cp in p cao hn
+.Khi cch in vt qua 3 ln th nghim th khng cn phi tin hnh th nghim li vi
cp in p hoc cp in p thp hn.
Nh vy qua trnh by trn ta c th thy rng phng php lp rn vi phng php lm
m sau l ph hp vi iu kin hin c
Trong iu kin hin c ca phng th nghim, tin hnh cc th nghim chng minh cho
m phng l rt kh.Chng ta ch c th tin hnh o in th ti mt s im c trng trong iu
kin cch in b nhim v tin hnh th nghim quan st s phng in cc b ti phn t cch
in s 1 cp in p 110kV.

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Hnh 4.1:Phn b in th trn cch in s 1 khi lp nhim dy 1mm; in dn 8S

din tch bng 25% din tch mt trn ca cch in

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Phng in

vng quang

Hnh 4.2: in trng trn 2 phn t s 1 v s 2 khi rng vng kh l 0,5mm 2 lp

nhim c in dn 8S/m;dy 0,5mm;din tch mi lp bng 25% din tch mt trn ca cch
in
Theo phn tch trn th trong trng hp ny ch xut hin phng in gia 2 lp nhim v
c th xut hin vng quang ti vng tip gip gia ti s v tai s do in trng ti vng ny
khong 2,8kV/mm.

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4.2. Thit b th nghim v qui cch th nghim

4.2.1.Thit b th nghim
a.Bung th nghim
Bung th nghim c thit k bng knh kn c dng hnh hp vi kch thc 2mx2mx2m
c cu to nh hnh v. dy ca knh lm bung th nghim l 5mm Bn trong c gi treo
cch in cng nh c cc l a dy cao p,cc l a dy ni t, pha di c cc l
a cc vi phun sng to m.Pha trn bung c gn cc van iu chnh m trong bung,
ng h o nhit , o m c gn thn bung pha ca quan st. Ca quan st c kch thc
0,7mx1m,lm bng knh dy 1mm. Di sn bung c 4 l a cc vi phun m. thay i
m ca sng trong bung th nghim chng ta dng mt my ht m

Dy treo cch in

L cho dy cao p

Ca quan st

My ht m

nhit k
My o
m

L cho u ra ni
t v u ra ph

l lp vi phun sng

Hnh 4.3:Cu to bung th nghim

b.Cch in th nghim
Cch in em ra th nghim l cch in s P-425 ca Nga c ly trong phng th
nghim .

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4.2.2. Trnh t th nghim

a. Lm sch cch in
Cch in trc khi a vo th nghim phi c ra sch bng nc my sau dng
khn sch lau kh v c gi trong mi trng sch. Ch l khng chm tay ln b mt cch
in.
b.Pha ch dung dch nhim
Dung dch nhim c pha ch t cao lanh,nuc my v mui. Khi lng cc cht cho
trong bng 4.3.
b.To sng
Sng c to t hi nc bng cch un si nc ct trong bnh cha v cho bc hi vi
tc thp c a vo bung th nghim bng cc vi phun c ng knh ln. Sng c a
vo bung th nghim khi tc bc hi ca nc c gi khng i nh vic iu chnh lng
nhit cung cp cho bnh un .

4.2.3. Kt qu th nghim
4.3 Phn kt lun

Phn Kt lun v kin ngh

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Vn m, Mng li in , tp 1 Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut, H Ni 2004
[2] V Vit n, K thut in cao p, H Ni-1992
[3] Wallace Vosloo & Koos Holtzhausen, The electric field of polluted insulations ,Eskom /
University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
[4] Jacobus Petrus Holtzhausen, A Critical Evaluation of AC Pollution Flashover Models for
HV Insulators having Hydrophilic Surfaces , Dissertation submitted for the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy in Engineering at The University of Stellenbosch.
[5] in lc Qung Ninh, Bo co tng kt cng tc qun l k thut nm 2003-2004-2005.
[6] ng Vn o- L Vn Doanh , Cc phng php hin i trong nghin cu tnh ton
thit k K Thut in, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut, H Ni-2001.
[7] Trn Vn Tp, Techique of Hight voltage ,
[8] D.L.Williams, A.Haddad, A.R.Rowlands, H.M.Young and R.T.Waters Formation and
Characterization of Dry band in clean Fog on polluted Insulator , IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics
Electrical Insulation, Vol.6 No.5,October 1999.
[9] IEC60507,Artificial pollution tests on hight-voltage insulators to be used on a.c.systems

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