Do - An Mang The He Sau bU4X8 20130630081652 19

n tt nghip i hc
Mc Lc
MC LC
THUT NG VIT TT............................................................................................i
Chng 1. .................................................................................................................... 3
TNG QUAN V MNG TH H SAU NGN........................................................3
1.1. S RA I V CC NG LC THC Y S PHT TRIN CA NGN......3
1.1.1. S ra i ca mng th h sau NGN...........................................................3

1.1.2. Cc ng lc thc y s pht trin ca mng NGN...................................4
1.2. KHI NIM V CC C IM CA NGN..........................................................5
1.2.1. Khi nim....................................................................................................5

1.2.2. Cc c im ca mng NGN.....................................................................7
1.3. KIN TRC MNG NGN...........................................................................................8
1.3.1. Kin trc chc nng ca mng NGN...........................................................8

1.3.2. Cu trc vt l...........................................................................................12
1.4. CC PHN T TRONG MNG NGN....................................................................12
1.4.1. Media Gateway (MG)...............................................................................13

1.4.2. Media Gateway Controller (MGC)............................................................14
1.4.3. Signalling Gateway (SG)...........................................................................16
1.4.4. H thng thit b truyn ti.......................................................................16
1.4.5. H thng thit b truy nhp........................................................................16
1.5. CC GIAO THC BO HIU V IU KHIN TRONG MNG NGN.............17
Chng 2. .................................................................................................................. 19
TNG QUAN V H THNG BO HIU S 7..................................................19
2.1. VAI TR CA H THNG BO HIU S 7 (CCS7)............................................19
2.2. CC KHI NIM C BN CA H THNG CCS7.............................................19
2.3. CC KHI CHC NNG CHNH CA CCS7.......................................................20
2.3.1. S khi chc nng................................................................................20

2.3.2. Mi tng quan gia CCS7 v m hnh OSI.............................................21
2.4. PHN CHUYN GIAO BN TIN MTP................................................................22
2.4.1. MTP mc 1 (ng s liu bo hiu)........................................................23

2.4.2. MTP mc 2 (chc nng ng bo hiu)..................................................23
2.4.3. MTP mc 3 (chc nng mng bo hiu)...................................................24
2.5. PHN IU KHIN U NI BO HIU SCCP..............................................25
2.5.1. Cc dch v ca SCCP...............................................................................25

2.5.2. Cu trc chc nng ca SCCP...................................................................25
2.5.3. Cc th tc bo hiu..................................................................................26
2.6. PHN NG DNG KH NNG GIAO DCH TCAP.........................................27
n tt nghip i hc
Mc Lc
2.6.1. Cu trc ca TCAP...................................................................................28

2.6.2. Cc hot ng ca TCAP..........................................................................30
Chng 3. .................................................................................................................. 31
TRUYN TI BO HIU S 7 QUA MNG IP SIGTRAN............................31
3.1. GII THIU CHUNG................................................................................................31
3.2. GII THIU V SIGTRAN.......................................................................................33
3.3. NG LC PHT TRIN GIAO THC TRUYN TI MI...............................34
3.4. GIAO THC IU KHIN LUNG TRUYN TI SCTP.................................34
3.4.1. Tng quan v kin trc ca SCTP.............................................................34

3.4.2. Tng quan v chc nng ca SCTP...........................................................35
3.4.3. Khun dng tiu chung ca SCTP........................................................36
3.5. M2PA..........................................................................................................................37
3.6. M2UA.........................................................................................................................38
3.7. SO SNH M2PA V M2UA.....................................................................................39
3.8. M3UA.........................................................................................................................39
3.9. SUA.............................................................................................................................41
3.10. SO SNH M3UA V SUA......................................................................................43
Chng 4. .................................................................................................................. 44
CC GIAO THC BO HIU V IU KHIN NGANG HNG....................44
4.1. GIAO THC KHI TO PHIN SIP.......................................................................44
4.1.1. Cc c im v chc nng ca SIP..........................................................44

4.1.2. Cc khi nim v cc thnh phn ca h thng SIP...................................46
4.1.3. Khi qut v hot ng ca SIP.................................................................51
4.1.4. Cc loi bn tin SIP...................................................................................55
4.1.5. nh gi SIP.............................................................................................58
4.2. H.323...........................................................................................................................59
4.2.1. Tng quan v H.323..................................................................................59

4.2.2. Kin trc mng v cc thnh phn ca H.323...........................................60
4.2.3. Chng giao thc s dng trong H.323.......................................................66
4.2.4. Thit lp v gii phng cuc gi H.323 trong trng hp n gin nht. .70
4.2.5. So snh SIP v H.323................................................................................71
4.3. GIAO THC IU KHIN C LP KNH MANG BICC..............................73
Chng 5.................................................................................................................... 75
CC GIAO THC BO HIU V IU KHIN CH T...............................75
5.1. GIAO THC IU KHIN CNG PHNG TIN MGCP...............................75
5.1.1. Kin trc v cc thnh phn......................................................................75

5.1.2. Thit lp cuc gi thng qua MGCP.........................................................77
n tt nghip i hc
Mc Lc
5.1.3. So snh gia MGCP, SIP v H.323...........................................................78

5.1.4. nh gi giao thc MGCP........................................................................78
5.2. MEGACO/H.248........................................................................................................79
5.2.1. Tng quan v giao thc MEGACO/H.248................................................79

5.2.2. V tr ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248 trong m hnh OSI........................80
5.2.3. Cc chc nng ca MEGACO/H.248........................................................80
5.2.4. Cc khi nim trong giao thc MEGACO/H.248......................................81
5.2.5. Truyn dn cc bn tin ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248...........................84
5.2.6. Cc lnh c nh ngha bi giao thc MEGACO/H.248.......................84
5.2.7. Cu trc bn tin MEGACO/H.248 ...........................................................88
5.2.8. Hot ng ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248...............................................89
5.2.9. Cc u im ca MEGACO/H.248 so vi cc giao thc iu khin cng
phng tin khc.................................................................................................90
KT LUN................................................................................................................91
PH LC................................................................................................................... 92
TI LIU THAM KHO.........................................................................................94
n tt nghip i hc
Thut ng vit tt
THUT NG VIT TT
AAL
AD
AG
AS
AS-F
ASP
ATM
BCF
BER
ATM Adaptation Layer

Analog to Digital
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber
Line
Access Gateway
Application Server
Application Server Function
Application Server Process
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Bearer Control Function
Basic Encoding Rule
BICC
Bearer Independent Call Control
BIWF
BRN
CA
CA-F
CAS
CC
CCS7
CDR
CIC
CMN
CPL
CPU
CR
CSF
CSL
DER
DNS
DPC
DSP
DTMF
DUP
Bearer Interworking Function

Bearer Relay Node
Call Agent
CA Function
Chanel Associated Signalling
Connection Confirm
Common Chanel Signalling N0 7
Call Detail Record
Curcuit Identification Code
Call Mediation Node
Call Processing Language
Central Processing Unit
Connection Request
Call Serving Function
Component Sublayer
Distinguished Encoding Rule
Domain Name System
Destination Point Code
Digital Signal Processor
Dual Tone MultiFrequancy
Data User Part
Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
Frame Relay
Gatekeeper
General Packet Radio Service
Gateway Serving Node
Gateway
Home Location Registration
Hyper Text Markup Language
HyperText Transfer Protocol
Input/Output
ADSL
DWDM
FR
GK
GPRS
GSN
GW
HLR
HTML
HTTP
I/O
Lp thch ng ATM
Bin i tng t sang s
ng dy thu bao s bt i
xng
Cng truy nhp
My ch ng dng
Chc nng my ch ng dng
X l my ch ng dng
Ch truyn ti khng ng b
Chc nng iu khin knh mang
Quy tc m ha cn bn
Giao thc iu khin c lp knh
mang
Chc nng tng tc knh mang
Nt chuyn tip knh mang
Tc nhn cuc gi
Chc nng CA
Bo hiu knh kt hp
Xc nhn kt ni
Bo hiu knh chung s 7
Bn ghi chi tit cuc gi
M nhn dng knh
Nt dn xp cuc gi
Ngn ng x l cuc gi
n v x l trung tm
Yu cu kt ni
Chc nng dch v cuc gi
Phn lp thnh phn
Quy tc m ha phc tp
H thng tn min
M im ch
B x l tn hiu s
Tn hiu a tn kp
Phn ngi s dng s liu
Ghp knh phn chia theo bc
sng cht
Chuyn tip kiu khung
Gim st cng phng tin
Dch v v tuyn gi chung
Nt dch v cng
Cng phng tin
Trm ng k thng tr
Ngn ng nh dng siu vn bn
Giao thc truyn ti siu vn bn
u vo/ u ra
n tt nghip i hc
IN
IP
ISDN
ISN
ISP
ISUP
ITU T
IVR
IW-F
LAN
M2PA
M2UA
M3UA
MC
MCF
MCU
MEGACO
MG
MGC
MGC-F
MGCP
MG-F
MMSF
MP
MPLS
MSF
MTP
MTU
MTUP
NAS
NGN
NSP
OLO
OSI
PLMN
PNO
PSTN
QoS
RF
Intellingent Network
Internet Protocol
Integrated Service Digital Network
Interface Serving Node
Internet Service Provider
ISDN User Part
International Telecommunication
Union Telephone
Interactive Voice Response
Interworking Function
Local Area Network
MTP 2 Peer to Peer Adaptation
Thut ng vit tt
Mng thng minh

Giao thc Internet
Mng s tch hp a dch v
Nt dch v giao din
Nh cung cp dch v Internet
Phn ngi s dng ISDN
Lin minh vin thng th gii v
thoi
Phc p thoi tng tc
Chc nng hot ng tng tc
Mng cc b
Thch ng MTP mc 2 ngang hng
Thch ng ngi s dng MTP
MTP 2 User Adaptation
mc 2
Thch ng ngi s dng MTP
MTP 3 User Adaptation
mc 3
Multipoint Controller
B iu khin a im
Media Control Function
Chc nng iu khin phng tin
Multipoint Control Unit
n v iu khin a im
Giao thc iu khin cng phng
Media Gateway Control
tin
Media Gateway
Cng phng tin
Media Gateway Controller
B iu khin cng phng tin
MGC Function
Chc nng MGC
Giao thc iu khin cng phng
Media Gateway Control Protocol
tin
MG Function
Chc nng MG
Media Mapping and Switching
Chc nng chuyn mch v ghp
Function
ni phng tin
Multipoint Processor
B x l a im
Multiprotocol Label Switching
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
Media Server Function
Chc nng my ch phng tin
Message Transfer Part
Phn chuyn giao bn tin
Maximum Transfer Unit
n v chuyn giao cc i
Phn ngi s dng in thoi di
Mobile Telephone User Part
ng
Network Access Server
My ch truy nhp mng
Next Generation Network
Mng th h sau
Network Service Point
im dch v mng
Nh vn hnh mng bn quyn
Other Lisenced Operator
khc
Open Systems Interconnection
Cc lin kt h thng m
Mng thng tin di ng cng cng
Public Land Mobile Network
mt t
Public Network Operator
Nh vn hnh mng cng cng
Public Switched Telephone Network Mng in thoi cng cng
Quality of Service
Cht lng dch v
Routing Function
Chc nng nh tuyn
n tt nghip i hc
SCR
Radio Access Network Application

Part
Request For Comments
Residential Gateway
Release Complete
Resource Reservation Protocol
Real Time Transport Control
Protocol
Real Time Transport Protocol
Signalling Connection Control Part
SCCP Connectionless Control
SCCP Management
Switched Circuit Network
SCCP Connection Oriented
Control
SCCP Routing
SCTP
Stream Control Transport Protocol
SDH
SDP
SG-F
SIGTRAN
SIP
SIP CGI
SMS
SMTP
SN
SONET
SP
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Session Description Protocol
Symmetrical Digital Subscriber
Line
SG Function
Signalling Transport
Session Initiation Protocol
SIP Common Gateway Interface
Short Message Service
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Serving Node
Synchronous Optical Network
Signalling Point
SPC
Store Program Control
SPS F
SS7
SSN
STC
STP
SUA
SIP Proxy Server Function

Signalling System N0 7
Subsystems Number
Signalling Transport Converter
Signalling Transfer Point
SCCP User Adaptation
Transaction Capabilities
Application Part
Transmission Control Protocol
Time Division Multiplexing
Trunk Gateway
Transaction Sublayer
Transmission Sequence Number
Transit Serving Node
Telephone User Part
RANAP
RFC
RG
RLC
RSVP
RTCP
RTP
SCCP
SCLC
SCM
SCN
SCOC
SDSL
TCAP
TCP
TDM
TGW
TSL
TSN
TSN
TUP
Thut ng vit tt
Phn ng dng mng truy nhp v

tuyn
Khuyn ngh chung
Gateway thng tr
Gii phng hon ton
Giao thc ginh trc ti nguyn
Giao thc iu khin truyn ti
thi gian thc
Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc
Phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu
iu khin phi kt ni
Qun l SCCP
Mng chuyn mch knh
iu khin hng kt ni
nh tuyn SCCP
Giao thc iu khin truyn ti
lung
H thng phn cp s ng b
Giao thc m t phin
ng dy thu bao s i xng
Chc nng SG
Giao thc truyn ti bo hiu
Giao thc khi to phin
Giao din cng phng tin chung
Dch v bn tin ngn
Giao thc truyn th n gin
Nt dch v
Mng quang ng b
im bo hiu
Tng i iu khin bng chng
trnh lu tr
Chc nng SIP Proxy Server
H thng bo hiu s 7
Ch s phn h
B chuyn i truyn ti bo hiu
im truyn ti bo hiu
Thch ng ngi s dng SCCP
ng dng kh nng giao dch
Giao thc truyn ti
Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian
Cng trung k
Phn lp giao dch
Ch s tun t truyn dn
Nt dch v chuyn tip
Phn ngi s dng in thoi
n tt nghip i hc
UA
UAC
UAS
UDP
UP
VoDSL
VoIP
WAN
User Agent
UA Client
UA Server
User Datagam Protocol
Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System
User Part
Voice Digital Subscriber Line
Voice over IP
Wide Area Network
WDM
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
XML
Extensible Markup Language
UMTS
Thut ng vit tt
Tc nhn ngi s dng

UA khch
UA ch
Giao thc gi tin ngi dng
H thng thng tin di ng ton
cu
Phn ngi s dng
ng dy thu bao s
Thoi trn nn IP
Mng din rng
Ghp knh phn chia theo thi
gian
Ngn ng nh dng m rng
n tt nghip i hc
Li ni u
Li ni u
Trong nhng nm gn y, khi m i sng x hi ngy cng pht trin th nhu cu trao
i thng tin ca con ngi cng tng ln rt nhiu c v mc phong ph ln cht lng ca
ca loi hnh dch v. Hin nay, nhng nhu cu khng ch cn tp trung vo loi hnh dch v
thoi truyn thng nh trc y na m cn c cc dch v thoi c hnh nh, hi ngh a
phng, cu truyn thng, khng th p ng c trn c s h tng ca mng vin thng trc
y. Thc t ny t cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng trc mt thch thc rt ln l lm
sao c th p ng c nhu cu ca cc v khch hng kh tnh vi chi ph u t thp nht.
Bn cnh l s ra i ca cc cng ngh, k thut mi, s bng n ca Internet tr
thnh ng lc thc y s ra i ca mt mng vin thng th h mi Next Generation
Network (NGN). NGN khng phi l mt mng c c s h tng c xy dng hon ton mi
m n c hnh thnh v pht trin trn nn tng ca cc mng th h trc kt hp vi k
thut chuyn mch gi theo giao thc IP. Nh c xy dng v pht trin trn c s h tng ca
cc mng th h trc m cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng khng cn phi b vn u t ban
u nhiu m vn c kh nng thu li li nhun cao. Nh k thut chuyn mch gi m NGN l
mt mng c kh nng cung cp khng ch cc dch v thoi thng thng m cn c kh nng
cung cp c cc dch v s liu, thoi v s liu tch hp, mt cch mm do v linh hot.
NGN c s thay i hon ton v mt kin trc, kin trc phn tn c xy dng
thay cho kin trc tp trung nh trong mng chuyn mch knh trc y. Trong kin trc mi
ny, kh nng thng minh (Intelligent) khng phi c tp trung m c phn tn cho cc thit
b nm ri rc trong ton kin trc mng.
Kin trc phn tn v s kt hp gia mng th h c v mng th h mi t ra cho cc
giao thc bo hiu v iu khin mt vai tr ht sc quan trng trong vic phi hp hot gia cc
thit b trong mng th h mi v gia cc thit b trong mng th h c vi cc thit b trong
mng th h mi. y cng chnh l l do em la chn ti TNG QUAN V CC GIAO
THC BO HIU V IU KHIN TRONG MNG NGN, ni dung ca ti ny gm cc
phn sau:
Chng 1. Tng quan v mng th h sau NGN.
Chng 2. Tng quan v h thng bo hiu s 7.
Chng 3. Truyn ti bo hiu s 7 qua mng IP SIGTRAN.
Chng 4. Cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin ngang hng.
Chng 5. Cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin ch t.
Do cn rt nhiu hn ch v trnh v thi gian nn ti ny s khng trnh khi cc sai
st. Em rt mong nhn c s ch bo v gp ca cc thy c v cc bn.
n tt nghip i hc
Li ni u
Em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong khoa Vin thng 1 to mi iu kin tt

nht cho em trong qu trnh thc hin n. Trong , c bit l c V Thy H tn tnh ch
bo, hng dn, gip v ng vin em v mi mt em hon thnh n ny.
H Ni, thng 9/2005

Sinh vin: Phm V Huy
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN
Chng 1.
TNG QUAN V MNG TH H SAU NGN
1.1. S RA I V CC NG LC THC Y S PHT TRIN CA
NGN
1.1.1. S ra i ca mng th h sau NGN
C mt iu r rng l th trng thng tin ang thay i mt cch nhanh chng.
S thay i ny khng ch lin quan n cc nh sn xut, cc nh nghin cu th
trng vin thng m cn ti nhiu i tng trong cc lnh vc khc nhau ca x hi.
Phng thc m con ngi trao i thng tin, giao tip vi nhau, kinh doanh vi nhau
ang dn dn c thay i cng vi nhng thay i ca nn cng nghip vin thng.
Cc ng dy in thoi khng ch cn mang thng tin thoi m cn truyn c s liu
v video. Thng tin thoi, s liu, fax, video v cc dch v khc ang c cung cp
ti cc u cui l my in thoi, thit b di ng, my tnh c nhn, cc my mc t
ngvi cc yu cu v cht lng dch v t pha ngi s dng ngy cng cao.
Lu lng thng tin s liu vt xa lu lng thng tin thoi v vn tng khng
ngng vi tc gp 10 ln tc tng ca lu lng thng tin thoi. Chuyn mch
knh, vn l c trng ca mng PSTN truyn thng trong sut th k qua ang
nhng bc cho chuyn mch gi trong mng th h sau v khng cn thch hp na
v t ra c nhiu nhc im i vi cc dch v phi thoi:
S dng bng tn khng linh hot.
Lng ph ti nguyn h thng.
Khng c c ch pht hin v sa li.
Hiu nng s dng khng cao...
tho mn nhu cu ca khch hng, ng ngha vi vic gia tng li nhun, cc
nh cung cp dch v vin thng yu cu nhng gii php cng ngh mi thay th
(hoc b sung) cho mng PSTN. Cng vi s gia tng nhu cu ca khch hng, cng
ngh chuyn mch gi cng gp phn a ngnh cng nghip vin thng chuyn sang
mt thi k mi. Cng ngh chuyn mch gi a ra cc gii php chuyn giao thng
tin di dng cc gi tin theo phng thc hng kt ni hay phi kt ni trn cc knh
o. Mng chuyn mch gi c th c xy dng theo cc giao thc khc nhau: X25,
IP,...trong giao thc IP l giao thc ang c quan tm nhiu nht. Mng chuyn
3
n tt nghip i hc
mch gi da trn giao thc IP c coi l gii php cng ngh p ng c s gia
tng nhu cu ca khch hng. Vi kh nng ca mnh, cc dng lu lng khc nhau
c x l hon ton trong sut trong mng IP, iu ny cho php mng IP c kh
nng cung cp cc loi dch v phong ph v a dng, bao gm c cc dch v a
phng tin ch khng ring g cc dch v thoi.
Nh vy, dp ng cc yu cu t ra, cc nh qun tr mng c 2 s la chn,
hoc l xy dng mt c s h tng hon ton mi cho mng IP hoc l xy dng mt
mng c kh nng cung cp cc dch v IP bng cch nng cp trn h tng mng
PSTN hin c. H tng mng ca th k 20 khng th c thay th ch trong mt
sm, mt chiu v v th phng n th hai l s la chn ng n l mng th
h sau NGN Next Generation Network. Nh vy mng th h sau (NGN: Next
Generation Network) c hnh thnh, khng phi l mt cuc cch mng m l
mt bc pht trin.
1.1.2. Cc ng lc thc y s pht trin ca mng NGN
Yu t hng u l tc pht trin theo hm s m ca nhu cu truyn dn d
liu v cc dch v d liu l kt qu ca tng trng Internet mnh m. Cc h thng
mng cng cng hin nay ch yu c xy dng nhm truyn dn lu lng thoi,
truyn d liu thng tin v video c vn chuyn trn cc mng chng ln, tch
ri c trin khai p ng nhng yu cu ca chng. Do vy, mt s chuyn i
sang h thng mng chuyn mch gi tp trung l khng th trnh khi khi m d liu
thay th v tr ca thoi v tr thnh ngun to ra li nhun chnh. Cng vi s bng
n Internet trn ton cu, rt nhiu kh nng mng th h mi s da trn giao thc IP.
Tuy nhin, thoi vn l mt dch v quan trng v do , nhng thay i ny dn ti
yu cu truyn thoi cht lng cao qua IP.
Ngoi nhng ng lc v mt k thut th trong kha cnh kinh doanh cng c
cc ng lc dn ti s ra i ca mng NGN:
a. Ci thin chi ph u t
Cng ngh cn bn lin quan n chuyn mch knh truyn thng c ci tin
chm tr v chm trin khai kt hp vi nn cng nghip my tnh. Cc chuyn mch
knh ny hin ang chim phn ln trong c s h tng PSTN. Tuy nhin chng cha
tht s ti u cho mng truyn s liu. Kt qu l ngy cng c nhiu dng lu lng
s liu trn mng PSTN n mng Internet v s xut hin mt gii php vi nh
hng s liu lm trng tm thit k mng chuyn mch tng lai, nn tng da
trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi cho c thoi v d liu.
4
n tt nghip i hc
Cc giao din m ti tng lp mng cho php nh khai thc la chn nh cung
cp c hiu qu nht cho tng lp mng ca h. Truyn ti da trn gi cho php phn
b bng tn linh hot, loi b nhu cu nhm trung k kch thc c nh cho thoi, nh
gip cc nh khai thc qun l mng d dng hn, nng cp mt cch hiu qu phn
mm trong cc nt iu khin mng, gim chi ph khai thc h thng.
b. Xu th i mi vin thng
Khc vi kha cnh k thut, qu trnh gii th ang nh hng mnh m n
cch thc hot ng ca cc nh khai thc vin thng ln trn th gii. Xuyn sut qu
trnh c gi l mch vng ni ht khng trn gi, cc lut l ca chnh ph trn
ton th gii p buc cc nh khai thc ln phi m ca cc cng ty mi tham
gia th trng cnh tranh. Trn quan im chuyn mch, cc nh cung cp thay th
phi c kh nng ginh c khch hng a phng nh u t trc tip vo nhng
dm cui cng ca ng cp ng. iu ny dn n vic gia tng cnh tranh. Cc
mng NGN thc s ph hp h tr kin trc mng v cc m hnh c lut php
cho php khai thc.
c. Cc ngun doanh thu mi
D bo hin nay cho thy mc suy gim trm trng ca doanh thu thoi v xut
hin mc tng doanh thu t bin do cc dch v gi tr gia tng mang li. Kt qu l
phn ln cc nh khai thc truyn thng s phi ti nh mc m hnh kinh doanh ca
h di nh sng ca cc d bo ny. Cng lc , cc nh khai thc mi s tm kim
m hnh kinh doanh mi cho php h nm ly th phn, mang li li nhun cao hn
trn th trng vin thng.
Cc c hi kinh doanh mi bao gm cc ng dng a dng tch hp vi cc dch
v ca mng vin thng hin ti, s liu Internet, cc ng dng video.
1.2. KHI NIM V CC C IM CA NGN
1.2.1. Khi nim
Mng vin thng th h mi c nhiu tn gi khc nhau, chng hn nh:
Mng a dch v : cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau.
Mng hi t : h tr dch v thoi v d liu, cu trc mng hi t.
Mng phn phi : phn phi tnh thng minh cho mi phn t trong mng.
Mng nhiu lp : t chc nhiu lp mng c chc nng c lp nhng h tr
nhau.
5
n tt nghip i hc
Cho ti hin nay, mc d cc t chc vin thng quc t v cc nh cung cp

thit b vin thng trn th gii u rt quan tm v nghin cu v chin lc pht
trin NGN. Song vn cha c mt nh ngha c th no chnh xc cho mng NGN.
Do , nh ngha mng NGN nu ra y khng th bao hm ht ngha ca mng
th h mi nhng l khi nim chung nht khi cp n NGN.
Bt ngun t s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh chuyn mch gi
v cng ngh truyn dn bng rng, mng NGN ra i l mng c c s h tng thng
tin duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, trin khai dch v mt cch a dng
v nhanh chng, p ng s hi t gia thoi v s liu, c nh v di ng.
Hnh 1.1. Mng hp nht

Nh vy, c th xem NGN l s tch hp mng PSTN da trn k thut TDM v
mng chuyn mch gi da trn k thut IP/ATM. N c th truyn ti tt c cc dch
v vn c ca PSTN ng thi c th cung cp cho mng IP mt lng lu lng d
liu ln, nh gim ti cho mng PSTN.
Tuy nhin, NGN khng ch n thun l s hi t gia thoi v d liu m cn l
s hi t gia truyn dn quang v cng ngh gi, gia mng c nh v di ng. Vn
ct li y l lm sao c th tn dng ht li th em n t qu trnh hi t ny.
Mt vn quan trng khc l s bng n nhu cu ca ngi s dng cho mt khi
lng ln dch v v ng dng phc tp bao gm c a phng tin, phn ln trong s
khng c d tnh khi xy dng cc h thng mng hin nay.
n tt nghip i hc
1.2.2. Cc c im ca mng NGN

Mng NGN c bn c im chnh:
Nn tng l h thng mng m.
Mng NGN l do mng dch v thc y, nhng dch v phi thc hin c
lp vi mng li.
Mng NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, da trn mt giao thc thng nht.
L mng c dung lng ngy cng tng, c tnh thch ng cng ngy cng
tng, c dung lng p ng nhu cu.
Trc ht, do p dng c cu m m:
Cc khi chc nng ca tng i truyn thng chia thnh cc phn t mng c
lp, cc phn t c phn theo chc nng tng ng v pht trin mt cch c lp.
Giao din v giao thc gia cc b phn phi da trn cc tiu chun tng ng.
Vic phn tch lm cho mng vin thng vn c dn dn i theo hng mi, nh
kinh doanh c th cn c vo nhu cu dch v t t hp cc phn t khi t chc
mng li. Vic tiu chun ha giao thc gia cc phn t c th thc hin ni thng
gia cc mng c cu hnh khc nhau.
Tip n, mng NGN l mng dch v thc y, vi c im ca:
Chia tch dch v vi iu khin cuc gi.
Chia tch cuc gi vi truyn ti.
Mc tiu chnh ca chia tch l lm cho dch v thc s c lp vi mng, thc
hin mt cch linh hot v c hiu qu vic cung cp dch v. Thu bao c th t b tr
v xc nh c trng dch v ca mnh, khng quan tm n mng truyn ti dch v
v loi hnh u cui. iu lm cho vic cung cp dch v v ng dng c tnh linh
hot cao.
Th ba, NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, giao thc thng nht. Mng thng tin
hin nay, d l mng vin thng, mng my tnh hay mng truyn hnh cp, u khng
th ly mt trong cc mng lm nn tng xy dng c s h tng thng tin.
Nhng my nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh IP, ngi ta mi nhn
thy r rng l mng vin thng, mng my tnh v mng truyn hnh cp cui cng
ri cng tch hp trong mt mng IP thng nht, l xu th ln m ngi ta thng
gi l dung hp ba mng. Giao thc IP lm cho cc dch v ly IP lm c s u c
n tt nghip i hc
th thc hin ni thng cc mng khc nhau; con ngi ln u tin c c giao thc
thng nht m ba mng ln u c th chp nhn c; t c s vng chc v mt k
thut cho h tng c s thng tin quc gia.
Giao thc IP thc t tr thnh giao thc ng dng vn nng v bt u c
s dng lm c s cho cc mng a dch v, mc d hin ti vn cn th bt li so
vi cc chuyn mch knh v mt kh nng h tr lu lng thoi v cung cp cht
lng dch v m bo cho s liu. Tc i mi nhanh chng trong th gii
Internet, m n c to iu kin bi s pht trin ca cc tiu chun m s sm khc
phc nhng thiu st ny.
1.3. KIN TRC MNG NGN
1.3.1. Kin trc chc nng ca mng NGN
Hin nay cha c mt khuyn ngh chnh thc no ca ITU-T v kin trc NGN.
Nhiu hng vin thng ln a ra m hnh kin trc NGN nh Alcatel, Siemens,
NEC, Lucent, Ericsson,v km theo l cc gii php mng cng cc sn phm thit
b mi. T cc m hnh ny, kin trc NGN c c im chung l bao gm cc lp
chc nng sau:
Lp kt ni (truy nhp, truyn ti/li).
Lp trung gian (truyn thng).
Lp iu khin.
Lp qun l.
Trong cc lp trn, lp iu khin l phc tp nht vi nhiu loi giao thc, kh

nng tng thch gia cc thit b ca hng l vn ang c cc nh khai thc
quan tm.
M hnh phn lp chc nng ca mng NGN:
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 1.2. Cu trc mng NGN (gc mng)

Xem xt t gc kinh doanh v cung cp dch v, m hnh cu trc NGN cn
c thm lp ng dng/dch v. Trong mi trng pht trin cnh tranh s c rt nhiu
thnh phn tham gia kinh doanh trong lp ng dng/dch v.
Hnh 1.3. Cu trc mng v dch v NGN (gc dch v)

Phn tch:
Kin trc mng NGN s dng chuyn mch gi cho thoi v d liu. Cc khi
trong tng i hin nay c phn chia thnh cc lp mng ring l, cc lp ny lin
kt vi nhau qua cc giao din m tiu chun.
S thng minh ca x l cuc gi c bn trong chuyn mch PSTN thc cht
c tch ra t phn cng ca ma trn chuyn mch. S thng minh nm trong mt
thit b tch ri gi l chuyn mch mm (softswitch) hay b iu khin cng phng
tin MGC (Media Gateway Controller) hay tc nhn cuc gi (Call Agent), ng vai
tr phn t iu khin trong kin trc mng mi. Cc giao din m hng ti cc ng
dng mng thng minh (IN Intelligent Network) v cc my ch ng dng
(Aplication Server) mi to iu kin d dng cho vic cung cp dch v v m bo
a ra th trng trong thi gian ngn.
Ti lp trung gian (truyn thng), cc cng phng tin (MG) c a vo s
dng thch ng thoi v cc phng tin khc vi mng chuyn mch gi. Cc MG
ny c s dng phi ghp hoc vi thit b u cui ca khch hng (RG
Residential Gateway), hoc vi cc mng truy nhp (AG Access Gateway), hoc vi
mng PSTN (TGW Trunk Gateway). Cc my ch phng tin c bit thc hin
nhiu chc nng khc nhau, chng hn nh cung cp cc m quay s hoc bn tin
n tt nghip i hc
thng bo. Ngoi ra, chng cn c cc chc nng tin tin hn nh: tr li bng ting
ni tng tc v bin i vn bn sang ting ni hoc ngc li.
Hnh 1.4. Cu trc chc nng ca NGN

Cc giao din m ca kin trc cho php cc dch v mi c trin khai nhanh
chng. ng thi to thun li cho vic trin khai cc phng thc kinh doanh mi
bng cch chia tch chui gi tr truyn thng hin ti thnh nhiu dch v c th do
cc hng khc nhau cung cp.
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n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 1.5. Cu trc h thng chuyn mch a dch v

H thng chuyn mch NGN c phn thnh bn lp ring bit thay v tch hp
thnh mt h thng nh cng ngh chuyn mch knh hin nay, l: lp ng dng,
lp iu khin, lp truyn thng, lp truy nhp v truyn ti. Cc giao din m c s
tch bit gia dch v v truyn dn cho php cc dch v mi c a vo nhanh
chng, d dng. ng thi nh khai thc c th chn la nh cung cp thit b tt nht
cho tng lp trong m hnh mng NGN.
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1.3.2. Cu trc vt l
Hnh 1.6. Cu trc vt l ca NGN

NGN cn c hiu r l mng th h sau hay mng th h k tip m khng phi
l mng hon ton mi, nn khi xy dng v pht trin mng theo xu hng NGN,
ngi ta ch n vn kt ni mng th h sau vi mng hin hnh v tn dng cc
thit b vin thng hin c trn mng nhm t c hiu qu khai thc ti a.
1.4. CC PHN T TRONG MNG NGN

Xt cu trc tng th cho mng NGN theo MSF:
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n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 1.7. Kin trc tng th cho mng NGN

1.4.1. Media Gateway (MG)
MG cung cp phng tin truyn ti thng tin thoi, d liu, fax v video gia
mng gi IP v mng PSTN. Trong mng PSTN, d liu thoi c mang trn knh
DS0. truyn d liu ny vo mng gi, mu thoi cn c nn li v ng gi.
c bit y ngi ta s dng mt b x l tn hiu s DSP (Digital Signal
Processor) thc hin cc chc nng: chuyn i AD (Analog to Digital), nn m thoi/
audio, trit ting di, b khong lng, m ha, ti to tn hiu thoi, truyn cc tn hiu
DTMF,
MG c cc chc nng sau:
Truyn d liu thoi s dng giao thc thi gian thc (RTP Real Time
Protocol).
Cung cp khe thi gian T1 hay ti nguyn x l tn hiu s (DSP) di s iu
khin ca MGC. ng thi qun l ti nguyn DSP cho dch v ny.
H tr cc giao thc c nh loop start, ground start, E&M, CAS, QSIG
v ISDN qua T1.
Qun l ti nguyn v kt ni T1.
Cung cp kh nng thay nng cc card T1 hay DSP.
C phn mm MG d phng.
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n tt nghip i hc
Cho php kh nng m rng MG v: cng (port), cards, cc nt, m khng lm

thay i cc thnh phn khc.
Hnh 1.8. Cu trc ca MG

1.4.2. Media Gateway Controller (MGC)
MGC l n v chc nng c bn ca chuyn mch mm, v cng thng c
gi l Call Agent hay B iu khin cng (Gateway Controller), hay chuyn
mch mm. Hnh 1.9 trnh by kt ni ca MGC vi cc thnh phn khc ca
mng NGN.
MGC iu khin x l cuc gi, cn MG v SG s thc hin truyn thng.
MGC iu khin SG thit lp v kt thc cuc gi. Ngoi ra cn giao tip vi
h thng OSS v BSS.
MGC chnh l chic cu ni gia cc mng c c tnh khc nhau nh PSTN,
SS7, mng IP. N chu trch nhim qun l lu lng thoi v d liu qua cc
mng khc nhau.
Mt MGC kt hp vi MG, SG to thnh cu hnh ti thiu cho chuyn mch
mm.
a. Cc chc nng ca MGC (Hnh 1.9)

14
n tt nghip i hc
iu khin cuc gi, duy tr trng thi ca mi cuc gi trn mt MG.

iu khin v h tr hot ng ca MG, SG.
Trao i cc bn tin c bn gia 2 MG-F.
X l bn tin bo hiu SS7 (khi s dng SIGTRAN).
X l cc bn tin lin quan QoS nh RTCP.
Thc hin nh tuyn cuc gi (bao gm bng nh tuyn v bin dch).
Ghi li cc thng tin chi tit ca cuc gi tnh cc (CDR- Call Detail
Record)
iu khin qun l bng thng.
Hnh 1.9. Cc chc nng ca MGC

b. Cc giao thc MGC c th s dng
Giao thc thit lp cuc gi: H.323, SIP.
Giao thc iu khin MG: MGCP, MEGACO/H.248.
Giao thc iu khin SG: SIGTRAN (SS7).
Giao thc truyn thng tin: RTP, RCTP.
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n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 1.10. V d s dng MGC

1.4.3. Signalling Gateway (SG)
SG thc hin chc nng cu ni gia mng bo hiu SS7 v cc nt c qun l
bi chuyn mch mm trong mng IP. SG lm cho chuyn mch mm ging nh mt
nt SS7 trong mng bo hiu SS7. Nhim v ca SG l x l thng tin bo hiu.
SG c cc chc nng sau:
Cung cp mt kt ni vt l n mng bo hiu.
Truyn thng tin bo hiu gia MGC v SG thng qua mng IP.
Cung cp ng thoi, d liu v cc dng thng tin khc.
1.4.4. H thng thit b truyn ti
Nt chuyn mch IP ATM tc cao lp trn (ATM Switch, IP Switch,).
Thit b nh tuyn li, bin (Router, LSR,).
Thit b truyn dn quang dung lng ln lp di (SDH, DWDM, SONET).
1.4.5. H thng thit b truy nhp
H tr ton b cc giao din truy nhp pha xa nh VoDSL, ADSL/SDSL,
ISDN BA,.v.vv tch ring cc ng dng thoi v truyn s liu a vo
cc mng ng trc ring bit (mng TDM v mng li NGN).
16
n tt nghip i hc
Cung cp cc loi cng truy nhp khc nhau nh: POTS, VoIP, IP, FR, X.25,
ATM, xDSL, di ng,
1.5. CC GIAO THC BO HIU V IU KHIN TRONG MNG NGN
Kin trc ca mng NGN l kin trc phn tn v th m cc chc nng bo hiu
v x l bo hiu, chuyn mch, iu khin cuc gi,c thc hin bi cc thit b
nm phn tn trong cu hnh mng. c th to ra cc kt ni gia cc u cui
nhm cung cp dch v, cc thit b ny phi trao i cc thng tin bo hiu v diu
khin c vi nhau. Cch thc trao i cc thng tin bo hiu v iu khin c
quy nh trong cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin c s dng trong mng. V c
bn, trong mng NGN c cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin sau:
H.323
SIP
BICC
SIGTRAN
MGCP, MEGACO/H.248
Cc giao thc ny c th phn thnh 2 loi: cc giao thc ngang hng (H.323,
SIP, BICC) v cc giao thc ch t (MGCP, MEGACO/H.248) nh trong hnh 1.11.
S khc nhau c bn gia hai cch tip cn ny l ch kh nng thng minh
(intelligent) c phn b nh th no gia cc thit b bin ca mng v cc server.
S la chn cch no l ph thuc vo chi ph h thng, trin khai dch v, kh thi.
Mt gii php tng th s dng u im ca c hai cch tip cn nn c xem xt. S
so snh gia hai cch tip cn ny c trnh by trong bng 1.1.
Trong cc chng sau s trnh by mt cch chi tit v cc giao thc bo hiu v
iu khin ny.
Lu tin trnh cuc gi trong NGN s c trnh by trong phn ph lc.
17
n tt nghip i hc
Bng 1.1. So snh 2 giao thc ch/t v ngang hng
Hnh 1.11. Cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin trong mng NGN
18
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Chng 2. Tng quan v h thng CCS7
Chng 2.
TNG QUAN V H THNG BO HIU S 7
2.1. VAI TR CA H THNG BO HIU S 7 (CCS7)
H thng bo hiu knh chung s 6 (CCS6) c hn ch so vi CCS7 l: cc
trung k lm vic vi tc thp (2,4 kb/s). di ca cc bn tin b hn ch v
khng c cu trc phn mc m c cu trc n nn h thng ny khng p ng c
vi s pht trin ca mng li.
H thng CCS7 c thit k ti u cho mng quc gia v quc t s dng trung
k s. Tc t 64 kb/s, c cu trc phn lp. H thng bo hiu s 7 cng c th s
dng trn cc ng dy tng t (analog).
H thng CCS7 c thit k khng ch cho iu khin thit lp, gim st cc
cuc gi in thoi m cho c cc dch v phi thoi.
SS7 l h thng bo hiu knh chung ti u iu hnh trong mng vin thng
s, n c s phi hp vi cc tng i SPC.
SS7 c th tho mn cc yu cu hin ti v trong tng lai cho cc hot ng
giao dch gia cc b vi x l trong mng vin thng bo hiu iu khin cuc gi,
iu khin t xa, bo hiu qun l v bo dng.
SS7 cung cp cc phng tin tin cy truyn thng tin theo trnh t chnh xc,
khng b mt hoc lp li thng tin.
Hin nay v trong tng lai, CCS7 s ng vai tr rt quan trng i vi cc dch
v trong cc mng nh:
Mng in thoi cng cng PSTN.
Mng s tch hp a dch v ISDN.
Mng thng minh IN.
Mng thng tin di ng mt t PLMN.
2.2. CC KHI NIM C BN CA H THNG CCS7
Mng bo hiu CCS7 c cc khi nim c bn sau:
im bo hiu (SP: Signalling Point): l mt nt chuyn mch hoc nt x l
trong mng bo hiu c ci t chc nng bo hiu s 7 ca CCITT. Mt
19
n tt nghip i hc
tng i in thoi hot ng nh mt im bo hiu phi l tng i c

iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr SPC v bo hiu s 7 l dng thng tin
s gia cc b vi x l. SP c th l im kt cui bo hiu khi n c kh
nng x l cc bn tin bo hiu c lin quan.
im chuyn tip bo hiu (STP: Signalling Transfer Point): l cc im bo
hiu c kh nng nh tuyn cho cc bn tin, chuyn cc bn tin CCS7 ti cc
tuyn bo hiu mt cch chnh xc da trn cc thng tin cha trong trng
a ch ca bn tin .
Knh bo hiu/chm knh bo hiu: Knh bo hiu l mt ng truyn dn
64 kb/s kt ni gia cc im bo hiu chuyn ti cc thng tin bo hiu.
Chm knh bo hiu l mt tp gm mt s knh bo hiu (ti a 16 knh)
hot ng chia s ti cho nhau nng cao an ton cho h thng.
Bn tin bo hiu: l mt tp hp cc thng tin thuc v mt cuc gi, c
nh ngha ti lp 3 hay lp 4, sau c chuyn nh mt thc th bi chc
nng chuyn tip bn tin.
Tuyn bo hiu/nhm tuyn bo hiu: Tuyn bo hiu l mt ng c
xc nh trc bn tin i qua mng bo hiu t im bo hiu ngun n
im bo hiu ch. N gm mt chui cc SP/STP c u ni vi nhau
bng cc knh bo hiu. Nhm tuyn bo hiu l tt c cc tuyn bo hiu m
thng tin bo hiu c th s dng i qua mng bo hiu.
M im bo hiu: l mt m nh phn c gn cho mi mt SP hoc STP.
2.3. CC KHI CHC NNG CHNH CA CCS7
2.3.1. S khi chc nng
H thng CCS7 c chia thnh mt s khi chc nng chnh sau (Hnh 2.1):
Hnh 2.1. Cu trc c bn ca h thng CCS7

Phn truyn bn tin (MTP: Message Transfer Part): y l h thng vn
chuyn chung truyn cc bn tin bo hiu gia hai SP. MTP truyn cc bn
tin bo hiu gia cc UP khc nhau v hon ton c lp vi ni dung cc bn
20
n tt nghip i hc
tin c truyn. MTP chu trch nhim chuyn chnh xc bn tin t mt UP

ny ti mt UP khc. iu ny c ngha l bn tin bo hiu c chuyn s
c kim tra chnh xc trc khi chuyn cho UP.
Phn ngi s dng (UP: User Part): y thc cht l mt s nh ngha phn
ngi s dng khc nhau tu thuc vo kiu s dng ca h thng bo hiu.
UP l phn to ra v phn tch bn tin bo hiu. Chng s dng MTP
chuyn thng tin bo hiu n mt UP khc cng loi. Hin ang tn ti mt
s UP trn mng li:
TUP (Telephone User Part): phn ngi s dng cho mng thoi.
DUP (Data User Part): phn ngi s dng cho mng s liu.
ISUP (ISDN User Part): phn ngi s dng cho mng ISDN.
MTUP (Mobile Telephone User Part): Phn ngi s dng cho mng
in thoi di ng.
2.3.2. Mi tng quan gia CCS7 v m hnh OSI
H thng CCS7 l mt kiu thng tin s liu chuyn mch gi, n c cu trc
theo kiu module, rt ging vi m hnh OSI nhng n ch c 4 mc. Trong 3 mc
thp nht hp thnh phn chuyn bn tin (MTP), mc th t gm cc phn ng dng
(Hnh 2.2).
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n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 2.2. Mi tng quan gia CCS7 v m hnh OSI

2.4. PHN CHUYN GIAO BN TIN MTP
MTP l phn chung cho tt c cc UP khc nhau. N bao gm ng s liu bo
hiu (MTP mc 1), u ni gia 2 tng i v h thng bo hiu bn tin.
H thng iu khin chuyn bn tin c chia lm 2 phn: Chc nng ng bo
hiu (MTP mc 2) v chc nng mng bo hiu (MTP mc 3).
Hnh 2.3. Cu trc chung ca MTP

Chc nng ng bo hiu: chc nng ny thc hin gim st ng bo hiu
nh pht hin cc bn tin li, iu khin vic gi v nhn cc bn tin mt cch
tun t, khng mt hoc lp bn tin.
Chc nng mng bo hiu: bao gm cc chc nng x l bn tin bo hiu v
qun l mng bo hiu.
X l bn tin bo hiu: bao gm cc chc nng to tuyn cho cc bn tin
v phn phi chnh xc cc bn tin nhn c cho cc UP.
Qun l mng bo hiu: chc nng ny c kh nng cu hnh li v hot
ha ng bo hiu duy tr cc dch v trong cc trng hp c s c.
22
n tt nghip i hc
2.4.1. MTP mc 1 (ng s liu bo hiu)
Hnh 2.4. Cu trc MTP 1

ng s liu bo hiu l mt ng truyn dn s liu hai chiu. N bao gm 2
knh s liu hot ng ng thi trn hai hng ngc nhau vi cng mt tc
(Hnh 2.4).
ng s liu bo hiu c th l ng tn hiu s hoc tng t. ng s liu
bo hiu c xy dng trn knh truyn dn s (64 kb/s) v tng i chuyn mch s.
ng s liu bo hiu tng t c xy dng trn knh truyn dn tng t tn s
thoi (4 kHz) v Modem.
2.4.2. MTP mc 2 (chc nng ng bo hiu)
MTP mc 2 cng vi MTP mc 1 cung cp 1 ng s liu cho chuyn giao tin
cy cc bn tin bo hiu gia 2 im bo hiu c u ni trc tip. Chc nng
ng bo hiu bao gm:
Chc nng iu khin ng bo hiu.
Cc trng iu khin c x l trong mc 2 chuyn chnh xc cc bn
tin.
S phn nh ranh gii cc n v bo hiu.
Pht hin li.
Sa sai.
ng chnh ban u.
X l ngng hot ng.
iu khin lu lng mc 2.
Ch th hin tng tc nghn ln mc 3.
23
n tt nghip i hc
Gim st li ng bo hiu.
2.4.3. MTP mc 3 (chc nng mng bo hiu)
Cc chc nng ca MTP mc 3 c phn chia thnh 2 loi c bn l cc chc
nng x l bn tin bo hiu v cc chc nng qun tr mng bo hiu (Hnh 2.5).
a. X l bn tin bo hiu
Mc ch ca chc nng x l bn tin bo hiu l m bo cho cc bn tin bo
hiu bt ngun t mt UP ti mt im bo hiu pht c chuyn n UP ti im
bo hiu thu. Chc nng ny gm:
nh tuyn bn tin bo hiu.
Phn bit bn tin bo hiu.
Phn phi bn tin bo hiu.
b. Qun tr mng bo hiu
Mc ch ca cc chc nng qun tr mng bo hiu l hot ha cc ng bo
hiu mi, duy tr cc dch v bo hiu, iu khin lu lng khi xy ra tc nghn
v cu hnh li mng bo hiu nu c s c. Trong trng hp ng bo hiu b
h hng, lu lng s c chuyn n cc ng khc trong cng mt nhm knh
bo hiu vi ng hng. Cc chc nng ny gm:
Qun tr mng bo hiu.
Qun tr tuyn bo hiu.
Qun tr lu lng bo hiu.
24
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 2.5. Cc chc nng mng bo hiu

2.5. PHN IU KHIN U NI BO HIU SCCP
2.5.1. Cc dch v ca SCCP
Phin dch, nh a ch ca SCCP.
Dch v phi kt ni.
Dch v hng kt ni.
2.5.2. Cu trc chc nng ca SCCP
Chc nng SCCP bao gm 4 chc nng chnh (Hnh 2.6):
iu khin hng kt ni SCCP (SCOC): cung cp cc th tc cho thit lp,
chuyn giao v gii phng 1 u ni bo hiu tm thi. N cng iu khin
cng vic truyn s liu trn cc u ni ny.
iu khin phi kt ni SCCP (SCLC): cung cp cc th tc chuyn giao s
liu phi kt ni gia cc ngi dng; phn phi v tip nhn cc bn tin qun
tr.
nh tuyn SCCP (SCR): l chc nng da vo MTP to tuyn vt l t
im bo hiu ny n im bo hiu khc.
25
n tt nghip i hc
Qun tr SCCP (SCM): cung cp cc th tc m bo duy tr s hot ng ca

mng bng phng php nh tuyn d phng hoc iu chnh li lu lng
nu xy ra s c, tc nghn,
Hnh 2.6. Cu trc chc nng ca SCCP

2.5.3. Cc th tc bo hiu
a. Cc th tc hng kt ni Giao thc mc 2 v 3
Cc th tc hng kt ni bao gm cc pha: thit lp kt ni, truyn s liu v
gii phng u ni (Hnh 2.7).
Thit lp kt ni: bao gm cc chc nng yu cu thit lp kt ni bo hiu
tm thi gia 2 ngi s dng SCCP. Th tc ny c ngi s dng SCCP
khi to bng cch a ra yu cu kt ni (N CONNECT REQUEST).
Trc tin, SCCP gc pht i bn tin CR yu cu kt ni. Bn tin ny cha
mt con s th t (do SCCP gc chn), mc giao thc v a ch ca SCCP
nhn. Bn tin CR c th cha nhng thng tin a ch ca SCCP pht v d
liu ca ngi s dng.
Khi nhn c bn tin CR, SCCP nhn tr li bng mt bn tin xc nhn CC.
Bn tin ny mang con s th t c chn bi SCCP pht, mt con s th
t khc v mc giao thc c chn bi SCCP nhn. Khi SCCP pht nhn
c bn tin CC, ng kt ni bo hiu c thit lp.
26
n tt nghip i hc
Truyn s liu: s liu c chuyn i trong cc bn tin s liu DT1 hoc

DT2.
Gii phng kt ni: ng kt ni bo hiu c gii phng bng cc bn tin
gii phng RLSD v gii phng hon ton RLC.
b. Cc th tc phi kt ni Giao thc mc 0 v 1
Hnh 2.7. Th tc hng kt ni SCCP

Cc th tc phi kt ni cho php ngi s dng SCCP yu cu truyn dn s liu
m khng cn thit lp ng u ni.
Yu cu N UNIT DATA c ngi s dng SCCP a ra yu cu thc
hin chc nng truyn s liu. Yu cu ny cng c SCCP thu s dng phn pht
cc bn tin s liu ti nhng ngi s dng cui cng. S liu c truyn i trong cc
bn tin UDT.
2.6. PHN NG DNG KH NNG GIAO DCH TCAP
CCITT nh ngha khi nim kh nng giao dch, vit tt l TC cung cp
mt s lng ln cc dch v khc nhau m trong cc ng dng khng b rng buc
ln nhau. TCAP l th tc ng dng ca h thng bo hiu s 7. TCAP cung cp kh
27
n tt nghip i hc
nng chuyn giao thng tin khng lin quan n knh trung k v cc dch v ca lp
ng dng.
Cc dch v ca TCAP da trn nn dch v khng u ni. Hin nay lp phin,
lp trnh by, lp vn chuyn cha cung cp mt dch v no.TCAP giao tip trc tip
vi SCCP to kh nng s dng dch v khng u ni ca SCCP chuyn thng
tin gia cc TCAP (Hnh 2.8).
Hnh 2.8. V tr ca TCAP trong h thng bo hiu s 7

2.6.1. Cu trc ca TCAP
TCAP c chia thnh 2 phn lp: Phn lp giao dch v phn lp thnh phn
(Hnh 2.9).
Phn lp thnh phn c nhim v nhn cc thnh phn t cc ngi s dng TC
v phn chia cc thnh phn ny n cc ngi s dng TC pha i phng.
Phn lp giao dch c nhim v qun tr s trao i cc bn tin gm cc thnh
phn gia cc thc th ca 2 TCAP. S trao i ny ca cc phn t thc hin mt
ng dng c gi l hi thoi.
28
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 2.9. Cu trc ca TCAP

a. Phn lp thnh phn (Component Sublayer CSL)
Phn lp thnh phn cung cp cho TC user kh nng gi cc yu cu thc hin
cho pha i phng v nhn tr li. Phn lp thnh phn li c chia thnh 2 chc
nng nh l: Chc nng x l hi thoi (DHA) v chc nng x l thnh phn (CHA).
Hai chc nng ny lin lc vi TC user bng cch gi v nhn cc bn tin, c gi
l cc thnh phn v hi thoi nguyn thy.
Hnh 2.10. Cc phn lp ca TCAP

b. Phn lp giao dch (Transaction Sublayer TSL)
29
n tt nghip i hc
Phn lp giao dch cung cp kh nng gi cc bn tin gia cc TCAP. Cc bn

tin ny c th cha cc thnh phn t phn lp thnh phn. Phn lp ny s dng cc
dch v phi kt ni c cung cp bi NSP. TSL x l mt phn ca bn tin TCAP
c gi l phn giao dch (TP). Khi pht hin ra li trong thnh phn, bn tin s b
loi b v nu gp qu nhiu li th qu trnh giao dch s b loi b.
2.6.2. Cc hot ng ca TCAP
Hot ng ca TCAP l s trao i thng tin gia cc thc th trong lp TCAP
ny hoc l phc v s trao i thng tin ca lp trn nhm cung cp cc dch v
thng minh.
Qu trnh trao i thng tin c khi u khi mt qu trnh ng dng gi n
TCAP mt hm nguyn thy (primitive) v n kt thc do mt qu trnh ng dng gi
n TCAP mt hm nguyn thy khc. Trong mt qu trnh trao i c th c nhiu
hn mt hot ng xy ra. Trong mi hot ng c th c mt hoc nhiu thnh phn.
Cc thnh phn l: yu cu, bo co kt qu, bo li v hy b.
Mt s qu trnh trao i c th c mt hoc nhiu bn tin phc v cho n. Bn
tin y l n v chuyn giao ca lp di. Cc bn tin trong cng mt qu trnh trao
i c cng tham s ID trao i (Transaction ID). Tham s ny phn bit vi cc
bn tin ca qu trnh trao i khc ang ng thi hot ng.
C 2 phng thc trao i thng tin: phng thc 1 chiu v phng thc 2
chiu. Vic la chn phng thc trao i thng tin no l do qu trnh ng dng la
chn khi n khi u mt qu trnh trao i.
30
Chng 3.
TRUYN TI BO HIU S 7 QUA MNG IP SIGTRAN
3.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Cng nghip truyn thng ang tri qua mt giai on bng n theo hng hi t
ca cc dch v. D liu tr nn c ngha hn trong ton b lu lng truyn ti
trn mng so vi lu lng thoi. Cc nh khai thc ang tm cch kt hp gia lu
lng thoi v lu lng d liu, gia cc mng li v cc dch v. Trong s cc gii
php cng ngh c la chn, cng ngh IP hin ang c quan tm vi t cch l
gii php ha hn cho h tr a phng tin xy dng cc dch v tch hp mi.
Hin nay ang din ra s tch hp gia mng chuyn mch knh truyn thng vi
mng IP mi. Cc nh khai thc ang thay th cc mng in thoi c nh v di ng
theo kin trc ton IP v c c h tr giao thc bo hiu s 7. Cng nh IP cho php
cc nh khai thc mng c th m rng mng v xy dng cc dch v mi mt cch
c hiu qu. Thnh phn cc dch v b sung thng dng nh SMS, gp phn vo
s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc mng bo hiu.
Hnh 3.1 Truyn ti bo hiu n gin qua mi trng IP

Mng IP c cc u im ni bt so vi mng trn c s TDM nh sau:
D trin khai: Vi vic s dng gateway bo hiu s khng cn g b mng
SS7 hin c v cc tnh nng nng cao trong tng lai l trong sut.
Gi thnh thit b thp hn: Khng cn u t nhiu i vi cc phn t bo

hiu hin c.
Hiu qu tt hn: S dng SIGTRAN qua IP khng yu cu cc lung vt l
E1/T1 qua mng truyn ti SDH. S dng cng ngh truyn ti IP qua SDH,
IP qua cp quang, c th t thng lng cao hn nhiu.
Bng thng cao hn: Thng tin SIGTRAN qua IP khng buc phi c lin kt
nh trong SS7 v mng IP linh ng hn rt nhiu so vi mng TDM.
Cc dch v nng cao: Trin khai mng li IP to iu kin d dng cho s pht
trin hng lot cc gii php mi v cc dch v gi tr gia tng phong ph.
Cc nh khai thc mng ang mun chuyn dn mng vin thng tin n kin
trc mng IP. Trong khi cha th chuyn ngay ln kin trc mng ton IP th c mng
IP v cc mng chuyn mch knh truyn thng u song song tn ti v cn phi
c kt hp li vo c s h tng mng thng nht. Chc chn rng mch chuyn
mch knh s cn tn ti trong nhiu nm na cng vi cc dch v IP. Kin trc kt
hp c th l gii php tt nht cho hu ht cc nh khai thc v n m bo mc
ri ro thp trong qu trnh pht trin mng hin ti trong khi vn cho php p ng
c cc dch v mi. y l mc ch ca nhiu nhm nghin cu chun ha m
SIGTRAN ca IETF l mt trong s . SIGTRAN a ra m hnh kin trc cho php
mng pht trin tin n mng ton IP. M hnh kin trc ny gm hai thnh phn
mi: SCTP v mt s cc giao thc tng thch ng ngi s dng (nh M2UA, M2PA,
M3UA, SUA) cho php p ng cc phng thc yu cu hi t hai mng ny.
Hnh 3.2. Kin trc mng s dng SIGTRAN
3.2. GII THIU V SIGTRAN

Sigtran l mt nhm cng tc thuc t chc chun ha quc t cho lnh vc
Internet IETF. Mc ch chnh ca nhm l a ra gii php truyn ti bo hiu dng
gi trn mng PSTN qua mng IP, m bo c cc yu cu v chc nng v hiu
nng ca bo hiu PSTN. Nhm phi hp c vi PSTN, cc mng IP cn truyn ti
cc bn tin bo hiu nh bo hiu ng ISDN (Q.931) hay SS7 (nh ISUP, SCCP,
) gia cc nt IP nh gateway bo hiu (SG), b iu khin cng phng tin
(MGC) v cng phng tin (MG) hoc c s d liu IP. Nhm cng tc Sigtran xc
nh mc tiu l:
Cc yu cu v chc nng v hiu nng: Nhm a ra mt s cc lun im
(trong cc RFC) xc nh cc yu cu tnh nng v hiu nng h tr bo
hiu qua cc mng IP. Cc bn tin bo hiu (nht l SS7) c yu cu v tr
v mt gi rt cao phi c m bo nh trong mng in thoi hin ti.
Cc vn v truyn ti: Nhm cng tc a ra RFC nh ngha cc giao
thc truyn ti bo hiu c s dng v nh ngha mi cc giao thc truyn
ti trn c s cc yu cu xc nh trn.
Hnh 3.3. M hnh chng giao thc SIGTRAN

SIGTRAN l mt tp cc tiu chun mi do IETF a ra nhm cung cp mt m
hnh kin trc truyn ti bo hiu s 7 qua mng IP. Kin trc giao thc SIGTRAN
c nh ngha gm ba thnh phn chnh (Hnh 3.3):
Chun IP.
Giao thc truyn ti bo hiu chung SCTP: Giao thc h tr mt tp chung cc
tnh nng truyn ti tin cy cho vic truyn ti bo hiu. c bit, SCTP l
mt giao thc truyn ti mi do IETF a ra.
Cc phn lp thch ng: H tr cc hm nguyn thy xc nh c yu cu bi

mt giao thc ng dng bo hiu ring. Mt vi giao thc phn lp thch ng
mi c nh ngha bi IETF nh: M2UA, M2PA, M3UA, SUA.
3.3. NG LC PHT TRIN GIAO THC TRUYN TI MI
Nh chng ta bit, giao thc truyn ti d liu tin cy chnh i km giao thc
IP thng l TCP. Tuy nhin, do TCP ra i kh lu v c thit k theo kiu giao
thc hng gi nn TCP cng gp mt s hn ch khi s dng cho nhng ng dng
mi. Vi s lng ng dng mi ang tng ln ngy cng nhiu hin nay cho thy
TCP c qu nhiu hn ch. Cc vn gii hn ca TCP th hin gm:
C ch tin cy: TCP cung cp c hai kiu chuyn giao d liu l c ch hi
p v c ch tun t. Mt vi ng dng yu cu chuyn giao thng tin tin
cy m khng cn duy tr th t gi tin, trong khi mt s khc li yu cu p
ng c v th t ca gi d liu. i vi TCP, c hai trng hp ny u gp
phi hin tng nghn u dng gy nn cc tr khng cn thit.
Vn thi gian thc: C ch hi p trong TCP yu cu c mt tr xc
nhn gi tin, iu ny lm cho TCP khng p ng c cc ng dng thi
gian thc.
Cc vn bo mt: TCP rt d b tn cng do c ch bo mt trong TCP
khng cao.
Nhng gii hn cp trn y ca TCP l rt ng phi quan tm khi mun
truyn bo hiu s 7 qua mng IP v do , y l mt ng lc trc tip cho s ra i
ca giao thc SCTP mt giao thc truyn ti mi ca SIGTRAN. SCTP khng ch
gii quyt c vn truyn ti bo hiu trong SIGTRAN m cn c kh nng p
ng cho nhiu ng dng khc.
3.4. GIAO THC IU KHIN LUNG TRUYN TI SCTP
SCTP l mt giao thc truyn ti qua IP mi, tn ti ng mc vi TCP v UDP.
SCTP hin cung cp cc chc nng tng truyn ti cho nhiu ng dng trn c s
Internet. SCTP c IETF a ra v c t trong RFC 2960.
3.4.1. Tng quan v kin trc ca SCTP
V kin trc, SCTP nm gia tng tng thch ngi dng SCTP v tng mng
chuyn gi phi kt ni nh IP, Dch v c bn ca SCTP l chuyn giao tin cy cc
bn tin ca ngi dng gia cc ngi dng SCTP ng mc. SCTP l giao thc
hng kt ni v vy, SCTP thit lp kt ni gia hai im u cui (gi l lin h

trong phin SCTP) trc khi truyn d liu ngi dng ca n.
3.4.2. Tng quan v chc nng ca SCTP
Dch v truyn ti SCTP c th c phn thnh mt s chc nng. Cc chc
nng ny c m t nh sau (Hnh 3.5):
Thit lp v hy b lin kt: Mt lin h c to ra bi mt yu cu t ngi
dng SCTP. C ch cookie c dng trong qu trnh khi to cung cp s
h tr bo v chng li s tn cng.
Phn phi tun t theo cc lung: Ngi dng SCTP c th xc nh s lng
cc lung c h tr trong lin h ti thi im thit lp lin h .
Phn mnh d liu ngi dng: SCTP h tr phn mnh v ti hp cc bn tin
d liu ngi dng m bo cho cc gi tin SCTP truyn xung cc tng
thp hn ph hp vi MTU.
Pht hin v trnh tc nghn: SCTP gn cho mi bn tin d liu ngi dng
(c phn mnh hoc khng) mt s tun t truyn dn (TSN). u cui thu
s xc nhn ton b cc TSN v ngt on (nu c) thu c.
Chunk bundling: Gi tin SCTP c phn phi n tng thp hn bao gm
hai thnh phn l tiu chung v theo sau l mt hoc nhiu chunk. Hnh v
sau y m t kin trc chung ca mt gi SCTP:
Hnh 3.4. Cu trc gi SCTP

Hp thc ha gi tin: Trng Tag l bt buc v 32 bit ca trng CheckSum
nm trong tiu ca SCTP.
Qun l tuyn: Chc nng qun l tuyn SCTP chn a ch truyn ti ch
cho mi gi tin SCTP u ra trn c s ch dn ca ngi dng SCTP v trng
thi hin thi ca cc a ch ch hin ti.
Hnh 3.5. Cc chc nng SCTP

3.4.3. Khun dng tiu chung ca SCTP
Hnh v sau y m t khun dng chung ca tiu gi tin SCTP:
Hnh 3.6. Khun dng tiu SCTP

Trng s th t cng ngun/ch: 16 bt. Ch th s th t cng ca SCTP
gi/nhn.
Trng Tag: 32 bt. Pha thu s dng trng ny xc nhn vi pha gi v
gi tin SCTP ny.
Trng CheckSum: 32 bit. Cha tng kim tra ca gi tin SCTP. SCTP s
dng thut ton Adler-32 tnh ton tng kim tra.
3.5. M2PA
M2PA nh ngha giao thc h tr truyn ti cc bn tin MTP3 ca SS7 qua IP s
dng cc dch v ca SCTP. M2PA cho php qun l cc bn tin MTP3 v kh nng
qun l mng gia hai nt SS7 bt k truyn thng vi nhau thng qua mng IP.
M2PA h tr:
Hot ng ca cc thc th giao thc MTP3 ng mc qua kt ni mng IP.
Ranh gii giao tip MTP2/MTP3, qun l cc lin h truyn ti SCTP v lu
lng lin kt MTP2.
Thng bo khng ng b qun l s thay i trng thi.
c t MTP yu cu mi nt c tng MTP3 phi c mt m im SS7. V vy,
mi im bo hiu IP cng cn phi c m im SS7 ca n.
Hnh 3.7. Vai tr v v tr ca M2PA
Hnh 3.8. Vai tr v v tr M2PA trong mng ton IP
Hnh 3.7 m t mt im bo hiu SS7 kt ni thng qua mt SG, c trang b

h tr cho c mng SS7 v IP, kt ni n mt im bo hiu IP. Hnh 3.8 l mt v d
khc, trong MTP3 c thch ng vi lp SCTP nh s dng M2PA trong kin trc
ton IP.
y, cc im bo hiu IP MTP3 s dng lp M2PA bn di n thay cho
MTP2. Giao tip gia hai lp MTP3 hoc M2PA c nh ngha bi cng cc hm
nguyn thu nh trong giao tip MTP3/MTP2. M2PA thc hin cc chc nng tng
t nh MTP2.
3.6. M2UA
M2UA nh ngha mt giao thc truyn ti cc bn tin bo hiu ca ng dng
MTP2 SS7 (v d MTP3) qua IP s dng SCTP. Ch c ng dng ca MTP2 l MTP3.
M2UA cung cp s h tr cho:
Ranh gii giao tip gia MTP2/MTP3.
Truyn thng gia cc modul qun l tng.
H tr cho qun l cc association tch cc.
Hnh 3.9. Vai tr v v tr ca M2UA

SG mong mun nhn c bo hiu SS7 qua mt thit b kt cui mng SS7
chun, s dng MTP SS7 cung cp truyn ti cc bn tin bo hiu SS7 n v t
mt im du cui bo hiu SS7. Sau , SG cung cp s phi hp hot ng gia cc
chc nng truyn ti vi IP SIGTRAN nhm truyn ti cc bn tin bo hiu MTP3 n
im bo hiu IP ca MTP3 s dng MTP2 ca SG vi t cch l tng thp hn ca
n s dng cc hm nguyn thy tng ng c nh ngha gia cc tng. Truyn

thng MTP3/MTP2 c nh ngha l cc bn tin M2UA v gi qua kt ni IP.
3.7. SO SNH M2PA V M2UA
Hnh 3.7 v 3.9 minh ha mt kin trc m t s khc nhau gia hai giao thc.
Bng 2.1. So snh M2PA v M2UA
c im so snh
M2PA
M2UA
Bn tin d liu MTP3
Truyn ti bn tin MTP3
Giao tip vi MTP3
a ra giao din pha trn vi MTP3
im bo hiu IP truyn ti cc
im bo hiu IP x l cc hm nguyn thy MTP3 n
Cc hm nguyn thy hm nguyn thy MTP3 MTP2 n SG ca MTP2 x
n MTP2
l (thng qua chc nng phi hp
hot ng)
Kiu lin kt
Kt ni im bo hiu IP v SG
Kt ni im bo hiu IP
khng phi l kt ni bo hiu s
vi SG l lin kt bo hiu
7. N l m rng ca MTP2 n
SS7
mt node t xa.
M im
SG l mt node SS7 v c SG khng phi l mt node SS7

m im
v khng c m im
Cc tng cao hn
SG c cc tng SS7 cao hn SG khng c tng SS7 cao hn v

nh SCCP,
n khng c MTP3
Qun l
Cc th tc qun l da vo S dng cc th tc qun l ca

MTP3
M2UA
3.8. M3UA
M3UA nh ngha giao thc h tr truyn ti bo hiu ngi dng MTP3 (v d
nh cc bn tin ISUP/SCCP,) qua IP s dng cc dch v ca SCTP. Giao thc ny
thng c dng gia mt SG v mt MGC hoc c s d liu thng tr IP. M3UA
thch hp vi vic chuyn giao cc bn tin ca bt k phn ngi dng MTP3 no.
Danh sch cc giao thc ny l khng gii hn v bao gm ISUP, SCCP v TUP. Ch
rng cc bn tin ca giao thc TCAP v RANAP c M3UA truyn ti trong sut
di dng ti SCCP bi v l cc giao thc ngi dng ca SCCP.
Tng M3UA cung cp mt tp cc hm nguyn thy tng ng ti tng trn
ca n n cc ngi dng MTP3 ging nh MTP3 cung cp cho cc ngi dng ca
n ti cc u cui bo hiu s 7. Theo cch ny, tng ISUP v/hoc SCCP khng bit
c rng cc dch v MTP3 yu cu c cung cp t xa bi tng MTP3 SG hay l
bi chnh tng MTP3 di n. Tng MTP3 ti mt SG cng c th khng bit c
rng ngi dng ca n thc ra l ngi dng trn n hay l thnh phn ngi dng t
xa qua M3UA. Thc t th M3UA m rng truy nhp n cc dch v MTP3 thnh
ng dng trn c s IP t xa.
Hnh 3.10. Vai tr v v tr ca M3UA

ASP MGC, IP SCP hay IP HLR
V d, hnh 3.10 m t mt SG cha mt thc th ca tng giao thc SS7 SCCP
thc hin chc nng bin dch tiu ton cc SCCP (GTT) i vi cc bn tin nh
a ch n SG SCCP. Nu kt qu ca GTT cho mt m im SS7 ch (DPC) hoc
DPC/a ch s phn h (SSN) ca mt SCCP ng mc t trong min IP, kt qu l
yu cu gi n M3UA nh tuyn ra ngoi n IP ch s dng cc dch v ca
tng SCTP/IP.
Hnh 3.11 l v d trong mng ton IP, cc bn tin SCCP c trao i trc tip
gia hai im bo hiu IP bng cc thc th giao thc ngi dng SCCP nh RANAP
hoc TCAP. y khng c kt ni vi mng SS7 do khng quan tm n thng
tin qun l trng thi mng MTP3 cho SCCP v cc giao thc ngi dng SCCP.
Hnh 3.11. Vai tr v v tr ca M3UA trong kin trc ton IP

3.9. SUA
Hnh 3.12. Vai tr v v tr ca SUA

SUA nh ngha giao thc truyn ti bo hiu ngi dng SCCP SS7 (v d nh
RANAP, TCAP,) qua mng IP s dng cc dch v ca SCTP. Giao thc ny c
thit k dng modul ha v i xng nn cho php lm vic c trong cc kin trc
khc nhau nh kin trc mt SG n im bo hiu IP cng nh kin trc im u
cui bo hiu IP ng mc. SUA h tr cc chc nng sau:
Chuyn giao cc bn tin phn ngi dng SCCP (TCAP, RANAP,).
Dch v phi kt ni SCCP.
Dch v hng kt ni SCCP.
Qun l cc lin h truyn ti SCTP gia cc SG v mt hay nhiu nt bo

hiu IP.
Cc nt bo hiu IP phn tn.
Thng bo khng ng b qun l s thay i trng thi.
ASP-MGC, IP SCP hoc IP HLR
Trong kin trc ny, cc tng SUA v SCCP giao tip trong SG. Nhu cu ca
chng l phi hp gia cc tng SCCP v SUA cung cp ranh gii chuyn giao cc
bn tin ngi dng v bn tin qun l. i vi bn tin n ASP, c hai trng hp:
SG l im u cui: Trong trng hp ny, cc bn tin SCCP phi kt ni c
nh tuyn theo m im v SSN. Phn h xc nh bi SSN v pha ngoi
mng SS7 c xem nh thuc SG. iu ny ngha l nhn t im SS7,
ngi dng SCCP c t ti SG.
SG l im chuyn tip: Mt GTT phi c thc hin ti SG trc khi c th
xc nh c ch ca bn tin. V tr thc t ca ngi dng SCCP khng
lin quan n mng SS7.
Trong kin trc ton IP c th dng cho mt giao thc s dng cc dch v truyn
ti ca SCCP trong mt mng ton IP. iu ny cho php cc mng pht trin linh
ng hn, c bit l khi khng cn tng tc gia cc bo hiu hin thi. Hnh 3.13
m t trng hp ny.
Hnh 3.13. Vai tr v v tr ca SUA trong kin trc ton IP
3.10. SO SNH M3UA V SUA

Nhn chung, chng giao thc s dng SUA l khng phc tp v hiu qu hn so
vi chng giao thc s dng SCCP v M3UA. Bi vy, SUA c th nng cao hiu qu
ca mng li v c th cung cp cc phng tin trin khai d dng hn.
Bng 2.2. So snh gia M3UA v SUA
M3UA
SCCP
phc tp
trong trin khai
SUA
Yu cu im bo hiu h tr
cho cc ng dng khc nhau ca Vn l khng c h tr khi
SCCP khi phi phi hp vi cc dng SUA.
h thng quc gia khc nhau.
M3UA cn cc dch v SCCP.
t nht c mt giao thc tng

trn. Gim phc tp ca nt
mng (trong trin khai cng nh
trong qun l), do , gim chi
ph.
V mt nh
tuyn
Trong M3UA, cc bn tin c SUA cho php mng IP nh

iu khin t m im n m tuyn bn tin theo thng tin
im.
trng tiu ton cc.
V mt a ch
s dng M3UA, mi nt IP
S dng SUA, mi nt IP khng
cn c gn c m im v a
cn c m im.
ch IP.
Cc dch v
ISUP
C h tr.
Khng th h tr c.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Cc giao thc ngang hng
Chng 4.
CC GIAO THC BO HIU V IU KHIN NGANG HNG
4.1. GIAO THC KHI TO PHIN SIP
4.1.1. Cc c im v chc nng ca SIP
4.1.1.1. Cc c im
Theo nh ngha ca IETF, Giao thc khi to phin SIP (Session Initiation
Protocol) l giao thc bo hiu lp ng dng m t vic khi to, thay i v gii
phng cc phin kt ni tng tc a phng tin gia nhng ngi s dng. SIP c
th s dng cho rt nhiu dch v khc nhau trong mng IP nh dch v thng ip
thoi, hi ngh thoi, E-mail, dy hc t xa, qung b (MPEG, MP3...), truy nhp
HTML, XML, hi ngh video...
SIP da trn tng v cu trc ca HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) - giao
thc trao i thng tin ca World Wide Web. N c nh ngha nh mt giao thc
Client-Server, trong cc yu cu c ch gi (Client) a ra v bn b gi (Server)
tr li. SIP s dng mt s kiu bn tin v cc trng mo u ca HTTP, xc nh ni
dung lung thng tin theo mo u thc th (m t ni dung - kiu loi) v cho php
xc nhn cc phng php s dng ging nhau c s dng trn Web. Kinh nghim
trong s dng cc giao thc Internet mail (SMTP) cung cp rt nhiu cho vic pht
trin SIP, trong tp trung vo kh nng thch ng ca bo hiu trong tng lai.
SIP nh ngha cc bn tin INVITE v ACK ging nh bn tin Setup v Connect
trong H.225, trong c hai u nh ngha qu trnh m mt knh ng tin cy m
thng qua cuc gi c th i qua. Tuy nhin khc vi H.225, tin cy ca knh
ny khng ph thuc vo TCP. Vic tch hp tin cy vo lp ng dng ny cho
php kt hp mt cch cht ch cc gi tr iu chnh ng dng, c th ti u ho
VoIP.
Cui cng, SIP da vo giao thc m t phin SDP, mt tiu chun khc ca
IETF, thc hin s sp xp tng t theo c cu chuyn i dung lng ca H.245.
SDP c dng nhn dng m tng i trong nhng cuc gi s dng mt m t
nguyn bn n. SDP cng c s dng chuyn cc phn t thng tin ca giao
thc bo hiu thi gian thc RTSP sp xp cc tham s hi ngh a im v nh
ngha khun dng chung cho nhiu loi thng tin khi c chuyn trong SIP.
n tt nghip i hc
Giao thc SIP c thit k vi nhng tiu ch h tr ti a cho cc giao thc

khc ra i trc . Giao thc SIP n c tch hp vi cc giao thc c ca
t chc IETF, n c kh nng m rng, h tr u cui v vi SIP th vic cung cp
dch v mi tr nn d dng v nhanh chng khi trin khai. SIP c 5 tnh nng sau:
Tch hp vi cc giao thc c ca IETF.
n gin v c kh nng m rng.
H tr ti a s di ng ca u cui.
D dng to tnh nng mi cho dch v v dch v mi.
Kh nng lin kt hot ng vi mng in thoi hin ti.
4.1.1.2. Cc chc nng
SIP l mt giao thc iu khin lp ng dng m n c th thit lp, sa i v
kt thc cc phin truyn thng a phng tin (cc hi ngh) hay cc cuc gi in
thoi qua Internet. SIP c th mi cc thnh vin tham gia vo cc phin truyn thng
n hng hoc a hng; bn khi to phin khng nht thit phi l thnh vin ca
phin . Phng tin v cc thnh vin c th c b sung vo mt phin ang tn
ti.
SIP h tr vic nh x tn v cc dch v chuyn tip mt cch trong sut, v th
n cho php thc hin cc dch v thu bao in thoi ca mng thng minh v mng
ISDN. Nhng tin ch ny cng cho php thc hin cc dch v ca cc thu bao di
ng.
SIP h tr 5 kha cnh ca vic thit lp v kt thc cc truyn thng a phng
tin sau:
nh v ngi dng (User location): xc nh h thng u cui c s dng
trong truyn thng.
Cc kh nng ngi dng (User capabilities): xc nh phng tin v cc
thng s phng tin c s dng.
Tnh kh dng ngi dng (User Availability): xc nh s sn sng ca bn
c gi tin hnh truyn thng.
Thit lp cuc gi (Call setup): chung, thit lp cc thng s ca cuc
gi ti c hai pha b gi v ch gi.
X l cuc gi (Call handling): bao gm chuyn ti v kt thc cuc gi.
n tt nghip i hc
4.1.2. Cc khi nim v cc thnh phn ca h thng SIP

4.1.2.1. Cc khi nim
Phn ny a ra mt s thut ng lin quan n cc quy tc c s dng bi cc
thnh vin trong cc truyn thng SIP:
Call: Mt cuc gi bao gm tt c cc thnh vin s dng mt ti nguyn chung trong
mt hi ngh. Mt cuc gi SIP c nhn dng bi mt nhn dng cuc gi (call
ID) duy nht. Do , mt v d l nu mt ngi s dng c mi vo phin
truyn thng a hng bi ng thi mt vi ngi, th mi mt li mi ny s l
mt cuc gi duy nht.
Call leg: Mt call leg c nhn dng bng s kt hp ca trng mo u Call ID
v a ch xc nh, th ca cc trng mo u To v From.
Client: l mt chng trnh ng dng gi cc yu cu SIP. Cc Client c th hoc
khng th tng tc mt cch trc tip vi mt ngi s dng. Cc User agent
(UA) v cc Proxy cha cc client (v cc Server).
Conference (hi ngh): l mt phin truyn thng a phng tin c nhn bit bi
mt s m t phin chung. Mt hi ngh c th khng c hoc c nhiu thnh
vin v bao gm nhng trng hp ca mt hi ngh a phng, hi ngh nhiu
mt li (full mesh) v mt cuc gi in thoi hai bn, cng nh cc hn
hp ca cc trng hp ny. Bao nhiu cuc gi cng c th c s dng to
ra mt hi ngh.
Downstream (lung xung): gm cc yu cu c gi trc tip t pha ch gi n
pha b gi (ngha l t UA Client n UA Server).
Final response (phc p cui cng): l mt phc p kt thc mt phin giao dch
SIP, tri li mt phc p tm thi khng kt thc mt phin giao dch SIP. Tt
c cc phc p: 2xx, 3xx, 4xx, 5xx v 6xx u l cc phc p cui cng.
Initiator, calling party, caller (Bn khi to, bn ang gi, ngi gi): L bn khi
to mt li mi phin. Ch rng bn ang gi khng phi l bn to ra hi ngh.
Invitation (li mi): L mt yu cu c gi n mt ngi s dng (hay mt dch
v) yu cu tham gia vo mt phin. Mt li mi SIP thnh cng gm 2 giao
dch: mt yu cu INVITE c theo sau bi mt yu cu ACK.
Invitee, invited user, called party, callee (bn c mi, ngi b gi): L ngi hay
dch v m bn ang gi ang mi tham gia vo mt hi ngh.
n tt nghip i hc
Yu cu hay phc p ng hnh: Hai yu cu hoc hai phc p c nh ngha l

ng hnh theo cc ca ti liu ny nu chng c cng cc gi tr trong cc
trng mo u ca Call ID, To, From v Cseq. Thm vo , cc yu cu
ng hnh phi c cng Request URI v cng thng s nhnh trong trng mo
u Via ca chng.
Location server (my ch nh v): chi tit phn dch v nh v.
Location service (dch v nh v): Mt dch v nh v c s dng bi mt SIP
redirect hay proxy server c c thng tin v cc v tr c th c ca ngi b
gi. Cc v d v cc ti nguyn ca thng tin nh v gm cc ng k SIP, cc
c s d liu hay cc giao thc ng k di ng. Cc dch v nh v c a ra
bi cc my ch nh v. Cc my ch nh v c th l mt phn ca mt my
ch SIP, nhng cch thc m mt my ch SIP yu cu cc dch v nh v nm
ngoi phm vi ca ti liu ny.
Outbound proxy: L mt proxy nm gn ni to ra cc yu cu. N nhn tt c cc
yu cu i ra t mt UAC c th, cc Request URL ca cc yu cu ny nhn
dng mt host khng phi l outbound proxy. Sau bt k mt x l cc b no,
outbound proxy s gi nhng yu cu ny n cc a ch c ch ra trong
Request URL. (Tt c cc proxy server khc u c xem xt mt cch n
gin nh l cc proxy, ch khng phi l cc inbound proxy).
Parallel search (tm kim song song): Trong mt tm kim song song, mt proxy a
ra mt vi yu cu n cc v tr c th c ca ngi s dng trong khi nhn mt
yu cu u vo. Hn l a ra mt yu cu v sau i cho n khi nhn c
phc p cui cng trc khi a ra mt yu cu k tip nh trong mt tm kim
tun t, mt tm kim song song a ra cc yu cu m khng cn i kt qu
ca cc yu cu trc .
Provisional response (phc p tm thi): L mt phc p c s dng bi my
ch ch th tin trnh nhng n khng kt thc mt giao dch SIP. Phc p
1xx l phc p tm thi, cc phc p khc l cc phc p cui cng.
Proxy, proxy server: L mt chng trnh trung gian hot ng c nh l mt my
ch v mt my khch cho mc ch to ra cc yu cu vi t cch ca cc my
khch khc. Cc yu cu c cung cp mt cch ni b hoc a chng qua cc
my ch khc sau nhng bin dch cn thit. Mt proxy bin dch v nu cn thit
n ghi li mt bn tin yu cu trc khi chuyn tip bn tin . V d, cc proxy
n tt nghip i hc
server c s dng nh tuyn cc yu cu, thc thi cc chnh sch, iu

khin cc tng la.
Redirect server: Mt redirect server l mt my ch m n nhn mt yu cu SIP,
nh x a ch hin c thnh mt s a ch mi v gi tr li cc a ch ny cho
my khch. Khng ging nh mt proxy server, n khng khai bo yu cu SIP
ca bn thn n. Khng ging nh mt UA Server, n khng chp nhn cc cuc
gi.
Registrar (trm ng k): Mt trm ng k l mt my ch m n nhn cc yu cu
REGISTER. Mt trm ng k c nh v chung vi mt proxy hoc redirect
server v c th to ra sn sng thng tin ca n thng qua my ch nh v
(location server).
Ringback (hi m chung): Hi m chung l chung bo hiu c to ra bi ng
dng ca my khch pha gi ch ra rng bn b gi ang c thng bo (
chung).
Server (my ch): Mt my ch l mt chng trnh ng dng m n nhn cc yu
cu x l v gi tr li cc p ng cho nhng yu cu . Cc my ch l cc
proxy, redirect, UAS hoc registrar.
Session (phin): T nh ngha SDP: Mt phin truyn thng a phng tin l mt
tp cc pha gi v nhn a phng tin v cc lung d liu t pha gi n pha
nhn. Mt hi ngh a phng tin l mt v d ca mt phin truyn thng a
phng tin. Nh c nh ngha, mt bn b gi c th c mi tham gia
cng 1 phin mt vi ln bi cc cuc gi khc nhau. Nu SDP c s dng,
mt phin c nh ngha bng s ghp ni ca cc phn t: tn ngi dng, ID
ca phin, kiu mng, kiu a ch v a ch trong cc trng gc.
(SIP) transaction (giao dch SIP): Mt giao dch SIP xut hin gia mt my khch
v mt my ch v bao gm tt c cc bn tin t yu cu u tin c gi t
my khch n my ch cho n phc p cui cng c gi t my ch v
my khch. Mt giao dch c nhn bit bi chui s Cseq trong mt call leg
n l. Yu cu ACK c cng chui s Cseq vi yu cu INVITE tng ng,
nhng bao gm mt giao dch ca ring n.
Stateless Proxy (proxy phi trng thi): L mt thc th logic m n khng duy tr
trng thi ca mt phin giao dch SIP. Mt proxy phi trng thi chuyn tip tt
c cc yu cu n nhn ng xung v tt c cc phc p n nhn ng
ln.
n tt nghip i hc
Stateful Proxy (proxy trng thi): L mt thc th logic duy tr thng tin trng thi
ca t nht mt giao dch SIP.
Upstream (ng ln): Cc phc p c gi trc tip t my ch UA n my
khch UA.
URL encoded (m URL): L mt chui k t c m ho theo RFC 1738.
User agent client (UAC): Mt UAC l mt ng dng khch khi u mt yu cu SIP
User agent server (UAS): Mt UAS l mt ng dng ch m n giao tip vi ngi
s dng khi mt yu cu SIP c nhn v n gi tr li mt phc p cho ngi
s dng . Phc p chp nhn, t chi hoc chuyn tip yu cu .
User agent (UA): Mt ng dng hot ng c nh UAC v UAS.
Cc Proxy, Redirect, Location v Registrar Server c nh ngha trn l cc
thc th logic; cc s thc thi c th kt hp chng thnh mt chng trnh ng dng
n nht. Cc thuc tnh ca cc kiu my ch SIP khc nhau c cho trong bng 4.1.
Bng 4.1. Cc thuc tnh ca cc kiu my ch SIP khc nhau
4.1.2.2. Cc thnh phn ca h thng SIP

Xt trn quan im Client / Server, cc thnh phn chnh ca mt h thng SIP
bao gm (Hnh 4.1):
u cui SIP (UAC/UAS).
Proxy server.
Location server.
Redirect server.
Registrar server.
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 4.1. Cu trc ca h thng SIP

User Agent l thit b u cui trong mng SIP, n c th l mt my in thoi
SIP hay mt my tnh chy phn mm u cui SIP. UA c th khi to, thay i hay
gii phng cuc gi. Trong phn bit hai loi UA: UAC (User Agent Client) v
UAS (User Agent Server). UAC l mt thc th thc hin vic khi to mt cuc gi
cn UAS l mt thc th thc hin vic nhn cuc gi. Nhng c UAC v UAS u c
th gii phng cuc gi.
Proxy Server l phn mm trung gian hot ng c nh Server v c nh Client
thc hin cc yu cu thay th cho cc u cui khc. Tt c cc yu cu c x l
ti ch bi Proxy Server (nu c th) hoc n chuyn n cho cc my ch khc.
Trong trng hp Proxy Server khng trc tip p ng cc yu cu ny th Proxy
Server s thc hin khu chuyn i hoc dch sang khun dng thch hp trc khi
chuyn i.
Location Server l phn mm nh v thu bao, cung cp thng tin v nhng v
tr c th ca pha b gi cho cc phn mm Proxy Server v Redirect Server.
Redirect Server l phn mm nhn yu cu SIP v chuyn i a ch SIP sang
mt s a ch khc v gi li nhng a ch ny cho u cui. Khng ging nh Proxy
Server, Redirect Server khng bao gi hot ng nh mt u cui, tc l khng gi
i bt c mt yu cu no. Redirect Server cng khng thc hin vic chp nhn hay
hu cuc gi.
Registrar Server l phn mm nhn cc yu cu ng k Register. Trong nhiu
trng hp Registrar Server m nhim lun mt s chc nng an ninh nh xc nhn
ngi s dng. Thng thng Registrar Server c ci t cng vi Proxy hoc
n tt nghip i hc
Redirect Server hoc cung cp dch v nh v thu bao. Mi ln u cui c bt

ln (th d my in thoi hoc phn mm SIP) th u cui li ng k vi Server.
Nu u cui cn thng bo vi Server v a im ca mnh th bn tin Register
c gi i. Ni chung cc u cui u thc hin vic ng k li mt cch nh k.
4.1.3. Khi qut v hot ng ca SIP
Trong hi thoi SIP, mi bn tham gia (bn ch gi v bn b gi) c gn mt
a ch SIP hay cn gi l SIP URL. Ngi s dng phi ng k v tr ca h vi SIP
Server. to mt cuc gi SIP, pha ch gi nh v ti my phc v thch ng v
sau gi mt yu cu SIP. Hot ng SIP thng xuyn nht l li mi cc thnh
vin tham gia hi thoi. Thnh phn Register ng vai tr tip nhn cc yu cu ng
k t UA v lu tr cc thng tin ny ti mt dch v phi SIP (Non-SIP).
4.1.3.1. a ch SIP
Cc i tng c nh a ch bi SIP l cc ngi s dng ti cc trm,
nhng ngi s dng ny dc nh danh bng mt SIP URL. SIP URL c dng
user@host. Phn user l mt tn ca ngi s dng hay tn ca mt my in thoi.
Phn host c th l mt tn min hoc mt a ch mng.
SIP URL c dng trong cc bn tin SIP thng bo v ni gi (From), ch
hin thi (Request URI) v ni nhn cui cng (To) ca mt yu cu SIP v ch r a
ch gin tip. Mt SIP URL c th gn vo mt trang Web hoc nhng siu lin kt
(Hyperlink) khc thng bo rng ngi dng hoc dch v c th gi thng qua SIP.
Mt a ch SIP URL c th ch r mt c nhn (c th c nh v ti mt trong
cc h thng u cui), ngi kh dng u tin t mt nhm cc c nhn hoc ton
b mt nhm. V d, khun dng a ch: sip: sales@example.com ni chung l khng
quyt nh mc ch ca ngi gi.
4.1.3.2. Qu trnh nh v ti my ch SIP
Khi mt Client mun gi i mt yu cu, Client s gi bn tin yu cu ti SIP
Proxy Server (nh trong HTTP), hoc ti a ch IP v cng tng ng trong a ch
ca yu cu SIP (Request-URI). Trng hp u, yu cu c gi ti SIP Proxy
Server khng ph thuc vo a ch ca yu cu l nh th no. Vi trng hp
sau, Client phi xc nh giao thc, cng v a ch IP ca Server m yu cu c gi
n.
Mt Client thc hin cc bc tip theo c c nhng thng tin ny. Ti mi
bc, tr cc trng thi khc, Client c gng lin lc vi Server theo s cng c ch
n tt nghip i hc
ra trong a ch yu cu SIP (Request-URI). Nu khng c s cng no ch ra trong

Request-URI, Client s s dng a ch cng mc nh l 5060. Nu Request-URI ch
r l s dng giao thc TCP hay UDP, Client s lm vic vi Server theo giao thc .
Nu khng c giao thc no c ch ra th Client c gng dng giao thc UDP (nu
khng h tr TCP) hoc s dng giao thc TCP cho hot ng ca mnh (ch c h
tr TCP m khng c h tr UDP).
Client c gng tm mt hay nhiu a ch cho SIP Server bng vic truy vn DNS
(Domain Name System) theo cc th tc sau:
1) Nu a ch Host trong a ch Request-URI l mt a ch IP th Client lm
vic vi Server bng a ch c a ra. Nu khng phi l mt a ch
IP, Client thc hin bc tip theo.
2) Client a ra cu hi ti DNS Server v bn ghi a ch cho a ch Host trong
a ch Request-URI. DSN s tr v mt bn ghi danh sch cc a ch. Lc
vic la chn mt trong cc a ch ny l ty . Cn nu DNS Server khng
a ra bn ghi a ch, Client s kt thc hot ng, c ngha n khng thc
hin c vic nh v my ch. Nh bn ghi a ch, s la chn tip theo
cho giao thc mng ca Client c nhiu kh nng thnh cng hn. Mt qu
trnh thc hin thnh cng l qu trnh c mt bn ghi cha trong phn tr li
v Server lm vic mt trong nhng a ch cha trong tr li .
4.1.3.3. Giao dch SIP
Khi c a ch IP ca SIP Server th yu cu s c gi i theo tng vn chuyn
giao thc TDP hay UDP. Client gi mt hoc nhiu yu cu SIP n my ch v
nhn li mt hoc nhiu cc phc p t my ch. Mt yu cu cng vi cc phc p
c to ra bi yu cu to thnh mt giao dch SIP. Tt c cc phc p cho mt
yu cu mang cng cc gi tr trong cc trng: Call ID, Cseq, To, v From. Yu
cu ACK xc nh s nhn mt phc p INVITE khng l mt phn ca giao dch v
n c th di chuyn gia mt tp cc host khc nhau. Mi cuc gi trong SIP c
nh danh bi mt trng nh danh cuc gi (Call-ID).
Mt yu cu phi cn c thng tin gi i t u (From) v ti u (To). Trng
From v To u c cu trc theo khun dng SIP-URL. Trng CSeq lu tr thng tin
v phng thc s dng trong phin, trng CSeq c dng:
CSeq = CSeq: DIGIT Method
Trong DIGIT l s nguyn khng du 32 bit.
n tt nghip i hc
Nu mt giao thc iu khin lung tin cy c s dng, yu cu v cc phc

p trong mt giao dch n l c mang trn cng kt ni. Mt vi yu cu SIP t
cng my khch n cng my ch c th s dng cng kt ni hoc c th s dng
mt kt ni mi cho mi yu cu.
Nu mt client gi yu cu thng qua mt giao thc datagram n hng nh
UDP th cc UA thu s nh hng phc p theo thng tin cha trong cc trng mo
u Via. Mi proxy server trong tuyn chuyn tip ca yu cu chuyn tip phc p
s dng cc trng mo u Via ny.
4.1.3.4. Li mi SIP
Mt li mi SIP thnh cng gm hai yu cu INVITE v ACK. Yu cu INVITE
thc hin li mi mt thnh vin tham gia hi thoi. Khi pha b gi ng tham gia,
pha ch gi xc nhn nhn mt bn tin p ng bng cch gi i mt yu cu
ACK. Nu pha ch gi khng mun mi thnh vin tham gia cuc gi na n s gi
yu cu BYE thay cho ACK.
Thng ip INVITE cha thnh phn m t phin (SDP) v phng thc tin
hnh trao i ng vi phin . Vi cc phin a hng, phn m t phin lit k kiu
v khun dng ca cc phng tin (Media) phn phi cho phin hi thoi. Vi mt
phin n hng, phn m t phin lit k kiu v khun dng ca cc phng tin m
pha ch gi mun s dng v ni nhng d liu mun gi i.
Trng hp my phc v y quyn (Proxy Server):
Proxy Server (PS) tip nhn li mi INVITE.
PS tra cu thng tin dch v nh v ngoi SIP.
PS nhn thng tin to ra a ch chnh xc.
PS to li INVITE trong trng Request URI v chuyn tip.
UAS thng bo b gi.
PS nhn p ng chp nhn 200 OK t UAS.
PS tr v kt qu thnh cng cho ch gi.
Ch gi gi thng bo xc nhn ACK.
Yu cu xc nhn c chuyn tip qua PS.
n tt nghip i hc
Ch : Mt ACK c th c gi trc tip n User c gi qua Proxy. Tt

c cc yu cu v p ng phi c cng Call-ID.
Trng hp my phc v gin tip (Redirect Server):
PS tip nhn li mi INVITE.
Lin lc vi dch v nh v.
Tr li a ch ch gi.
Ch gi gi thng bo xc nhn ACK n PS.
Ch gi to mt yu cu mi cng mt Call-ID nhng c CSeq cao hn
ti a ch tr li bi Server u tin.
B gi gi p ng chp nhn 200 OK.
Ch gi gi thng bo xc nhn ACK.
4.1.3.5. nh v ngi dng
Mt i tng b gi c th di chuyn gia mt s cc h thng u cui khc
nhau theo thi gian. Mt my ch nh v cng c th s dng mt hay nhiu giao thc
khc nhau xc nh h thng u cui m ti mt ngi s dng c th lin lc.
Mt my ch nh v c th a ra mt vi v tr v ngi s dng c ng nhp vo
ti mt vi host ng thi hoc bi v my ch nh v li. My ch SIP kt hp cc
kt qu a ra mt danh sch cc v tr.
i vi tng kiu SIP Server th hot ng sau khi nhn c danh sch cc v tr
khc nhau l khc nhau. Mt SIP Redirect Server s tr li danh sch a ch cho
Client vi cc mo u Contact. Mt SIP proxy server c th th ln lt hoc song
song cc a ch cho n khi cuc gi thnh cng (phc p 2xx) hoc bn b gi t
chi cuc gi (phc p 6xx).
Nu mt proxy server chuyn tip mt yu cu SIP, n phi b sung a ch ca
n vo v tr bt u ca danh sch cc trm chuyn tip c ghi trong cc mo u
Via. Du vt Via m bo rng cc tr li c th i theo cng tuyn theo hng
ngc li, vic m bo hot ng chnh xc nh tun theo cc tng la v trnh lp
li yu cu. hng phc p, mi host phi xo b Via ca n, do thng tin nh
tuyn ni b c che khut i vi pha b gi v cc mng bn ngoi.
4.1.3.6. Thay i mt phin hin ti
n tt nghip i hc
Trong mt vi trng hp, cn phi thay i cc thng s ca phin hi thoi

hin ti. Vic c thc hin bi vic pht li cc yu cu INVITE. Cc yu cu
INVITE c cng trng Call-ID nhng c trng mo u v trng bn tin khc
vi yu cu ban u mang thng tin mi. Cc bn tin INVITE phi c ch s
CSeq cao hn cc yu cu trc. V d: c hai thnh vin ang hi thoi v mun c
thm mt ngi th ba tham gia. Mt trong hai thnh vin s mi thnh vin th ba
tham gia vi mt a ch a hng (Multicast) mi v ng thi gi mt bn tin
INVITE n thnh vin th hai vi trng miu t phin a hng nhng c trng
Call-ID c.
4.1.4. Cc loi bn tin SIP
SIP l giao thc dng Text s dng b k t ISO 10646 trong m ho UTF-8
(RFC 2279). iu ny to cho SIP tnh linh hot, m rng v d thc thi cc ngn ng
lp trnh cp cao nh Java, Tol, Perl. C php ca SIP gn ging vi giao thc HTTP,
n cho php dng li m v n gin ha s lin kt ca cc my phc v SIP vi cc
my phc v Web. Tuy nhin, SIP khng phi l mt dng m rng ca HTTP. Khc
vi HTTP, SIP c th s dng giao thc UDP.
Bn tin SIP c chia lm hai loi: Bn tin yu cu t Client ti Server v bn tin
p ng t Server tr li cho Client:
SIP-message = Request/ Response
4.1.4.1. Bn tin yu cu (Request)
Bn tin Request c khun dng gm hai phn c bn: Request-line v phn mo
u-header (vi 3 loi header):
Request=Request-line*(General-header/Request-header/ Entity-header)
CLRF
[message-body]
Trong thnh phn Request-line cha tn phng thc, mt Request URI v
s phin bn ca giao thc. Cc thnh phn c ngn cch vi nhau bng mt khong
trng (SP). Cng nh cc dng khc, dng khi u c kt thc bng mt k t
xung dng (CRLF).
Request-line = Method SP Request-URI SP SIP-Version
Trong :
n tt nghip i hc
Method (Phng thc SIP): SIP nh ngha 6 phng thc c bn nh trong

bng 4.2.
Request-URI: Trng Request-URI c khun dng theo SIP URL. N thng
bo cho User hoc dch v v a ch hin ti. Khc vi trng To,
Request-URI c th c ghi li bi Proxy (trng hp my phc v y
quyn).
SIP Version: Phin bn SIP l cc bn SIP c a ra cc ln khc nhau. C
hai bn tin Request v Response u cha phin bn ca SIP c s dng
SIP Version. Hin ti phin bn SIP l 2.0.
Bng 4.2. Cc phng thc SIP
INVITE
ACK
OPTIONS
BYE
CANCEL
REGISTER
Mi thnh vin tham gia hi thoi.

Yu cu xc nhn nhn c p ng chp nhn
(OK) cho yu cu INVITE.
Hi kh nng ca my phc v SIP.
Yu cu gii phng cuc gi
Hy b yu cu sp c thc hin vi cng gi tr
trong cc trng Call_ID, From, To, Cseq ca yu cu
bng cch ngng qu trnh tm kim bo hiu.
ng k danh sch a ch lin h ca ngi dng vi
my phc v.
4.1.4.2. Bn tin phc p (Response)

Sau khi nhn v thng dch mt bn tin yu cu, pha nhn thc hin tr li bng
mt bn tin phc p.
Khun dng bn tin cng gm hai phn c bn: Status-line v phn mo u
header (vi 3 loi header):
Response = Status-line *(General-header/ Response-header/ Entity-header)
CLRF
[message-body]
Trong thnh phn Status-line c cu trc sau: (SP l k t phn cch):
Status-line = SIP-Version SP status-code SP Reason-phrase
SIP Version: Cng ging nh trong bn tin Request.
Status-code v Reason-phrase: Status-code l mt m kt qu nguyn gm 3
digit, ch ra kt qu ca vic c gng thc hin v mc tha mn yu cu.
Reason-Phrase th dng a ra mt li gii thch ngn cho Status-code.
n tt nghip i hc
Status-code mc ch l s dng cho Server cn Reason-phrase l dng

cho User. Client khng th yu cu hin th hay kim tra Reason-phrase.
Status-code gm 3 digit. Digit u tin nh ngha loi p ng, hai digit sau
khng c vai tr phn loi. SIP 2.0 nh ngha 6 gi tr ca digit u tin nh sau:
Bng 4.3. Cc m trng thi SIP
1xx
2xx
3xx
4xx
5xx
6xx
Tm kim, bo hiu, sp hng i

Thnh cng
Chuyn tip yu cu
Li pha ngi dng
Li pha Server
Li chung: ng dy ang bn, t chi,.
M p ng SIP c th m rng c. Cc ng dng SIP khng yu cu phi

hiu r v ngha ca tt c m p ng c ng k m ch cn hiu cc loi m
p ng, ngha ca digit u tin.
4.1.4.3. Cu trc bn tin SIP
C hai loi bn tin trn u s dng chung mt nh dng c bn c quy nh
trong RFC 2822 vi cu trc gm mt dng khi u (start line), mt s trng tiu
v mt phn thn bn tin tu chn (hnh 4.2). Cu trc ny c tm tt nh sau:
generic-message = start-line
*message-header
CRLF
[ message-body ]
Vi
start-line = Request-Line / Status-Line
Hnh 4.2. Cu trc bn tin SIP

Trong , dng bt u, cc dng tiu hay cc dng trng phi c kt thc
bng mt k t xung dng (CRLF) v phi lu rng dng trng vn phi c ngn
cch phn tiu v phn thn ca bn tin ngay c khi phn thn bn tin l rng.
n tt nghip i hc
Start line: Mi bn tin SIP c bt u vi mt Start Line, Start Line vn

chuyn loi bn tin (phng thc trong cc Request, v m p ng trong cc
bn tin p ng) v phin bn ca giao thc. Start line c th l Request-Line
(trong cc request) hoc l Status-Line (trong cc response).
Headers: Cc trng Hearder ca SIP c s dng vn chuyn cc thuc

tnh ca bn tin v thay i ngha ca bn tin. Chng tng t nh cc
trng tiu ca bn tin HTTP theo c c php v ng ngha (thc t c mt
vi tiu c mn t HTTP) cho nn chng lun c khun dng nh sau:
<Name>:< Value>.
Th t cc trng tiu khc tn l khng quan trng (nhng cc tiu m

c s dng nh tuyn bi cc proxy s c t trc). Th t cc tiu
c cng tn l quan trng.
Tiu bn tin bao gm bn loi:
Tiu chung.
Tiu Request.
Tiu Response.
Tiu thc th.
Body: Thn bn tin c s dng m t phin c khi to (v d: trong
mt phin multimedia phn ny s mang loi m ha audio v video, tc
ly mu ), hoc n c th c s dng mang d liu di dng text
hoc nh phn (khng c dch) m lin quan n phin . Phn thn bn
tin c th xut hin trong c bn tin yu cu v p ng. Cc loi Body bao
gm:
SDP: Session Description Protcol.
MIME: Multipurpose Internet Mail Extentions.
Cc phn khc: c nh ngha trong IETF.
4.1.5. nh gi SIP
SIP l giao thc c c t chc IETF a ra. N ra i vi mc ch n
gin ho c ch bo hiu v iu khin cuc gi cho VoIP. SIP l giao thc
dng text, cc lnh SIP c cu trc n gin cc thit b u cui d dng
phn tch v sa i.
n tt nghip i hc
Cc u im ni bt ca SIP l:
- Tnh m rng mt cch t nhin ca giao thc cho php d dng nh
ngha v thi hnh trong tng lai.
- Cho php to cc thit b u cui mt cch n gin v d dng m vn
m bo chi ph thp.
Tuy nhin SIP vn cn c cc nhc im:
- SIP l giao thc rt mi, cn c tip tc hon thin.
- N ch cp ti mt phm vi hp trong ton b phin truyn thng nn
cn phi c kt hp vi cc giao thc khc trong qu trnh xy dng
mt h thng hon chnh.
- Kh nng giao tip vi mng chuyn mch knh km.
4.2. H.323
4.2.1. Tng quan v H.323
Khuyn ngh H.323 u tin (phin bn 1) c ra i vo thng 5/1996, do T
chc Vin Thng Quc T ITU (International Telecommunication Union) ph chun.
H.323 nh ngha cch thc truyn m thanh, d liu v hnh nh thi gian thc qua
cc mng LAN, WAN.
Vi s pht trin mnh m ca thoi gi v thoi IP, phin bn 2 ca H.323 ra
i, n b sung s m t cc thnh phn cu thnh h thng, cc thng bo, th tc
cho cc cuc gi a phng thc thi gian thc c thit lp gia hai hoc nhiu hn
cc thc th giao tip trn mng gi.
Khuyn ngh H.323 v mt h thng truyn thng a phng tin trn nn IP
mang tnh cht ton din, linh hot. N h tr vic s dng cc chun truyn thng
c sn nh cc chun nn, Q931.V vy ta c th xy dng cc ng dng a phng
thc, km c d liu v thoi. Cc ng dng H.323 c th trng ho do nhng
nguyn nhn sau:
H.323 thit lp cc chun truyn thng da trn nn sn c l mng IP. N
cng c thit k b c tr trn mng LAN, cho php ngi s
dng cc ng dng a phng thc m khng cn thay i nn mng trc
.
n tt nghip i hc
rng di thng mng LAN nh Ethernet ngy cng tng, t 10 n 100

Mbps ti tn Gbps v tc my tnh c nhn hin thi cng t ti tc
x l GHz.
Bng vic cung cp tnh tng tc gia thit b ti thit b, ng dng ti ng
dng, i l ti i l, H.323 cho php tng thch gia cc sn phm khc
nhau.
H.323 cung cp chun giao tip c gia cc mng LAN v cc mng
khc.
Vi H.323, nh qun l mng c th tit kim c gii thng trn mng m
cn thit cho truyn thng. Vic h tr a pht p trong hi thoi vi s
thnh vin nh cng gim bt c yu cu gii thng.
H.323 c chp nhn bi rt nhiu cc cng ty my tnh, t chc vin thng
hng u nh ITU, Intel, Microsoft, Cisco, IBM thng nht v mt chun
chung.
Khuyn ngh H.323 bao gm c cc yu cu v dch v giao tip thoi v hnh
nh trong mng LAN m khng c c ch m bo v cht lng dch v (QoS). N
cng kt hp cht ch vi chun T.120 ch nh d liu cho cuc hi thoi.
4.2.2. Kin trc mng v cc thnh phn ca H.323
Hnh 4.3. Kin trc mng v cc thnh phn H.323

H.323 nh ngha 4 thnh phn chnh ca h thng giao tip:
4.2.2.1. u cui H.323
n tt nghip i hc
L cc im u cui trong mng LAN. Terminal n thun l my tnh c nhn

hoc mt thit b c lp no h tr giao tip hai chiu thi gian thc vi cc my
trm khc qua thoi v d liu. Mi Terminal phi m bo tnh tng thch vi cc
loi mng khc nhau. Cc thnh phn bt buc v tu chn ca n c m t trn
hnh 4.4.
Cc u cui H.323 phi h tr cc giao thc sau:
H.245 cho vic chuyn i dung lng ca u cui v cho vic to lp mt
knh truyn thng.
H.225 cho vic bo hiu v thit lp cuc gi.
RAS cho vic khai bo v cc iu khin cho php khc vi mt Gatekeeper.
RTP/RTCP cho vic sp xp thnh dy cc gi tin thoi v hnh nh.
Cc u cui H.323 cng phi h tr G.711 v kt ni c bn ti thiu ca H.323
l thoi. Cc thnh phn tu chn trong mt u cui H.323 l cc Codec cho hnh
nh, giao thc T-120 cho hi ngh d liu, v MCU cho kh nng hi ngh a im.
Hnh 4.4. u cui H.323
n tt nghip i hc
4.2.2.2. Cng phng tin (GW)
Hnh 4.5. Cu to GW
Mt GW cung cp kh nng kt ni gia mt mng H.323 vi cc mng khc. V
d nh: mt GW c th kt ni lin lc gia mt u cui H.323 vi cc mng SCN
(SCN bao gm tt c cc mng chuyn mch thoi nh kiu PSTN). Kh nng kt ni
cc mng khc nhau ny c thc hin bi vic phin dch giao thc cho vic thit
lp v gii phng cuc gi, bng vic chuyn i cc nh dng truyn thng gia cc
mng khc nhau, v bng vic trao i thng tin gia cc mng m kt ni bi GW.
Tuy nhin vic kt ni gia cc u cui H.323 s khng i hi s c mt ca mt
GW (Hnh 4.5).
4.2.2.3. Gim st cng truyn thng (GK)
Mt vng H.323 (zone) trn c s mng IP l tp hp ca tt c cc u cui.
Trong , mi u cui c gn vi mt b danh. Mi min c qun tr bi mt
GK duy nht, l trung tm u no, ng vai tr gim st mi hot ng trong min
. y l thnh phn tu chn trong h thng VoIP theo chun H.323. Tuy nhin nu
c mt GK trong mng th cc u cui H.323 v cc GW phi hot ng theo cc
dch v ca GK . Mi thng tin trao i ca GK u c nh ngha trong RAS.
Mi ngi dng ti u cui c GK gn cho mt mc u tin duy nht. Mc u tin
ny rt cn thit cho c ch bo hiu cuc gi m cng mt lc nhiu ngi s dng.
H.323 nh ngha c nhng tnh cht bt buc ti thiu phi c cho GK v cc nhng
c tnh tu chn .
n tt nghip i hc
Cc chc nng bt buc ti thiu ca mt GK gm: Phin dch a ch, iu

khin cho php truy nhp, iu khin di thng, qun l vng.
Cc chc nng tu chn ca GK gm c: Bo hiu iu khin cuc gi, cp
php cho cuc gi, qun l cuc gi
Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt GK c m t trn hnh 4.6. Vai tr v tr ca GK
nh hnh 4.7.
GK hot ng hai ch :
Ch trc tip: GK ch c nhim v cung cp a ch ch m khng tham
gia vo cc hot ng kt ni khc.
Ch chn ng: GK l thnh phn trung gian, chuyn tip mi thng tin
trao i gia cc bn.
Hnh 4.6. Cu trc GK
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 4.7. Vai tr v v tr ca GK

Cc chc nng ca Gatekeeper c trnh by trong bng di y:
Bng 4.4. Cc chc nng Gatekeeper

Chc nng
Bin dch a ch
(Address Translation)
iu khin quyn truy

nhp
(Admission Control)
iu khin bng thng

(Bandwidth Control)
Bo hiu iu khin cuc

gi
(Call Control Signaling)
Qun l bng thng
nh ngha
Ngi gi thng khng bit a ch IP ti u cui
ca ngi nghe m ch bit b danh ca ngi .
thit lp cuc gi th Gatekeeper phi dch b
danh ny sang a ch IP
Vi mt ti nguyn mng c th, ngi qun tr
mng t ra mt ngng ch s hi thoi cng lc
cho php trn mng . Gatekeeper c nhim v t
chi kt ni mi mi khi t ti ngng. N iu
khin quyn truy nhp mng ca ngi dng theo
mc u tin gn trc.
Gim st v iu khin vic s dng di thng
mng. ng thi Gatekeeper cng phi m bo lu
lng thng tin truyn khng c vt qu ti ca
mng do nh qun tr mng t ra.
Ty chn Gatekeeper cung cp a ch ch cho
ngi gi theo hai ch trc tip v chn ng.
Ti ch trc tip, sau khi cung cp a ch ch
th Gatekeeper ngng tham gia hot ng bt tay
gia cc bn. Ti ch chn ng, a ch ch l
a ch ca Gatekeeper nn n ng vai tr trung
gian chuyn tip mi thng tin trao i trong qu
trnh bt tay gia cc bn. Gatekeeper x l cc
thng tin bo hiu Q.931 trao i gia cc bn.
Ty chn Gatekeeper gii hn s cuc gi cng
n tt nghip i hc
(Bandwidth
Management)
Dch v qun l cuc gi
(Call Management
Service)
Dch v xc nhn cuc gi
(Call Authrization
Service)
Dch v ch dn (nin
gim)
(Directory Service)
lc trong min ca n trong phin Q.931.

Ty chn Gatekeeper lu tr mt danh sch cc
cuc gi hin thi cp thng tin cho vic qun l
gii thng v xc nh u cui no ang bn.
Gatekeeper loi b cuc gi khi qu trnh xc nhn
l sai ngay c khi cha ti ngng.
C s d liu ca Gatekeeper cha thng tin v
ngi s dng phc v qu trnh tm kim ngi
dng.
4.2.2.4. n v iu khin a im (MCU)

Cung cp chc nng hi thoi vi s bn tham gia ln hn 3. N phi hp cc
phng thc giao tip ca cc bn tham gia v cung cp cc c trng trn m thanh
v hnh nh (nu cn) cho cc Terminal. MCU bao gm hai thnh phn:
B iu khin a im (MC) c nhim v thit lp v qun l hi thoi nhiu
bn qua H.245. MC c th c t trong GK, GW, u cui hoc MCU.
B x l a im (MP): ng vai tr trn tn hiu, phn knh v lu chuyn
dng bit qu trnh giao tip gia cc bn tham gia hi thoi.
i vi MCU tp trung th c y MC v MP. i vi MCU phn quyn th
ch cn chc nng ca MC. S khc bit l ch trong hi thoi phn quyn cc bn
trao i trc tip vi nhau m khng cn phi thng qua MCU. Ngoi ra, c th kt
hp gia hai loi ny to thnh MCU lai ghp.
Hnh 4.8. Cu to ca MCU

Vng hot ng
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 4.9. Mt vng hot ng n gin

Mt vng hot ng H.323 l mt tp hp tt c cc u cui, cc GW v cc
MCU chu s qun l ca duy nht mt GK. Vng hot ng ny c lp vi topo ca
mng thc t v c th bao gm nhiu phn on (segment) mng ni vi nhau qua
router hay cc thit b khc. M hnh v mt on mng n gin c minh ha trong
hnh sau:
4.2.3. Chng giao thc s dng trong H.323
Chng cc giao thc trong H.323 v v tr ca chng theo m hnh OSI c
m t trong hnh 4.10. Bao gm:
Cc chun m ho v gii m thoi (Audio CODECs): G711, G722, G728,
G729, G723.1.
Cc chun m ho v gii m hnh nh (Video CODECs): H261, H263.
Bn tin H.225 khai bo, cho php v qun l trng thi RAS (Registration,
Admision, and Status).
Bn tin H.225 cho bo hiu cuc gi.
Bn tin H.245 iu khin cuc gi.
Giao thc iu khin thi gian thc (RTCP) Giao thc truyn ti thi gian
thc (RTP).
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 4.10. Chng giao thc H.323

4.2.3.1. Bn tin bo hiu cuc gi H.225
a. Bn tin H.225 RAS
Bng 4.5. Cc thng bo ca H.225 RAS
Tn thng bo
Yu cu quyn truy nhp
(Admission Request- ARQ)
Yu cu bng thng
(Bandwidth Request- BRQ)
Yu cu gii phng cuc gi

(Disengage Request- DRQ)
Chc nng
Mt u cui gi yu cu ti Gatekeeper, xin
php c truy nhp vo mng chuyn mch gi.
Gatekeeper c th chp nhn (ACF) hay loi b
(ARJ).
u cui gi yu cu thay i bng thng,
Gatekeeper c th chp nhn (BCF) hoc loi b
(BRJ). Gatekeeper cng c th hi li c ch
truyn bng thng thp hay cao.
u cui gi thng bo ti Gatekeeper lin kt
ang b loi b, hoc Gatekeeper gi thng bo
bt buc kt thc cuc gi (bn nhn phi gi
DCF). Bn nhn c th chp nhn (DCF) hoc t
chi (DRJ), Gatekeeper c th t chi (DRJ) nu
u cui cha ng k vi n.
Yu cu thng tin trng thi

(InfoRequest- IRQ)
Gatekeeper gi yu cu ti Terminal ly thng

tin trng thi. Terminal tr li qua IRR.
Phc p yu cu thng tin

(InfoRequest Response- IRR)
p ng yu cu ca IRQ.
n tt nghip i hc
Yu cu cc b
(Location Request- LRQ)
Bn tin khng hiu c
(Message not understood)
Yu cu ng k
(Regisration Request- RRQ)
Bm gi truy nhp t xa v
yu cu trong tin trnh
(RAS timer and Request in
Progress - RIP)
Yu cu Gatekeeper cung cp a ch dch.

Gatekeeper c th phc p (LCF) v khi
trong li p c cha a ch ch, hoc c th
loi b (LRJ).
u cui gi p ng khi khng hiu thng bo
m n nhn c.
Terminal gi yu cu, xin ng k vi
Gatekeeper. Gatekeeper c th ng (RCF)
hoc loi b (RRJ).
a ra nhn thi gian tr mc nh cho cc p
ng tr li cc yu cu v s ln pht li nu
cha nhn c p ng.
Khi h thng c s tham gia ca GK, cc u cui tin hnh bt tay vi nhau
thng qua GK l thnh phn trung gian bng c ch hi/p. GK cn c vo tnh trng
ca mng t chi hoc cho php yu cu c thc hin. N c cc chnh sch
c th nh cho php ti a bao nhiu cuc gi din ra ng thi trong min m n
qun l, m bo mng hot ng tt.
Cc thng tin trao i nh ngha trong RAS c trnh by trong bng 4.5.
b. Q.931
Bng 4.6. Cc thng bo ca Q.931
Tn thng bo
Thng bo
(Alerting)
Tin hnh cuc gi
(Call Proceeding)
Kt ni
(Connect)
Thng tin
(Information)
Qu trnh cuc gi
(Progress)
Hon thnh gii phng cuc
gi
(Release Complete)
Thit lp
(Setup)
Trng thi
(Status)
Thm tra trng thi
Chc nng
Ngi c gi gi thng bo nhn c mt yu
cu kt ni t pha ngi gi.
Ngi c gi gi thng bo yu cu thit lp
cuc gi ca ngi gi c khi to v n
khng chp nhn mt yu cu kt ni no khc.
Ngi c gi gi thng bo chp nhn kt ni t
pha ngi gi.
Cung cp thm cc thng tin trong qu trnh thit
lp cuc gi hoc cc thng tin thm v cuc gi.
c gi t Gateway ti SCN, a ra tin trnh
cuc gi trong qu trnh trao i.
Terminal a thng bo gii phng cuc gi, thu
hi li ti nguyn cung cp cho cuc gi.
Ngi gi gi thng bo yu cu mun c kt
ni vi ngi c gi.
p ng li thng bo thm tra trng thi hoc mt
thng bo khng xc nh c loi thng bo bo
hiu cuc gi.
Thng bo yu cu cc thng tin trng thi cuc
n tt nghip i hc
(Status Inquiry)
gi.
y l giao thc s c s dng tip theo sau khi qu trnh bt tay thnh cng
qua RAS. Nu h thng khng c GK th khng cn n RAS v Q.931 l giao thc s
c gi dng u tin thit lp cuc thoi gia cc u cui. Q.931 thc hin vic
trao i trc tip cc thng bo gia 2 u cui vi mc ch thit lp cuc gi v
chm dt cuc gi khi mt trong cc bn kt thc hi thoi. Cc thng tin chnh c
nh ngha trong Q.931 c trnh by trong bng 4.6.
4.2.3.2. Bn tin iu khin cuc gi H.245
Khi hai bn ng tham gia cuc thoi sau qu trnh bt tay qua Q.931 th bc
tip theo l hai bn thng nht mt cch thc hi thoi ph hp bao gm cc cng vic
sau: Tha thun v b CODEC c s dng, m hai cng UDP k nhau cho cc knh
logic truyn v iu khin dng thng tin a phng thc, qun l knh logic thng
qua vic xc lp my ch/my khch, iu khin tc truyn dng bit
Cc thng tin trao i nh ngha trong H.245 c trnh by trong sau di y:
Bng 4.7. Cc thng bo ca H.245
Tn thng bo
S xc nh Ch-khch
Kh nng trao i
M knh logic
ng knh Logic
Yu cu v phng thc
Thu thp kh nng ca
cc u cui
Ch th kt thc phin
Chc nng
Cho php xc nh u l my ch/my khch trnh
xung t. Trng thi ny c th thay i bt c lc no
trong mt phin hot ng. Cc p ng: ACK (chp
nhn), Reject (loi b), Release (trng hp timeout).
m bo ch c mt dng thng tin a phng thc
c trao i trn knh logic v thut ton iu ch/gii
iu ch mi bn c th hiu tn hiu nhn c. Cc
p ng: ACK, Reject, Release.
M mt knh logic. Cc p ng: ACK, Reject,
Confirm (xc nhn).
ng knh logic hi thoi gia cc bn.p ng: ACK.
Yu cu c a ra ch r ch truyn lung tin
a phng thc ting ni, hnh nh hay d liu. Cc p
ng: ACK, Reject, Release.
Cung cp thng tin v phng thc trao i ca cc
Terminal. Trng hp hi thoi th cho bit b CODEC
c s dng ti mi bn.
Ch th kt thc phin H.245.
4.2.3.3. Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc RTP

Giao thc ny cung cp cc dch v truyn ti thoi v hnh nh thi gian t u
n cui. Trong khi, H.323 c s dng chuyn ti d liu trn nn mng gi, th
n tt nghip i hc
RTP c bn l c dng chuyn ti d liu thng qua giao thc datagram ca

ngi dng (UDP). RTP cng vi UDP cung cp cc chc nng ca mt giao thc
chuyn ti (transport_protocol). RTP cung cp cc dch v sau: nhn dng trng ti,
nh s theo dy, m nhp thi gian, v ghi thng bo v tuyn. UDP cung cp cc
dch v a thnh phn v tng kim tra. RTP cng c th c s dng cng vi mt
giao thc khc.
4.2.3.4. Giao thc iu khin thi gian thc RTCP
Giao thc ny cung cp cc dch v iu khin. Chc nng c bn ca RTCP l
cung cp s phn hi v cht lng ca vic phn phi d liu. Nhng chc nng khc
ca RTCP gm c: thc hin vic nhn bit cp truyn ti cho mt ti nguyn RTP m
c gi vi ci tn chnh tc l: ng b ha thoi v hnh nh.
4.2.4. Thit lp v gii phng cuc gi H.323 trong trng hp n gin nht
Bo hiu H.323 l mt qu trnh thc s phc tp. Tng tc gia cc phn t
trong mng H.323 trong qu trnh bo hiu c m t trong hnh 4.11. Mt cch chi
tit th cuc gi gia hai u cui H.323 c thit lp nh sau:
Trc ht c 2 phi c ng k ti Gatekeeper.
u cui A gi yu cu ti Gatekeeper ngh thit lp cuc gi.
Gatekeeper gi cho u cui A thng tin cn thit v u cui B.
u cui A gi bn tin SETUP ti u cui B.
u cui B tr li bng bn tin Call Proceeding v ng thi lin lc vi
Gatekeeper xc nhn quyn thit lp cuc gi.
u cui B gi bn tin Alerting v Connect.
Hai u cui trao i mt s bn tin H.245 xc nh ch/t, kh nng x l
ca u cui v thit lp kt ni RTP.
n tt nghip i hc
Hnh 4.11. Bo hiu thit lp cuc gi gia mng chuyn mch gi v PSTN
Hnh 4.12. Thit lp cuc gi H.323

M t trong hnh 4.12, l trng hp cuc gi im im n gin nht, khi m
bo hiu cuc gi khng c nh tuyn ti Gatekeeper.
4.2.5. So snh SIP v H.323
Nhng ngi xut SIP cho rng H.323 ang xut hin trong bo hiu ATM v
ISDN l khng thch hp cho iu khin h thng VoIP ni chung v trong thoi
Internet ni ring. H.323 c khng nh l rt phc tp, h tr cc chc nng phn
ln l khng cn thit cho thoi IP do i hi chi ph cao v khng hiu qu. V d
H.323 xc nh 3 phng php khc nhau phi hp hot ng gia H.225 v H.245,
n tt nghip i hc
vi cc kt ni khc nhau, H.245 ngang qua kt ni H.225, v tin hnh phng php
"kt ni nhanh" ca 2 giao thc tch hp. Mc d hu ht cc kh nng thc hin ch
h tr cho cc kt ni nhanh, tnh tng thch H.323 lin quan n yu cu h tr ca
c 3 phng php. ng thi, h cng cho rng H.323 khng c kh nng m rng
yu cu i vi giao thc bo hiu cho cng ngh chng hn nh VoIP, l nhng cng
ngh chc chn s pht trin v h tr cc dch v v c tnh mi.
Gia H.323 v SIP c nhiu im tng ng. C hai u cho php iu khin,
thit lp v hy b cuc gi. C H.323 v SIP u h tr tt c cc dch v cn thit.
Tuy nhin c mt s im khc bit gia hai chun ny. l:
H.323 h tr hi ngh a phng tin rt phc tp. Hi ngh H.323 v nguyn
tc c th cho php cc thnh vin s dng nhng dch v nh bng thng
bo, trao i d liu, hoc hi ngh Video.
SIP h tr SIP-CGI (SIP-Common Gateway Interface) v CPL (Call
Processing Language).
SIP h tr iu khin cuc gi t mt u cui th 3. Hin nay H.323 ang
c nng cp h tr chc nng ny.
Bng sau y s th hin c th hn nhng im khc nhau ca H.323 v SIP:
Bng 4.8. So snh gia SIP v H.323
c im so snh
T chc
Quan h kt ni
Khi im
u cui
Cc Server li
Tnh hnh hin

nay
Khun dng bn
tin
Tr thit lp cuc
gi
SIP
H.323
IETF
Ngang cp
Da trn mng Internet v
Web. C php v bn tin
tng t nh HTTP.
u cui thng minh SIP
SIP proxy, redirect,
location v registration
servers
Giai on th nghim kh
nng cng hot ng ca
cc thit b kt thc. SIP
nhanh chng tr nn ph
bin.
ITU
Ngang cp
C s l mng thoi. Giao thc
bo hiu tun theo chun ISDN
Q.SIG
u cui thng minh H.323
Text, UTF-8
Nh phn ASN.1 PER
1.5 RTT (Round-trip time),

tc l chu k nhn bn tin
6-7 RTT hoc hn
H.323 Gatekeeper
c s dng rng ri
n tt nghip i hc

v nhn bn tin tr li hay
xc nhn.
Gim st trng
thi cuc gi
C 2 la chn: ch trong
thi gian thit lp cuc gi
hoc sut thi gian cuc
gi
Bo hiu qung b C h tr.

S dng cc giao thc khc
Cht lng dch nh RSVP, OPS, OSP
v
m bo cht lng dch
v.
ng k ti Registrar
Bo mt
Server, c xc nhn u
cui v m ho.
Phin bn 1 v 2: my ch phi
gim st trong sut thi gian
cuc gi v phi gi trng thi
kt ni TCP hn ch kh nng
m rng v gim tin cy.
Khng h tr.
Gatekeeper iu khin bng
thng. RSVP lu tr ti
nguyn mng.
Ch ng k khi trong mng c

Gatekeeper, xc nhn v m ha
theo chun H.235.
nh v u cui s dng E.164
Dng SIP URL nh a hoc tn o H.323 v phng
nh v u cui
ch. nh tuyn nh s
php nh x a ch nu trong
v nh tuyn cuc
dng Redirect v Location mng c Gatekeeper. Chc nng
gi
Server.
nh tuyn do Gatekeeper m
nhim.
H tr cc tnh nng ca
H tr cc tnh nng ca cuc
Tnh nng thoi
cuc gi c bn.
gi c bn.
c thit k h tr rt nhiu
Hi ngh c s, qun l
tnh nng hi ngh, hnh nh v
Hi ngh
phn tn.
d liu, qun l tp trung MC
c th tc nghn.
To tnh nng v D dng, s dng SIP-CGI
H.405.1.
dch v mi
v CPL.
Kh nng m rng D dng.
Hn ch.
Tch hp vi Web Rt tt, h tr click-to-dial. Km.
4.3. GIAO THC IU KHIN C LP KNH MANG BICC

Giao thc BICC a ra s tch bit chc nng ca cc giao thc bo hiu phng
tin mang v bo hiu cuc gi vi s lin kt thng tin ca c hai giao thc, cho php
s thit lp c lp cuc gi v phng tin mang trong mng bng rng.
S lin kt thng tin cho php phi hp cc giao thc c lp ny tng quan
vi nhau ti cc im u cui.
Cc chc nng lin quan n phng tin mang nh chn v iu khin ting
vng s c iu khin bi iu khin phng tin mang. Bo hiu ca iu
khin ting vng s c thc hin t giao thc bo hiu iu khin cuc gi.
n tt nghip i hc
BICC a ra c ch h tr cc dch v ISDN bng hp qua mng trc bng rng

m khng nh hng ti cc giao din ca mng N ISDN hin c v cc dch v t
u cui ti u cui. Giao thc bo hiu iu khin cuc gi BICC da trn bo hiu
N ISUP. Giao thc bo hiu iu khin phng tin mang da trn cc giao thc bo
hiu iu khin cng ngh phng tin mang khc nhau nh IP, DSS2
Cc phin bn ca BICC:
BICC CS1: chuyn ti cuc gi s dng MTP SS7 hoc ATM, h tr cc loi
truyn ti AAL1 v AAL2.
BICC CS2: m rng BICC ti cc tng i ni ht, h tr phng tin mang
IP, h tr truyn ti bo hiu IP, h tr AAL1.
BICC CS3: tp trung vo mng truy nhp v lm vic vi SIP.
Chng 5.
CC GIAO THC BO HIU V IU KHIN CH T
5.1. GIAO THC IU KHIN CNG PHNG TIN MGCP
MGCP- Media Gateway Controll Protocol l giao thc iu khin cc cng
VoIP t cc thit b iu khin cuc gi nh MGC hay Call Agent. y l nh ngha
v MGCP trch t IETF RFC 2705 - Media Gateway Control Protocol.
S pht trin ca MGCP c m rng do nh hng ca s xung t gia cc
phn kin ngh cho vic tch ri ha kin trc GW. MGCP l s b sung ca c hai
giao thc SIP v H.323, c thit k c bit nh mt giao thc bn trong gia cc
MG v cc MGC cho vic tch ho kin trc GW. Trong , MGC x l cuc gi
bng vic giao tip vi mng IP qua truyn thng vi mt thit b bo hiu a ch
ging nh H.323 GK hoc SIP Server v vi mng chuyn mch knh qua mt GW
bo hiu tu chn. MGC thc hin y chc nng ca lp bo hiu trong H.323 v
nh mt H.323 GK. MG c nhim v chuyn i gia dng tn hiu analog t cc
mch in thoi, vi cc gi tin trong mng chuyn mch gi. MGCP hon ton tng
thch vi VoIP GW. N cung cp mt gii php m cho truyn thng qua mng v s
cng tn ti vi H.323 v SIP.
5.1.1. Kin trc v cc thnh phn
MGCP da trn m hnh Client/Server. Ging nh cc giao thc khc, MGCP s
dng giao thc SDP m t phng thc truyn thng v s dng RTP/RCTP cho
vic vn chuyn v gim st truyn tin. MGCP nh ngha cc thc th im cui
(Endpoint-E) v cc kt ni (Connection-C). E l cc ngun d liu c th l vt l
hoc logic. Vic to ngun vt l i hi phi thit lp phn cng, chng hn nh giao
tip qua mt GW v kt thc mt kt ni ti mng chuyn mch knh PSTN, cn
ngun logic to ra t phn mm nh ngun ting ni.
Kt ni c th l kt ni im im hoc a im, c th c thit lp qua rt
nhiu thnh phn mang trn mng, nh gi tin thoi dng RTP trn mng TCP/UDP,
dng AAL2 cho mng ATM.
Cc hot ng ca MGCP l cc bo hiu (Signal-S) gi t MGC ti MG v cc
kt qu (Event-E) do MG gi ti MGC. Quan h gia MG v MGC (hay CA) c th
hin trn hnh 5.1:
Hnh 5.1. Quan h gia MG v MGC

Qu trnh thit lp gia hai u cui ti cc Gateway cng c qun l bi
MGC din ra nh sau: Qu trnh thit lp gia hai u cui ti cc Gateway cng c
qun l bi MGC din ra nh sau:
MGC gi CreatConnection ti GW u tin. GW s nh v cc ti nguyn
cn thit v gi tr cc thng tin cn thit cho kt ni nh a ch IP, cng
UDP, cc tham s cho qu trnh ng gi. Cc thng tin ny c chuyn tip
qua MGC.
MGC gi CreatConnection ti GW th hai cha cc thng tin chuyn tip
trn. GW ny tr v cc thng tin m t phin ca n.
MGC gi lnh ModifyConnection ti u cui th nht. Qu trnh kt ni
thnh cng sau khi hon tt cc bc trn.
MGCP nh ngha 3 bo hiu:
Bng 5.1. Cc bo hiu trong MGCP
Khai bo (Notify)
Xo kt ni
(DeleteConnection)
Khi ng li trong qu
trnh
( RestartInProcess )
Cc s kin c quan st trn

Gateway
Xa mt kt ni, gii phng ti nguyn.
Xa mi dch v ti u cui, khi to li
tin trnh kt ni.
MGCP cng nh ngha 8 lnh trao i thng tin gia cc MGC vi cc u cui:
Bng 5.2. Cc lnh trao i thng tin trong MGCP
Cu hnh kt cui
(EndpointConfiguration)
Yu cu khai bo
(NotificationRequest)
To kt ni (CreatConnection)
Sa i kt ni
(ModifyConnection)
Xo kt ni
(DeleteConnection)
Kim ton u cui
(AuditEndpoint)
Kim ton kt ni
(AuditConnection)
Thng bo thm d(PollNotify)
MGC cho Gateway bit tn lut m ho tn

hiu. Trong trng hp ting ni l lut
hoc lut A.
Yu cu Gateway gi cc thng bo v cc
s kin din ra mt u cui no .
M mt kt ni gia hai u cui.
Thay i cc tham s trong mt kt ni
c m trc .
ng mt kt ni. Lnh ny c th c gi
bi MGC, Gateway. p ng ca lnh ny
tr v cc thng tin tng hp trong sut qu
trnh kt ni.
MGC tm kim cc thng tin v trng thi ti
mt u cui no .
MGC gi yu cu tr v cc thng s trong
mt kt ni c m.
a s kin thng bo.
5.1.2. Thit lp cuc gi thng qua MGCP
Hnh 5.2. Thit lp cuc gi gia A v B

Trnh t thit lp cuc gi gia hai my in thoi A in thoi B nh sau:
Khi my in thoi A c nhc ln Gateway A gi bn tin cho MGC.
Gateway A to m mi quay s v nhn s b gi.
S b gi c gi cho MGC.
MGC xc nh nh tuyn cuc gi nh th no:
MGC gi lnh cho Gateway B.
Gateway B chung my B.
MGC gi lnh cho Gateway A v B to phin kt ni RTP/RTCP.
5.1.3. So snh gia MGCP, SIP v H.323
MGCP khc vi SIP v H.323 mt s im nh sau:
MGCP l giao thc kiu ch/t, trong khi SIP v H.323 l giao thc ngang
cp.
MGCP c s dng gia MG v MGC.
Bng 5.3. So snh H.323 v MGCP
H.323
1. Thu bao nhc my v quay s
MGCP
1.
Thu bao nhc my v quay s
2. Gateway phn tch nh tuyn cuc 2.

Gateway thng bo cho MGC
gi
3.
MGC phn tch s, nh tuyn
3. Hai Gateway trao i thng tin
v gi lnh cho Gateway b gi
chung s my b gi
4. Gateway b gi chung s my
b gi
5. Hai Gateway thit lp phin kt ni
RTP/RTCP
4.
MGC gi lnh cho 2 Gateway

thit lp phin kt ni
RTP/RTCP
MGCP ra i nhm tch bit cc chc nng bo hiu v thit lp ng truyn.

MGC (hay CA, Softswitch...) sau khi nhn c yu cu thit lp cuc gi SIP hoc
H.323 s dng giao thc MGCP iu khin Gateway thit lp phin kt ni gia 2
u cui.
Trong hnh 5.2 ta thy chc nng bo hiu c tch bit v do MGC m
nhim. Chng ta xem xt vic thit lp cuc gi trong hai trng hp: cuc gi trong
mng H.323 v trong mng MGCP.
5.1.4. nh gi giao thc MGCP

Cc u im ca MGCP l:
MGCP c bit hu ch i vi cc ng dng trin khai ln, cc h thng

phc tp. N cho php tch hp tt vi mng SS7, to s thun tin cho qu
trnh iu khin v x l cc cuc gi.
MGCP phn tch ring bit hai chc nng chnh l chc nng iu khin
lung phng thc v chc nng bo hiu nn vic thi hnh d dng hn.
Tuy nhin n vn c nhc im l tr nn qu phc tp i vi cc ng dng
nh. Ngoi ra n ch tp trung vo vic chuyn i gia cc lung phng thc. Giao
thc ny c hon thin trong chun H.248/ Megaco thng 11/2000 vi s hp tc
gia hai t chc ITU v IETF.
5.2. MEGACO/H.248
5.2.1. Tng quan v giao thc MEGACO/H.248
Hnh 5.3. Kin trc iu khin ca MEGACO/H.248

MEGACO/H.248 l giao thc iu khin cng phng tin ni chung, bao gm
cng ni ht, trung k trong mng PSTN, giao din ATM, giao in thoi v ng
dy analog, in thoi IP, cc loi server,Vi tnh nng h tr rng ri cc ng dng
mt cch mm do, n gin v hiu qu mc chi ph hp l, giao thc
MEGACO/H.248 s l chun c s dng trong mng th h sau NGN.
MEGACO/H.248 khng b rng buc vi bt k mt giao thc iu khin cuc gi
ngang hng no (v d: SIP hay H.323) v hon ton ty thuc vo thit k ca ngi
qun tr mng. Kin trc ca MEGACO/H.248 da trn 3 lp: lp MGC, lp MG v
lp MEGACO (hnh 5.3).
Lp MGC cha tt c cc phn mm iu khin, x l cuc gi. Lp ny thc

hin cc c im mc cuc gi nh pht hin cuc gi, chuyn cuc gi,
hi thoi hay gi cuc gi (hold). Lp MGC cng thc hin giao tip vi cc
MGC cng nh cc thc th ngang cp hay cp di khc, MGC qun l mi
thuc tnh trong qu trnh giao tip.
Lp MG thc hin cc kt ni lu lng i v ti cc mng khc, tng tc vi
cc lung lu lng ny qua ng dng bo hiu v s kin. Lp MG cng
iu khin cc thuc tnh thit b ca cng phng tin (v d nh giao din
ngi dng). Lp ny khng h bit g v vic iu khin cc thuc tnh cuc
gi v hot ng theo s iu khin ca lp MGC.
Lp MEGACO/H.248 quy nh cch thc m lp MGC iu khin lp MG.
5.2.2. V tr ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248 trong m hnh OSI
Hnh 5.4. V tr ca MEGACO/H.248 trong OSI

Nh ch ra trong hnh 5.4, giao thc MEGACO/H.248 thc hin cc chc nng
ca mnh 3 lp trn cng trong m hnh OSI.
5.2.3. Cc chc nng ca MEGACO/H.248
Giao thc MEGACO/H.248 nh ngha giao din iu khin ca MGC i vi
MG. MEGACO/H.248 cung cp cc chc nng sau:
iu khin cc loi MG khc nhau (TGW, RGW, AGW, MS,).
H tr m phn quyt nh cc thuc tnh cuc gi.
C kh nng x l cuc gi a ngi dng.
H tr QoS v o lng lu lng (cc thng tin thng k sau mi kt ni).

Thng bo li giao thc, li mng hay cc thuc tnh cuc gi.
Hnh 5.5. V tr v chc nng ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248

5.2.4. Cc khi nim trong giao thc MEGACO/H.248
Cc loi gateway: GW c a ch IP v ch s cng UDP mc nh ca MGC
qun l n.
TGW (Trunking Gateway): l gateway gia cc tng i trung k gia mng
PSTN v mng IP.
AGW (Access Gateway): l gateway gia mng ISDN, tng i PBX v
mng IP.
RGW (Residential Gateway): l gateway gia mt nhm cc my in thoi
(ni trc tip vo Gateway ny) v mng IP.
NAS: Gateway cung cp kh nng truy cp Internet.
IVR (Interactive Voice Response): gateway ny c MGC iu khin thu
cc digit v gi fax,
Mi loi GW c kh nng h tr cc gi tin khc nhau.
Termination: MGC coi GW l i din cho mt nhm cc Termination, trong
mi Termination chu trch nhim x l cho mt loi lu lng. Mi Termination
c GW gn cho mt ID ti thi im n c to ra. C 2 loi Termination l:
Termination c nh (cc giao din vt l, knh TDM). i vi loi

Termination ny, vic s dng cc lnh Add hay Subtract ch n gin l vic
ly chng ra hay thm vo Null context.
Termination tm thi hay Termination logic (cng RTP ni GW vi mng, ch
tn ti khi s dng). Loi Termination ny c to ra bi lnh Add v b xa
i bi lnh Subtract.
GW c MGC coi nh Termination gc, iu ny c ngha khi MGC mun
lm vic vi chnh GW (v d khi tuyn b GW l in hay out mt dch v no ).
Giao thc MEGACO/H.248 c kh nng lm vic vi mt s lng ln cc
Termination l do Termination c cc thuc tnh la chn (event, signal, statistic). Cc
thuc tnh ny c a vo cc gi v MGC c th ch nh Termination l n ch
tip nhn nhng gi no. Ti mi thi im, Termination cng c iu khin mt
ch xc nh (ch ch nhn, ch gi hoc va nhn va gi). Termination l ni
i v n ca cc lung lu lng hay iu khin.
Context: L khi nim mang tnh t ph ca MEGACO/H.248 so vi cc giao
thc cng loi trc n. Khi nim ny cho php to ra cc phin lin lc a im.
Mi u cui c th tham gia vo nhiu context khc nhau vi cc loi lu lng khc
nhau (v d khi u cui tham gia mt phin truyn thng a phng tin). y l mt
phin kt ni bao gm nhiu Termination. Mi context c GW to ra ban u ch c
mt Termination, cc Termination kt ni vi Termination u tin s ln lt c
thm vo context ny. Context s b xa b khi Termination cui cng c gii
phng. S lng Termination ti a trong mt context s ph thuc vo kh nng ca
GW (nhng GW ch h tr lin lc im im s ch c ti a 2 Termination trong
mt context). Context c MG gn mt phn nhn dng ID bao gm 32 bit (ID l
duy nht i vi mt MG). Tt c cc Termination khng tham gia vo mt kt ni
no s nm trong Null context. Hin nay Context c 3 thuc tnh: topology descriptor
(m t topo phi kt ni), Priority flag (c u tin, hng dn GW phn b ti nguyn
trong trng hp khan him) v emergency flag (c khn, ch ra context no s c
lu li v khi phc trong trng hp c s c). Cc thuc tnh khc ca context c
th c b sung trong tng lai.
Transaction: l mt chuyn giao, mi transaction gm phn yu cu (request) v
phn tr li (reply). Transaction Pending c s dng thng bo rng transaction
vn ang c x l (c s dng khi transaction no b timeout). Mi transaction
c mt s nhn dng ID. S nhn dng ID c gi tr t 1 n 99999. Thng tin trao i
gia MGC v cc GW di dng cc chuyn giao (cha cc lnh v cc bn tin thng

bo s kin, tr li,), cc lnh trong mi chuyn giao s c x l theo th t
ch ra.
Event: l cc s kin ca u cui (nh onhook, offhook,). Cc s kin ny
c MG pht hin v bo co ti MGC. MGC s xem xt ch cc s kin m n quan
tm bt k thi im no (c ch ra bi event descriptor).
Signal: l bo hiu to ra cc m bo hay hin th hnh nh u cui. Thi gian
tn ti ca bo hiu c th do MGC quy nh hoc c th tn ti cho ti khi b loi b.
N s b loi b bt c khi no mt s kin c pht hin u cui tr khi c s can
thip ca MGC.
Termination descriptor: cc thuc tnh ca Termination c nhm li thnh cc
descriptor bao gm:
Termination state descriptor: cc thuc tnh ca Termination (test, c quyn
hay b cm s dng mt dch v,).
Media descriptor: bng m t cc lung lu lng (voice, data,).
Event descriptor: m t cc s kin c pht hin bi GW v hnh ng li
p li s kin .
Signal descriptor: m t cc bo hiu c th xy ra Termination.
Stream descriptor: bng cc descriptor ca remote, local, local control i vi
mt lung lu lng xc nh.
Local control descriptor: cha cc thuc tnh cn quan tm gia GW v MGC
(ch ca Termination, cc x l ca GW khi nhn c local hay remote
descriptor).
Local descriptor: cha cc thuc tnh ch ra lung lu lng m GW nhn t
thc th u xa.
Remote descriptor: cha cc thuc tnh ch ra lung lu lng m GW gi ti
thc th u xa.
Digitmap descriptor: nh ngha mt dy tp hp cc s kin (v quay s) c
th c (theo k hoch nh s). Dy ny c gi ti GW thu cc ch s
c quay bi khch hng v gi ti MGC di dng cc gi hon chnh
(ton b s b gi).
Observed event descriptor: m t cc s kin quan st c (c trong lnh

Notify hay AuditValue).
Package descriptor: trong lnh AuditValue, dng tr li bng cc gi tin
gi i t Termination.
Service change descriptor: l do a ra lnh Service change.
Statistic descriptor: trong lnh Audit hay Subtract, bo co cc thng k
Termination.
Topology descriptor: ch ra topo ca context.
Audit descriptor: trong lnh Audit, xc nhn thng tin yu cu.
Error descriptor: cha m li v m li vn bn (ty chn) trong lnh Notify
(yu cu v tr li).
Event Buffer descriptor: m t s kin va c GW pht hin khi kch hot
eventbuffering.
5.2.5. Truyn dn cc bn tin ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248
C ch truyn dn c s dng cn phi m bo tnh tin cy, cc lnh ang gi
i v ch xc nhn t pha nhn s c lu gi mt cch c lp.
Cc bn tin MEGACO/H.248 c th c truyn dn qua lp UDP/IP hoc
TCP/IP. Cc GW v cc MGC s c gn cc a ch IP, cc lung lu lng i v
n s qua cc cng UDP hay TCP c ch ra. V d nh cng dnh cho lnh Service
Change request l 2944 khi s dng m ha vn bn v 2945 khi s dng m ha nh
phn (i vi c UDP v TCP), cc cng ny cng c s dng khi khng c cng
no c ch ra. Cc Transaction reply s c gi ti cng vi cng m
TransactionRequest c gi i.
Trong qu trnh truyn dn cc bn tin MEGACO/H.248 cng t ra mt vn
v tr ca cc bn tin, dn ti tr ca cc lnh v tnh hp thi ca cc x l
ti GW hay MGC. gii quyt vn ny, RFC 3525 cng a ra mt s quy tc
trong vic x l cc bn tin MEGACO/H.248 ti MGC (6 quy tc).
5.2.6. Cc lnh c nh ngha bi giao thc MEGACO/H.248
Giao thc MEGACO/H.248 s dng 8 lnh trong giao din iu khin gia MGC
v GW bao gm:
Add: c s dng thm mt Termination vo context, cng c th to

mt context (nu l Termination u tin trong context ny).
Modify: S dng thay i thuc tnh, s kin hay cc bo hiu mt
Termination.
Subtract: S dng xa mt Termination khi context, cng c th l xa lun
c context (nu l Termination cui cng trong context ny).
Move: Chuyn mt Termination t mt context ny sang mt context khc.
AuditValue: Tr li trng thi hin ti ca Termination (bo hiu, s kin, thuc
tnh, s liu thng k).
Audit Capability: Tr li tt c cc gi tr c th c ca Termination (bo hiu,
s kin, thuc tnh, s liu thng k).
Cc lnh trn c s dng bi MGC.
Notify: GW s dng bo co cc s kin m n pht hin c ti MGC.
Service Change: Lnh ny c s dng bi:
GW, thng bo ti MGC rng mt nhm Termination c nh ri
khi hay tham gia mt dch v no .
GW, ng k ti MGC khi n khi ng.
MGC, tuyn b mt chuyn giao ti GW.
MGC, lnh cho mt MG no a mt nhm Termination hay mt
Termination tham gia hay ra khi mt dch v.
5.2.6.1. M ho lnh ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248
Cc bn tin MEGACO/H.248 c th c m ho bng hai cch: m ho nh
phn v m ha vn bn.
Trong phng php m ha nh phn, tiu chun ISO/ITU ASN.1 c s dng.
ASN.1 l mt ngn ng nh ngha cch gi d liu gia cc h thng khng ging
nhau, n nh ngha cc h thng cng mt c php d liu (trong cc giao thc tng
ng dng). ASN.1 c vit bng cc ngn ng khc nhau trong tng h thng, ph
hp vi tng h thng. Khi mt h thng mun gi d liu, h thng s m ha d
liu cn gi theo ASN.1, sau gi i. H thng nhn s tin hnh gii m theo chun
nh sn ASN.1. Cc lut m ha theo chun ASN.1 bao gm: BER (Basic Encoding
Rule), DER (Distinguished Encoding Rule). Vic s dng cc lut m ha no l ty

vo ngi thit k.
Trong phng php m ha vn bn, chun ABNF c s dng (RFC 2234). C
th s dng hai nh dng: rt gn (compact text) v y (Pretty text). Chng c
m t nh sau:
C hai nh dng u c u im v nhc im ca n, dng rt gn cho bn tin

c kch thc nh hn, thi gian m ha ngn hn nhng c tin cy khng cao
bng dng y .
5.2.6.2. C php lnh ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248
tin phn tch ta c th ly mt lnh minh ho, y l lnh t MGC ti
GW:
MGC to RGW2:
MEGACO/1 [216.33.33.61]: 27000
Transaction = 1240 {
Context = 2 {
Modify = TermB {
Signals {cg/bt}
Media {
LocalControl {
Mode = recvonly}
}
},
Modify = EphB {
Media {
LocalControl {
Mode = recvonly}
}
}
}
}
}
Lnh trong v d trn bao gm cc phn sau:

a ch IP ca ni gi (MGC hay GW): 216.33.33.61 (IPv4).
S cng ni gi: 2700.
S nh danh transaction: 1240.
Context ID.
Mi context s c nhiu lnh: Notify, Audit, Modify,Trong mi lnh li gm:
- Termination ID: TermB.
- Local Termination State.
- Cc descriptor.
Ta c th thy: mi Transaction gm nhiu action (mi action cho 1 context), mi
action li gm nhiu lnh, mi lnh s c cc descriptor.
5.2.7. Cu trc bn tin MEGACO/H.248

Mi bn tin MEGACO/H.248 bao gm nhiu Transaction v mt header. Trong
header cha cc thng nhn thc, bo mt. Mi Transaction gm nhiu action (cho
mi context) v mt Transaction header (cha Transaction ID). Mi context li gm
mt context header, mt context properties v cc lnh. Context header cha
contextID, context properties cha cc thng tin v cu hnh context, thuc tnh, mc
u tin. Mi lnh gm mt command header v cc descriptor ca lnh .
Hnh 5.6. Cu trc bn tin MEGACO/H.248
5.2.8. Hot ng ca giao thc MEGACO/H.248
Hnh 5.7. M t cuc gi MEGACO/H.248

Khi mt u cui no nhc my v nh thc hin cuc gi, s kin offhook
ny s c pht hin bi MG qun l n. MG s thng bo s kin ny ti MGC trc
thuc, MGC s ch nh MG bng mt lnh gi m bo mi quay s ti u cui
, ng thi digitmap cng c MG ny cp nht t MGC, phc v cho vic thu
cc ch s v gi ton b s c quay v MGC.
Gi s u cui b gi thuc mt MG khc nhng cng c qun l bi MGC
trn. Qu trnh thit lp lin kt c tin hnh theo 3 bc c bn sau:
MGC yu cu MG th nht thit lp mt kt ni ti im kt cui th nht.
MG ny s phn b ti nguyn cho kt ni yu cu v p ng li bng bn tin
tr li. Bn tin tr li s cha cc thng tin cn thit MG th hai c th gi
cc bn tin mt cch tin cy ti lin kt va thit lp. Cc thng tin ny c th
l: a ch IP, tn cng UDP, TCP hay cc thng tin ng gi bn tin.
Tng t, MGC cng yu cu MG th hai thit lp mt lin kt im kt
cui th hai. MG ny phn b ti nguyn cho kt ni ny trn c s cc thng
tin trong bn tin p ng ca MG th nht. Ti lt, MG th hai cng p
ng li bng bn tin cha cc thng tin cn thit nhm m bo MG th nht
c th gi cc bn tin mt cch tin cy ti lin kt va thit lp bi MG th
hai.
Cc thng tin trong bn tin p ng ca MG th hai s c gi ti MG th
nht. Khi ny lin kt c thit lp, qu trnh truyn thng c th din ra
theo hai chiu. Lu lng c chuyn ti nh cc giao thc RTP hay RTCP.
Trong trng hp hai MG c qun l bi 2 MGC khc nhau, cc MGC s trao

i cc thng tin bo hiu thng qua mt giao thc bo hiu t MGC ti MGC (c th
l SIP hoc H.323) m bo vic ng b trong vic thit lp kt ni ti hai im
kt cui.
Khi ln kt c thit lp, cc tham s ca n c gim st bi MGC v c
th c thay i di cc lnh ca MGC (v d nh thm mt kt cui vo lin kt).
5.2.9. Cc u im ca MEGACO/H.248 so vi cc giao thc iu khin cng
phng tin khc
So vi giao thc MGCP, phin bn MEGACO/H.248 version 1 c cc im ni
tri sau:
H tr dch v a phng tin, cc dch v hi ngh a im tng cng.
Ci tin c php lnh vic x l bn tin hiu qu hn.
C kh nng la chn giao thc TCP hay UDP.
Chp nhn c vic m ha vn bn hay nh phn.
Cc gi tin ca MEGACO/H.248 chi tit hn MGCP, hn th na cc gi tin
mi c th c nh ngha da trn cc gi tin c s ny.
a ra khi nim context, khi nim ny h tr cc kt ni a dch v, a
im.
n tt nghip i hc
Ph lc
KT LUN
Bo hiu v iu khin c mt vai tr rt quan trng trong cc mng vin thng, y l
vn quan tm hng u khi tin hnh xy dng v pht trin cc mng vin thng ni
chung cng nh cc mng NGN ni ring. ng thi y cng l mt vn rt kh v phc
tp. C rt nhiu cc giao thc khc nhau tham gia vo qu trnh bo hiu v iu khin khi
thit lp cc cuc gi, trong mi mt giao thc li c mt vai tr v v tr ring.
Trn y l cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin c bn c s dng trong mng
NGN m em tin hnh tm hiu c trong thi gian thc hin n ny. Trong ,
SIGTRAN l giao thc truyn ti cc bn tin bo hiu s 7 qua mng gi theo giao thc IP;
cc giao thc ngang hng (SIP, H.323) tham gia vo qu trnh thit lp cuc gi; cc giao
thc ch t (MGCP, MEGACO/H.248) gi vai tr iu khin cc MG.
Hin nay, mng NGN c trin khai trn thc t vi s tham gia ca nhiu hng
vin thng khc nhau nh: Simen, Acatel, Nortel,Ty theo loi thit b v gii php c
a ra ca mi hng m s la chn cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin cng nh s phi
hp ca cc giao thc c s khc nhau.
Tuy nhin, do hn ch v trnh cng nh thi gian nn n ny mi ch gii hn
tm hiu cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin mt l thuyt. Trong thi gian ti, n ny
cn c hon thin hn na c v mt l thuyt v mt xy dng phn mm m phng. Rt
mong c s gip v ng gp kin ca cc thy c v cc bn .
n tt nghip i hc
Ph lc
PH LC
LU X L CUC GI TRONG NGN
(1) Khi c mt thu bao nhc my (thuc PSTN) v chun b thc hin cuc gi th
tng i ni ht qun l thu bao s nhn bit trng thi nhc my ca thu bao. SG ni
vi tng i ny thng qua mng SS7 cng nhn bit c trng thi mi ca thu bao.
(2) SG s bo cho MGC trc tip qun l mnh thng qua CA-F, ng thi cung cp
tn hiu mi quay s cho thu bao. Ta gi MGC ny l MGC ch gi.
(3) MGC ch gi gi yu cu to kt ni n MG ni vi tng i ni ht ban u
nh MGC-F.
(4) Cc con s quay s ca thu bao s c SG thu v chuyn ti MGC ch gi.
n tt nghip i hc
Ph lc
(5) MGC ch gi s dng nhng s ny quyt nh cng vic tip theo s thc
hin. C th: cc s ny s c chuyn ti chc nng R-F, R-F s dng thng tin lu tr
ca cc my ch c th nh tuyn cuc gi. Trng hp u cui ch cng loi vi
u cui gi i (tc u l thu bao PSTN):
Nu thu bao b gi cng thuc MGC ch gi, tin trnh theo bc (7).
Cn nu thu bao ny thuc s qun l ca mt MGC khc, tin trnh theo
bc (6).
Trng hp thu bao b gi l mt u cui khc loi th MGC s ng thi kch
hot chc nng IW-F khi ng b iu khin tng ng v chuyn cuc gi i. Lc
ny thng tin bo hiu s c mt GW khc x l. V qu trnh truyn thng tin s din
ra tng t nh kt ni gia 2 thu bao thoi thng thng.
(6) MGC ch gi s gi yu cu thit lp cuc gi n mt MGC khc. Nu cha
n ng MGC ca thu bao b gi (ta gi l MGC trung gian) th MGC ny s tip tc
chuyn yu cu thit lp cuc gi n MGC khc cho n khi n ng MGC b gi.
Trong qu trnh ny, cc MGC trung gian lun phn hi li MGC gi yu cu n n.
Cc cng vic ny c thc hin bi CA-F.
(7) MGC b gi gi yu cu to kt ni vi MG ni vi tng i ni ht ca thu bao
b gi (MG trung gian).
(8) ng thi MGC b gi gi thng tin n SG trung gian, thng qua mng SS7
xc nh trng thi ca thu bao b gi.
(9) Khi SG trung gian nhn c bn tin thng bo trng thi ca thu bao b gi
(gi s l ri) th n s gi ngc thng tin ny tr v MGC b gi.
(10) V MGC b gi s gi phn hi v MGC ch gi thng bo tin trnh cuc
gi.
(12) MGC b gi gi thng tin cung cp tn hiu hi m chung cho MGC ch
gi, qua SG ch gi n thu bao ch gi.
(13) Khi thu bao b gi nhc my th qu trnh thng bo tng t nh cc bc
trn: qua nt bo hiu s 7, qua SG trung gian n MGC b gi, ri n MGC ch gi, qua
SG ch gi ri n thu bao thc hin cuc gi.
(14) Kt ni gia thu bao ch gi v thu bao b gi c hnh thnh thng qua
MG ch gi v MG trung gian..
(15) Khi kt thc cuc gi th qu trnh s din ra tng t nh thit lp cuc gi.
n tt nghip i hc
Ph lc
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. L Ngc Giao & Nguyn Tt c, Nghin cu cc gii php iu khin kt ni
v phi hp bo hiu trong mng NGN, m s: 017-2002-TCT-RDP-VT-07,
Vin Khoa Hc K Thut Bu in, 2002.
2. Neill Wilkinson, Next Generetion Network Services, John Wiley & Sons Ltd,
England, 2002.
3. The International Engineering Consortium, Next Generation Networks, Web
ProForum Tutorials: http://www.iec.org.
4. The International Engineering Consortium, SS7 over IP Signalling Transport &
SCTP, Web ProForum Tutorials: http://www.iec.org.
5. Matthew C. Schlesener, Performance Evaluation of Telephony Routing over IP
(TRIP), B.S.E.E. Kansas State University, Manhattan KS Fall 1996.
6. Handley, SIP: Session Initiation Protocol, ietf-sip-rfc2543bis-02.ps,
Schulzrinne/Schooler/Rosenberg ACIRI/Columbia U./4-2001.
7. Josef Glasmann, Service Architectures In H.323 and SIP: A Comparison, Munich
University of Technology (TUM), http://www.comsoc.org/pubs/s

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n tt nghip i hc

1.1.1. S ra i ca mng th h sau NGN...........................................................3

1.2.1. Khi nim....................................................................................................5

1.3.1. Kin trc chc nng ca mng NGN...........................................................8

1.4.1. Media Gateway (MG)...............................................................................13

2.3.1. S khi chc nng................................................................................20

2.4.1. MTP mc 1 (ng s liu bo hiu)........................................................23

2.5.1. Cc dch v ca SCCP...............................................................................25

2.6.1. Cu trc ca TCAP...................................................................................28

3.4.1. Tng quan v kin trc ca SCTP.............................................................34

4.1.1. Cc c im v chc nng ca SIP..........................................................44

4.2.1. Tng quan v H.323..................................................................................59

5.1.1. Kin trc v cc thnh phn......................................................................75

5.1.3. So snh gia MGCP, SIP v H.323...........................................................78

5.2.1. Tng quan v giao thc MEGACO/H.248................................................79

ATM Adaptation Layer

Bearer Independent Call Control

Bearer Interworking Function

Mng thng minh

Radio Access Network Application

Stream Control Transport Protocol

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Store Program Control

SIP Proxy Server Function

Phn ng dng mng truy nhp v

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Extensible Markup Language

Tc nhn ngi s dng

Em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong khoa Vin thng 1 to mi iu kin tt

H Ni, thng 9/2005

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

Cho ti hin nay, mc d cc t chc vin thng quc t v cc nh cung cp

Hnh 1.1. Mng hp nht

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

1.2.2. Cc c im ca mng NGN

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

Lp kt ni (truy nhp, truyn ti/li).

Lp trung gian (truyn thng).

Trong cc lp trn, lp iu khin l phc tp nht vi nhiu loi giao thc, kh

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

Hnh 1.2. Cu trc mng NGN (gc mng)

Hnh 1.3. Cu trc mng v dch v NGN (gc dch v)

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

Hnh 1.4. Cu trc chc nng ca NGN

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

Hnh 1.5. Cu trc h thng chuyn mch a dch v

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

Hnh 1.6. Cu trc vt l ca NGN

1.4. CC PHN T TRONG MNG NGN

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

Hnh 1.7. Kin trc tng th cho mng NGN

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

Cho php kh nng m rng MG v: cng (port), cards, cc nt, m khng lm

Hnh 1.8. Cu trc ca MG

a. Cc chc nng ca MGC (Hnh 1.9)

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

iu khin cuc gi, duy tr trng thi ca mi cuc gi trn mt MG.

Hnh 1.9. Cc chc nng ca MGC

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng NGN

Hnh 1.10. V d s dng MGC