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Evolutionary Psychology

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of Minimally Counterintuitive Narratives" by
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Related Disorders," American Scientist 82
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http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/
early/2010/11/17/rspb.2010.2125.abstract?papetoc."

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Cognitive Psych olo gy of Belief in the
Supernatural," in American Scientist 92
(2006): 606-614.
Nicholas Wade, in The Faith Instinct: How
Religion Evolved and Why It Endures (New
York: Penguin Press, 2009)"

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131
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"The Cognitive Psychology of Belief in the
Supernatural," in American Scientist 92
(2006): 1032-1039."

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Marriage, and Fertility? " Evolu tio nary
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Experimental Social Psychology 46 (2010):
428-431.
"The Cognitive Psychology of Belief in the
Supernatural," in American Scientist 92
(2006): 428-431."

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Applied Magnetic Fields Not by Suggestibility:
Re-analyses of 19 Experiments," International
Journal of Neuroscience 116 (2006):
1079-1096; Michael A.
Persinger, "Are Our Brains Structured to
Avoid Refutations of the Belief in God? An
Experimental Study," Religion 39 (2009):
34-42; Andrew Newberg and Mark Robert
Waldman, How God Changes Your Brain
(New York: Random House, 2009); Sharon
Begley,"Religion and the Brain," Newsweek,
May 7, 2001; Jack Hitt, "This Is Your Brain on
God," Wired 7, No.11 (November 1999); and
Constance Holden, "Tongues on the Mind,"
Science NOW, November 2, 2006.
Persinger, "Are Our Brains Structured to
Avoid Refutations of the Belief in God? An
Experimental Study," Religion 39 (2009):
34-42; Andrew Newberg and Mark Robert
Waldman, How God Changes Your Brain
(New York: Random House, 2009); Sharon
Begley, "Religion and the Brain," Newsweek,
May 7, 2001; Jack Hitt, "This Is Your Brain on
God," Wired 7, no. 11 (November 1999); and
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Science NOW, November 2, 2006."

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Proceedings of the National Academy of
Science 106 (2009): 4876-4881."

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4, no. 10: e7272."

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"The Cognitive Psychology of Belief in the
Supernatural," in American Scientist 92
(2006): 2587-2594."

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