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Notes 01 Introduction To Power Electronics
Notes 01 Introduction To Power Electronics
Notes 01 Introduction To Power Electronics
Marc T. Thompson, Ph.D. Thompson Consulting, Inc. 9 Jacob Gates Road Harvard, MA 01451 Phone: (978) 456-7722 Fax: (240) 414-2655 Email: marctt@thompsonrd.com marctt@thompsonrd com Web: http://www.thompsonrd.com
Power Electronics
Summary
History/scope of power electronics Some interesting PE-related PE related projects Circuit concepts important to power electronics Some tools for approximate analysis of power electronics l t i systems t DC/DC converters --- first-cut analysis Key design challenges in DC/DC converter design Basic system concepts
Power Electronics
Power Electronics
Power Electronics
Some Applications
Heating and lighting control Induction heating Fluorescent lamp ballasts
Passive Active
Energy storage
Flywheels y Capacitors SMES
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Power Electronics
Lens Actuator
z r Iron Coil Back iron Permanent Nd-Fe-Bo g Magnet
Lens
Air gap
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Array Driver
O.D. current set
Laser Diode
Iod
-12V
Ith -12
Diff. Amp.
Vsense
See: 1. B. Santarelli and M. Thompson, U.S. Patent #5,123,023, "Laser Driver with Plural Feedback Loops," issued June 16, 1992 2. M. Thompson, U.S. Patent #5,444,728, "Laser Driver Circuit," issued August 22, 1995 3. W. T. Plummer, M. Thompson, D. S. Goodman and P. P. Clark, U.S. Patent #6,061,372, Two-Level Semiconductor Laser Driver, issued May 9, 2000 4. Marc T. Thompson and Martin F. Schlecht, Laser Diode Driver Based on Power Converter Technology, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 1, Jan. 1997, pp. 46-52 Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 10
S N
N S
N S
S N
N S N S
S N S N
z N S
S N
r
S N
N S
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Reference: M. T. Thompson, R. D. Thornton and A. Kondoleon, Flux-canceling electrodynamic maglev suspension: Part I. I Test fixture design and modeling modeling, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. vol 35 35, no no. 3 3, May 1999 pp. 1956-1963 Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 16
M. T. Thompson, R. D. Thornton and A. Kondoleon, Flux Flux-canceling canceling electrodynamic maglev suspension: Part I. Test fixture design and modeling, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 35, no. 3, May 1999 pp. 1956-1963
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electrodynamic maglev suspension: Part I. Test fixture f M. T. Thompson, R. D. Thornton and A. Kondoleon, Flux-canceling design and modeling, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 35, no. 3, May 1999 pp. 1956-1963 Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 18
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Photovoltaics
Reference: S. Druyea, S. Islam and W. Lawrance, A battery management system for stand-alone photovoltaic energy systems, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 7, no. 3, May-June 2001, pp. 67-72 Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 24
Reference: P P. Maige Maige, A A universal power supply integrated circuit for TV and monitor applications applications, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol. 36, no. 1, Feb. 1990, pp. 10-17 Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 25
Reference: H H. Matsuki Matsuki, Y Y. Yamakata Yamakata, N N. Chubachi Chubachi, S S.-I. -I Nitta and H. H Hashimoto, Hashimoto Transcutaneous Transcutaneous DC-DC converter for totally implantable artificial heart using synchronous rectifier, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 32 , no. 5, Sept. 1996, pp. 5118 - 5120 Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 26
50 KW Inverter Switch
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Mass Spectrometer
Machines/motors Simulation
SPICE, Matlab, etc.
Device physics
How to make a better MOSFET, IGBT, etc.
Thermal/cooling
How to design a heat sink Thermal interfaces Thermal modeling
Power systems
Transmission lines Line filtering
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Reference: f J. W. Coltman, C The Transformer f (historical ( overview, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol. 8, no. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2002, pp. 8-15 Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 38
Reference: M. C. Duffy, The mercury-arc rectifier and supply to electric railways, IEEE Engineering Science and Education Journal, vol. 4, no. 4, August 1995, pp. 183-192 Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 39
f N. Holonyak, Jr., The Silicon S p-n-p-n Switch S and Controlled C Rectifier f (Thyristor), ( ) IEEE Transactions on Reference: Power Electronics, vol. 16, no. 1, January 2001, pp. 8-16 Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 40
Reference: B. J. Baliga, Trends in Power Semiconductor Devices, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 43, no. 10, October 1996, pp. 1717-1731 Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 41
Reference: B. J. Baliga, Trends in Power Semiconductor Devices, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 43, no. 10, October 1996, pp. 1717-1731 Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 42
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Laplace p Notation
Basic idea: Laplace transform converts differential equation to algebraic equation Generally, G ll method th d i is used di in sinusoidal i id l steady t d state t t after all startup transients have died out
Circuit domain Resistance, R Inductance L C Capacitance i C Laplace (s) domain R Ls 1 Cs
R1 vi + R2 C vo
+ ) vi (s + -
R1 R2 1 /(C s )
+ ) vo(s -
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System Function
Find transfer function H(s) by solving Laplace transformed circuit
R1 vi + R2 C vo -
+
) vi (s + -
R1 R2 1 /(C s )
+ ) vo(s -
H ( s) =
R2Cs + 1 vo ( s ) = = ( R1 + R2 )Cs + 1 vi ( s ) R + R + 1 1 2 Cs
Introduction to Power Electronics 45
R2 +
1 Cs
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First-Order Systems
vo (t ) = V (1 e ) V ir (t ) = e R = RC Time constant
t t
R = 2.2
h =
1
Risetime
h fh = 2
Bandwidth
0.35 R = fh
46
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10 Frequency (rad/sec)
10
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2 n vo ( s ) 1 1 = = = 2 = 2 H ( s) = 2 2 2s LCs + RCs + 1 s s + 2 n s + n vi ( s ) R + Ls + 1 + +1 2 Cs n n
1 Cs
1 LC RC 1 R 1 R = n = = 2 2 L 2 Zo C
48
Power Electronics
H ( j ) =
2 n 1 1 2 n H ( j ) = tan = tan 2 2 2 n 1 2 n
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-50
-100
-150
10
-1
10
10
Frequency (rad/sec)
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H ( s ) =
1 = 2
H ( s ) =n =
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H ( s ) =
1 = =Q 2
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Reference: Leo Beranek, Acoustics, Acoustical Society of America, 1954 Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 54
Very underdamped
j x + j n
Critically damped
j
Overdamped
j
n x 2 poles
x j n
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Now, we can find the resonant frequency by guessing that the voltage v(t) is sinusoidal with v(t) = Vosint. Putting this into the equation for capacitor voltage results in:
1 sin(t ) = sin(t ) LC
2
This means that the resonant frequency is the standard (as expected) resonance:
r2 =
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Energy Methods
iL + vc L C
By using energy methods we can find the ratio of maximum capacitor voltage to maximum inductor current. Assuming that the capacitor it is i i initially iti ll charged h dt to Vo volts, lt and d remembering b i th that t 2 capacitor stored energy Ec = CV and inductor stored energy is EL = LI2, we can write the following:
1 1 2 2 CVo = LI o 2 2
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Energy Methods
iL + vc What does this mean about the magnitude of the inductor current ? Well, we can solve for the ratio of Vo/Io resulting in:
Vo L = Zo C Io
The term Z Zo is defined as the characteristic impedance of a resonant circuit. Lets assume that we have an inductor-capacitor circuit with C = 1 microFarad and L = 1 microHenry. This means that the resonant frequency is 106 radians/second (or 166.7 kHz) and that the characteristic impedance i 1 Oh is Ohm.
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Simulation
iL + vc L C
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1 1 vo ( s ) H ( s) = = = = 2 2 1 2s vi ( s ) R + Ls + LCs + RCs + 1 s + +1 2 Cs n n
1 LC RC 1 R 1 R = n = = 2 2 L 2 Zo C
1 Cs
n =
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n =
LC f n 31.8 MHz
L = 5 Zo = C n RC 1 R 1 R = = = = 0.001 2 2 L 2 Zo C
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n =
LC f n 31.8 MHz
L = 5 C n RC 1 R 1 R = = = 0.001 = 2 2 L 2 Zo C Zo =
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Resonant eso a C Circuit cu --- U Underdamped de da ped Results, esu s, Step Response
Rings at around 31.8 MHz
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Resonant eso a C Circuit cu --- U Underdamped de da ped Results, esu s, Frequency Response
Frequency response peaks at 31.8 MHz
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Circuit Concepts
Power Reactive power Power quality Power factor Root R t Mean M S Square (RMS) Harmonics Harmonic distortion
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Sinewaves
A sinewave can be expressed as v(t) = Vpksin(t) Vpk = peak voltage = radian frequency (rad/sec) = 2f where f is in Hz VRMS = Vpk/sqrt(2) = 120V for sinewave with peaks at 170V More on RMS later
120V RMS 60 Hz sinewave 200 150
100
50
-50
-100
-150
-200 0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.012
0.014
0.016
0.018
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L = tan R
1
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- Phasor representation
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- Magnitude of A
A=
2 2 (Re( ) ( ) ( A) + Im( ( A)
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= 180o
4.2 o = tan = 50 . 2 3.5 = 180o 50.2 o = 129.8o
1
5.5 A129.8o
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Power
Power has many shapes and forms Real power p Reactive power Reactive power does not do real work Instantaneous power
p (t ) = v(t )i (t )
Peak P k instantaneous i t t power Average power
T
1 p (t ) = T
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v(t )i (t )dt
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Power Factor
Ratio of delivered power to the product of RMS voltage and RMS current
<P> PF = VRMS I RMS
Power factor always <= 1 With pure sine wave and resistive load, PF = 1 With p pure sine wave and p purely y reactive load, , PF = 0 Whenever PF < 1 the circuit carries currents or voltages that do not perform useful work The more spikey spikey a waveform is the worse is its PF
Diode rectifiers have poor power factor
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v(t ) = V sin t V i (t ) = cos t L V2 p(t ) = v(t )i (t ) = sin t cos t L < p (t ) > >= 0
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Typical power factor kp = 0.6 What is maximum power you can deliver to load ? VAC x current x kp x rectifier efficiency (120)(15)(0.6)(0.98) = 1058 Watts Assume you replace this simple rectifier by power electronics module with 99% power factor and 93% y efficiency: (120)(15)(0.99)(0.93) = 1657 Watts
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RMS current of any waveshape will dissipate the same amount of heat in a resistor as a DC current of the same value DC waveform: Vrms = VDC Symmetrical square wave: IRMS = Ipk Pure sine wave 0 0 pk IRMS=0.707I Example: 120 VRMS line voltage has peaks of 169.7 V
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DC Voltage
Battery
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Sinewave
AC line
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Square Wave
This type of waveform can be put out by a square wave converter or full-bridge converter
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DC with Ripple
Buck converter inductor current (DC value + ripple)
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Triangular Ripple
Capacitor ripple current in some converters (no DC value)
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Pulsating Waveform
Buck converter input switch current (assuming small ripple)
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Triangular
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Piecewise Calculation
This works if the different components are at different frequencies
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Harmonics
Harmonics are created by nonlinear circuits Rectifiers Half-wave rectifier has first harmonic at 60 Hz Full-wave has first harmonic at 120 Hz Switching DC/DC converters DC/DC operating at 100 kHz generally creates harmonics at DC, 100 kHz, 200 kHz, 300 kHz, etc. Line Li harmonics h i can be b t treated t d by b li line filt filters Passive Active
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I1, RMS
4 1 2 = 0.483 THD = 2 4 2
P.F . =
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Half Wave Rectifier with Resistive Load --- Power F t and Factor d Average A Output O t t Voltage V lt
Average output voltage:
1 < v d >= 2
V pk sin( i (t )d (t ) =
2
V pk 2
[ cos( (t )]
t = t = 0
V pk
VRMS = I RMS =
V pk 2
RI pk 2
I pk 1 2 2
2 I pk
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Crest Factor
Another term sometimes used in power engineering Ratio of peak value to RMS value For F a sinewave, i crest t factor f t = 1.4 14 Peak = 1; RMS = 0.707 For a square wave, crest factor = 1 Peak = 1; RMS = 1
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0.5
-0.5
-1
-1 1.5 5
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
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12-Pulse Rectifier
T Two paralleled ll l d 6 6-pulse l rectifiers tifi 5th and 7th harmonics are eliminated Only y harmonics are the 11th, 13th, 23rd, 25th
Reference: R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, 2d edition Power Electronics Introduction to Power Electronics 121
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Assumed States
In a circuit with diodes, etc. or other nonlinear elements, how do you figure out what is happening ? Guess.and G d th then check h k your guess
1 10 1:10 120 VAC Vout
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1 v (t ) = v( )d T t T
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Must accommodate:
Variation in line voltage
Typically 10%
Vbus
IL 120Cbus
AC
Vbus Cbus
Switching Reg.
Vo
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PSIM Simulation
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PSIM Simulation
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Switcher Implementation
D + Vi RL vo(t) -
Switch turns on and off with switching frequency fsw D is duty duty cycle, cycle or fraction of switching cycle that v (t) switch is closed
o
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Buck Converter
Add diode to allow continuous inductor current flow when switch is open
D L + Vi C RL vo(t) -
This is a common circuit for voltage step-down applications Examples E l of f buck b k converter t given i l later t
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Types of Converters
Can have DC or AC inputs and outputs AC DC Rectifier DC DC Designed to convert one DC voltage to another DC voltage Buck, boost, flyback, buck/boost, SEPIC, Cuk, etc. DC AC Inverter AC AC Light dimmers Cycloconverters
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Buck Converter
Also called down converter Designed to convert a higher DC voltage to a lower DC voltage Output voltage controlled by modifying switching duty i ratio D ratio D
L
Vcc
L + C vc R
Vo
Well figure out the details of how this works in later weeks
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Possible Implementations
Many companies make buck controller chips (where you supply y pp y external components) p ) as well as complete p modules
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Control system Controller Current C t sensing i d device i Switch MOSFET conduction loss MOSFET switching loss Avalanche loss Gate driving loss Clamp/snubber Diode Di d Conduction loss Reverse recovery Reverse current
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