Kien Truc May Tinh

Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
AI CNG
Cac the he may tnh Phan loai may tnh Thanh qua cua may tnh Thong tin va ma hoa thong tin
Chng1
ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
I.1 - CAC THE HE MAY TNH 1. The he may tnh c kh
o C kh hoan toan: Cac banh rang, truc quay, ... o Tnh: Cong tr (ve sau: Nhan chia) Pascal, Leibniz, Babbage, Atanasoff Horward Aiken xay dng Mark2 bang r-le o en ien t xuat hien o May tnh Analog (1938): Giai cac phng trnh vi phan o ENIAC (Electronic Numerial Integrator and Computer)
18.000 en ien t 1.500 rle Cong suat tieu thu 150KW/h, dai 30m, cao 2.8m, nang 30 tan 20 thanh ghi 10 bit
2. The he th nhat (1938-1953)
von Neumann e xuat
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
Memory
Control unit
Arithmetic logical unit

Accumulator
Input Output
May tnh von Neumann ban au

1950-1959: may UNIVAC cua Ecker/Mauchley va IBM 701 c ban tren th trng
3
Kien Truc may tnh o
3. The he th hai (1952-1963)

Transistor (phat minh 1948) c ng dung e thay the cac en ien t, kch thc may tnh giam lai 1961: Hang DECgii thieu may mini au tien PDP-1 gia 12000USD. Cac sinh vien a lap trnh tro chi chien tranh vu tru Tro chi video au tien tren the gii, tren man anh (512x512). IBM 7090 7094 manh nhat the gii luc bay gi.
Chng 1: ai cng
o o
Ngon ng cap cao xuat hien: FORTRAN (1956), COBOL (1959), ALGOL (1960) ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007
May PDP-1
4
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
IBM 7090
May IBM 7090 manh nhat the gii vao cuoi thap nien 50 Nam 1964, hang CDC gii thieu may 6600, nhanh hn ca IBM 7094
ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007 5
Kien Truc may tnh
4. The he th ba (1962-1975)
Chng 1: ai cng
o Xuat hien mach tch hp IC(Integrated Circuit)
SSI (Small Scale Integration): cha hang chuc linh kien MSI (Midium Scale Integration): cha hang tram linh kien
o May tnh gon hn, nhanh hn va re hn dung Transistor o Bo nh ban dan thay dan bo nh xuyen t (trong may CDC 7600) o He ieu hanh chia thi gian c s dung
IBM System/360 Model 91
Kien Truc may tnh
5. The he th t (1972 - nay)
Chng 1: ai cng
o Dung Vi mach co o tch hp cao LSI va rat cao VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration), cha vai nghn en vai trieu linh kien. o Microprocessor ngay cang manh hn, bo nh ban dan, bo nh Cache va bo nh ao c dung o Ky thuat ong dan (Pipeline) va X ly song song khong ngng cai tien o Gia thanh giam
Personal Computer
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
6. Khuynh hng hien tai

o Tang cng mat o tch hp (2X trong 18 thang) o X ly song song (t vai bo en vai nghn bo x ly) o May tnh thong minh nhan tao? o THE HE MAY TNH TNG LAI ?
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
I.2 PHAN LOAI MAY TNH

Da vao tnh nang ky thuat, lnh vc ng dung va gia tien e phan loai may tnh.
Loai May tnh vi tnh May tnh mini Sieu may tnh mini Mainframe Supercomputer May IBM PS/2 PDP-11/84 SUN-4 IBM 3090/300 Cray 2 ng dung X ly t Real time control May chu Ngan hang D bao thi tiet Gia thanh (USD) Tram ngan Chuc tram ngan Tram ngan trieu Trieu Chuc trieu
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
Earth Simulator
Supercomputer Top 1 - July 2002

Based on the NEC 16GB shared memory Total of 5104 processors 2 ns cycle time 40 TFlop/s peak 10 TB memory. 700 TB disk space Area of computer = 4 tennis courts, 3 floors
10
Kien Truc may tnh
1988 Computer Food Chain
Chng 1: ai cng
Mainframe Work- PC Ministation computer
Supercomputer
Minisupercomputer
Massively Parallel Processors

Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
Minisupercomputer Massively Parallel Processors
Minicomputer
1998 Computer Food Chain
Mainframe Server Supercomputer

Work- PC station
Now who is eating whom?

12
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
I.3 THANH TU MAY TNH Microprocessor Capacity

100000000
Graduation Window
10000000
Moores Law
1000000 i80386 100000 i80286
Pentium i80486
Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5.5 million PowerPC 620: 6.9 million Alpha 21164: 9.3 million Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million CMOS improvements: Die size: 2X every 3 yrs Line width: halve / 7 yrs
i8086 10000 i8080 i4004 1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 Year 1990 1995 2000
Intel Pentium 4 Cha 42 trieu transistors Toc o 2.4 GHz
13
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
Intel Pentium 4
2.4GHz, 42M, 0.13
14
Kien Truc may tnh

size
Chng 1: ai cng
Memory Capacity (Single Chip DRAM)

1000000000 100000000
10000000
1000000
100000
10000
1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 Year 1990 1995 2000
year 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1996 2000 Capacity Logic DRAM Disk 2x in 3 years 4x in 3 years 4x in 3 years
size(Mb) cyc time 0.0625 250 ns 0.25 220 ns 1 190 ns 4 165 ns 16 145 ns 64 120 ns 256 100 ns
Speed (latency) 2x in 3 years 2x in 10 years 2x in 10 years

15
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
16
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
17
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
I.4 THONG TIN VA MA HOA THONG TIN 1.4.1. Khai niem

Hieu the Vt2 VH
Vt1 t1 t2
VL Thi gian
Thi iem t1: ien ap thap mc 0 Thi iem t2: ien ap cao mc 1
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 1: ai cng
1.4.2. Lng thong tin va ma hoa thong tin

o o Thong tin c o bang n v thong tin, goi la bit nh ngha: I: lng thong tin N: so trang thai o
I = log2 ( N )
V du: 3 bit thong tin bieu dien 8 trang thai co the co
N = 2I
Trang thai 0 1 2 3 X2 0 0 0 0 X1 0 0 1 1 X0 0 1 0 1 Trang thai 4 5 6 7 X2 1 1 1 1 X1 0 0 1 1 X0 0 1 0 1
19
Kien Truc may tnh o o
1.4.3. Bieu dien cac so
Chng 1: ai cng
Dung so nh phan phu hp trang thai hoat ong cua may tnh 4 so nh phan (Bin.) bieu dien thanh 1 so thap luc phan 1 byte (8 bit) bieu dien: (Hex.) Binary Hex. Binary Hex. 0-255
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 10000 10001 9 A B C D E F 10 11

1 t (32 bit) bieu dien: 0 - 4294967295 Boubeword (64 bit)
018446744073709551616 Mot so nh phan n bit tng ng so thap phan:
N = d i 2i
i =0
20
n 1
Kien Truc may tnh
1.4.4. Bieu dien so nguyen co dau

dn-1 dn-2 dn-3 ... ... ... ... d2 d1 d0
Chng 1: ai cng
Dung bt cao nhat e bieu dien dau: 0 dng; 1 am
bit dau V du:
tr so 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 = +73 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 = -73
a. Bieu dien bang tr tuyet oi va dau

o o o o bit dn-1 la bit dau, t d0 -dn-2 la gia tr tuyet oi cua so bieu dien N bit bieu dien c t (2N-1-1) en +(2N-1-1)
n2 V du: 1 byte (N=8) bieu dien d n1 c t 127 i en + 127
Thap phan tng ng: Co 2 cach bieu dien so 0
N = (1)
d 2
i =0 i
V du : 0000 0000 ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007
(+0) va 1000 000 (-0)
21
Kien Truc may tnh o o
b. Bieu dien bang so bu 1
Chng 1: ai cng
So am N co c bang lay bu 1 so dng N. Bu 1: bit 1 thay bang bit 0 va ngc lai

V du: 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 = + 73 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 = -73
c.
Mot byte cho phep bieu dien cac so: t 127 (1000 0000) en +127 (0111 1111) o Co 2 cach bieu dien so 0, v du 0000 0000 (+0) va 1111 1111 (0)dien bang so bu 2 Bieu o o o o o So bu 2 = bu 1+ 1. Mot t N bit bieu dien c t (2N-1) en (2N-1+1).
V du: 1 byte bieu dien 128 en 127
N = (1) So thap phan tng ng:
d n1
i d 2 i i =0
n2
Co 1 cach bieu dien so 0 o la moi bit eu bang 0.

22
Kien Truc may tnh

V du: 10110111 la mot so am
Chng 1: ai cng
= 01001000+ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 = 73 Do o so am ban au phai la -73
d. Bieu dien bang so tha K

o o So am N cua so dng +N co gia tr la K-N K c chon sao cho tong cua K va mot so am bat ky luon dng
e. So sanh cac cach bieu dien

o o o
Bu 2: Dung nhieu do khong can thuat toan ac biet va de phat hien trng hp b tran. Bu 1 va Tr tuyet oi: Bat li do co 2 cach bieu dien so 0 So tha K: Dung cho so mu cua cac so co dau cham ong
23
Kien Truc may tnh o
1.4.5. Bieu dien so vi dau cham ong

Bieu dien gan ung cac so thc bang:

Chng 1: ai cng
Phan dau Phan nh tr dang (1,f) vi so 1 an va f la so le Phan so mu
V du: Bieu dien so co dau cham ong chnh xac kep vi 64 bit:
63 62 52 51 50 1 0
Chuan IEEE 754
f1
f2
... 52 bit so le
f51 f52
11 bit so mu 1 bit dau
Tng ng so thc: (-1)S*(1,f1 f2 f52 )*2(E-1023) Nhan xet: So mu dang tha K=1023 nen so mu thc thay oi t 1023 en +1023 o Bieu dien so co dau cham ong chnh xac n 32 bit can: 1 bit dau, 8 bit so mu, so tha K=127 va 23 bit phan so le
24
Kien Truc may tnh Chng 1: ai cng V du: Bieu dien so thc 20.59375 vi o chnh xac kep
20/2 10/2 5/2 2/2 1/2 0 = 10 d =5 d =2 d =1 d =0 d End 0 0 1 0 1 0.59375 * 2 = 1.1875 0.1875 * 2 = 0.375 0.375 * 2 = 0.75 0.75 * 2 = 1.5 0.5 * 2 = 1.0 0 End 1 0 0 1 1
(20.59375)10 = (10100. 10011)2 = (1.0100 10011*24)2

(-1)S* (1, f1 f2 f52)*2(E-1023) = (1.0100 10011*24)2 S=0; f1 f2 f52 = 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0; E=1027 = (10000000011)2
Bieu dien: 0 10000000011 - 010010011 0 0

52 bit
25
Kien Truc may tnh
1.4.5. Bieu dien so vi dau cham ong (tiep)

64 bit:
Chng 1: ai cng
oi t cach bieu dien so cham ong nh phan sang so thap phan 63 62 52 51 50 1 0

S E f1 f2 ... 52 bit so le f51 f52 11 bit so mu 1 bit dau
n 52 S i N = (1) * 1 + f i 2 * 2 Vi = E - 1023 i =1 n 23 S 32 bit: N = (1) * 1 + f i 2 i * 2 Vi = E - 127 i =1
V du: 00
S=0
0100000000110100100110
E=1027 =E-1023=4 i= 2 5 8 9
Thap phan: N = (-1)0*(1+2-2+2-5+2-8+2-9)*24 = 24+22+2-1+2-4+2-5 = 20.59375
26
Kien Truc may tnh
1.4.6. Bieu dien cac so thap phan
Chng 1: ai cng
Ngi ta thng dung cach bieu dien so thap phan ma hoa theo so nh phan BCD (Binary Coded Decimal). Moi so thap phan c ma hoa bang nhom 4 bit nh phan nh sau:
Dec. 0 1 2 3 4 Binary 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 Dec. 5 6 7 8 9 Binary 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001
1.4.7. Bieu dien cac ky t

Dung bang ma ASCII (American Standard Codes for Information Interchange) e bieu dien cac ky t.
V du: A (0100 0001)2
9 (0011 1001 )2
27
Kien Truc may tnh

1.
BAI TAP
Chng 1: ai cng
Gia s tai thi iem nam 2002 ta co cac thong tin sau: Toc o CPU: 2.4 GHz, tch hp 42 trieu transistor DRAM 512 MB, toc o 80 ns a cng 64 GB, toc o 7200 vong/phut ( 12 ms) Anh ch hay d oan xem trong 10 nam ti (2012) cac thong so tren se la bao nhieu? Da theo lch s phat trien cua may tnh, anh ch hay chng minh rang the he may tnh cho tng lai khong the trong cay vao kha nang tch hp cua cong nghe VLSI. Hay bieu dien so nh phan tng ng cho so thap phan 202 bang: Kieu tr tuyet oi va dau Kieu so bu 1 Kieu so bu 2 Bieu dien so nh phan tng ng vi so thap phan 202.125 theo chuan IEEE 754 vi: Kieu dau cham ong co o chnh xac kep 64 bit Kieu dau cham ong co o chnh xac n 32 bit Cho so Hex sau: C046000 H. Xac nh so thap phan tng ng neu so nay bieu dien cho: So nguyen: Khong dau, Co dau, Bu 1, Bu 2 Kieu dau cham ong co o chnh xac n 32 bit theo chuan IEEE754 Bieu so thap phan (15.25) va ( 7.525) thanh kieu dau cham ong co o chnh xac n 32 bit theo chuan IEEE754. Kiem chng ket qua bang cach oi ngc lai t nh phan sang thap phan
2. 3.
4.
5.
6.
28
Kien Truc May Tnh
Chng 2: Kien truc phan mem bo x ly
Chng 2
KIEN TRUC PHAN MEM BO X LY

Thanh phan c ban cua may tnh nh ngha kien truc may tnh Cac kieu thi hanh lenh Kieu kien truc thanh ghi a dung Cac kieu nh v Loai va chieu dai toan hang Cac loai tac vu thi hanh lenh Kien truc CISC va RISC Kieu nh v cua bo x ly RISC Tap lenh Ngo g n ng g cap cao va NN. may
Kien Truc May Tnh
1. Thanh phan c ban cua mot may tnh

ieu khien Tnh T h toan & luan ly Thanh ghi CPU Bo nh nh trong Ngoai Ngoa i vi
Bus a ch Bus d lieu Bus ieu khien
Giao dien mang mang
Cau truc mot may tnh n gian

Bo nh nh trong: Dung Dung RAM (Random Access Memory) ch cha a ma ma lenh va so lieu. Bo x ly trung tam (CPU): Lay lenh va so lieu t bo nh trong va thi h hl hanh lenh o nh h bo b ALU (A (Arithmetic ith ti and dl logic i unit) it) k ket h hp vi i cac thanh ghi. Bo ieu khien trong CPU am bao tuan t thi hanh lenh Bo phan vao ra: Giao tiep ngi dung qua ban phm, chuot, man hnh, may in,bo nh ngoai (a t), mang...
2
Kien Truc May Tnh

CPU Cache Bus he thong (CPU Bo nh trong) Bo tao thch ng Bo nh trong
Cac Ca c bo phan c c noi noi vi nhau qua he thong bus gom bus ieu khi n, bus khie b a ch h va bus d lieu. Bus he thong: thong: e e trao oi thong tin gia CPU va bo nh trong thong qua Cache Bus vao ra: e trao i tho o th ng tin ti gia i cac bo phan vao ra va bo nh trong.
Bus vao ra K vao-ra K vao-ra K vao-ra
a t
Man hnh
Mang
S o hoat ong ien hnh cua may tnh

3
Kien Truc May Tnh
2. nh ngha kien truc may tnh

Kien truc phan mem: Chu yeu la kien truc phan mem cua bo x ly, x ly, go gom m tap lenh, ca cac c kie kieu u nh v va tap thanh ghi (e cap chng nay) To chc To chc ma may y tnh: Lien Lien quan en cac van e ve cau truc ben trong cua bo x ly, cau truc bus bo nh bus, nh, ... (e (e cap chng tiep theo) Lap at phan cng: Lap rap cac bo phan chc cac chc na nang ng (Khong (Khong e cap giao trnh nay).
To chc
Lap at
Kien Kie n truc truc phan mem Kien truc may tnh
Lu y: Nhieu may tnh co cung cau truc phan mem nhng to chc va lap at co the khac xa nhau.
Kien Truc May Tnh
3. Cac kieu thi hanh lenh

Ma tac vu Toan hang 1 Toan hang 2
...
Toan hang n
Dang lenh tong quat
So toan hang: Phu thuoc so mach tnh toan trong bo x ly V du: tnh A+B+C+D
- Co Co 3 ma mach ch cong: - Co 1 mach cong: ADD ADD ADD ADD A, B, C, D A,B A,C A,D ; 1 lenh ; A=kq, lenh 1 ; A=kq, lenh 2 ; A=kq, lenh 3
V t tr t toan h hang: Nga N n xep, th thanh h ghi hi tch t h luy l va thanh th h ghi hi a d dung
V tr T.hang Ngan xep Bo x ly B5500, HP 3000/70 So phep tnh V tr ket qua 0 1 2 hay 3 Ngan xep Reg tch luy Cach thc Push/pop Ghi oc Reg
Reg tch luy PDP8, Motorola 6809 Reg a du dung ng IMB360, IMB360 DEC DEC, VAX
Reg or bo nh nh Ghi oc oc Reg/M

5
Kien Truc May Tnh
3. Cac kieu thi hanh lenh (tiep)

Kien truc ngan xep PUSH A PUSH B ADD POP C ; C= ket qua Kien truc Reg tch luy LOAD A ADD B STORE C Kien truc Reg a dung LOAD R1, A ADD B B, R1 STORE R1, C
T h C Tnh C= A A+B B th theo 3 ki kieu ki kien t truc Loai kien truc

N n xep Nga Thanh ghi tch luy luy Thanh ghi a dung a chuong do truy cap nhanh hn bo nh
Li iem
- Le L nh ngan - t ma may - Lenh ngan - To T i thi thieu t trang th thai i - Kieu tong quat e tao cac ma lenh hu hieu
Bat li
- Stack St k kho kh ng ngau nhie hi n - Ma khong hieu qua - Lu Reg la tam thi - Trao T o i b bo nh h nhie hi u - Lenh dai
S sanh 3 ki So kieu ki kien truc

6
Kien Truc May Tnh
4. Kieu kien truc thanh g ghi a dung

Neu lenh co tnh toan tren ALU, can lu y 2 van e: Mot lenh ALU phai co 2 hay 3 toan hang o o Neu co 3 toan hang th mot dung e cha ket qua V du: ADD R1, R2, R3 ; R1=ket qua (=R2+R3) Neu co 2 t N toan h hang th 1 t toan h hang v a l la nguon v a la l ch h V du: ADD R1, R2 ; R1=ket qua (=R1+R2) Kieu thanh ghi thanh ghi Kieu thanh ghi bo nh Kieu bo nh bo nh
Biet co bao nhieu toan hang bo nh: Co 3 kieu toan hang o o o
Kieu thanh ghi Thanh ghi c nhieu nha che tao quan tam tam nhat nhat hien nay. nay
Kien Truc May Tnh
5. Cac kieu nh v
Kieu nh v
Thanh ghi (TG) Tc th Trc tiep Gian tie Gian tiep p thanh ghi Gian tiep bo nh Gi n tie Gia i p reg.+reg. Gian tiep base reg+ index reg + offset T tang T giam
V du
ADD R3, R4 ADD R4, #3 ADD R1, (1001) ADD R4 R4, (R1) ADD R1,@(R3) A ADD R3, 3 (R1+R2) ( 1 2) ADD R1,100(R2)[R3] ADD R1, (R2)+ ADD R1, (R2)-
Giai thch
R3R3 + R4 R4R4 + 3 R1R1 + M[1001] R4R4 + M[R1] R1R1 + M[M[R3]] R4R4 + M[R1+100] R3R3 + M[R1 M[R1+R2] R2]
Ghi chu
Opers. in reg. Opers. in instr. Op. add in instr. Op add Op. add. in reg reg.
Gian tiep reg+offset ADD R4,100(R1)
R1R3 + [100+R2+ d*R3] Word: d=4 Double W: d=8 R1R2 + M[R2] R2R2 + d R2R2 - d R1R1 + M[R2]
8
Kien Truc May Tnh
6. Loai Loai va va chieu chieu da dai i cu cua a toan toan ha hang ng

Thong thng loai toan hang xac nh luon chieu dai cua no Toan Toa n hang hang thng thng co co chieu chieu dai: dai: byte (8 bit), half word (16 bit), word (32 bit), double word (64 bit)
69% 31% 19% 7% 0%
Double word Word Half word Byte
74% Dau cham ong So nguyen %
Ngoai ra cung co mot so loai toan hang ac biet phuc vu cho tnh toan tre toan tren n so so BCD va va Chuoi Chuoi ky ky t t .
9
Kien Truc May Tnh
7. Ca Cac c ta tac c vu vu cu cua a lenh

Loai tac vu
Tnh toan so hoc va luan ly Di chuyen so lieu Chuyen ie Chuyen ieu u khien khien He thong Tnh so so co co dau dau cham cham ong Tnh so thap phan Tnh toan tren chuoi ky t Multimedia +, -, AND, OR Nap va lu tr so lieu Nhay lap, call & Nhay, & return t t CTC, CTC bay bay Goi he ieu hanh, quan ly bo nh ao +, * +, *, oi thap phan sang ky t Chuyen, so sanh, tm chuoi ky t Nen, giai nen Audio-Video, 3D
Th du

3 loai tac vu au tien eu co tren tat ca cac may Cac loai tac vu sau tuy thuoc vao kien truc moi may
10
Kien Truc May Tnh
8. Kien truc RISC va CISC

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer): Ra i vao nhng nam 1960 e giam o dai chng trnh va do: - Chng trnh dch kho dung thanh ghi - Vi lenh nhanh hn lenh ac iem: Dung kieu O nh o nh va o nh - thanh ghi, chieu dai lenh thay oi, dung bo ieu khien vi chng trnh Bo x ly
Nam san xuat S lenh So Bo nh vi CT Chieu dai lenh Cache Cach thc thi hanh lenh
IBM 370/168
1973 208 420 KB 16 48 bit 64 KB T. ghi T. ghi T. ghi bo nh Bo nh bo nh
DEC-11/780
1978 303 480 KB 16 456 bit 64 KB T. ghi T. ghi T. ghi bo nh Bo nh bo nh
iAPX 432
1982 222 64 KB 6 321 bit 0 Ngan xep Bo nh bo nh
11
Kien Truc May Tnh
8. Kien truc RISC va CISC (tiep)

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer): Ra i vao nhng nam 1980 do: - Kha Kha nang nang viet viet chng trnh dch a a tien tien bo (bie (biet t du dung ng thanh ghi) - Vi lenh khong nhanh hn lenh khi thao tac tren o nh ac iem: Dung kieu thanh ghi - thanh ghi, chieu dai lenh co nh, dung ky thuat ong dan (pipeline) Bo x ly
Nam san xuat So lenh Bo nh vi CT Chieu dai Chieu dai lenh Kieu thi hanh
IBM 810
1980 120 0 32 bit T. ghi T. ghi
RISC 1
1982 39 0 32 bit T. ghi T. ghi
MIPS
1983 55 0 32 bit T. ghi T. ghi
khao tai tai lieu va va so sanh sanh kie kien n truc truc RISC va va CISC ? Tham khao
Kien Truc May Tnh
9. Kie eu u nh v t trong o g cac cac bo x ly y RISC SC

Thanh ghi: Toan hang nguon va ch eu nam trong thanh ghi
MIPS Opcode 6bit Rs1 5bit Rs2 5bit Rd 5 bit const 5bit Opx 6bit 32 bit
Tc th: Toan hang la so co dau, cha ngay trong lenh

Opcode 6bit Rs 5bit Rd 5bit const 16bit (toan hang tc th) 32 bit
MIPS

Trc Tr c tiep: tiep: a ch toa toan n hang hang nam nam trong lenh Gian tiep bang thanh ghi + o di: Kieu ac thu cua RISC a ch toan hang = Thanh ghi (a ch) + o di (khi o di =0 th l kie la ki u nh h v t trc ti tiep). ) Kieu t tang: dung trong mot so bo x ly RISC nh PowerPC
13
Kien Truc May Tnh
10. Tap lenh

Thong thng moi bo x ly co tap rieng, khac nhau. Dang Da ng lenh pho pho bien bien (co (co the the hieu hieu ngam ngam 1 so so toan toan hang): hang):
Lenh gi nh Reg ch Reg nguon 1 Reg nguon 2
V du: ADD R1, R2, R3 a) Gan tr - Bo nh - Tnh toan so nguyen - Logic - Dch chuye chuyen n b) Lenh co ieu kien - Kiem Ki tra t i ieu kie ki n:
R1 R2 + R3 V du: V du: V du: V du: du: LOAD Ri, M(a ch) ADD, SUB, DIV, ... AND, OR, ... SLL SRL SLL, SRL,...
X t cac Xet c tra t ng th thai i - Z, Z C, C OVF,... OVF

14
Kien Truc May Tnh - Kiem tra ieu kien (tiep) V du: CMP Rk, Ri, Rj Lu trang thai cua phep toan (Ri-Rj) toan (Ri Rj) vao vao thanh ghi Rk lu nhieu trang thai nhng ph thanh ghi

So gi (nh) Toan hang 1 ALU Toan hang 2 Ket qua S bit dau (c dau) Z c zero OVF c tran C c gi
Nhieu Nhieu bo x x ly ly co co rieng rieng thanh ghi tra trang ng thai thai - Nhay vong: Gom nhay khong ieu kien va co ieu kien V du: du: 1 2 3 4 5 6 CMP R4, R1, R2 BGT R4,+2 ADD R3, R0, R2 BRA +1 ADD R3, R0, R1 ...
; nhay 2 lenh neu R1>R2 ; R0=0, R3 R2 ; nhay 1 lenh ; R3 R1
Ket qua Ket qua: : Neu Neu R1 > R2 th R3 = R1 R1, ngc ngc lai lai, R3 = R2
Kien Truc May Tnh
Chng 2: Kien truc phan mem bo x ly ? ?
10. Tap lenh (tiep)

c) Vong lap Dung cac lenh nhay co ieu kien va kie ki m tra bo b e m sau moi l lan la l p.
V du: Bo x ly PowerPC co lenh BNCT (branch if no con. taken) BNCT Ri, o di d) Tham nhap ngan xep Dung lenh PUSH/POP PUSH Ri ; SP=SP+1 M[SP] Ri POP Ri ; SP=SP-1 Ri M[SP] ;Ri=Ri-1. Neu Ri 0: PC=PC+o di Ngc lai: thi hanh lenh ke
Bo x ly RISC: dung lenh thng vi R30 la con tro ngan xep ADDI R30, R30, 4 ; SP=SP+4 STORE Ri, (R30) LOAD Ri, (R30) SUBI R30, R30,4 ;SP=SP-4
16
Kien Truc May Tnh
10. Tap lenh (tiep)

e) Cac thu tuc Main
Call Proc1
Proc1
Call Proc2 RET
Proc2
RET
Goi Go i thu thu tu tuc: c: CALL; Tr Tr ve ve chng trnh goi: goi: RET CISC (VAX 11, 80x86, 680x0): a ch tr ve gi trong ngan xep RISC ( (PowerPC, , MIPS, , RISC1): ) thng dung R31 lu a ch tr ve
Goi thu tuc: ADD R30, R30, 4 STORE R31, (R30) JMP Ri
; PC=R30 ; R31: a ch ve ; Ri: a ch goi
Tr ve: LOAD R31, (R30) SUBI R30, R30,4 JMP R31
; phuc hoi a ch ve ; cap nhat con tro ; R31: a ch tr ve 17
Kien Truc May Tnh
11. Ngo g n ng g cap cao va ngo g n ng g may

Chi ph phan mem luon ac nhat trong mot he thong may tnh Ngon ng cap cang cao cang t ca tha an t thie en, nhng g phai qua nhieu lan dch VD: PASCAL, C, LISP,... Ngon Ngo n ng ng cap cap cao muon muon chay oc lap vi bo x ly can co trnh hp dch tot
Cap 5
Cap NN hng T
Dch (trnh bien dch)
Cap 4
Cap NN hp dch
Dch (assembler)
Cap 3
Cap he ieu hanh

Dch 1 phan (He ieu hanh)
Cap 2
Cap may qui c

Phien dch (vi CT)
D Do o kie ki n truc pha h n mem cua bo x ly quan trong oi vi trnh dch
C p 1 Ca
C p vi Ca i la l p t trnh h
Vi CT chay tren phan cng
Cap 0 Cap
Cap logic so Cap so

18
Kien Truc May Tnh
19
Kien Truc May Tnh
anh gia hieu suat CPU

nh ngha hieu suat:
clock rate[ Hz ] IC MIPS = = 6 Exe.Time[ S ] 10 CPI 106

MIPS: Million instructions per second Trieu lenh/giay IC: Instruction Count tong tong so so lenh Exe. Time: Execution tine Thi gian thi hanh chng trnh [S] CPI: Clock cycle per instruction So chu ky trung bnh cua 1 lenh Clock rate: Toc o xung nhp [Hz] nh ngha hieu suat suat to toi i a: Thi g gian thi hnh chng g trnh:
MIPS peak =
clock rate[ Hz ] CPI min 10 6
IC CPI [ s] Exe.time = clock rate[ Hz ]

20
Kien Truc May Tnh
anh gia hieu suat CPU

V du: Xet 2 CPU M1 va M2 cung tap lenh. Tap lenh co 4 dang A, B, C va D nh sau:
May M1: 500MHz Dang lenh
A B C D
May M2: 750MHz Dang lenh

A B C D
CPI
1 2 3 4
CPI
2 2 4 4
1. Tnh hieu suat toi a cua moi may
MIPSpeakM1 =(500*10 (500*106)/(1*106)=500 ) 500 MIPS MIPSpeakM2 =(750*106)/(2*106)=375 MIPS
2. Neu t le s cac dung lenh trong chng trnh la 25% th may nao thi hanh nhanh hn:
CPIM1= (1x25%)+(2x25%)+(3x25%)+(4x25%) = 2.5 CPIM2= (2x25%)+(2x25%)+(4x25%)+(4x25%) = 3

Exe.timeM 1 = Exe.timeM 2 ICxCPI M 1 ICx 2.5 = = ICx5 x10 9 [ s ] 6 clock rateM 1 500 *10 ICxCPI M 2 ICx3 = = = ICx 4 x10 9 [ s ] 6 clock rateM 2 750 *10
Exe.timeM 1 ICx5 x10 9 [ s ] = = 1.25 n= Exe.timeM 2 ICx 4 x10 9 [ s ] Hay M2 nhanh hn M1 la 1.25 lan.
3. e toc o may M1 bang M2 th M1 can chay clock rate bao nhieu?
Exe.timeM 1 =
ICx 2.5 = ICx 4 x10 9 = Exe.timeM 2 clockrate l k M 1 = 625MHz clokrateM 1

21
Kien Truc May Tnh 2 Cho 2. Ch oan CT sau cha h yt tren CPU 500 MHz: MH
ADD R2, R2, R1 ADD R1, R3, R5 CMP R4, C , R1, , R2 BGT R4, +2 ADD R3, R0, R2 BRA +1 ADD R3, , R0, , R1 ; R4=R1-R2 ; nhay 2 lenh neu R4>0 ; nhay 1 lenh
Bai tap
Gia s so chu ky xung nhp cua moi lenh la: Dang lenh ADD BGT, BRA, CMP CPI 1 2
a Neu a. Neu R1=0Ah; R2=0Bh; R3=R5=11h th: -Tong so lenh c thi hanh (IC)?; -Thi gian thi hanh (Exe.time)? b. Neu R1=0Bh; R2=0Ah; R3=R5=01h th: -Tong so lenh c thi hanh (IC)?; -Thi gian thi hanh (Exe.time)?
Kie n Tru ma tnh Kie n Tru cc Ma yyTnh
Chng 2: Kien2: tru c pha n me m bo x m ly bo x ly Chng Kie n tru c pha n me

Dang lenh CPI 2 3 3 4 T le s dung 40% 25% 25% 10% ALU ops p Loads Stores Branches
3. Xet mot qua q trnh khao sat toi u hoa mot

bo x ly. Gia s bo x ly co 4 dang lenh: ALU ops, Loads, Stores va Branches Giai oan 1: Thiet ke c ban, tao ra mot CPU c ban chay 500 MHz, goi la Mbase, cac
thong so mo phong o c nh sau:

Dang lenh ALU ops Loads Stores S Branches CPI 2 3 3 5 T le s dung 40% 25% 25% 5% 10%
Hoi: a. CPI trung bnh cua Mbase va Mopt? b. MIPS tng ng cua tng may? c. May nao nhanh hn va hn bao nhieu? Giai oan 3: Toi u hoa chng trnh dch, giai oan nay lam cho tong so lenh cua chng trnh (IC) giam 10%, goi la Mboth, cac thong
so mo p phong o c nh sau:
Dang lenh ALU ops L d Loads Stores Branches CPI 2 3 3 4
T le s dung 40.4% 25 2% 25.2% 23.8% 10.6%
Giai oan 2: Toi u hoa phan cng, nang toc CPU le o l n 600 MHz, MH goi la l Mopt, cac tho th ng
so mo phong o c nh sau:
Hoi: May Mboth chay nhanh hn Mbase bao nhieu lan ?

23
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 3: Cau truc bo x ly
Chng 3
CAU TRUC BO X LY
ng d lieu Bo ieu khien Dien tien thi hanh lenh ma may Ngat quang (Interrupt) Ky thuat ong dan Kho khan trong ky thuat ong dan Sieu ong dan Sieu vo hng (Super Scalar) May tnh co lenh that dai May tnh vect May tnh song song Bai tap
Kien Truc may tnh
Gii thieu
Bo x ly c chia lam 2 bo phan chu yeu: Phan ieu khien (Control Unit) Phan ng d lieu (data path)
Kien Truc may tnh
1. ng d lieu (data path)

Datapath = Regs + ALU Gom Regs tong quat va: PC: Program counter SR: Status register TEMP: Temporary em MAR: Mem. address reg. MDR: Memory data reg Cac toan hang trong cac thanh ghi c a vao 2 thanh ghi nhap cua ALU. ALU tnh toan va lu ket qua thanh ghi xuat
3
Thng co 32 regs tong quat
ng d lieu chiem dien tch bo x ly nhng de thc hien
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 3: Cau truc bo x ly Mach logic hay PLA (programable logic aray)
2. Bo ieu khien
Nhiem vu: Tao cac tn hieu ieu khien di chuyen d lieu, ieu khien ALU, ieu khien tien trnh thi hanh lenh, ... Thiet ke: co 2 cach - Mach - Vi CT Mach: Automate se tao trang thai mi sau khi giam sat trang thai ieu khien hien tai. Phu hp lenh n gian va chieu dai co nh
Bo ieu khien dung mach ien

4
Kien Truc may tnh
2. Bo ieu khien (tiep)

Mot vi may tnh nam trong bo ieu khien se thc hien cac lenh ma may bang cac vi lenh cha trong bo nh vi chng trnh. Bo ieu khien Vi chng trnh dung rong rai trong cac may CISC, no cho phep xay dng cac tap lenh phc tap vi chieu dai khac nhau. Viec thiet ke Automate bang vi chng trnh se de sa loi va cap nhat
ieu khien dung vi chng trnh

5
Kien Truc may tnh
3. Dien tien thi hanh lenh ma may

Gom 5 giai oan: 1. oc ma lenh (t bo nh trong) 2. Giai ma lenh (va oc cac thanh ghi nguon) 3. Thi hanh lenh, tuy lenh ma thi hanh 1 trong 3 nhiem sau: - Lien he ti bo nh - Tnh toan tren ALU e tra ve ket qua - Nhay ti 1 a ch nhat nh 4. Tham nhap bo nh, thng la ghi/oc bo nh trong 5. Lu tr ket qua
6
Kien Truc may tnh
3. Dien tien ... (tiep)

Giai oan 1: oc ma lenh (Instruction Fetch - IF )
o Bo em chng trnh PC c a vao MAR.
MAR PC
o Lenh c oc t bo nh trong tai cac o nh co a ch nam trong MAR va nap vao thanh ghi lenh IR
IR M[MAR]
7
Kien Truc may tnh

Giai oan 2: Giai ma lenh (Instruction Decode - ID)
Op Rd Rs1 Rs2 Tac vu
Rs2 Rs1
Dang lenh tieu bieu
o Lenh c giai ma o Rs1 va Rs2 c nap vao 2 thanh ghi nhap cua ALU A Rs1 B Rs2 o PC PC+4 ; lenh ke
8
Kien Truc may tnh

- Lien he ti bo nh 3 tac vu: - Mot lenh ALU - Mot phep nhay
Giai oan 3: Thi hanh lenh (Execution - EX)
Rd
Bo nh: MAR add do ALU tnh MDR Rd

Nga ra ALU: Ket qua tnh toan neu la Lenh ALU Nga ra ALU: a ch ch neu la lenh nhay
9
Kien Truc may tnh

Giai oan 4: Tham nhap bo nh (Memory Access - MEM)
Giai oan nay thng dung cho: Ghi/oc d lieu bo nh va lenh nhay Tham khao bo nh: o o o o Ghi bo nh trong: M[MAR] MDR oc bo nh trong: MDR M[MAR] ieu kien: If (ieu khien), PC nga ra ALU Khong ieu kien: PC nga ra ALU (a ch ch)
Lenh nhay:
Giai oan 5: Lu ket qua (Write back-WB/Result store-RS)

Lu tr ket qua vao thanh ghi ch: Rd nga ra ALU hay Rd MDR
10
Kien Truc may tnh

Instruction Fetch
Next PC
Instr. Decode Reg. Fetch

Next SEQ PC
Execute Addr. Calc

Next SEQ PC
Zero?
Memory Access
MUX
Write Back/ Store
Adder
4
Address
RS1 RS2
MEM/WB
Imm
Sign Extend
RD
RD
RD
Datapath Control Path

11
Kien Truc may tnh

Lay ma lenh Giai ma lenh Thi hanh lenh Tham nhap bo nh Lu ket qua (thanh ghi)
ALU
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
IF
oc bo nh
ID
oc thanh ghi
EX
ALU
MEM
Bo nh
RS
thanh ghi
S o n gian hoa 5 giai oan thi hanh lenh cua bo x ly

12
WB Data
Memory
EX/MEM
MUX
Reg File
ID/EX
IF/ID
ALU
Memory
MUX
MUX
Kien Truc may tnh
4. Ngat quang (Interrupt)

Ngat quang la s kien xay ra mot cach ngau nhien lam ngng tnh tuan t cua chng trnh. Ngat quang la phan kho thc hien nhat trong bo ieu khien v luc ang thi hanh lenh cung phai giam sat ngat. ng dung ngat: Bao mat ien, bao h phan cng, bao vi pham vung cam bo nh, ...
Ngat Phuc vu ngat Chng trnh ang chay
Sau khi thc hien xong chng trnh phuc vu ngat, bo x ly phai khoi phuc lai a ch tr ve. e n gian, mot so Bo x ly chap nhan ngat theo cac bc sau: - Thc hien xong lenh ang thi hanh - Lu trang thai hien tai - Nhay en chng trnh phuc vu ngat - Xong, khoi phuc trang thai cu cho chng trnh ang chay
13
Kien Truc may tnh
5. Ky thuat ong dan (pipeline)

e hieu ro y ngha cua viec dung ky thuat ong dan trong may tnh, ta xet mot v du ve TIEM GIAT-UI: Tiem co 4 nhan vien, moi ngi co mot thung quan ao e giat, say va ui (la) 4 Thung quan ao Giat (30 phut/thung) Say kho (30 phut/thung Ui quan ao (20 phut/thung) Neu 4 nhan vien thc hien cong viec tuan t, mat bao lau? Neu ho dung ky thuat ong dan, mat bao lau e hoan tat cong viec?
14
Kien Truc may tnh
5. Ky thuat ong dan (tiep)

6 PM 7 8 9
Time
10
11
Midnight
30
T a s k O r d e r
40 20 30
40 20 30
40 20 30
40 20
A B C D
o o Thc hien TUAN T phai mat 6 gi e hoan tat cong viec Dung ky thuat ong dan?
15
Kien Truc may tnh

6 PM 7 8 9
Time
10
11
Midnight
30
T a s k O r d e r
40
40
40
40 20 Nhng tnh huong: - Ngh gia gi? -Tranh chap? - ...
A B C D
Dung ky thuat ong dan ch mat 3.5 gi e hoan tat viec giat ui
16
Kien Truc may tnh
5. Ky thuat ong dan (tiep) Bai tap

Xet mot tiem ra xe hi lam viec t 10 gi sang en 15 gi chieu, cac cong oan thc hien nh sau - Ra xa phong (RXP): 30 phut - Xa nc (XN): 20 phut - Lau kho (LK): 20 phut a. Neu cac nhan vien thc hien mot cach tuan t th trong mot ngay ho phuc vu c bao nhieu xe. Giai s t 12gi en 13 gi, tiem tam ngh e an tra th cac cong oan con cha hoan thanh c giai quyet nh the nao? Tng ng vi cach giai quyet o, moi ngay ho phuc vu c bao nhieu xe?
17
b. Neu ap dung ky thuat ong dan? c.
Kien Truc may tnh

Qua trnh thi hanh mot lenh cua bo x ly luon xay ra theo 5 bc: IF ID EX MEM RS
Ap dung ky thuat ong dan e cho cac giai oan khac nhau cua nhieu lenh c thi hanh cung mot luc
Tai chu ky 5, ca nam giai oan cua tien trnh thi hanh lenh c thc hien. Noi cach khac, 1 lenh ch thi hanh trong 1 chu ky ong ho
18
Kien Truc may tnh

Time (clock cycles)
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 Cycle 5 Cycle 6 Cycle 7 Cycle 8 Cycle 9
ALU
I n s t r. O r d e r
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
2 tac vu oc 1 tac vu ghi
ALU
ALU
Neu cung Reg?

DMem Reg DMem Reg
Ifetch
Reg
Ifetch
Reg
ALU phai thc hien trong 1 chu ky Cung thao tac bo nh - ?
ALU
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
ALU
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg

Can co mach ien e thc hien ong thi nhieu giai oan lenh Phai co nhieu thanh ghi e phuc vu viec ghi/oc. Phai co nhieu PC
19
Kien Truc may tnh

V du: Gia s thi tng ng cho cac giai oan cua tien trnh thi hanh lenh tng
ng tren hnh ve. IF Gia s chu ky ong ho la 10 ns vi o doc 1 ns, hnh ve Ifetch Neu dung ky thuat ong dan, toc o thi hanh lenh se tang 10 ns len bao nhieu lan so vi khong dung ong dan? ID
Reg
EX
ALU
MEM
DMem
RS/BW
Reg
8 ns
10 ns
10 ns
7 ns
Giai: Thi gian thi hanh lenh khong ong dan:

tunpipelined = 10 + 8 +10 +10 +7 = 45 ns Thi gian thi hanh lenh dung ong dan: tpipelined = 1 + 10 = 11 ns < tunpipelined Toc o thi hanh lenh tang: So lan tang = tunpipelined tpipelined = 45 11 = 4.1 lan
10 ns 1 ns
20
Kien Truc may tnh
6. Kho khan trong ky thuat ong dan (Pipeline Hazards)

Co 3 loai kho khan trong ky thuat ong dan:
Kho khan do cau truc (Structural hazards): Thieu cac bo phan chc nang nh: ALU, PC, thanh ghi, ... dan ti tranh chap thanh ghi, tranh chap bo nh Kho khan do so lieu (Data hazards): Cac lenh sau muon dung ket qua cua lenh trc o trong ong dan nhng lenh trc o cha c thc hien xong Kho khan do ieu khien (Control hazards): Do cac lenh nhay gay nen mot thi gian tre gia giai oan nhan ma lenh (IF) va giai oan quyet nh (EX) co nhay hay khong va nhay ti a ch nao.
Khac phuc kho khan ?

21
Kien Truc may tnh
6. Kho khan ... (tiep) - Kho khan do cau truc

Time (clock cycles)
Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 Cycle 5 Cycle 6 Cycle 7 Cycle 8
ALU
I Load Ifetch n s Instr 1 t r. O r d Instr 3 e r Instr 4
ALU
Reg
DMem
Reg
ALU
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
Instr 2
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
ALU
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
Structural Hazard
Ifetch
Reg
ALU
DMem
Lenh LOAD va lenh th 3 tranh chap bo nh tai chu ky 4. Giai quyet???

22
Kien Truc may tnh
6. Kho khan ... (tiep)
Giai quyet kho khan do cau truc

Co 2 cach khac phuc:
Cach 1: Ch trong 1 chu ky - Can xac nh thi iem xay ra tranh chap - Can co c che e thc hien ong bang ng ong (stall) e ay lenh tranh chap sau sang chu ky ke tiep, chap nhan mat trang mot chu ky. Cach 2: Them phan cng hu hieu
Xem trang tiep theo
23
Kien Truc may tnh

Time (clock cycles)
ALU
I Load Ifetch n s Instr 1 t r. O r d Stall e r Instr 3
ALU
Reg
DMem
Reg
ALU
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
Instr 2
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
Bubble
Bubble Bubble
Bubble
ALU
Bubble
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Giai quyet tranh chap bang ky thuat ong bang ng ong 1 dong lenh
24
Kien Truc may tnh

Time (clock cycles)
ALU
I Load Ifetch n s Instr 1 t r. O r Instr 3 d e r
ALU
Reg
DMem
Reg
ALU
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
Instr 2
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
Bubble Stall
Ifetch
Reg
ALU
DMem
Giai quyet tranh chap bang KT ong bang ng ong 1 giai oan lenh
25
Kien Truc may tnh
6. Kho khan ... (tiep) Kho khan do so lieu

Time (clock cycles) I n s t r. O r d e r
add r1,r2,r3 sub r4,r1,r3 and r6,r1,r7 or r8,r1,r9
Ifetch Reg DMem Reg
Thc te sau EX a co ket qua r1

Reg
ALU
ALU
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
XOR khong anh hng

Reg
Ifetch
Reg
ALU
DMem
ALU
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
ALU
xor r10,r1,r11
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
Lenh SUB, AND, OR can ket qua r1 cua lenh ADD vao giai oan ID, nhng mai en giai oan RS th ADD mi cho ket qua. Khac phuc ???
26
Kien Truc may tnh

Phan loai kho khan do so lieu
Read After Write (RAW) InstrJ tries to read operand before InstrI writes it Write After Read (WAR) InstrJ writes operand before InstrI reads it Write After Write (WAW) InstrJ writes operand before InstrI writes it. I: add r1,r2,r3 J: sub r4,r1,r3 I: sub r4,r1,r3 J: add r1,r2,r3 K: mul r6,r1,r7 I: sub r1,r4,r3 J: add r1,r2,r3 K: mul r6,r1,r7
Khong xay ra trong ong dan thong thng
Giai quyet kho khan do so lieu:

n v chc nang thch hp goi la phng phap Forwarding
Them phan cng: Lay ket tai ngo ra cua ALU e a ngc ve nga vao cac Cai tien phan mem.
27
Kien Truc may tnh

I n s t r. O r d e r
Time (clock cycles)

Reg DMem Reg
add r1,r2,r3
Ifetch
Forwarding to Avoid Data Hazard

Reg
ALU
sub r4,r1,r3
Ifetch
Reg
ALU
DMem
ALU
and r6,r1,r7
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
ALU
or
r8,r1,r9
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
ALU
xor r10,r1,r11
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
Khong ch hoan tat lenh ADD ma lay ket qua r1 ngay khi ALU va tnh c e gi cho cac bo phan chc nang tng ng - FORWARDING
28
Kien Truc may tnh
6. Kho khan ... (tiep) Phan cng cho ky thuat Forwarding

NextPC
mux
Immediate
Khi phan cng phat hien co dung ket qua cua ALU e lam toan hang cho lenh ke, no se tac ong vao mach a hp (mux) e a nga ra cua ALU ve nga vao hoac cac n v chc nang khac. Tuy nhien, giai phap forwading van cha giai quyet hoan thien kho khan nay.
29
Kien Truc may tnh
6. Kho khan ... (tiep) Khac phuc kho khan do so lieu bang phan mem
Try producing fast code for a = b + c; d = e f; assuming a, b, c, d ,e, and f in memory.
Slow code: LW LW ADD SW LW LW SUB SW Rb,b Rc,c Ra,Rb,Rc a,Ra Re,e Rf,f Rd,Re,Rf d,Rd Fast code: LW LW LW ADD LW SW SUB SW Rb,b Rc,c Re,e Ra,Rb,Rc Rf,f a,Ra Rd,Re,Rf d,Rd
30
Registers
MEM/WR
EX/MEM
ALU
ID/EX
Data Memory
mux
mux
Kien Truc may tnh
6. Kho khan ... (tiep) - Kho khan do ieu khien

10:beq r1,r3,36
Ifetch Reg DMem Reg
14: and r2,r3,r5
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
Co 30% chng trnh la lenh nhay!

Reg
ALU
ALU
18: or
r6,r1,r7
Ifetch
Reg
ALU
DMem
ALU
22: add r8,r1,r9 36: xor r10,r1,r11
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
ALU
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
Phai ong bang 3 chu ky cho lenh nhay kem hieu qua ong dan
Khac phuc???
31
Kien Truc may tnh
6. Kho khan ... (tiep) - 4 cach khac phuc Control Hazard

#1: ong bang ong dan en khi xac nh c a ch nhay #2: D oan lenh nhay khong thc hien
47% lenh nhay cua MIPS khong c thc hien Thc hien xong cac lenh trong ong dan mi nhay Huy bo cac lenh trong ong dan neu co lenh nhay
#3: D oan lenh nhay c thc hien

53% lenh nhay cua MIPS c thc hien Tnh a ch ch cua lenh nhay trong MIPS lam mat trang 1 chu ky
#4: Lam tre cac lenh nhay

branch instruction sequential successor1 sequential successor2 ........ sequential successorn ........ branch target if taken
Chen vao n lenh
32
Kien Truc may tnh
7. Sieu ong dan

Ong dan n gian thc hien 1 giai oan (chu ky) trong thi gian: Tc Sieu ong dan bac n, thc hien giai oan o bang n giai oan con, moi giai oan con thc hien trong Tc/n
Tc
So sanh sieu ong dan bac 2 va ong dan n gian

33
Kien Truc may tnh
8. Sieu vo hng (Super Scalar)

May tnh sieu vo hng bac n thc hien ong thi n lenh trong mot chu ky xung nhp Tc oi hoi phan cng phc tap. Ex: Intel i860, IMB RS/6000
So sanh sieu vo hng bac 2 va ong dan n gian

34
Kien Truc may tnh
9. May tnh co t lenh rat dai VLIW

Ky thuat ong dan oi hoi nhieu rang buoc nen kho thc hien ong thi nhieu lenh nh may Sieu vo hng a nhieu lenh trong 1 t lenh dai (t 112 168 bit). kien truc phc tap va gia thanh at hn.
10. May tnh vect

Gom tnh toan vo hng dung ong dan va bo tnh toan vect Co 2 kien truc: kieu vect bo nh-bo nh va kieu thanh ghi vect Cac may tnh vect: CRAY-1, CRAY-2, X-MP, Y-MP, cac super computer: NEC SX/2, Fujitsu VP200, Hitachi S820, Earth Simulator CRAY-2 (1995) dung 8 thanh ghi vect, moi thanh ghi cha 64 vect, moi vect dai 64bit.
35
Kien Truc may tnh
12. May tnh song song

Co 4 loai may tnh (Flynn, 1966): 1. 2. SISD (Single Instruction stream, Signle Data stream) Dung 1 bo x ly: pho bien PC SIMD (Single Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream) - Gom nhieu bo x ly giong nhau cung thc hien mot lenh e x ly nhieu dong d lieu - kien truc song song (d lieu) - Moi bo x ly co bo nh d lieu rieng - Dung chung 1 bo nh lenh va 1 bo ieu khien - Hieu qua oi vi d lieu co cau truc phu hp cho cac bo x ly con - Ex:May CONNECTION MACHINE 2 cua Thinking Machine Inc. (dung 65536 bo x ly 1 bit) MISD (Mutiple Instruction stream, Signle Data stream) Cha che tao MIMD (Multiple Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream) 36 ang c cac nha che tao chu y
3. 4.
Kien Truc may tnh
12. May tnh song song (tiep) - MIMD

MIMD co 2 nhom: 1. 2. Kien truc bo nh tap trung chia xe (t thong dung) Kien truc bo nh phan tan
Khong ap ng u cho nhieu bo x ly cung truy xuat Kien truc bo nh tap trung chia xe
37
Kien Truc may tnh
12. May tnh song song (tiep) MIMD bo nh phan tan

Gom nhieu nut Moi nut: uP + bo nh +IO + giao dien ket noi Trao oi d lieu gia cac uP rat phc tap. Co 2 cach:
Chia xe vat ly khong gian nh v bo nh. Cac uP co quyen truy xuat bat ky o nh nao Chia thanh nhieu khong gian nh con rieng biet. Moi modul uP-bo nh la 1 may tnh rieng mang LAN
Kien truc bo nh phan tan

38
Kien Truc may tnh
BAI TAP
1. Cho oan chng trnh sau: Add $5, $5, $4 Lw $6, 100($7) Sub $7, $6, $8 Neu cho oan CT nay chay tren CPU 500Mhz, dung ky thuat ong dan th gap phai kho khan g? Trnh bay cac cach khac phuc kho khan nay. Sau khi khac phuc, Execution time? 2. Lap lai cau 1 cho oan chng trnh sau: Add $2, $4, $5 Add $4, $2, $5 Sw $5, 100($2) Add $3, $2, $4 Lap lai cau 1 cho oan chng trnh sau: Lw R1, 0(R2) Addi R1, R1, #1 Sw R1, 0(R2) Addi R2, R2, #4 Sub R4, R3, R2 4. Sau khi khac phuc kho khan cho ong dan, ngi ta minh hoa bang hnh sau:
Time (clock cycles) I n s t r.
ALU
lw r1, 0(r2)
Ifetch
Reg
DMem
Reg
ALU
sub r4, r1, r6
Ifetch
Reg Bubble
DMem
Reg
or r8, r1, r9
Bubble Ifetch
Reg
ALU
O r d and r6, r1, r7 e r
Ifetch Bubble
ALU
Reg
DMem
Reg
DMem
3.
Anh ch hay giai thch phng phap khac phuc kho khan tren. Th e ngh mot giai phap khac.
39
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 4: Cac cap bo nh
Chng 4
CAC CAP BO NH
Cac loai bo nh Cac cap bo nh Xac suat truy cap d lieu bo nh Van hanh cua Cache Hieu qua cua Cache Cache duy nhat hay Cache rieng le Cac mc Cache Bo nh trong Bo nh ao Bao ve tien trnh bang bo nh ao
Copyright 2002 Nguyen Chi Ngon
Kien Truc may tnh
1. Cac loai bo nh
Bo nh trong: Bo nh chng trnh, dung cha chng trnh va so lieu c che tao bang chat ban dan, gom:
o o
RAM (Random Access Memory): SRAM va DRAM, ROM (Read Only Memory) cha chng trnh he thong
Bo nh ngoai: gom a t, bang t, a quang (CD hay CD ROM) nghien cu chng vao ra (chng 5). * oc: MAR cha a ch o nh can oc, cap tn hieu R, d lieu oc c trong MDR Ghi: D lieu can ghi trong MDR, cap tn hieu W e ghi vao o nh co a ch trong MAR
S o van hanh cua RAM vi thanh ghi a ch MAR va thanh ghi d lieu MDR
2
Kien Truc may tnh
1. Cac loai bo nh (tiep) Static RAM

SRAM RAM tnh, c che tao theo cong nghe ECL (CMOS & BiCMOS). Moi bit nh gom 6 Transistor MOS D lieu ton tai mai neu khong mat ien oc d lieu khong lam huy noi dung o nh Thi gian truy xuat nhanh va bang chu ky bo nh (xem trang tiep theo) Dung lng thap, gia thanh cao
Single Port 6-T SRAM Cell Chng 4: Cac cap bo nh
3
Kien Truc may tnh
1. Cac loai bo nh (tiep) Static RAM

ADDR
st abl e
st abl e t AA
st abl e M ax( t AA,t ACS)
CS_L
t ACS
OE_L
t OH
t AA
DOUT
t OZ val i d
WE_L = HIGH
t OE
t OZ val i d
t OE val i d
Chu ky oc bo nh SRAM tieu bieu

tAA (access time for address); tOE (output enable time);
tACS (access time for chip select) tOZ (output-disable time) tOH (output-hold time)
Kien Truc may tnh
1. Cac loai bo nh (tiep) Dynamic RAM

DRAM RAM ong, che tao theo cong nghe MOS Moi bit nh gom 1 transistor va 1 tu ien, tu nap ay - bit 1 Phai lam ti bo nh e duy tr d lieu Toc o truy xuat cham Dung lng ln (o tch hp tang 60%/nam) va gia thanh re hn SRAM (gia giam 30%/nam)
C Word Line
. . .
Bit Line
Sense Amp
Kien Truc may tnh
Kha nang tch hp cua chip n DRAM

size 1000000000
100000000
year
1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1996 2000
1970 1975 1980 1985 Year 1990 1995 2000
size(Mb)
0.0625 0.25 1 4 16 64 256
cyc time
250 ns 220 ns 190 ns 165 ns 145 ns 120 ns 100 ns
10000000
1000000
100000
10000
1000
Capacity Logic DRAM

Speed (latency) 2x in 3 years 2x in 10 years

6
2x in 3 years 4x in 3 years
Kien Truc may tnh

Mc Cache-bo nh trong Mc Bo nh ao
2. Cac cap bo nh
Capacity Access Time Cost CPU Registers 100s Bytes <10s ns Cache K Bytes 10-100 ns 1-0.1 cents/bit Main Memory M Bytes 200ns- 500ns $.0001-.00001 cents /bit Disk G Bytes, 10 ms (10,000,000 ns) -6 -5 10 - 10 cents/bit Tape infinite sec-min Copyright 2002 10 -8 Nguyen Chi Ngon
Upper Level
Staging Xfer Unit
faster
Registers Instr. Operands Cache Blocks Memory Pages Disk Files Tape
user/operator Mbytes OS 512-4K bytes cache cntl 8-128 bytes prog./compiler 1-8 bytes
Larger
7
Lower Level
Kien Truc may tnh
2. Cac cap bo nh (tiep) 1000 Performance 100 10 1

CPU-DRAM Gap
CPU
Moores Law
Proc 60%/yr.
Processor-Memory Performance Gap: (grows 50% / year)
Less Law?
DRAM
DRAM 7%/yr.
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
1980: no cache in proc; 1995 2-level cache on chip

(1989 first Intel proc with a cache on chip)
8
Kien Truc may tnh
3. Xac suat truy cap d lieu bo nh

Tham nhap d lieu bo nh mat nhieu thi gian. Bo nh cham, kem hieu qua tang toc bo nh bang cach dung Cache. Cache: La bo nh nhanh, dung lng nho SRAM, cha lenh va d lieu ma chng CPU trnh thng dung. Co 2 nguyen tac at d lieu vao Cache:
Thi gian: O nh nao va tham nhap co nhieu kha nang se c tham nhap trong tng lai gan (do phan chnh cua chng trnh c thi hanh nhieu). Khong gian: Neu CPU va tham nhap 1 o nh th co kha nang no se tham nhap o nh ke tiep (do chng trnh tuan t)
Cache
Bo nh trong
Lenh va d lieu ma chng trnh thng dung nam trong Cache e tang hieu qua cua may tnh.
Copyright 2002 Nguyen Chi Ngon 9
Kien Truc may tnh
4. Van hanh cua Cache

Cache hit
..
Bo nh trong 1. Cache
Cache miss Cache panalty
at mot khoi vao cho nao cua Cache (sap xep khoi)?
Tng ng trc tiep (Direct Mapped), Phoi hp hoan toan (Fully Associative) va Phoi hp tap hp (Set Associative)
2. 3. 4.
Tm 1 khoi trong Cache (nhan dien khoi)?

Dung nhan a ch
Khoi nao c thay the khi that bai Cache (thay the khoi)?
Thay ngau nhien hoac thay khoi xa nhat (LRU least recently used)
ieu g xay khi ghi vao bo nh (chien thuat ghi)?

Ghi ong thi (Write Through) va ghi lai (Write Back)
10
Kien Truc may tnh
4. Van hanh cua Cache (tiep) Sap xep khoi

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2
th0 th1 th2 th3

3 4 5 6 7
Tng ng trctiep
12 mod 8 = 4
2 3 4 5 0 1 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1
Phoi hp hoan toan

1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3
Phoi hp tap hp
12 mod 4 = 0
2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 4 2 5 3 0 3 1
Bo nh trong
1. 2. 3.
Tng ng trc tiep: Khoi th i cua bo nh c at vao khoi th k cua

tong so n khoi cua Cache, vi: k=i mod n
Phoi hp hoan toan: Mot khoi trong bo nh c at bat ky v tr nao Phoi hp tap hp: Cache c chia thanh nhieu tap hp bang nhau, moi
trong Cache tap hp co n khoi goi la Cache n-way. Khoi th i cua bo nh c at trong bat ky khoi nao cua tap hp k trong Cache, vi : k = i mod (tong so tap hp) Khi n=1: tng ng trc tiep. Hien nay: Cache 2-way hay 4-way
11
Kien Truc may tnh
4. Van hanh cua Cache (tiep) Nhan dien khoi

Cache phoi hp hoan toan:
a ch khoi, e so sanh xac nh Cache hit Chon byte d lieu trong khoi cache
V du: Bo x ly co 32 bit a ch; Cache phoi hp hoan toan, moi khoi Cache co 64 byte d lieu. a ch bo nh tng ng vi d lieu trong Cache:
- Can 6 bit e nhan dang tng byte d lieu trong khoi - Tag = 32 - 6 = 26 bit Tag
Offset
6 bit (2 6 = 64)
12
26 bit (32 6 = 26)
Kien Truc may tnh
4. Van hanh Nhan dien khoi (tiep)

V du ve nhan dien Cache phoi hp hoan toan
Xet may tnh bo nh trong 256 byte, Cache 32 byte phoi hp hoan , moi khoi 4 byte: - So bit offset e nhan dang tng byte trong moi khoi Cache: 2 bit - Bo nh 256 byte a ch bo nh la 8 bit nen so bit phan tag: 8 - 2 = 6 bit
Valid 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 tag 0 010001 21 0 111000 10 1 010101 36 0 000111 12 0 011100 14 0 011001 14 0 110011 11 1 101010 00 Dirty
Data
Tag (6 bit) Offset (2 bit)
14 20 15 33 11 78 25 99
02 30 85 56 56 79 55 94
01 40 45 98 55 72 41 91
Kieu a ch
- Neu oc a ch: 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 hit, data: 40 - Neu oc a ch: 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 hit, data: 25 - Neu oc a ch: 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 khong data do valid bit=0 - Neu oc a ch: 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 miss do tag khong so sanh c Dirty bit se e cap trong chien lc ghi Cache
13
11 10 01 00 2 bit nhan dang data
Kien Truc may tnh

Cache tng ng trc tiep:
o o o Offset: chon d lieu trong khoi Index: chon khoi Tag: so sanh xac nh cache hit
V du: a ch bo nh 64 bit, cache 16 khoi moi khoi 8 byte, th: offset = 3 bit index = 4 bit tag = 64 (4 + 3) = 57 bit
Block Address Tag Index Block offset
57
Tag trong a ch c so sanh vi tag trong cache, neu bang nhau th thanh cong cache
14
Kien Truc may tnh
V du ve nhan dien Cache tng ng trc tiep
Xet may tnh bo nh 256 byte, Cache 32 byte tng ng trc tiep, moi khoi 4 byte: - Moi khoi 4 byte offset: 2 bit - So khoi trong cache = 32/4=8 index: 3 bit - Bo nh 256 byte a ch bo nh la 8 bit nen so bit phan tag: 8 (3+2) = 3 bit
index 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
V 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
D 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
tag 111 101 001 44 25 61
data 45 29 63 12 26 48 14 24 99
Neu CPU oc a ch: 000 110 01 cache hit, data = 71 Neu CPU oc a ch: 101 001 00 khong cha data (V=0) Neu CPU oc a ch: 110 000 01 cache miss do tag khong co
15
000 000
55 62
56 17
41 71
11 74
Cache tng ng trc tiep
Kien Truc may tnh

Cache phoi hp tap hp:
- Offset: chon d lieu - Index: chon tap hp - Tag: so sanh xac nh cache hit
V du: a ch bo nh 32 bit, cache 4KB, moi khoi 32 byte, th: offset = 5 bit index = 6 bit (128 khoi/2=64 set) tag = 32 (6 + 5) = 21 bit
Block Address Tag Index Block offset
21 bit
6 bit
5 bit
Cache 2-way phoi hp tap hp

16
Kien Truc may tnh
V du ve nhan dien Cache phoi hp tap hp
Xet bo nh 256 byte, Cache 2-way phoi hp tap hp vi 8 khoi, moi khoi 2 byte: - Moi khoi 2 byte offset: 1 bit - Cache 2-way: 1 tap hp co 2 khoi so tap hp = 8/2=4 index: 2 bit - Bo nh 256 byte a ch bo nh la 8 bit nen so bit phan tag: 8 (1+2) = 5 bit
index 00 01 10 11 V 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
D 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
tag 10111 11001 01101 00000 11000
data 44 25 61 55 62 45 29 63 56 17
Set 2 Set 3 Set 4 Set 1
Neu CPU oc a ch: 10111 00 1 cache hit, data = 44 Neu CPU oc a ch: 01101 01 0 cache hit, data = 63 Neu CPU oc a ch: 01111 10 0 cache miss, error tag
17
Cache phoi hp tap hp
Kien Truc may tnh
4. Van hanh cua Cache (tiep) Thay khoi

Co 2 chien thuat chu yeu e thay the khoi khi that bai Cache: Thay ngau nhien (Random) Thay khoi xa nhat (LRU-least recently used):
Thay khoi khong c dung t lau nhat. Da theo nguyen tac thi gian th khoi mi c dung se co kha nang c dung lai trong tng lai gan, nen khoi c thay phai la khoi khong c dung lau nhat. Chien thuat nay c s dung nhieu nhat Associativity 2-way Size 16 KB 64 KB 256 KB
4-way LRU
4.67% 1.54% 1.13%
8-way LRU
4.39% 1.39% 1.12%
LRU
5.18% 1.88% 1.15%
Random
5.69% 2.01% 1.17%
Random
5.29% 1.66% 1.135
Random
4.96% 1.53% 1.12%
So sanh t le that bai cache (miss rate) vi cac chien lc thay khoi
18
Kien Truc may tnh
4. Van hanh cua Cache (tiep) Chien lc ghi

Ch co 25% cac tham nhap Cache la ghi so lieu. CPU i viec oc cache ma khong i viec ghi cache hoan thanh toi u viec ghi Ghi ong thi (Write-Though): - Ghi thong tin ong thi vao cache va bo nh trong.
- Khi co that bai Cache, th bo thong tin o - Bit ieu kien: valid bit (co thong tin hay khong)
Ghi lai (Write-Back): - Ch ghi thong tin vao Cache.
- Khi mot khoi trong cache b thay the no c chep vao bo nh trong - Bit ieu khien : valid bit + dirty bit (cho biet khoi a c thay oi) Tag Cache index Data select
valid bit
dirty bit
Valid bit =1: D lieu trong Cache hp le Dirty bit = 1: Khoi a c thay oi
19
Kien Truc may tnh
5. Hieu qua cua Cache

anh gia hieu qua Cache bang thi gian tham nhap trung bnh: AMAT = HitTime + MissRate * MissPenalty
AMAT: Average memory acess time HitTime: Thi gian tham nhap thanh cong cache [cycle] MissRate: T le that bai Cache = (so lan that bai)/(tong so lan tham nhap) MissPenanlty: Trng phat that bai cache, la thi gian can thiet e xua ly mot that bai cache [cycle], v du: 50 chu ky
MemAccess + MissRate MissPenalt y CycleTime CPUtime = IC CPI Execution Inst
-CPUtime: Thi gian thi hanh IC lenh cua chng trnh (Instruction count) -CPIExecution: CPI trung bnh cua cac lenh trong chng trnh MemAcess la t le tham nhap bo nh trung bnh cua lenh Inst -CycleTime: Chu ky xung nhp Copyright 2002 Nguyen Chi Ngon 20
Kien Truc may tnh
5. Hieu qua cua Cache (tiep)

V du: Mot bo x ly chay 500 MHz, co bo nh cache nh sau:
- Miss rate = 2% - Miss penalty = 50 chu ky - T le tham nhap bo nh trung bnh cua lenh la 1.33 Hoi: Thi hanh chng trnh 1 trieu lenh mat bao lau, neu tap lenh co dang:
Dang lenh ALU ops Loads Branches CPI 2 3 4 T le s dung 25% 45% 30%
Giai:
MemAccess CPUtime = IC CPI + MissRate MissPenalty CycleTime Execution Inst
Ta co: - CycleTime = 1/clock rate = 1/500*106=2*10-9 = 2 ns - CPIExecution = (2x25%)+(3x45%)+(4x30%) = 3,05 chu ky Nen: CPUtime = 106x(3,05+1,33x2%x50) x2 = 8,76*106 ns = 8,76 ms Vay bo x ly thi hanh chng trnh 1 trieu lenh mat 8,76 ms
Kien Truc may tnh
6. Cache duy nhat hay Cache rieng le va mc Cache

Proc Unified Cache-1 Unified Cache-2
Cache lenh
I-Cache-1 Proc Unified Cache-2
Cache d lieu
D-Cache-1
Mc 1 ben trong CPU Mc 2 ben ngoai CPU
Cache duy nhat cha: lenh va d lieu Cache rieng le: Cache lenh + Cache d lieu
hieu qua Cache
To chc kieu nay tranh c kho khan do kien truc khi thi hanh ky thuat ong dan. That vay, khi tranh chap bo nh xay ra, th chu ky MEM cua lenh thc hien tren Cache d lieu, con chu ky IF cua lenh khac se thc hien tren Cache lenh
Instr. i ...
IF
ID ...
EX
MEM ... IF
RS ID EX
22
Instr. j
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 4: Cac cap bo nh Thi gian tham nhap

Dung Cache e giam thi gian tham nhap
7. Bo nh trong
Hieu qua bo nh trong c anh gia bang
Ni rong dai thong o rong dai thong (lu lng tham nhap bo nh)
Tang o rong o nh e xuat ong thi nhieu t
To chc thanh nhieu dai. Neu cac dai oc lap th khi x ly that bai Cache dai nay, CPU co the truy xuat cac dai khac.
23
Kien Truc may tnh
8. Bo nh ao
Muc tieu: Mong muon thi cac hanh chng trnh ma khong gian nh oi hoi ln
hn kch thc cua bo nh that cua may (physical memory). DUNG BO NH NGOAI (a cng)
Y tng: - Chia bo nh trong ra lam nhieu trang that (con goi la khung trang)
- Tng t, chia khong gian a ra lam nhieu trang that (thng 4KB) - Chia khong gian nh ao (virtual memory) ra lam nhieu trang ao sao cho moi trang ao co the cha va van mot trang that.
a ch that
a ch ao
Van hanh:
C A B
000 ... 001 ... 010 ... 011 ... ... 111 ...
A B C D
00 ... 01 ... 10 ... 11 ...
Q1: Sap xep trang? phoi hp hoan toan Q2: Nhan dien trang? Bang trang Q3: Thay the khi that bai trang? LRU page Q4: Ghi trang? Ghi lai (Write back) Khi CPU truy xuat bo nh, no truy xuat a ch ao, nen can oi t a ch ao sang a ch that
24
Bo nh trong Bo nh ao D a
Kien Truc may tnh
8. Bo nh ao (tiep) Bang trang

V du:
Mot to chc bo nh nh sau: bo nh that 64 byte, bo nh ao 128 byte, kch thc trang 16 byte. Lap bang trang mo ta c che nhan dien trang trong to chc bo nh ao. a ch ao
Page # Offset
a ch that
Frame #
00 ... ... 10 ... 11 ...
Offset
V
000 ... 001 ... 010 ... ... 111 ... 1 0 0 0 0
Frame #
00
Data
Giai:
D lieu bo nh that
V 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 01 11 frame# 00 00 01 10 11 41
1111
- So trang that = 64/16 = 4 Frame #: 2 bit - Moi trang co 16 byte Offset: 4 bit - So trang ao = 128/16 = 8 Page #: 3 bit
Bang trang
Data 16 36 . 2 1 . 22 21 . 12 71
. 0000
Khi CPU oc a ch ao: a ch that tng ng: Data: 22, Virtual mem. hit.
110 0001 01 0001
Bo nh that
25
Kien Truc may tnh
9. Bao ve tien trnh bang cach dung bo nh ao

Khuynh hng a chng trnh phat trien, nhieu chng trnh ong thi chia xe qua lai bo x ly va bo nh Chuyen oi qua lai gia cac chng trnh mot cach ung an e tien trnh nay khong lam anh hng cac tien trnh khac, ong thi cung tao cam giac nh moi user ang chay tren may rieng. Can ket hp gia nha san xuat phan cng va nha thiet ke He ieu hanh. Giai quyet: o Dung bo nh ao, c che chuyen t a ch ao sang a ch that (a ch vat ly) giup de dang kiem soat va ngan chan cac tham nhap bo nh trai phep. Moi tien trnh phai co bang trang rieng tro en cac trang rieng biet trong bo nh.
26
Kien Truc may tnh
Bai tap
1. Gia s co bo nh Cache phoi hp hoan toan nh hnh ve, Cho biet: a. Kch thc bo nh trong? b. Kch thc Cache? c. e lay byte d lieu co gia tr 32 (hnh ve), CPU can oc a ch nao? d. ieu g xay ra khi CPU oc cac a ch sau: +) 0000111011 +) 0100100100 2. V D Tag 11 21 29 41 12 22 30 42 13 23 31 43 Data 14 24 32 44 15 25 33 45 16 26 34 46 17 27 35 47 18 28 36 48 1 0 1010111 0 1 0000111 1 0 0011100 1 1 0101011 0 0 0 0 1 1 1111000 1 0 1010010 81 91
111
82 92
83 93
84 94
85 95
86 96
87 97
88 98
000
Gia s mot may tnh co bo nh trong la 512 byte, Cache 256 byte. Hay xay dng bang mo ta to chc Cache tng ng trc tiep cho may nay, neu moi khoi trong cache la 32 byte. Cho v du mot trng hp thanh cong Cache. Cho biet cac khoi: 2, 9, va 15 cua bo nh trong c at vao v tr nao cua Cache. Lap lai cau 3 cho trng hp Cache 2-way phoi hp tap hp (tc la moi tap hp co 2 khoi).
27
3.
Kien Truc may tnh
Bai tap (tiep)

4. Xet mot CPU chay 500MHz, tap lenh co dang nh hnh ve. Trung bnh moi lenh co t le tham nhap bo nh la 1.3 Co 2 kha nang to chc bo nh Cache cho may nay: Cach 1: Dung Cache tng ng trc tiep vi: - miss penalty = 50 chu ky - miss rate = 1,4% Dang lenh ALU ops Loads/Stores CPI 2 2 T le s dung 45% 35% 20%
Cach 2: Dung Cache phoi hp tap hp vi: Branches 3 - miss penalty = 65 chu ky - miss rate = 1% - Thi gian chon tap hp lam cho CPI trung bnh cua lenh tang 1,1 lan Anh (ch) hay chon cach tot hn. Giai thch v sao. 5.
Cho bang trang bo nh ao va d lieu bo nh that tng ng nh hnh ve (xem trang tiep theo). Xac nh: a. Kch thc bo nh ao, kch thc bo nh that va kch thc trang. b. a ch ao tng ng vi e CPU truy xuat en byte d lieu co gia tr 24 va 66 (hnh ve) c. Hay cap nhat bang trang sau khi at khung trang th 7 cua bo nh that vao trang ao th 15 cua bo nh ao.
28
Kien Truc may tnh
V frame # 0000 0001 0010 0011 . . 1110 1111 0 0 Bang trang 6. 1 0 1 1 110 000 101
Bai tap (tiep)

000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 68 78 67 77 66 76 08 18 28 07 17 27 06 16 26
Data 05 15 25 04 03 14 13 24 23 02 12 22 01 11 21 Hnh ve cua bai 5 65 75 64 64 74 73 62 72 61 71
D lieu bo nh that
Xet mot he thong may tnh co bo nh ao vi cac ac iem sau: - a ch that cua bo nh: 4 bit - a ch ao: 8 bit - Kch thc trang: 8 byte Hay lap bang trang va cho v du minh hoa ve nhan dien khung trang trong bo nh that.
29
Kien Truc may tnh
Bai tap (tiep)

7. Xet mot he thong bo nh ao vi cac ac iem sau: - Kch thc bo nh ao: 64 KB - Kch thc bo nh that: 32 KB - Kch thc trang: 4 KB a. Hay lap bang trang va cho v du minh hoa ve a ch cua 1 khung trang trong bo nh that. b. Gia s trong bo nh ao co cac trang 1, 3, 5 va 7 th cac trang nay tng ng vi cac khung trang nao trong bo nh that? Hay cap nhat bang trang phu hp. c. Neu CPU truy xuat a ch: 0011 1100 0010 0101, th a ch tng ng trong bo nh that la g? 8. Lap lai cau 7 cho he thong bo nh ao vi cac ac iem sau: - a ch ao: 32 bit - a ch that: 24 bit - Kch thc trang 4 KB
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
1. Gii thiu
CPU giao tip vi bn ngoi thng qua h thng Xut Nhp, cn gi l ngoi vi. Cc ngoi vi thng dng l: Mn hnh, bn phm, chut, my in, th mng... Cc a t, bng t, a quang, cc loi th nh. Ngoi vi u c ni vo b x l v b nh trong bng mt h thng dy ni hay kt ni khng dy (wireless).
Gii thieu a t a ban dan a quang Bang t

Bus vao ra Cac chuan ve Bus Giao dien gia uP va IO o an toan d lieu trong a t
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
2. a cng
Lu tr di hn cc tp tin. Thit lp cp b nh o lc chy chng trnh.
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
3. a quang
Dng nh sng laser c d liu im nn (Land) phn x nh sng mnh: bit 1 im khc (Pit) phn x nh snh yu: bit 0 D liu lu trn CD: Khi = 2.352 byte. Gm:
304 byte: thng tin v bit ng b, bit nhn dng, m sa li, m pht hin li. 2.048 byte d liu
Tc c chun ca CD-ROM: 75 khi/s hay 153.600 byte/s hay 150KB/s (1X).

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007 7 ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007 8
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
4. Th nh
L th nh bn dn EEPROM (Ghi/Xa bng in)
6. H thng BUS
10
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
H thng BUS phn cp
7. Chun v BUS
Thng nht cc tn hiu kt ni gia my tnh v thit b vo ra.
a cng, CDROM: IDE, SCSI, SATA (Serial ATA) Cng ni tip: RS232, RS485, IEEE-1394, USB Giao tip khng dy: Bluetooth, IEEE 802.11x, IrDA. Slot m rng: ISA, VESA, PCI Giao tip ha: AGP, PCI Express
11
12
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
Tc truyn d liu
8. Giao din gia CPU vi Ngoi vi

DMA: Truy xut b nh trc tip
13
14
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
9. An ton d liu trong a t

RAID: l mt tp hp cc a cng (vt l) c thit lp theo mt k thut m h iu hnh nhn thy ch l mt a (logic) duy nht. C ch c/ghi thng tin din ra trn nhiu a (ghi an cho hay soi gng). Trong mng a c lu cc thng tin kim tra li d liu, nn d liu c th c phc hi khi c mt a trong mng a b h hng .
RAID 0 Khng c an ton

Dung lng a = tng dung lng cc a thnh vin V d: S dng 4 a 40GB => Dung lng a = 40 x 4 = 160GB
16
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
RAID 1 a gng: an ton cao, t

1 Byte d liu c lu tr trn 2 v tr khc nhau Dung lng a = (tng dung lng cc a thnh vin) V d: S dng 8 a 40GB => Dung lng a = (40 x 8) = 160GB
RAID N (vi N > 1) An ton cao, r

1 Byte d liu c chia thnh nhiu phn, mi phn c lu tr trn nhng a cng khc nhau. C a cng lu tr m kim tra ca d liu dng cho vic sa sai khi d liu hng Dung lng a = (tng dung lng cc a D LIU thnh vin) V d: S dng 3 a 40GB lu d liu v 1 a 40GB lu m kim tra => Dung lng a = (40 x 3) = 120GB
17
18
Kien Truc may tnh
Chng 5: Xut nhp
THI TRC NGHIM

Thi gian: 90 pht S cu: 60 cu c s dng mi ti liu
19

Kien Truc May Tinh

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kien Truc May Tinh

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Kien Truc may tnh

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh

I.1 - CAC THE HE MAY TNH 1. The he may tnh c kh

2. The he th nhat (1938-1953)

von Neumann e xuat

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh

Arithmetic logical unit

May tnh von Neumann ban au

Kien Truc may tnh o

3. The he th hai (1952-1963)

Kien Truc may tnh

Kien Truc may tnh

o Xuat hien mach tch hp IC(Integrated Circuit)

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh

5. The he th t (1972 - nay)

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh

6. Khuynh hng hien tai

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh

I.2 PHAN LOAI MAY TNH

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh

1988 Computer Food Chain

Mainframe Work- PC Ministation computer

Massively Parallel Processors

Kien Truc may tnh

Minisupercomputer Massively Parallel Processors

1998 Computer Food Chain

Mainframe Server Supercomputer

Now who is eating whom?

Kien Truc may tnh

I.3 THANH TU MAY TNH Microprocessor Capacity

Intel Pentium 4 Cha 42 trieu transistors Toc o 2.4 GHz

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh

Memory Capacity (Single Chip DRAM)

1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 Year 1990 1995 2000

Speed (latency) 2x in 3 years 2x in 10 years 2x in 10 years

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh

I.4 THONG TIN VA MA HOA THONG TIN 1.4.1. Khai niem

Kien Truc may tnh

1.4.2. Lng thong tin va ma hoa thong tin

V du: 3 bit thong tin bieu dien 8 trang thai co the co

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh o o

1.4.3. Bieu dien cac so

1 t (32 bit) bieu dien: 0 - 4294967295 Boubeword (64 bit)

018446744073709551616 Mot so nh phan n bit tng ng so thap phan:

ThS. Nguyn Ha Duy Khang - 2007

Kien Truc may tnh

1.4.4. Bieu dien so nguyen co dau

Thap phan: N = (-1)0(1+2-2+2-5+2-8+2-9)24 = 24+22+2-1+2-4+2-5 = 20.59375