Chng 2

X l tn hiu
(Signal conditioning)
Ni dung
2.1 Mi trng o c v iu khin
2.2 Cc loi cm bin
2.3 Chc nng ca khu x l tn hiu
2.4 Cc kiu x l tn hiu
2.5 Phn loi khu x l tn hiu
2.1 Mi trng o c v iu khin
Field/Control Room
2.2 Cc loi cm bin
Tuyn tnh ho c tnh ca cm bin
Mt s loi cm bin c c tnh o lng khng tuyn tnh
(V d: Thermocouple loi J c h s nhit l 22uV/ C
nhit -200 C, nhng h s nhit ti 750 C li l
64uV/ C)
Cn tuyn tnh ha c tnh ca cm bin c c kt qu
o lng chnh xc
Trong hu ht cc ng dng v o lng th vic tuyn tnh
ha bng phn mm c s dng vi 2 k thut chnh sau
y :
Dng bng tra : thi gian thc hin nhanh nhng cn dung lng b
nh ln
B bng a thc : cc a thc vi bc c la chn ty loi cm bin
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
Cc cm bin o nhit
Thermocouples (TCs)
Cp nhit ngu c cu to gm 2 dy kim loi khc nhau c
ni chung (v in) mt u v u cn li c kt ni chung
(v nhit) nh c biu din bn di
V = VA - VB
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
Cc cm bin o nhit
Resistance Temprature Detectors (RTDs)
Nhit in tr RTDs l loi cm bin nhit thng c
ch to bng kim loi nguyn cht (hoc pha tp nh)
m in tr ca n tng khi nhit tng (nhit in tr
dng)
Hu ht RTDs c ch to dng vng dy hoc cc
ming film kim loi
So vi Thermocouple v Thermistors th RTDs l cm
bin nhit c tuyn tnh trong di nhit rng hn
v cho chnh xc cao hn
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
Cc cm bin o nhit
Resistance Temprature Detectors (RTDs)
Cc cch kt ni RTD vi mch o
+ Kt ni 2 dy
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
Cc cm bin o nhit
Resistance Temprature Detectors (RTDs)
Cc cch kt ni RTD vi mch o
+ Kt ni 4 dy
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
Cc cm bin o nhit
Resistance Temprature Detectors (RTDs)
Cc cch kt ni RTD vi mch o
+ Kt ni 3 dy
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
Cc cm bin o nhit
Thermistors
in tr nhit l mt loi cm bin nhit vi gi thnh
r, l cc in tr nhit bn dn c ch to t cc
oxides ca mt s kim loi nh (Mangan, Nickel,
cobalt,v.v)
chnh xc ca Thermistors ln hn khong 10 ln so
vi Thermocouple nhng khng chnh xc bng RTDs
Thermistors thng c dng trong khong nhit t
-80 C 250 C, c tuyn ca loi cm bin nhit
ny c phi tuyn cao
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
Cm bin o lc (Strain gauge)
Cm bin o lc c s dng rng ri trong vic o
lng lc hoc c th hn l s bin dng do tc ng
ca lc. Cm bin lc vi cc phn t in tr c gn
c nh l dng thng gp, n bao gm vt liu in tr
(thng dng film mng micromet) c gn ln mt
b mt polyester
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
Cm bin o lc (Strain gauge)
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
Cm bin o lc (Strain gauge)
Cc thng s c bn:
di bin dng
H s bin dng
l
l A
= c
c
R R
L L
R R
GF
/
/
/ A
=
A
A
=
H s GF ca kim loi l 2
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
Cm bin o lc (Strain gauge)
H s bin dng GF c cung cp bi nh sn xut cho
tng cm bin c th. Thng thng h s ny nm
trong khong t 2-4 cho cc cm bin c in tr 120
Ohm, 350 Ohm v 1 Kohm.
V d: Nu mt cm bin lc vi in tr danh nh l
350 Ohm v h s bin dng GF l 2.0 b bin dng 1%
th in tr ca n s thay i 2% hay 0.57Ohm
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
Cm bin o lc (Strain gauge)
Mch cu Wheatstone
V nhy nn mch cu Wheatstone thng c s
dng cho cc php o m trong c s thay i rt nh
v in tr, c th l cm bin o lc
Mch cu Wheatstone bao gm 4 phn t in tr v c
th c kch thch bi mt ngun in p/dng in.
Mch cu Wheatstone c bn nh biu din bn di
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
Cm bin o lc (Strain gauge)
Nguyn l o: dng mch cu Wheatstone
EX
V
R R
R
R R
R
V .
1 2
2
4 3
3
0 (

+
=
+ Mch cu 1/4
4
.
0
c GF
V V
EX
=
2.2 Cc loi cm bin (cont)
Cm bin o lc (Strain gauge)
Nguyn l o: dng mch cu Wheatstone
+ Mch cu ton phn
+ Mch cu 1/2
2
.
0
c GF
V V
EX
=
c . .
0
GF V V
EX
=
2.3 Chc nng ca khu x l tn hiu
Tn hiu in ng ra ca chuyn i/sensor cn c bin i
cho ph hp vi ng vo ca phn cng DAQ.
Mt s chuyn i/sensor cn ngun kch thch hoc cu
Wheatstone v tuyn tnh ha tn hiu o c chnh xc.
Hu ht cc h DAQ u bao gm khu x l tn hiu di mt
hnh thc no .
Cc chc nng c bn m khu x l tn hiu c th thc hin
l:
Khuch i
Cch ly
Lc
Kch thch
Tuyn tnh ha
2.3 Chc nng khu x l (cont)
Khu x l tn hiu ca h DAQ phi thc hin
nhim v no v cch thc thc hin ph thuc
vo s lng v loi chuyn i/sensor, yu cu v
ngun kch thch v ni t cho sensor, ng thi
khng km phn quan trng l khong cch t cm
bin ti PC trung tm
2.4 Cc kiu x l tn hiu
2.4.1 Khuch i
L nhim v chnh yu ca khu x l tn hiu
nhm:
Tng phn gii cho php o (nhim v
chnh)
Tng t s tn hiu/nhiu (SNR)
Tng phn gii ti a bng cch no?
VD: Tn hiu ng ra sensor 0-10mV nu a
trc tip vo ADC 12bit vi full-scale 10V (
phn gii 2.44mV ): ch phn bit c 4 mc
2.4.1 Khuch i (cont)
Tng SNR: tn hiu nh ng ra ca sensor cch
xa phn cng DAQ nu c truyn trong mi
trng nhiu s b nh hng ln ca nhiu. Nu
tn hiu nh (b nhiu) ny c khuch i ti
phn cng DAQ sau khi c truyn qua mi
trng nhiu th nhiu trong tn hiu ny cng
c khuch i nh tn hiu cn o. Nu nhiu
so snh c vi tn hiu cn o ( SNR thp) s
dn n sai s ln cho php o v php o l v
ngha.
2.4.1 Khuch i (cont)
Tng SNR bng cch khuch i tn hiu nh
u ra sensor trc khi truyn.
VD: Cp nhit loi J c nhy 50uV/
0
C. Nu
tn hiu u ra cp nhit c truyn trong mi
trng c nhiu ln vi khong cch 10m,
nhiu t ln tn hiu ca cp nhit c th ln
n 200uV dn n sai s n 4
o
C. Nu
khuch i tn hiu ti u ra cp nhit ln 500
ln th nhy lc ny l 25mV/
0
C, sai s do
nhiu lc ny (hng uV) l rt nh
2.4.2 Cch ly
Cch ly dng Opto : thng dng cho tn hiu s
Cch ly bng phng php t trng/in trng
dng cho tn hiu tng t: iu ch tn hiu in
p thnh tn s, sau truyn tn hiu tn s bng
bin p/t v bin i tn s thnh in p u ra
2.4.2 Cch ly (cont)
Cch ly bng bin p
2.4.2 Cch ly (cont)
Cch ly gip bo v thit b phn cng DAQ, PC
cng nh ngi vn hnh khi in p cao trong
qua trnh qua o, st hay tnh in cng nh hng
hc ca cc thit b cao p
Cc b bo v qu p c t u vo ca
khu x l tn hiu bo v khu ny.
Cch ly cn nhm m bo vng ni t, in p
cch chung (xt phn sau) khng nh hng n
tn hiu o
2.4.3. Mch Lc
Mch lc nhm loi b nhiu ra khi tn hiu cn o
trc khi tn hiu ny c khuch i v a vo
ADC
C th lc bng phn cng hoc phn mm
Lc mm: c tn hiu o nhiu ln hn cn thit
v ly trung bnh. Phng php ny loi b c
nhiu tun hon hon ton nu cc mu c
trung bnh ha trong mt chu k ca nhiu
Lc bng phn cng
2.4.3. Mch Lc
Lc bng phn cng: cc mch lc analog
(passive and ative) l r nht, cc thng s:
Tn s ct
Roll-off: dc ca ng cong bin theo
tn s ti tn s ct
Q-factor: quyt nh li ca mch lc ti
tn s cng hng v roll-off
Cch tnh ton mch lc (xem lecture notes
provided)
2.4.4. Tuyn tnh ha
Quan h gia ng ra ca sensor v tn hiu u
vo cn o thng l phi tuyn
Phm mm ca h DAQ thng thc hin chc
nng tuyn tnh ha
Nu mi quan h phi tuyn l d on c v c
tnh lp li th c th tuyn tnh ha bng phn
cng
Thng thng cn mt b x l tn hiu c lp
trnh dnh ring cho mt b chuyn i ring bit,
tuy nhin sau khi c x l th cc tn hiu o
lng ny c quan h trc tip vi i lng ang
c o lng
Cc sn phm dng cho vic x l tn hiu c
cung cp a dng v gi c, tnh nng, tnh module
v d s dng bi cc nh sn xut khc nhau
Vic la chn v s dng b x l tn hiu cn phi
ph hp vi tng yu cu c th
Mt s dng chnh ca b x l tn hiu c trnh
by di y
2.5 Phn loi khu x l tn hiu
2.5 Phn loi khu x l tn hiu(cont)
2.3.1. Cc mch x l tn hiu cm vo PC
Mch x l tn hiu nm trn phn cng DAQ
cm vo PC nh hnh
Mi mch x l tn hiu cho mt loi sensor
S dng cho ng dng nh vi s lng sensor
t v nm gn PC
2.3.1. Cc mch x l tn hiu cm vo PC (cont)
2.5.2 Cc b pht 2 dy ni trc tip
B pht 2 dy l module x l d liu 2 ca: nhn
tn hiu cn x l u vo v xut tn hiu x
l u ra
Mi module cho mt loi sensor/actuator
Khng phi l thit b thng minh v khng c ADC
Tn hiu c x l c truyn v phn cng
h DAQ ti PC bng 2 dy, tn hiu truyn c th l
in p hoc mch vng dng in (4-20)mA
2.5.2 Cc b pht 2 dy ni trc tip
Tn hiu truyn in p (+-10V hoc 0-10V)
tng thch vi hu ht vi u vo cc mch
DAQ cho php giao tip d dng vi cc board
DAQ hin i. Tuy nhin s st p trn dy
truyn nu khong cch xa l mt hn ch v
vy ch dng phng php truyn in p khi
ng truyn ngn
Tn hiu dng in c kh nng min nhim vi
nhiu cao v c th truyn vi khong cch
hng trm m (ln n 1000m). B thu chuyn
dng sang p a vo ADC. B thu thng
l mt in tr vi gi tr 500 Ohm cho fullscale
10V ca ADC (20mA x 500Ohm)
2.5.2 Cc b pht 2 dy ni trc tip
Mi cp cp truyn cho mt sensor ring l
nhiu cp
Ngun cung cp (15-40V) cn cng sut
cung cp dng cho cc modules theo yu cu
S khi ca mt b pht 2 dy trc tip nh
trang 19
V mi b pht i hi mt ngun nui cho nn
chng thng c thit k gn ln mt board
chnh c sn ngun cp cho nhiu b x l tn
hiu
2.5.2 Cc b pht 2 dy ni trc tip
S khi b pht 2 dy trc tip
2.5.2 Cc b pht 2 dy ni trc tip
Cu trc h DAQ dng cc b pht 2 dy trc tip
2.5.3. Vo/ra phn tn - b pht s
Nhc li (chapter 1)
S khi:
Trong yu cu thc t cc b chuyn i thng
nm xa PC ch hoc nm trong cc vng lm vic
c nhiu cao nn rt kh khn truyn tn hiu o
lng v PC ch nu tn hiu c truyn dng
th
Mt phng php hu hiu c a ra l s dng
cc I/O phn tn
B pht s l mt dng c trng cho phng php
s dng I/O phn tn vi chc nng ging nh b
pht 2 dy tuy nhin cn c thm b A/D v b vi
x l km theo. Tn hiu sau s l s c truyn
qua giao din RS232 hoc RS485 v PC ch
Cho php la chn 2 loi cu hnh nh sau
2.5.3 Vo/ra phn tn - b pht s (tt)
2.5.3 Vo/ra phn tn - b pht s (tt)
Mach x ly tn hieu vao/ra phan tan s dung bo phat so
2.5.3 Vo/ra phn tn - b pht s (tt)
Mach x ly tn hieu vao/ra phan tan s dung bo phat so rieng biet
2.6 Nhiu v nh hng ca nhiu
2.6.1 Khi nim
Nhiu: tn hiu in khng mong mun trong
mch
Khng th trit nhiu hon tan m ch c th
gim bin nhiu cho n khi bin ca
n khng gy nh hng ln tn hiu o
2.6. Nhiu v nh hng ca nhiu
2.6.2. Ngun nhiu v phn loi nhiu
3 thnh phn tham gia qu trnh sinh nhiu:
Cc hnh thc gy nhiu thng gp trong h
DAQ
Ghp ni h cm (inductive coupling)
Ghp ni in dung (capacitive coupling)
Ghp ni in tr (conductive coupling)
Conductive coupling
Capacitive coupling
Inductive coupling
Inductive coupling
Inductive coupling
2.6.2. Chng nhiu
Dng cp c v bc v ni t v bc : gim nhiu
do tng h in dung gy ra
Vit cng thc in p nhiu
2.6.2. Chng nhiu (cont)
ni t v cp (hnh trang 32)
Vit cng thc in p nhiu
Dng cp c v bc v xon i
Dng cp xon i
Dng cp ng trc