ECE 442 Solid State Devices & Circuits 14. Feedback

ECE442 SolidStateDevices&Circuits 14.
Feedback
Jose E. Schutt-Aine Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Illinois jschutt@emlab.uiuc.edu

JoseE.SchuttAine ECE442
Feedback Why Use Feedback?

1. To desensitize the gain 2. To reduce nonlinear distortion 3. To reduce the effect of noise 4. To control terminal impedances 5. To increase the bandwidth
Feedback Basic Concepts
Feedback Analysis
The ideal amplifier gain is defined by
vout A= via
The overall gain of the feedback circuit is defined by
vout G= vin
If input 2 is grounded
via = vin 0 = vin

We then get
vout vout G= = =A vin via
This is the open-loop gain

4
Feedback Analysis
When the switch is closed, then
via = vin vout

so that
vout = A ( vin vout ) = Gvin

from which we get
vout A G= = vin 1 + A
which is the closed-loop gain
The closed-loop gain is always less than the openloop gain for negative feedback
Feedback Bandwidth Extension

The high-frequency response of an amplifier (single-pole) is given by: A
A( s ) =
1 + s / H
AM is the midband gain and H is the upper 3-dB frequency. With negative feedback, we get
A( s ) Af ( s) = 1 + A( s )
After substitution,
AM /(1 + AM ) Af ( s) = 1 + s / H (1 + AM )
Feedback Bandwidth Extension

The feedback amplifier will have a midband gain of
AM (1 + AM )
and an upper 3-dB frequency of
H (1 + AM )
Bandwidth is increased by factor equal to amount of feedback. It can also be shown that the lower 3dB frequency is
(1 + AM )
The gain-bandwidth product is constant
Series-Shunt Feedback
Voltage mixing-voltage sampling feedback

Shunt- Series Feedback
Current mixing-current sampling feedback

Series-Series Feedback
Voltage mixing-current sampling feedback

10
Shunt-Shunt Feedback
Current mixing-voltage sampling feedback

11
Transfer Function Representation
Use a two-terminal representation of system for input and output

12
Y-parameter Representation
I1 = y11V1 + y12V2 I 2 = y21V1 + y22V2
13
Y Parameter Calculations
I1 y11 = V1 V =0
2
I2 y21 = V1 V =0
2
To make V2= 0, place a short at port 2

14
Z Parameters
V1 = z11I1 + z12 I 2 V2 = z21I1 + z22 I 2

15
Z-parameter Calculations
V1 z11 = I1
I2 =0
V2 z21 = I1
I2 =0
To make I2= 0, place an open at port 2

16
H Parameters
V1 = h11I1 + h12V2 I 2 = h21I1 + h22V2
17
H Parameter Calculations
V1 h11 = I1 V =0
2
I2 h21 = I1
V2 = 0
To make V2= 0, place a short at port 2

18
G Parameters
I1 = g11V1 + g12 I 2 V2 = g 21V1 + g 22 I 2
19
G-Parameter Calculations
I1 g11 = V1
I2 =0
V2 g 21 = V1
I2 =0
To make I2= 0, place an open at port 2

20
Series-Shunt Feedback - Ideal
Vo A Vi Vo A Af = Vs 1 + A
Negative feedback decreases the gain
21
Series-Shunt Feedback Equivalent Circuit
Rif = Ri (1 + A )
Rof = Ro / (1 + A )
Negative feedback increases the input resistance and decreases the output resistance by a factor equal to the feedback
22
Series-Shunt Feedback - Actual
23
Series-Shunt Feedback : h-Parameters
Account for all 4 h parameters

24
Series-Shunt Feedback : h-Parameters
h12 basic
amplifier
h12
feedback network
h21
feedback network
h21 basic
amplifier
25
Series-Series Feedback - Ideal
Io A Vi Io A Af = Vs 1 + A
26
Series-Series Feedback Equivalent Circuit
Rif = Ri (1 + A )
Rof = Ro (1 + A )
Negative feedback increases the input resistance and increases the output resistance by a factor equal to the feedback
27
Series-Series Feedback - Actual
28
Series-Series Feedback: Z Parameters
Account for all 4 z parameters

29
Series-Series Feedback: Z Parameters
z12 basic
amplifier
z12
feedback network
z21
feedback network
z21 basic
amplifier
30
Shunt-Shunt Feedback - Ideal
Vo A Ii
31
Shunt-Shunt Feedback
Vo A Af = I s 1 + A
Rif = Ri / (1 + A )
Rof = Ro / (1 + A )
Negative feedback decreases the input resistance and decreases the output resistance by a factor equal to the feedback
y12 basic
amplifier
y12
feedback network
y21
feedback network
y21 basic
amplifier
32
Shunt-Series Feedback - Ideal
Io A Ii
33
Shunt-Series Feedback
Io A Af = I s 1 + A
Rif = Ri / (1 + A )
Rof = Ro (1 + A )
Negative feedback decreases the input resistance and increases the output resistance by a factor equal to the feedback
g12 basic
amplifier
g12
feedback network
g 21
feedback network
g 21 basic
amplifier
34
3-Stage Amplifier with Feedback
35
36

Gain in first stage is:
1 ( RC1 r 2 ) Vc1 = Vi re1 + RE1 ( RF + RE 2 )

First stage parameters are: IC1 = 0.6 mA, re1=41.7 , Ic2=1 mA r2= hfe/gm2=100/40 = 2.5 k Use 1=0.99, Rc1=9 k, RE1=100 , RF=640 , and RE2=100
Vc1 = 14.92 V / V Vi
37

Gain in second stage is:
Vc 2 r R R R = g m 2 RC 2 ( h fe + 1) + + ( ) ( ) 3 2 e E F E Vc1
Use gm2=40 mA/V, RC2= 5 k, hfe=100, re3=25/4,= 6.25 , RE2=100 , RF = 640 , and RE1 = 100 , which gives
Vc 2 = 131.2 V / V Vc1
38

Gain in third stage is:
Io I e3 1 = = Vc 2 Vb 3 re 3 + ( RE 2 ( RF + RE1 ) )
Io 1 = = 10.6 mA / V Vc 2 6.25 + (100 740 )
Combining the 3 stages
Io A = = 14.92 131.2 10.6 103 = 20.7 A / V Vi

39
determining feedback
RE 2 = = RE1 I o RE 2 + RF + RE1 100 = 100 = 11.9 100 + 640 + 100

Vf
40

Closed-loop gain:
Io A 20.7 Af = = = 83.7 mA / V Vs 1 + A 1 + 20.7 11.9 Vo I C RC 3 I o RC 3 = = = Af RC 3 Vs Vs Vs Vo 3 = 83.7 10 600 = 50.2 V / V Vs

41

Input resistance
Rif = Ri (1 + A )
Ri = ( h fe + 1) re1 + ( RE1 RF + RE 2 ) = 13.65 k
Rif = 13.65 (1 + 20.5 11.9 ) = 3.34 M

Output resistance
Ro=143.9
RC 2 Ro = RE 2 ( RF + RE1 ) + re3 + h + 1 fe
42

output resistance
Rof = Ro (1 + A ) = 143.9(1 + 20.7 + 11.9) = 35.6 k Rout = ro + (1 + g m 3ro ) ( Rof r 3 )

Rout = 25 + (1 + 160 25 )( 35.6 0.625 ) = 2.5 M
43
Single-Stage Amplifier with Feedback

We want to determine the small-signal voltage gain Vo/Vs, the input resistance and the output resistance Rout=Rof. The transistor has = 100
+12 V RC = 4.7 k
RF = 47 k Rs = 10 k
Vo Rof
Vs + -
Rin
44
Single-Stage DC Analysis
First determine dc operating point
VC = 0.7 + ( I B + 0.07)47
Solve for IB using the following 2 equations
VC = 3.99 + 47 I B
12 VC = ( + 1) I B + 0.07 4.7
45
Single-Stage DC Analysis
We get
I B 0.015 mA
I C 1.5 mA
VC 4.7 V
I C 1.5 gm = = = 60 mA / V VT 25 r = / g m = 100 / 60 = 1.666 k
10(1.66) RS r = = 1.429 k 11.6 47(1.66) R f r = = 1.6 k 48.66

46
Calculating y11 for Amplifier
1 1 y11 = = = 0.086 mA / V RS + R f r 10 + 1.6

47

I2 y21 = V1
v =
V1 ( R f r )
RS + R f r
= ( g m 1/ R f ) V1 ( R f r ) RS + R f r
V1 ( R f r ) RS + R f r
I 2 = ( g m 1/ R f )
y21 = ( g m 1/ R f )
(R
r )
RS + R f r
48

1.6 y21 = ( 60 0.021) = 8.27 mA / V 10 + 1.6
49
V2 ( RS r ) 1 1 I1 v y12 = = = V2 RSV2 R f + ( RS r ) RS V2 RS r ) ( 1 y12 = RS R f + ( RS r )
50

1.429 y12 = = 0.00295 mA / V 10 ( 47 + 1.429 )
51

V2 g mV2 ( RS r ) V2 I2 = + + RC ( RS r ) + R f ( RS r ) + R f
g m v
g m ( RS r ) I2 1 1 y22 = = + + V2 RC ( RS r ) + R f ( RS r ) + R f
I2 1 60 (1.429 ) 1 y22 = = + + = 2.01 mA / V V2 4.7 1.429 + 47 1.429 + 47

52
y-parameters for Feedback Network
1 y11 = = 0.021 mA / V Rf 1 y21 = = 0.021 mA / V Rf
y22 = y11 by symmetry y12 = y21 by reciprocity
From Feedback Network, we get = y12 = -0.021

53
Basic Amplifier vs Feedback Network

Basic Amplifier Feedback Network
0.086 0.003 YA = 2.01 8.27 y12 basic y21
0.021 0.021 YF = 0.021 0.021

y12
feedback network
amplifier
feedback network
y21 basic
amplifier
54
Single-Stage Small-Signal Analysis
55
Single-Stage Small-Signal Analysis

The feedback is provided by Rf which samples the output voltage and feeds back a current to be mixed at input
V = I i ( Rs R f r )
Vo = g mV ( R f RC )
Vo A = = g m ( R f RC )( Rs R f r ) = 358.7 k Ii
Transimpedance gain is 358.7 k
56
Input and Output Resistances
Ri = Rs R f r = 1.4 k Ro = RC R f = 4.27 k
57
Determining and Af
1 1 = = = 47 k Vo Rf If
Vo A Af = I s 1 + A Vo 358.7 358.7 = = = 41.6 k I s 1 + 358.7 / 47 8.63

58
Single-Stage Feedback Amp

Voltage gain is:
Vo Vo 41.6 = = 4.16 V / V 10 Vs I s Rs
The input resistance with feedback is:
Ri 1.4 Rif = = = 162.2 1 + A 8.63

The output resistance with feedback is:
Ro 4.27 Rof = = = 495 1 + A 8.63

59
Important Remarks
1. Most of the forward transmission occurs in the basic amplifier 2. Most of the feedback -or reverse transmission - occurs in the feedback network 3. Care should be taken in the design that these assumptions are valid
60
Feedback and Frequency Dependence

1. The closed-loop transfer function is a function of frequency 2. The manner in which the loop gain varies with frequency determines the stability or instability of the feedback amplifier 3. The frequency at which the phase of the transfer function is equal to 180o will be unstable if the magnitude is greater than unity
61
Feedback and Frequency Dependence

1. An amplifier with a single pole response is unconditionally stable 2. An amplifier with a two-pole response is unconditionally stable 3. An amplifier with a three-pole response (or higher) can be unstable need to provide compensation
62
Feedback and Frequency Compensation

1. In order to insure stability, we modify the open-loop transfer function A(s) of the amplifier 2. Introduce a new pole in the function A(s) at a frequency fD such that modified open-loop gain A(s) intersects the 20 log |1/||) curve with a a slope difference of 20 dB/decade 3. The closed-loop amplifier with value (or lower) will be stable.
63
Feedback and Frequency Compensation
64
Miller Compensation
Common emitter amplifier with Miller compensating capacitor Cf in feedback path
65
Miller Compensation and Pole Splitting

R1 and C1 make up the total input impedance; R2 and C2 make up the total output impedance
In the absence of the compensating capacitor, Cf, there are two poles associated with C1 and C2 fp1 and fp2
66
Miller Compensation and Pole Splitting

1 f P1 = 2 R1C1 fP2 1 = 2 R2C2
When Cf is present, the transfer function becomes
Vo ( sC f g m ) R1R2 = 2 Ii 1 + sA + s B
A = C1R1 + C2 R2 + C f ( g m R1R2 + R1 + R2 )
B= C1C2 + C f ( C1 + C2 ) R1R2
67
Pole Splitting
The two poles can be approximated as:
1 g m R2C f R1
' P1
and

' P2
C1C2 + C f ( C1 + C2 )
g mC f
When Cf is increased, P1 is reduced while P2 is increased this is referred to as pole splitting
68

ECE 442 Solid State Devices & Circuits 14. Feedback

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ECE442 SolidStateDevices&Circuits 14.

Jose E. Schutt-Aine Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Illinois jschutt@emlab.uiuc.edu

Feedback Why Use Feedback?

Feedback Basic Concepts

via = vin 0 = vin

vout vout G= = =A vin via

This is the open-loop gain

via = vin vout

vout = A ( vin vout ) = Gvin

which is the closed-loop gain

Feedback Bandwidth Extension

Feedback Bandwidth Extension

Voltage mixing-voltage sampling feedback

Shunt- Series Feedback

Current mixing-current sampling feedback

Voltage mixing-current sampling feedback

Current mixing-voltage sampling feedback

Transfer Function Representation

Use a two-terminal representation of system for input and output

I1 = y11V1 + y12V2 I 2 = y21V1 + y22V2

To make V2= 0, place a short at port 2

V1 = z11I1 + z12 I 2 V2 = z21I1 + z22 I 2

To make I2= 0, place an open at port 2

V1 = h11I1 + h12V2 I 2 = h21I1 + h22V2

To make V2= 0, place a short at port 2

I1 = g11V1 + g12 I 2 V2 = g 21V1 + g 22 I 2

To make I2= 0, place an open at port 2

Series-Shunt Feedback - Ideal

Series-Shunt Feedback Equivalent Circuit

Series-Shunt Feedback - Actual

Series-Shunt Feedback : h-Parameters

Account for all 4 h parameters

Series-Shunt Feedback : h-Parameters

Series-Series Feedback - Ideal

Series-Series Feedback Equivalent Circuit

Series-Series Feedback - Actual

Series-Series Feedback: Z Parameters

Account for all 4 z parameters

Series-Series Feedback: Z Parameters

Shunt-Shunt Feedback - Ideal

Shunt-Series Feedback - Ideal

3-Stage Amplifier with Feedback

3-Stage Amplifier with Feedback

3-Stage Amplifier with Feedback

1 ( RC1 r 2 ) Vc1 = Vi re1 + RE1 ( RF + RE 2 )

3-Stage Amplifier with Feedback

3-Stage Amplifier with Feedback

Io A = = 14.92 131.2 10.6 103 = 20.7 A / V Vi

3-Stage Amplifier with Feedback

RE 2 = = RE1 I o RE 2 + RF + RE1 100 = 100 = 11.9 100 + 640 + 100

3-Stage Amplifier with Feedback

Io A 20.7 Af = = = 83.7 mA / V Vs 1 + A 1 + 20.7 11.9 Vo I C RC 3 I o RC 3 = = = Af RC 3 Vs Vs Vs Vo 3 = 83.7 10 600 = 50.2 V / V Vs

3-Stage Amplifier with Feedback

Ri = ( h fe + 1) re1 + ( RE1 RF + RE 2 ) = 13.65 k

Rif = 13.65 (1 + 20.5 11.9 ) = 3.34 M

3-Stage Amplifier with Feedback

Rof = Ro (1 + A ) = 143.9(1 + 20.7 + 11.9) = 35.6 k Rout = ro + (1 + g m 3ro ) ( Rof r 3 )

Single-Stage Amplifier with Feedback

I C 1.5 gm = = = 60 mA / V VT 25 r = / g m = 100 / 60 = 1.666 k

10(1.66) RS r = = 1.429 k 11.6 47(1.66) R f r = = 1.6 k 48.66

Calculating y11 for Amplifier

1 1 y11 = = = 0.086 mA / V RS + R f r 10 + 1.6