MCR3U Exam Review

Math Study Guide

U.1: Rational Expressions, Exponents, a!torin", #ne$ualities
1.1
Exponent Rules
Rule %es!ription Example
Product
n m n m
a a a
+

7 5 2
4 4 4
Quotient
n m n m
a a a


2 2 4
5 5 5
Power of a power
( )
n m
n
m
a a

( )
8
4
2
3 3
Power of a product
(xy)
a
= x
a
y
a
(2 x 3)
2
= 2
2
x 3
2
Power of a quotient
0 ,
,
_

b
b
a
b
a
n
n
n
5
5
5
4
3
4
3

,
_

Zero a an exponent
!
0
a ! 7
0

"e#ati$e exponent
1.&
0 ,
!

a
a
a
m
m
2
2
%
!
%

&ationa' (xponent
( )
m
n n m
n
m
a a a

a
power)root
= a
*)n
(a'p+a,etica'-)
( )
4
3 3 4
3
4
27 27 27
"e#ati$e &ationa' (xponent
x
.*)n
= !)x
*)n
=!)
n
/x
*
(25)4)
.3)2
= (4)25)
3)2
= (4
3)2
))(25
3)2
) =
/4
3
)/25
3
=8)!25
&ationa' = 0raction
&adica' = &oot
1.3
Solvin" Exponential E$uations
e1#1 2o'$e for x1
2 2
2
2
2
% %
8! %
8 73 %
73 8 %

x
x
x
x
4
2 2
2 2

+

x
x
x

c+ec3 4 73
8 8!
8 %
73 8 %
2 4
2

x RS
RS LS
x
Exponential Growth and %e!ay
Popu'ation #rowt+ and radioacti$e decay can ,e *ode''ed uin# exponentia' function1
!
"ote 42 and &2 are power of
%, o rewrite t+e* a power
uin# t+e a*e ,ae1
5dd 8 to ,ot+ ide1
2i*p'ify1
6+en t+e ,ae are
t+e a*e, equate t+e
exponent1
2o'$e for x1
7on8t for#et to c+ec3 your o'ution-
MCR3U Exam Review
7ecay9
h
t
L A A
,
_

2
!
0

0
A
. initia' a*ount t : ti*e e'aped h : +a'f.'ife
L A
. a*ount 4eft
a!torin" Review
a!torin" 'olynomials
;o expand *ean to write a product of po'yno*ia' a a u* or a difference of ter*1
;o (a!tor *ean to write a u* or a difference of ter* a a product of po'yno*ia'1
0actorin# i t+e in$ere operation of expandin#1
(xpandin#
2
MCR3U Exam Review
( )( ) 2! 5 < 7 3 3 2
2
+ x x x x
3
Product of
po'yno*ia'
2u* or
difference
of ter*
MCR3U Exam Review
0actorin#
)ypes o( (a!torin":
e1#1 0actor,
a!tor *y "roupin": #roup ter* to +e'p in t+e factorin# proce1
e1#1 0actor,
4
(ac+ ter* i di$ii,'e ,y 1
!=<x=%x
2
i a perfect
quare trino*ia'
>roup 4mx : 4nx and
ny : my, factor eac+
#roup
MCR3U Exam Review
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) n m y x
n m y n m x
m n y n m x
my ny nx mx
my nx ny mx A


+
+
+
4
4
4
4 4
4 4 9
) 2 3 ! )( 2 3 ! (
? 2 ) 3 ! ?@( 2 ) 3 ! @(
4 ) 3 ! (
4 % < ! 9
2 2
2 2
y x y x
y x y x
y x
y x x B
+ + +
+ + +
+
+ +
a!torin"
c bx ax + +
2
0ind t+e product of ac1 0ind two nu*,er t+at *u'tip'y to ac and add to b1
e1#1 0actor,
) 7 )( 2 (
) 7 ( 2 ) 7 (
!4 2 7
!4 % 9
2
2
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
y y
y y y
y y y
y y A
) 3 )( 2 3 (
) 3 ( 2 ) 3 ( 3
< 2 % 3
< 7 3 9
2 2
2 2
y x y x
y x y y x x
y xy xy x
y xy x B
+
+
+

2o*eti*e po'yno*ia' can ,e factored uin# spe!ial patterns1
'er(e!t s$uare trinomial
) )( ( 2
2 2
b a b a b ab a + + + +
or
) )( ( 2
2 2
b a b a b ab a +
e1#1 0actor,
2
2
) 3 2 (
% !2 4 9
+
+ +
p
p p A
) 2 5 )( 2 5 ( 4
) 4 20 25 ( 4
!< 80 !00 9
2 2
2 2
y x y x
y xy x
y xy x B

+
+
5
7ifference of quare &eca'' n : m = :(* :
n)
Ao**on factor
Product = !4 = 2(7)
2u* = % = 2 = 7
Product = 3(:<) = :!8 = :%(2)
2u* = : 7 = :% = 2
7eco*poe *idd'e ter* :
7xy into :%xy = 2xy.
0actor ,y #roupin#1
MCR3U Exam Review
%i((eren!e o( s$uares
) )( (
2 2
b a b a b a +
e1#1 0actor,
) 2 3 )( 2 3 ( 4 %
2 2
y x y x y x +
1.+
,, - , ., 'olynomials
5 po'yno*ia' i an a'#e,raic expreion wit+ rea' coefficient and non.ne#ati$e inte#er exponent1
5 po'yno*ia' wit+ ! ter* i ca''ed a *ono*ia',
x 7
1
5 po'yno*ia' wit+ 2 ter* i ca''ed a ,ino*ia',
% 3
2
x
1
5 po'yno*ia' wit+ 3 ter* i ca''ed a trino*ia',
% 7 3
2
+ x x
1
;+e de#ree of t+e po'yno*ia' i deter*ined ,y t+e $a'ue of t+e +i#+et exponent of t+e $aria,'e in t+e
po'yno*ia'1
e1#1
% 7 3
2
+ x x
, de#ree i 21
0or po'yno*ia' wit+ one $aria,'e, if t+e de#ree i 0, t+en it i ca''ed a contant1
Bf t+e de#ree i !, t+en it i ca''ed 'inear1
Bf t+e de#ree i 2, t+en it i ca''ed quadratic1
Bf t+e de#ree i 3, t+en it i ca''ed cu,ic1
6e can add and u,tract po'yno*ia' ,y co''ectin# 'i3e ter*1
e1#1 2i*p'ify1
( ) ( )
3 4 2 4
5 2 3 2 5
5 3 2 2 5
5 3 2 2 5
2 3 4
2 2 3 4 4
2 3 4 2 4
2 3 4 2 4
+ +
+ +
+ +
+
x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
;o *u'tip'y po'yno*ia', *u'tip'y eac+ ter* in t+e firt po'yno*ia' ,y eac+ ter* in t+e econd1
e1#1 (xpand and i*p'ify1
( )( )
!2 8 7 2
!2 8 4 3 2
3 2 4
2 3 4
2 2 3 4
2 2
+ +
+ + +
+ +
x x x x
x x x x x
x x x
1./
Rational Expressions
0or po'yno*ia' F and G, a rationa' expreion i for*ed w+en
0 , G
G
F
1
<
;+e ne#ati$e in front of t+e ,rac3et
app'ie to e$ery ter* inide t+e ,rac3et1
;+at i, you *u'tip'y eac+ ter* ,y :!1
MCR3U Exam Review
e1#1
% !4 2!
7 3
2
+ +
+
x x
x
Simpli(yin" Rational Expressions
3 ,
3
3
) 3 )( 3 (
) 3 )( 3 (
) 3 )( 3 (
) 3 )( 3 (
% <
%
2
2

+

+ +
+

+ +
+

+ +

m
m
m
m m
m m
m m
m m
m m
m
1.0
Multiplyin" and %ividin" Rational Expressions
7 , ! ,
) 7 )( ! (
) 2 (
) 7 )( 7 (
) 2 )( ! (
) ! )( ! (
) 7 (
) 7 )( 7 (
) 2 )( ! (
) ! )( ! (
) 7 (
4% !4
2 3
!
7
9
2
2
2
2
t
+
+

+ +
+ +

+
+

+ +
+ +

+
+

+ +
+ +

+
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x x
A
3 , ! , 4 ,
) ! (
) 3 (
) 3 )( ! (
) ! )( 4 (
) ! )( 4 (
) 3 )( 3 (
) 3 )( ! (
) ! )( 4 (
) ! )( 4 (
) 3 )( 3 (
) ! )( 4 (
) 3 )( ! (
) ! )( 4 (
) 3 )( 3 (
4 5
3 4
4 5
%
9
2
2
2
2
t

+ +

+ +
+

+ +

+ +
+

+ +

+ +
+

+ +
+

+ +

x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
B
1.1 and 1.2
3ddin" and Su*tra!tin" Rational Expressions
"ote t+at after addition or u,traction it *ay ,e poi,'e to factor t+e nu*erator and i*p'ify t+e
expreion furt+er1 5'way reduce t+e anwer to 'owet ter*1
e1#1 2i*p'ify and tate t+e retriction1
7
0actor t+e nu*erator and
deno*inator1
"ote t+e retriction1
2i*p'ify1 2tate t+e retriction1
0actor1
"ote retriction1
Bn$ert and *u'tip'y1
"ote any new retriction1
2i*p'ify
1
2tate retriction1 0actor1
"ote retriction1
2i*p'ify
1
2tate retriction1
0actor1
"ote retriction1
2i*p'ify if
poi,'e1
0ind 4A71
6rite a'' ter*
uin# 4A71
2u,tract1
2tate retriction1
MCR3U Exam Review
2 ,
) 2 )( 2 (
7 5
) 2 )( 2 (
!0 5 3
) 2 )( 2 (
) 2 ( 5
) 2 )( 2 (
3
2
5
) 2 )( 2 (
3
2
5
4
3
9
2
t
+

+
+

+
+

+
+
+

+
+

x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x x x
x x
A
0 , , 0 ,
) (
3 2
) (
3
) (
2
) (
3
) (
2
3 2
9
2 2

y y x
y x xy
x y
y x xy
x
y x xy
y
y x y y x x
y xy xy x
B
1.4
4inear inequa'itie are a'o ca''ed firt de#ree inequa'itie
(1#1 4x C 20 i an inequa'ity of t+e firt de#ree, w+ic+ i often ca''ed a 'inear inequa'ity1
&eca'' t+at9
t+e a*e nu*,er can ,e u,tracted fro* ,ot+ ide of an inequa'ity
t+e a*e nu*,er can ,e added to ,ot+ ide of an inequa'ity
,ot+ ide of an inequa'ity can ,e *u'tip'ied (or di$ided) ,y t+e a*e poiti$e nu*,er
if an inequa'ity i *u'tip'ied (or di$ided) ,y t+e a*e ne#ati$e nu*,er, t+en9
(D1
3nswer 5 x 6 +
i"ure 1 7ote: 8n a num*er line, a !losed dot means in!ludin" the end point and an opened dot
means ex!ludin" the end point
Radi!als
e1#1
n
a
, i ca''ed
t+e radica' i#n, n i t+e
index of t+e radica', and a i
ca''ed t+e radicand1
3
i aid to ,e a
radica' of order 21
3
8
i a
radica' of order 31
4i3e radica'9
5 3 , 5 2 , 5
En'i3e
radica'9
3 , 5 , 5
3
8
0actor1
"ote retriction1
2i*p'ify if
poi,'e1
0ind 4A71
6rite a'' ter*
uin# 4A71
2tate retriction1 5dd1
2i*p'et
for*
2i*p'et
for*
MCR3U Exam Review
(ntire radica'9
2% , !< , 8
Fixed radica'9
7 5 , 3 2 , 2 4
5 radica' in simplest (orm
*eet t+e fo''owin#
condition9
0or a radica' of order n, t+e
radicand +a no factor t+at i
;+e radicand contain no
fraction1
;+e radicand contain no
factor wit+ ne#ati$e
exponent1
%
7ifferent
order
7ifferent radicand
"ot
i*p'et
for*
2a*e order, 'i3e radicand
MCR3U Exam Review
;+e index of a radica' *ut
,e a *a''
a poi,'e1
3ddition and Su*tra!tion o( Radi!als
;o add or u,tract radica', you add or u,tract t+e coefficient of eac+ radica'1
e1#1 2i*p'ify1
( ) ( ) ( )
!0 < 3 !!
!0 < 3 !5 3 4
!0 2 3 3 3 5 3 2 2
!0 4 3 3 % 5 3 4 2 40 3 27 5 !2 2
+
+
+
+ +
Multiplyin" Radi!als
e1#1 2i*p'ify1
!0
2i*p'et for*
3
3 3
2 4 2

(xpre eac+ radica' in i*p'et for*1

2 2
2 2
2 4 8
2

Ao''ect 'i3e radica'1 5dd and u,tract1
Ee t+e ditri,uti$e property to expand
0 , 0 , b a ab b a
MCR3U Exam Review
Con9u"ates
( ) ( ) d c b a d c b a + and
are ca''ed conGu#ate1
6+en conGu#ate are *u'tip'ied t+e reu't i a rationa' expreion (no radica')1
e1#1 0ind t+e product1
( )( ) ( ) ( )
!3
!8 5
) 2 ( % 5
2 3 5 2 3 5 2 3 5
2 2



+
%ividin" Radi!als
!!
Hppoite i#n
Fu'tip'y coefficient to#et+er1 Fu'tip'y radicand to#et+er1
2a*e ter* 2a*e ter*
Ao''ect 'i3e ter*1 (xpre in i*p'et for*1
MCR3U Exam Review
&. & and &.3
:uadrati! un!tions
;+e #rap+ of t+e quadratic
function,
c bx ax x f + +
2
) (
, i
a para,o'a1
6+en
a > 0
t+e para,o'a open up1 6+en
a < 0
t+e para,o'a open down1
;ertex orm:
f x a x h k ( ) ( ) +
2
;+e $ertex i
) , ( k h
1 ;+e *axi*u* or *ini*u* $a'ue i k1
;+e axi of y**etry i y = h.
a!tored orm:
f x a x p x q ( ) ( )( )
Standard orm:
f x ax bx c ( ) + +
2
;+e Ieroe are
p x
and
q x
1 ;+e y.intercept i c1
Complete the s$uare to c+an#e t+e tandard for* to $ertex for*1
e1#1
( )
( )
( )
25 ) 3 ( 2 ) (
7 ) % ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) (
7 ) 3 ( 2 3 < 2 ) (
7 3 3 < 2 ) (
7 < 2 ) (
7 !2 2 ) (
2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+
x x f
x x f
x x x f
x x x f
x x x f
x x x f
Maximum and Minimum ;alues
Jertex for*, *axi*u*)*ini*u* $a'ue i k1
0actored for*9
e1#1 7eter*ine t+e *axi*u* or *ini*u* $a'ue of
) 7 )( ! ( ) ( x x x f
1
!2
4
2
-2
-4
-5 5
aC0
*ini*u*
*axi*u*
aK0
e1#1 2i*p'ify1
< 3 2 2
5
30
3
5
!0
2
5
30 3
5
!0 2
5
30 3 !0 2
+
+
+
+
0 , 0 , , , b a b a
b
a
b
a
R
7i$ide t+e coefficient of x ,y 21 2quare t+i nu*,er1 5dd and u,tract it1
0actor t+e coefficient of x
2
for* t+e ter* wit+ x
2
and x1
2i*p'ify1
0actor t+e perfect quare trino*ia' inide t+e ,rac3et1
Lrin# t+e 'at ter* inide t+e ,rac3et outide t+e ,rac3et1
5 1 22 ) 5 1 2 (
!0 ) 5 1 2 ( !0 2 ) 5 1 2 ( 2 ) 5 1 2 (

+
f
f
% ) 4 (
) 3 ( 3 ) 4 (
) 7 4 )( ! 4 ( ) 4 (



f
f
f
4
2
7 !

x
x
MCR3U Exam Review
;+e Ieroe of
) (x f
are equiditant fro* t+e axi of y**etry1 ;+e Ieroe are
! x
and
7 x
1
;+e axi of y**etry i x = 41 ;+e axi of y**etry pae t+rou#+ t+e
$ertex1
;+e x.coordinate of t+e $ertex i 41 ;o find t+e y.coordinate of t+e
$ertex, e$a'uate
) 4 ( f
1
;+e $ertex i
) % , 4 (
1 Lecaue a i poiti$e (
! a
), t+e #rap+
open up1
;+e *ini*u* $a'ue i :%1
2tandard for*9
e1#1 7eter*ine t+e *axi*u* or *ini*u* $a'ue of
!0 !0 2 ) (
2
+ x x x f
wit+out co*p'etin# t+e quare1
x x x g !0 2 ) (
2

i a $ertica' tran'ation of
!0 !0 2 ) (
2
+ x x x f
wit+ y.intercept of 01
) 5 ( 2 ) ( + x x x g 5 , 0 x
are t+e Ieroe1
5 1 2
2
5 0

x
5 1 2 x
i t+e x.coordinate of $ertex1
;+e y.coordinate of $ertex i 22151 Bt i a *axi*u* ,ecaue
t+e #rap+ open down1
<eroes
;o deter*ine t+e nu*,er of Ieroe of a quadratic function conider t+e for* of t+e function1
Jertex for*9 Bf a and k +a$e oppoite i#n t+ere are 2 Ieroe (2 root)1
Bf a and k +a$e t+e a*e i#n t+ere are no Ieroe (0 root)1
Bf k = 0 t+ere i one Iero (! root)1
0actored for*9
f x a x p x q ( ) ( )( )
= 2 Ieroe1 ;+e Ieroe are
p x
and
q x
1
2
) ( ) ( p x a x f
= ! Iero1 ;+e Iero i x = p1
2tandard for*9 A+ec3 dicri*inant1
ac b D 4
2

!3
0actor
x x x g !0 2 ) (
2

to deter*ine
Ieroe, t+en find t+e axi of y**etry1 Lot+
) (x f
and
) (x g
wi'' +a$e t+e a*e x.
2
-2
MCR3U Exam Review
Bf
0 < D
t+ere are no Ieroe1
Bf
0 D
t+ere i ! Iero1
Bf
0 > D
t+ere are 2 Ieroe1
;o deter*ine t+e Ieroe of fro* t+e tandard for* ue t+e $uadrati! (ormula1
0or ,
0
2
+ + c bx ax
ue
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2
t

to o'$e for x1
U.3: un!tions
3.1
un!tions
5 relation i a et of any ordered pair1 &e'ation can ,e decri,ed uin#9
an equation a #rap+ a ta,'e
7 3
2
x y
in word
Moutput i t+ree *ore t+an inputN
a et of ordered pair
)O 8 , 4 ( ), 3 , 0 ( ), 2 , ! P(
function notation
x x x f 3 ) (
2

;+e domain of a re'ation i t+e et of poi,'e input $a'ue (x $a'ue)1
e1#1 2tate t+e do*ain and ran#e1
59
)O 8 , 4 ( ), 3 , 0 ( ), 2 , ! P(
L9 A9
5 x y
7o*ain = P0, !, 4O
&an#e = P2, 3, 8O
!4
4
2
4oo3in# at t+e #rap+ we
can ee t+at y doe not
#o ,e'ow 01 ;+u,
7o*ain = R
&an#e =
x y
! 2
2 3
3 4
4 3
6+at $a'ue of x wi''
*a3e x : 5 = 0Q x = 5
;+e radicand cannot ,e 'e
t+an Iero, o
7o*ain =
O , 5 R P R x x x
&an#e =
4
2
4
2
MCR3U Exam Review
5 (un!tion i a pecia' type of re'ation in w+ic+ no two ordered pair +a$e t+e a*e x $a'ue1
7 x y
and
!5
2
+ x y
are exa*p'e of function1
x y t
i not a function ,ecaue for e$ery
$a'ue of x t+ere are two $a'ue of y1
;+e verti!al line test i ued to deter*ine if a #rap+ of a re'ation i a function1 Bf a $ertica' 'ine can ,e
paed a'on# t+e entire 'en#t+ of t+e #rap+ and it ne$er touc+e *ore t+an one point at a ti*e, t+en t+e
re'ation i a function1
e1#1 59
L9
3.&
More un!tion 7otes
SS = ay*ptote = a 'ine t+at a cur$e
approac+e *ore and *ore c'oe'y1 ;+e
'ine x=0 i a T of t+e #rap+ y =!)x1 t+e
function y = !)x i not defined w+en x = 0
(r*r retrictionQ 7eno*inator can ne$er
= 0, it an i''e#a' operation)1 ;+erefore
t+e #rap+ for t+i i aid to ,e
discontinuous at x = 01
SS in$ariant point = point t+at are una'tered ,y a tranfor*ation, i1e1 in .f(x), w+en it ref'ect on t+e x
axi, any point t+at a'ready 'ie on t+e x axi wi'' ,e E"500(A;(71 2a*e wit+ f(.x) except for y axi1
5nd for .f(.x), on'y t+e ori#in (0,0) wi'' ,e unaffected
Re!ipro!al (un!tions
;+e reciproca' function of a function,
f
, i defined a
f
!
1 ;o +e'p you #rap+
) (
!
x f
y
, you +ou'd
ue t+e fo''owin#9
;+e $ertica' ay*ptote of
) (
!
x f
y
wi'' occur w+ere
0 ) ( x f
5
) (x f
increae,
) (
!
x f
decreae1 5
) (x f
decreae,
) (
!
x f
increae1
0or
0 ) ( > x f
,
0
) (
!
>
x f
1 0or
0 ) ( < x f
,
0
) (
!
<
x f
1
!5
;+i pae t+e
$ertica' 'ine
tet, o it i a
function1
;+e 'ine pae t+rou#+ *ore
t+an one point, o t+i re'ation
fai' t+e $ertica' 'ine tet1 Bt i
not a function1
MCR3U Exam Review
;+e #rap+ of
) (
!
x f
y
a'way pae t+rou#+ t+e point w+ere
! ) ( x f
or
! ) ( x f
1
Uou *ay find it +e'pfu' to 3etc+ t+e #rap+ of
) (x f y
firt, ,efore you #rap+ t+e reciproca'1
!<
MCR3U Exam Review
!7
4
2
-2
-4
5
4
2
-2
-4
5
MCR3U Exam Review
e1#1 23etc+ t+e #rap+ of
x x
y
4
!
2

1
!8
Jertica' ay*ptote
MCR3U Exam Review
4oo3 at t+e function
x x x f 4 ) (
2

1
0actor it1
) 4 ( ) ( x x x f
1
;+e Ieroe are x = 0, and x = 41 ;+e $ertica'
ay*ptote wi'' ,e at x = 0, and x = 41
Uou cou'd 3etc+ t+e #rap+ of
x x x f 4 ) (
2


to ee w+ere t+e function increae and
decreae, w+ere
! ) ( x f
or :!1 Ee t+e
infor*ation a,o$e to +e'p you 3etc+ t+e
reciproca'1
3.3
;&5"245;BH"2 H0 0E"A;BH"2
Jertica'9 y = f(x) = 3 if 3 i poiti$e C0, *o$e up1 if ne#ati$e, *o$e down
VoriIonta'9 y = f(x.+) if + i poiti$e C0, *o$e ri#+t (65;AV ;V( "(>5;BJ( 2B>" B" 0&H";
H0 ;V( V ;VHE>V, can tric3 you-), and if it i ne#ati$e K0, *o$e 'eft
S"ote9 t+i doen8t tretc+, on'y tran'ate-
3.+
&(04(A;BH"2 H0 0E"A;BH"2
U = .f(x) t+e ne#ati$e in front of t+e function caue a ref'ection in t+e x axi (,eco*e (x,.y))
U = f(.x) t+e ne#ati$e in ide of t+e function in front of t+e x caue a ref'ection in t+e y axi
(,eco*e (.x,y))
S=5 function and it ref'ection are ti'' t+e a*e +ape9 ti'' AH">&E(";
3./
#nverse un!tions
;+e in$ere,
!
f
, of a re'ation,
f
, *ap eac+ output of t+e ori#ina' re'ation ,ac3 onto t+e
correpondin# input $a'ue1 ;+e do*ain of t+e in$ere i t+e ran#e of t+e function, and t+e ran#e of t+e
in$ere i t+e do*ain of t+e function1 ;+at i, if
f b a ) , (
, t+en
!
) , (

f a b
1 ;+e #rap+ of
) (
!
x f y

i t+e ref'ection of t+e #rap+
) (x f y
in t+e 'ine
x y
1
e1#1 >i$en
5
! 3
) (

x
x f
1
($a'uate
) 3 ( f
1 ($a'uate
! ) 2 ( 3 + f
!%
4
2
-2
-4
4
2
-2
-4
4
2
-2
-4
7raw t+e 'ine
y = x1
&ef'ect t+e
#rap+ in t+e
'ine y = x1
MCR3U Exam Review
2 ) 3 (
5
!0
) 3 (
5
! %
) 3 (
5
! ) 3 ( 3
) 3 (

f
f
f
f
4 ! ) 2 ( 3
! ) ! ( 3
!
5
5
3
!
5
! <
3
!
5
! ) 2 ( 3
3 ! ) 2 ( 3
+
+
+

,
_

+
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

+
f
f
7eter*ine
) (
!
x f

1 ($a'uate
) 2 (
!
f
3
! 5
) (
3
! 5
! 5 3
! 3 5
5
! 3
5
! 3
!
+

+

x
x f
x
y
x y
y x
y
x
x
y
3
!!
) 2 (
3
! !0
3
! ) 2 ( 5
) 2 (
3
! 5
) (
!
!
!

f
f
x
x f
e1#1 23etc+ t+e #rap+ of t+e in$ere of t+e #i$en function
) (x f y
1
;+e in$ere of a function i not neceari'y #oin# to ,e a function1 Bf you wou'd 'i3e t+e in$ere to a'o
,e a function, you *ay +a$e to retrict t+e do*ain or ran#e of t+e ori#ina' function1 0or t+e exa*p'e
20
&ewrite
) (x f
a
5
! 3

x
y

Bnterc+an#e x and y1
&ep'ace a''
x8 wit+ :
31
($a'uate1
Bf you +a$e not a'ready deter*ined
) (
!
x f

do o1
Ein# , rep'ace a'' x8 wit+ 21
Uou want to find t+e $a'ue of
t+e expreion
! ) 2 ( 3 + f
1
MCR3U Exam Review
a,o$e, t+e in$ere wi'' on'y ,e a function if we retrict t+e do*ain to
O , 0 R P R x x x
or
O , 0 R P R x x x
1
3.1
)rans(ormations o( un!tions
;o #rap+
q p x k af y + )? ( @
fro* t+e #rap+
) (x f y
conider9
a : deter*ine t+e $ertica' tretc+1 ;+e #rap+
) (x f y
i tretc+ed $ertica''y ,y a factor of a1 Bf a K 0
t+en t+e #rap+ i ref'ected in t+e x.axi, a we''1
k : deter*ine t+e +oriIonta' tretc+1 ;+e #rap+
) (x f y
i tretc+ed +oriIonta''y ,y a factor of
k
!
1 Bf
k K 0 t+en t+e #rap+ i a'o ref'ected in t+e y.axi1
2!
4
2
-2
-4
4
2
-2
-4
4
2
-2
-4
4
2
-2
-4
MCR3U Exam Review
p : deter*ine t+e +oriIonta' tran'ation1 Bf p C 0 t+e #rap+ +ift to t+e ri#+t ,y p unit1 Bf p K 0 t+en
t+e #rap+ +ift 'eft ,y p unit1
q : deter*ine t+e $ertica' tran'ation1 Bf q C 0 t+e #rap+ +ift up ,y q unit1 Bf q K 0 t+en t+e #rap+
+ift down ,y q unit1
6+en app'yin# tranfor*ation to a #rap+ t+e tretc+e and ref'ection +ou'd ,e
app'ied ,efore any tran'ation1
e1#1 ;+e #rap+ of
) (x f y
i tranfor*ed into
) 4 2 ( 3 x f y
1 7ecri,e t+e
tranfor*ation1
0irt, factor inide t+e ,rac3et to deter*ine t+e $a'ue of k and p1
( ) ( )
2 , 2 , 3
2 2 3


p k a
x f y
;+ere i a $ertica' tretc+ of 31
5 +oriIonta' tretc+ of
2
!
1
;+e #rap+ wi'' ,e +ifted 2 unit to t+e ri#+t1
e1#1 >i$en t+e #rap+ of
) (x f y
3etc+ t+e #rap+ of
( ) ( ) ! 2 2 + x f y
U.+: )ri"
+.1
)ri"onometry
>i$en a ri#+t an#'e trian#'e we can ue t+e fo''owin# ratio
'rimary )ri"onometri! Ratios
22
H
O

A
4
2
-2
-4
;+i i t+e #rap+ of
( ) ( ) ! 2 2 + x f y
2+ift to t+e
ri#+t ,y 21
2+ift up ,y !1
2tretc+ $ertica''y
,y a factor of 21
) (x f y
&ef'ect in y.axi1
MCR3U Exam Review
H
O
in
H
A
co
A
O
tan
Re!ipro!al )ri"onometri! Ratios

in
!
cc
y

co
!
ec
x

tan
!
cot
y
x
3n"les o( %epression>Elevation
+e an"le o( elevation of an o,Gect a een ,y an o,er$er i t+e an#'e ,etween t+e +oriIonta' and t+e
'ine fro* t+e o,Gect to t+e o,er$erW eye (t+e 'ine of i#+t)1
Bf t+e o,Gect i ,e'ow t+e 'e$e' of t+e o,er$er, t+en t+e an#'e ,etween t+e +oriIonta' and t+e o,er$erW
'ine of i#+t i ca''ed t+e an"le o( depression1
78)E: Math tea!hers expe!t you not to use rounded values i( you don?t have to #7 3 )R#G
R3)#8
+.&
For angles that are obtuse (angle is greater than 90) or negative, we use the
following trigonometric ratios. The x and y variables are the values of the x and y
coordinates, resectively. The r variable reresents the distance from the origin,
to the oint (x,y). This value can be found using the !ythagorean theorem.
23
b
a
C
A
B
b a
b sinA
C
A
B
MCR3U Exam Review
"hen negative or obtuse angles are used in trigonometric functions, they will
sometimes roduce negative values. The #$%T grah to the left will hel you to
remember the signs of trigonometric functions for different angles. The functions
will be negative in all &uadrants excet those that indicate that the function is
ositive. For examle, "hen the angle is between 0 and 90 (0 and i'(
radians), the line r is in the $ &uadrant. $ll functions will be ositive in this
region. "hen the angle is between 90 and )*0 (i'( and i radians), the line is
in the % &uadrant. This means that only the sine function is ositive. $ll other
functions will be negative.
@C3S)
+.3
)ri"onometry o( 8*li$ue )rian"les
Sine Aaw
!
c
B
b
A
a
in in in

6+en you 3now 2 an#'e and a ide H& 2 ide and an an#'e
HPPH2B;( one of t+ee ide
Cosine Aaw
A bc c b a co 2
2 2 2
+
co5 = ,2 =c2 . a22,c
(and etc1 for , and c)
6+en you 3now a'' 3 ide H& 2 ide and any contained an#'e5FLB>EHE2 A52(-
+.+
6+en you 3now ide and any contained an#'e it i conidered t+e a*,i#uou cae1
5n#'e Aondition X of
;rian#'e

%0 < A
A b a in <
0
A b a in
!
A b a in >
2

%0 > A
b a
0
24
5
, c
A a L
MCR3U Exam Review
b a >
!
SS+ei#+t of a trian#'e = ,in5
/.1
$ngles can be exressed in degrees or radians. To convert a measurement from
radians to degrees (or vice versa) we use the following relationshi+
This relationshi gives the following two e&uations+
Note: ,y convention, most angles are exressed in radian measure, unless
otherwise stated.
-xamles+
$rc .ength
;+e arc 'en#t+ for*u'a define t+e re'ation+ip ,etween arc 'en#t+ a, radiu r and
t+e an#'e (in radian)1
N ote: /a0e sure that your angles are measured in radians. The
arc length formula does not hold for angles measured in degrees.
1se the conversion relationshi above to convert your angles from
degrees to radians.
/.&
Special Triangles
25
MCR3U Exam Review
I)
II)
1sing the 2secial2 triangles above, we can find the exact trigonometric ratios for
angles of i'3, i'4 and i'5. These triangles can be constructed &uite easily and
rovide a simle way of remembering the trigonometric ratios. The table below
lists some of the more common angles (in both radians and degrees) and their
exact trigonometric ratios.
Step B1: 7raw t+e #i$en an#'e in tandard poition1
Step B&: 0ind t+e reference an#'e1
Step B3: Ee t+e <0 de#ree pecia' trian#'e to ca'cu'ate t+e in !201
Step B+: Ee t+e A52; principa' to deter*ine if t+e tri#ono*etric ratio +ou'd ,e poiti$e or ne#ati$e1
Bn quadarnt two in i poiti$e t+erefore we #et9
2<
1
0.5
- 0. 5
- 1
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
1
0. 5
- 0.5
- 1
50 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 35 0
5
- 5
50 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 350
MCR3U Exam Review
U./: 'eriodi! un!tions, )ri" un!tions and tri" identities
/.3
'eriodi! un!tions
5 periodic function +a a repeatin# pattern1
;+e !y!le i t+e *a''et co*p'ete repeatin#
pattern1
;+e axis o( the !urve i a +oriIonta' 'ine t+at i
*idway ,etween t+e *axi*u* and *ini*u*
$a'ue of t+e #rap+1 ;+e equation i
2
*in $a'ue *ax $a'ue+
y
1
;+e period i t+e 'en#t+ of t+e cyc'e1
;+e amplitude i t+e *a#nitude of t+e $ertica'
ditance fro* t+e axi of t+e cur$e to t+e
*axi*u* or *ini*u* $a'ue1 ;+e equation i
2
*in $a'ue *ax $a'ue
a
Sin Cos )an Graphs
)ri"onometri! un!tions
;+e #rap+ of
in y
,
co y
, and
tan y
are +own ,e'ow1
in y tan y
co y
/.0
)rans(ormations o( )ri"onometri! un!tions
;ranfor*ation app'y to tri# function a t+ey do to any ot+er function1
;+e #rap+ of
d b k a y + + ) ( in
and
d b k a y + + ) ( co
are tranfor*ation of t+e #rap+
in y
and
co y
repecti$e'y1
;+e $a'ue of a deter*ine t+e $ertica' tretc+, ca''ed t+e amplitude1
27
in y
Period = 3<0Y
5*p'itude = !
Zeroe = 0Y,
!80Y, 3<0YZ
co y
Period = 3<0Y
5*p'itude = !
Zeroe = %0Y, 270YZ
tan y
Period = !80Y
Zeroe = 0Y, !80Y, 3<0YZ
Jertica' ay*ptote = %0Y, 270YZ
2
1.5
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
g x ( ) = cos 2x ( )+1
f x ( ) = cos x ( )
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
g x ( ) = 0.5sin x+45 ( )
f x ( ) = sin x ( )
MCR3U Exam Review
Bt a'o te'' w+et+er t+e cur$e i ref'ected in t+e

.axi1
;+e $a'ue of k deter*ine t+e +oriIonta' tretc+1 ;+e #rap+ i tretc+ed ,y a factor of
k
!
1 6e can ue
t+i $a'ue to deter*ine t+e period of t+e tranfor*ation of
in y
or
co y
1
;+e period of
k y in
or
k y co
i
k

3<0
, k C 01 ;+e period of
k y tan
i
k

!80
, k C 01
;+e $a'ue of b deter*ine t+e +oriIonta' tran'ation, 3nown a t+e phase shi(t1
;+e $a'ue of d deter*ine t+e $ertica' tran'ation1
d y
i t+e equation of t+e axis o( the !urve1
e1#1 e1#1
! 2 co + y
( )

45 in
2
!
+ y
/.1
)ri"onometri! #dentities
Pyt+a#orean Bdentity9
! co in
2 2
+
H&

2 2
co ! in
Quotient Bdentity9

co
in
tan
H&

2
2
2
co
in
tan

5'o cc

= !)in

ec

= !)co

cot

= !)tan

e1#1 Pro$e t+e identity1

2 2 2
co ! co 2 in +
RS
LS

+
+ +
+

2
2
2 2 2
2 2
co
! co !
! co co in
! co 2 in
28
2ince 42=&2 t+en

2 2 2
co ! co 2 in +
i true for a'' $a'ue of

1
6or3 wit+ eac+ ide eparate'y1
4oo3 for t+e quotient or Pyt+a#orean identitie1
Uou *ay need to factor, i*p'ify or p'it ter* up1
6+en you are done, write a conc'udin# tate*ent1
MCR3U Exam Review
/.2 )ri" E$uations
5 tri"onometri! e$uation i one t+at in$o'$e one or *ore of t+e ix function ine, coine, tan#ent,
cotan#ent, ecant, and coecant1 2o*e tri#ono*etric equation, 'i3e x = co x, can ,e o'$ed on'y
nu*erica''y1 Lut a #reat *any can ,e o'$ed in c'oed for*, and t+i pa#e +ow you +ow to do it in
fi$e tep1
Ex.
;+e ine function i poiti$e in quadrant B and BB1 ;+e i a'o equa' to
;+erefore, two of t+e o'ution to t+e pro,'e* are and
U.0: Se$uen!es and the Cinomial )heorem
0.1
$ se&uence is a list of numbers that has a certain order. For examle, )5,6,***,7
(,0,6( is a se&uence, since )5 is the first number in the list, 6 is the second, etc.
%e&uences can have a certain 2rule2 by which terms rogress, but they can also
be comletely random.
),4,9,)58 a se&uence of the erfect s&uares starting from ).
t
!
= ter* ! t
2
= ter* 2 and o on
t
n
= nt+ ter* or t+e #enera' ter*
S2equence can a'o appear a function
i1e1 tn = !.2n i t+e a*e a f(n) = !.2n
0.&
$rithmetic se&uences are se&uences that start with any number a, and in which
every term can be written as tn , where d is any number. $n
examle of such a se&uence would be 9, )(, )9, (5, 338, where and .
This is an increasing arithmetic se&uence, as the terms are increasing. :ecreasing
arithmetic se&uences have .
0.3
;eometric se&uences also start with any number a (though usually a is non<ero
here), but this time we are not adding an extra d value each time7 we multily a
by a factor of r. Thus, the term is tn . ;eometric se&uences can either
be monotonic, when r is ositive and the terms are moving in one direction, or
alternating, where and the terms alternate between ositive and negative
values, deending on n.
0.+
Re!ursion i t+e proce of c+ooin# a tartin# ter* and repeated'y app'yin# t+e a*e proce to eac+
ter* to arri$e at t+e fo''owin# ter*1 &ecurion require t+at you 3now t+e $a'ue of t+e ter*
i**ediate'y ,efore t+e ter* you are tryin# to find1
5 recuri$e for*u'a a'way +a two part9
2%
!
8
0
3
<
0
<
!
0
2
3
2
5
MCR3U Exam Review
!1 t+e tartin# $a'ue for a
!1
21 t+e recurion equation for a
n
a a function of a
n.!
(t+e ter* ,efore it1)
&ecuri$e for*u'a9

2a*e recuri$e for*u'a9

0./
$ series is a se&uence of numbers that reresent artial sums for another
se&uence. For examle, if my se&uence is ),(,3,48 then my series would be
),)=(,)=(=3,..., or ),3,5,)08.
5rit+*etic 2erie 0or*u'a9
0.0
>eo*etric 2erie 0or*u'a9
Cinomial )heorem
Pascal's Triangle". To make !e riangle" #o$ sar %i! a &#rami' of
!ree !'s" like !is(

T!en #o$ ge !e nex ro% of n$mbers b# a''ing !e &airs of
n$mbers from abo)e. *+!ere !ere is onl# one n$mber abo)e" #o$
,$s carr# 'o%n !e !.-

.ee& going" al%a#s a''ing &airs
of n$mbers from !e &re)io$s ro%..

!e &o%er of !e binomial is !e
ro% !a #o$ %an o look a. T!e
n$mbers in !e ro% %ill be #o$r
coefficiens

T!e &o%ers on eac! erm in !e ex&ansion al%a#s a''e' $& o %!ae)er n %as" an'
!a !e erms co$ne' $& from /ero o n.
Ex. Expand Dx
&
, 3E
0
(1)(x
!2
)(!) = (0)(x
!0
)(3) = (1/)(x
8
)(%) = (&FEDx
<
)(27) SAoefficient are fro* P8 ;rian#'e
= D1/)(x
4
)(8!) = (0)(x
2
)(243) = (1)(!)(72%)
= x
1&
, 12x
1F
, 13/x
2
, /+Fx
0
, 1&1/x
+
, 1+/2x
&
, 1&4
30
e1#1
!
8
0
3
<
0
<
!
0
2
3
2
5
6
4
2
f x ( ) = 2
x
6
4
2
f x ( ) = 2
x02
+1
MCR3U Exam Review
'rime a!toriGation 0actor a nu*,er into it pri*e factor uin# t+e tree dia#ra* *et+od1
e1#1 ($a'uate1 e1#1 2i*p'ify1
( ) ( )
!00
!
!0
!
!0
% ! 3 3
2
2
2
2
2 0

+ +

< <
<
< 2
) 2 ( 3 2
<
2 3
) 2 ( 3
2
3
3
4
2
2
) 2 ( 2
b a
a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b

,
_

E xponential un!tions
Compound #nterest
Aa'cu'atin# t+e future a*ount9
n
i " A ) ! ( +
A : future a*ount " : preent (initia') a*ount
Aa'cu'atin# t+e preent a*ount9
n
i A "

+ ) ! (
i : interet rate per con$erion period
n : nu*,er of con$erion period
3!
0o''ow t+e order
of operation1
($a'uate
,rac3et firt1
Power of a quotient1
Bn #enera', t+e exponentia' function
i defined ,y t+e equation,
x
a y

or
x
a x f ) (
,
R x a > , 0
1
Power of a product1