Poseidon ND Tutorial

Contents
POSEIDON ND
POSEIDON ND Tutorial
1 2
Introduction A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing 2.1 Design Parameters and Concept Sketch 2.2 Principal Dimensions and Material 2.2.1 Input of the Principal Dimensions 2.2.2 Material definition 2.2.3 Storing the Project 2.3 Frame Table 2.3.1 Generation of a Frame Table 2.3.2 Changes in the Frame Table 2.4 The Wizards of POSEIDON 2.5 Modeling of Longitudinal Members 2.5.1 Definition of the Frame Table (Y and Z Dir) 2.5.2 Definition of Geometry and Topology 2.5.3 Plates, Stiffeners and Holes of Longitudinal Members 2.5.4 Arrangement of Transverse Stiffeners on Longitudinal Members 2.5.5 Arrangement of Transverse Girders on Longitudinal Members 2.6 Modeling of Transverse Members 2.6.1 Cells 2.6.2 Transverse Members 2.7 Design Criteria or Loads 2.7.1 Tanks 2.7.2 Design Criteria Stillwater Bending Moments and Shear Forces 2.8 Sizing of a Transverse Section 2.8.1 Sizing of all Members at Frame 154 in accordance with the GL Rules 2.9 Permissible Stillwater Values 2.9.1 Stresses for Deck and Bottom Structures 2.10 Assessment of the results of a Transverse Section 2.10.1 Correction of the Transverse Section 2.10.2 Duplicate calculations in the GL Rules program
3 6 7 9 9 10 11 12 12 14 15 17 17 18 23 36 38 40 40 46 53 53 57 59 59 62 62 63 63 66
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Contents
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3 Generation of a Further Transverse Section 3.1 New shell description at Frame 68 and 76 3.2 Automatically generated Frame Shapes 3.3 Definition of a cross section with new structural information 3.4 Fitting the Plate and Stiffener Arrangement to the changed cross section A Transverse Bulkhead at Frame 76 4.1 Description of Bulkhead components 4.2 Geometry of Cells for Bulkheads 4.3 Plate Arrangement 4.4 Stiffener definition on a bulkhead 4.5 Definition of girders on a bulkhead Generation of a FE - Model 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Parameters of mesh generation 5.3 Boundary conditions 5.4 Definition of the loads to generate 5.5 Mesh generation in longitudinal direction 5.6 Start the model generation A Bulker example 6.1 The Wizard for Bulk Carrier 6.2 Built-up Web Frames and Transverse Girders 6.3 Decks with cargo. Input of a Transverse Sections without a Frame Table 68 68 69 70 72 75 75 77 78 79 81 82 82 83 84 85 86 87 89 89 90 93 94
POSEIDON Tutorial
Introduction
POSEIDON ND 1 Introduction
The purpose of this tutorial is to present a method of using POSEIDON ND accompanied by examples. To this end, the individual work steps and inputs to complete the given tasks are presented. The user is led through the individual program sections and can easily understand the solution to the tasks. There are many cross references to the Reference Manual and to the Online Help function that clarify the various input alternatives. At the beginning of each section of the tutorial the problem to be solved is described. Furthermore the prerequisites from previous sections which are necessary for its solution are presented. The POSEIDON ND TreeView reflect, in its order, the fundamental work steps. General Please follow the advice for the configuration of the POSEIDON ND program, which is to be found in the POSEIDON ND User's Guide, in order to print POSEIDON ND files, properly install the example files onto your hard disk and to use the individual settings for colors, typefaces, etc. POSEIDON NDs Online Help may be invoked at any point within the program using the F1 function key or the 'Help for active view'-Button display, will be shown. Printing For a direct printout of the actual window, please use the Print-Button used in all POSEIDON ND displays. Note: . The print command can be . The help description, which corresponds to the current
If you use the Print Preview Button ,the printer output will be displayed on the screen. Here you can set your own individual settings for printer-and page layout.
Graphical output An active preview plot window is available in most POSEIDON sections. Note: By clicking the right mouse button on the plot preview window, you can choose the print command or the print preview command.
to view all graphics on the screen in a separate window. By pressing 'p' on the Use the plot button keypad, the actual content of the plot window will be send to the printer. Plot all plates and profiles, for example, in Section Hull Structure, Longitudinal Members: Plate Arrangement. There, you have additional control over determining what is to be plotted. Input POSEIDON ND is using Windows standard functions. It is possible to use the commands cut, copy, paste in all child windows by clicking the right mouse button or using the corresponding buttons of the toolbar. A star in the left column of the input grids marks a new input line, containing proposals. A pencil
TM
marks a line in edit mode. A plus marks a line of a 'Super-Grid'. By clicking the plus you get the second input level of this grid. (see: definition of 'Functional Elements' for example)
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Introduction
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How to use this manual The experienced user may possibly find the descriptions in the individual chapters to be too detailed. Therefore, a short instruction of the work steps to be followed is given in the text lines marked with an !.
Several definitions and conventions, which are frequently used within the tutorial, follow: Definition: Section. The sections of POSEIDON ND are shown by folders in the TreeView on the left part of the main window. A selection has to be made in order to reach the actual input display. This process is described with the help of sections. So the example: Switch to Section 2.1.1 ' Wizards ! Transverse Section ! Container Ship' ' means the selection of folder no 2 in the main-tree and, following that, the choice of folder no 1 in the sub-tree.
Conventions: Italics Inputs, which the user has to make, are printed in italics. Name of a column or input field
Frame No
!
section.
Summary of the inputs described in the following
Figure 1: TreeView
The tutorial describes the typical procedure for sizing a container ship in accordance to the GL Rules with the help of POSEIDON ND. The generation mechanism of POSEIDON and the various input techniques are introduced. It is shown how the sizing can be accelerated considerably by working efficiently with POSEIDON. It is recommended that the users themselves practice using the computer and follow the work steps, which are given in the tutorial.
POSEIDON Tutorial
Introduction
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Figure 2: POSEIDON ND main window
POSEIDON Tutorial
A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing
POSEIDON ND
This chapter describes the modeling and the sizing process of a midship section. The process is subdivided into the following individual steps: concept sketch for a midship section, input of the characteristic ship data / principal dimensions, generation of a frame table in the ships longitudinal direction (X axis), geometric and topologic description of the shell, inner bottom, bulkheads, decks, girders, transverse members, etc. for various frames, arrangement of plates, stiffeners and holes on these Functional Elements, input of the design-loads, which have an influence on the sizing of plates and stiffeners in accordance with the GL Rules (cargo static, dynamic, tanks with corresponding medium etc.), input of the permissible design bending moments and shear stresses, iterative sizing in accordance with the GL Rules, varying loads and corrections on members. The complete input described in this tutorial is also contained in the file TUTOR_ND.POX that is loaded on the POSEIDON ND CD-Rom.
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2.1
Problem
Design Parameters and Concept Sketch
Collection of the characteristic ships data, which are necessary for the sizing of the transverse section. Requirements This step does not require the prior completion of any POSEIDON ND program section.
In this example the ships characteristic dimensions and design parameters are as follows: Ship Type: Lpp: LwL: B: H: T: TB : cB : V0 : Floor spacing: Transverse frame spacing: Container Ship CONTEST 230 m 234 m 32,25 m 18,3 m 13,5 m 6,6 m 0,65 23 kn 3.060 mm 765 mm Class: 100 A5 Germanischer Lloyd
The abbreviations conform to the syntax in the Germanischer Lloyd Rules, Part 1 Chapter 1. For more information call the Online Help for this section.
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For the first pictorial representation of the midship section, a concept sketch has been made up.
Figure 3: Concept Sketch of a Ship design
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2.2
Problem
Principal Dimensions and Material
Input of the principal dimensions, allocation of a project name, saving of the input in a file. Requirements POSEIDON is individually configured (see the Installation Manual).
2.2.1 Input of the Principal Dimensions

! Switch to Section 1 'General' and enter a project name, project description and the Principal
Dimensions according to the values given above. After starting POSEIDON, choose in the TreeView Section 1.1 General Data. You see a tabbed form for project data, principal dimensions, additional principal dimensions in case of ice class and a description of the waterline in damage condition. Please enter a project name and the authors name. The description field makes it possible to give a detailed description of the project. Choose the second tab 'Principal Dimensions' and enter the values given above(see Figure 4). POSEIDON ND automatically calculates the GL scantling length L. In our example inputs for ice class and for waterline of damage are not necessary here. If, for example, entries are made in classification symbol E2 for ice strengthening, the formulas for ice strengthening in accordance with the GL Rules automatically flow into the scantling of the transverse section. You can find more information on this topic by calling the Online Help function with F1.
Figure 4: Input mask for Principal Dimensions
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2.2.2 Material definition

! Check the default material number
Choose in the TreeView the Section 1.2 materials and familiarize yourself with the definitions of the material numbers. It is possible to define your own material numbers also at this point.
Figure 5: The pre-defined material values ) or the ToolTips When displaying the section 'Show with plate thickness' ( by using the plot button of the preview-plot-window (by moving the mouse pointer on a Functional Element) the three primary materials are indicated by stars. Members with Mat.No. 1 contain no stars; members with Mat.No. 2 and 3 contain 1 and 2 stars, respectively. Higher material numbers (user defined materials) are indicated by the # sign. This display convention allows the user to identify graphically areas of the hull using higher tensile materials.
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2.2.3 Storing the Project

! Save the data and reload the data.
in the toolbar. POSEIDON ND launches a Now, save your first project by clicking the save-button TM dialog box where you have to enter the path and the name of the project file. Save the WINDOWS project under the name MYEXAMPLE.POX. If you repeat this command later, POSEIDON ND save your work direct under the given project file name. Please use the 'Save As' command in the File menu, if you want to assign a new project file name.
Figure 6: POSEIDON ND File pull down menu To reload a project file, please use the open command in the File menu or the Load Button toolbar. Advice: If you start POSEIDON ND, the latest stored project file will be loaded automatically. in the
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2.3
Problem
Frame Table
Generation of a frame table in the ships longitudinal direction. Requirements The principal dimensions exist in POSEIDON ND, Section 'General ! General Data'.
2.3.1 Generation of a Frame Table

! Switch to Section 1.4 and enter the aft perpendicular (frame 0, offset 0 mm) in the frame table.
Choose the Section 1.4 Frame Table (X-Dir) of the TreeView of POSEIDON ND. The forward perpendicular resides at frame 300+500mm. Check the entries of the aft perpendicular in the head of the table. * Choose 'AFT' in the field 'Keep PP' and check the entry of the field 'at Frame' If the value is not 0, please enter 0. The calculated forward perpendicular should be frame no. 230 now. From the entries for the aft perpendicular, the given frame spacings and Lpp, POSEIDON ND automatically calculates the forward perpendicular and shows it in the grey shadowed field in the head of the window. If you know the position of the forward perpendicular it is also possible to enter the position of the forward perpendicular. Then the aft perpendicular will be calculated by POSEIDON ND. The table is to be filled out with frame numbers from -9 to 302. The frame spacing is 765 mm.
! Enter in Line 1 of the frame table: Frame No. -9, Frame Spacing 765. ! Enter in Line 2 of the frame table: Frame No. 302, Frame Spacing 765.
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POSEIDON ND makes two input rows with a useful proposal available. Next, change the proposals of Frame No. 1 and overwrite this with -9. Next, overwrite Frame No. 2 with 300. Enter 765 for both Frame Spacings.
Figure 7: Input mask for Frame Table Advice: POSEIDON does not extrapolate beyond the last frame number, therefore the highest occurring frame number must be given. After concluding the input by leaving the last input row, POSEIDON generates the complete frame table. With this, the position of the forward perpendicular is also defined and the value of 300+500 should be displayed in the head of the table. The program calculates both of the last two columns of the table. Xp-Coordinate fr. aft PP gives the spacing of the frame from the aft perpendicular. X/L contains the relative spacing of the frame from the starting point of length L, which for its part is taken from the forward perpendicular to the aft (see Figure 7).
/ OFF ' button of the toolbar, you can activate or deactivate the With the 'toggle to all lines ON display of a list of all generated frames. Use the scroll bars to scroll up or down through the table. Save your work using the pull-down menu File, Save or the Save-button . The changes that follow in the next section are not necessary input for our example; they serve only as further practice in dealing with the frame table display.
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2.3.2 Changes in the Frame Table

The frame table can also be modified. For example, here is how to change the spacing to 750 mm in the range between frame 3 and frame 109. ). Place the For this, first conceal the display of the generated frame list (toggle to all lines off cursor on Frame No. -9 and twice insert, by using the F6 function key, two new input lines. Overwrite the first generated input line in Frame No. with 3 and the second generated input line in Frame No. with 110. Next, overwrite the Frame Spacing for Frame No. 3 with 750. Complete the input by leaving the edited line. ) and scroll through the new frame table Display the list of generated frames (toggle to all lines on and check the results. Observe also that the position of the forward perpendicular has changed, because of the input of the new, diminished frame spacing, and that the forward perpendicular also has been newly calculated. Now, re-establish the original values. Highlight the row of Frame No. 3 by placing the mouse pointer on the left grey column of the window and press the F5 function key or by clicking the right mouse button to get the pop-up menu which show all possible commands (see Figure 8). Delete both rows, so that now only two rows exist, one with Frame No. -9 and one with Frame No. 300.
Figure 8: Delete a row of the frame table
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2.4
Problem
The Wizards of POSEIDON
Definition of a typical cross-section with the help of a POSEIDON-Wizard. Requirements The principal dimensions and the frame table have been entered. The built-in Wizards of POSEIDON allow much faster generation of the midship section than the standard way of manually describing each functional element. For example a midship section of a container ship can be generated in a few minutes with the help of the Wizard. This generated section has to be modified afterwards to reflect the design idea or the actual design in all details. The input displays of the wizards are largely self-explanatory. The input fields are described in onlinehelp. Choose the Section 2.1 Wizards ! Transverse Section in the POSEIDON ND TreeView. Choose Point 1 Container Ship . As shown in the concept sketch the midship section should include a ballast tank and only 9 containers in the bottom layer. To change the number of containers in the bottom layer, overwrite the No. of Cont. in Y-/Z-Dir - parameter with 9;11 and complete the input with the ENTER key. Look at the graphical output, a ballast tank is defined now. By clicking the OK button, a typical POSEIDON-description of the cross section is generated.
Figure 9: Cross section wizard for Container Ships Advice: Notice that the Wizard always generates (and also overwrites) complete cross sections. For this reason do not use the Wizard to edit regions of a cross section.
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To check the result, look at the sections 3.3.1 Hull Structure ! Longitudinal Members: and 3.3.2 Hull Structure ! Transverse Web Plates. To have an overview about the defined midship section press the '3D geometry' button .
To learn about the detailed input possibilities of POSEIDON ND, you should now define structural cross section of the example using the input displays described in the following sections. Therefore you should reload your file MYEXAMPLE.POX newly. Close the file without saving (Close command in the file menu) and use the function Open File in the POSEIDON ND toolbar to reload the file.
Advice: The last loaded files are listed in the history of the file menu (Figure 10). This gives you a fast access to your last used files.
Figure 10: File menu with history
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2.5
Problem
Modeling of Longitudinal Members
Definition of the individual structural elements of the transverse sections and the description of the geometry and the topology. Requirements The principal dimensions and the frame table have been entered. New feature: Frame Table (Y and Z Dir) A new powerful feature in POSEIDON ND is the possibility to define a frame table in y-z direction. The names of the longitudinal frames can be used as references in the description of transverse and longitudinal members. The longitudinal frames are shown as horizontal or vertical dotted lines in a transverse section of the vessel.
2.5.1 Definition of the Frame Table (Y and Z Dir)

The Name of the longitudinal frame can have a maximum of 6 characters. The name must begin with up to four letters followed by a number. The number is necessary for the generation of frames. Choose the Section 1.5 in the TreeView. Overwrite the field Frame No. with 154. In our example, the name of the longitudinal frames will be L_0 up to L_n. Activate the grid cell Name by the mouse pointer and use the proposal L_0 of the pull down menu (see Figure 11). Jump into the next grid cell No by using the Tab key. Here you use the proposed 1 to get the definition of one longitudinal frame. Use also the proposed value 0,0 to define the spacing and the y-coordinate. The grid cell of the zcoordinate has to be empty for definitions of frames in y-direction. Choose P for the symmetry of this frame, because it is defined in the center line of the vessel.
154
Figure 11: Use of the frame table in y-z direction
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The input of the next line is similar, but you have to change the name to L_1, the y-coordinate to 720,0 mm and the symmetry to P+S. In the third line we want to define 12 frames. Change the name to L_2, the value of no to 12, the spacing to 855,0 and the y-coordinate to 1440,0. The preview displays the actual defined frames. It is possible to highlight the defined frames in the preview window and POSEIDON ND shows a ToolTip containing the actual name and the actual coordinate of the highlighted frame. With this function you have fast access to the name and the coordinate of the last generated frame. With the all lines on command, you can see the names of all generated frames. The complete input of the frame table is shown below in Figure 12: .
154
Figure 12: Frame table in y-z direction
Save your work and close the frame table window. Advice: Files containing the definition of a 'frame table in y and z Dir' do not work correctly with older versions of POSEIDON!
2.5.2 Definition of Geometry and Topology

Choose the section 3.1.1 'Hull Structure ! Longitudinal Members ! Functional Elements. In this input display, the so-called Functional Elements, which are involved in the transverse section, are defined. POSEIDON ND's Functional Elements describe the geometry and the topology (i.e. the connection between the elements) of the longitudinal members of a ship steel structure. They are entirely independent of the plate arrangement or a possible finite element grid. For example, the entire shell shape is defined as one Functional Element, just as the entire inner bottom is one other element. Functional Elements connecting to other Functional Elements must be described by naming the connecting members (reference), as is demonstrated in the following example. In POSEIDON ND, a Functional Element is identified by its abbreviation (name of the Short Cut), which is always used and recognized in other program parts.
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POSEIDON ND interpolates geometric information between frames. If, for example, a Functional Element is described at frame 100 and labeled with the attribute F or F+A and if the same Functional Element is also defined at frame 130 and labeled with the attribute A or F+A, then the geometry of the Functional Element will be interpolated between these two cross sections. That means: F: A: F+A : The geometric information is also valid for frames located further forward and will be utilized for interpolation. The geometric information is also valid for frames located further aft and will be utilized for interpolation. The geometric information is also valid for frames located further forward and further aft and will be utilized for interpolation.
2.5.2.1 Generation of the Functional Element SHELL ! Switch to Section 3.1.1 and generate the Functional Element SHELL at frame 154, Attribute F+A.
Establish your first Functional Element. Activate the grid cell Func.Ele and use the proposal SHELL of the pull down menu. Using the Tab key or the mouse pointer activate the next column Frame No. and enter 154. and accept the standard value of F/A. F+A means, that the shell will be interpolated at all cross sections (forward and aft) between the definition at frame 154 and the next direct definition. Accept also the standard of P+S for symmetry and the y and z-coordinates (0,0/0,0). In the right hand column LT of the line, a 1 for a straight or a 2 for a circular connection (e.g.: bilge radius) of the shape points has to be entered. Accept the 1 and complete the input by leaving the edited line. Now the second line is activated and you have only to change the y / z-coordinates and the line type. If a value remains constant from one line to the next, that field should be left empty. The definition of the Functional Element SHELL is shown in Figure 13. The description field can be used for a any description of the Functional Element.
! Enter the Shape Representation of the SHELL according to the following figure.
Figure 13: Shape definition of the Functional Element SHELL
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The preview display you get a visual control of the actual definition of the functional element .Try to highlight the sections of the functional element by the mouse pointer and you will see the coordinates in the ToolTip. It is also possible to use the Plot button to take a look at your complete shape representation for the Functional Element SHELL. You will recognize the orientation of the SHELL description by the small, black arrow at the beginning of the shape. This orientation will later be the basis for the positioning of the plates and the stiffeners on the Functional Element SHELL. Advice: Orient the Functional Elements from center line to outside and from below to above. This simplifies the overview for you. Symmetrical members intersecting the midship plane must start at the symmetry-line (e.g. SHELL at Y= 0). By pressing the minus button now the rows containing the coordinates will be closed. Now enter the text description whole shell in the field Description. As previously mentioned above, Functional Elements may be referenced by means of your short cut. The term used here only serves the purpose of simplifying the distinction between the Functional Elements for you.
2.5.2.2 Generation of further Functional Elements ! Definition of Functional Element IB at frame 154 with attribute F+A. For shape representation, refer to
the following figure. Establish the Functional Element inner bottom with the abbreviation Func.Ele. IB and the F/A attribute F+A by activating the last line beginning with the star the following values: . Overwrite SHELL with IB and enter
Figure 14: Shape definition of the Functional Element IB Constant coordinates have to be entered by a blank (the same value will be used as in the line before). To create an empty value (blank), choose the first line (empty) in the pull down menu which is available of the active in the coordinate grid cells. This is automatically opened, if you press the arrow button cell. This pull down menu contains references to all defined Functional Elements. The z-value L_21 (reference to the y-z frame table) can easily given by highlighting the L_21 frame in the preview and a right click on the mouse. A pop up menu will be launched where you can choose the command: Set actual grid cell to L_21 (see Figure 15). Use the Plot button, to take a look at your complete shape representation for the Functional Elements IB and SHELL. Press the minus button to close the rows containing the coordinates.
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Figure 15: Use preview plot functions to define functional elements
! Enter the Functional Element DK_1, description weather deck, attribute F+A at frame 154. For the
shape, refer to the following Figure 16. (Note the usage of the SHELL for the description). Next, establish the new Functional Element with the description weather deck, the Short Cut DK_1 and the F/A attribute F+A. Enter the following values in the input mask.
Figure 16: Definition of the Functional Element DK_1 (main deck) Advice: DK_1 and IB are now connected with the functional element SHELL, marked by the red colored circles. It is an advantage to use this style of description, because if the description of SHELL changes, the deck (DK_1) and the innerbottom (IB) always remain attached to the SHELL and change their geometry automatically. You always have visual control of your actual input in preview window.
! Enter further Functional Elements.

Now, by using the coordinates given below (see Figure 17), enter all other Functional Elements.
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Figure 17: List of all defined Functional Elements The coordinates for the other elements are given below. By clicking on the arrow button cell, you get the pull down menu containing all existing functional elements. of a grid
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2.5.2.3 View of the Transverse Section at Frame 154

With the Plot button , you can view the results of your work. Choose Frame No. 154 and Show Geometry /Topology in the following dialog box.
Figure 18: View of the transverse section at frame 154 with topologic connections The points shown in circles indicate that POSEIDON has realised a physical connection between the Functional Elements at each of these points. Therefore, be certain to check that all physical element connections are marked with a circle.
2.5.3 Plates, Stiffeners and Holes of Longitudinal Members

Problem In this section, the purely geometric/topologic description of the model is supplemented by the arrangement of plates and also by the description of stiffeners and holes on a Functional Element. Requirement At least one Functional Element exists at the frame. In POSEIDON ND the plates and profiles can be defined with or without given dimensions. If no dimension are given, a preliminary thickness (1.0 mm) or profile dimension (minimum dimension from the profile table) will be assumed. The required values according the GL Rules can be determined during sizing.
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2.5.3.1 Automatic Plate Arrangement for Longitudinal Members ! Switch to Section 3.1.2, plate arrangement at frame 154.
Select the section 3.1.2 Hull Structure ! Longitudinal Members ! Plate Arrangement. In this input task the plates on the existing Functional Elements at frame 154 will be generated. POSEIDON ND offers the choice to generate standard plate and stiffener arrangement automatically or to copy such an arrangement from another frame.
Enter in field Frame No. the value 154. If no input (empty list) for frame 154 has been given so far, activate the first grid cell Func.Ele and then press the magic button Functional Elements will be generated for the entire cross section. . Plates and stiffeners for all
Figure 19: Input mask for plate arrangements
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By default POSEIDON ND generates five plates for the SHELL (from keel to sheerstrake) and one plate for all other Functional Elements. Advice: In order to arrange plates on a Functional Element automatically, the current frame has to be well defined. That is, either it has to be described by explicit input, or it must be possible to interpolate it by means of the attribute F/A of other frames. Now, use the Plot button and activate the hook plate dim. In the dialog. Take a look at the transverse section you have just generated. Fitting the Plate Arrangement of the Shell Plating As an initial configuration, the automatic plate arrangement is very effective, however, it has to be further refined and adapted to the design concept. Modifying the arrangement is the subject of this section. All plates, which belong to the shell, carry the Short Cut SHELL. In order to achieve a better overview, you should describe the individual plates in greater detail with the help of Item. In our example, we name the first plate SHELL;FK (for flat keel) and all others as SHELL;A to SHELL;J. Flat Keel
! Overwrite the description keel with FK

First, overwrite the description keel with FK (flat keel). POSEIDON determines the starting point of the plate FK (BEGIN) directly from of the starting point of the geometry. Plate arrangements always have the same orientation as the geometric description of the corresponding Functional Element. A plate width of 900 mm is defined with B=900.0 and, with that, the End of Plate is determined; POSEIDON ND "proceeds" 900 mm further along the geometry and so determines the end coordinates. The moulded line is to the right as seen from the start point of the plate, so leave RIGHT as it is. Here, you can choose between right and left by using the pull down menu of the grid cell. Leave the field for minimum thickness t[mm] empty. The symmetry input P+S is already correctly filled in, because our model is symmetrical. Material No. 1 is also appropriate. Compare it with the above given material table. The Design Criteria S corresponds on the consideration of shell load, in accordance with the GL Rules. The relevant design criterion must be assigned to every plate. If you press the pull down menu button, the following dialog box (see Figure 20) will be displayed, where you can choose between all possible design criteria. Advice: if you use the standard naming of the functional elements (SHELL, IB, LB_n, LG_n, DK_n, CO_n) the relevant design criterion will be used by POSEIDON ND!
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Figure 20: Dialog box of design criteria Your first plate has now been fitted to the functional element SHELL. Advice: The orientation of the plates on a Functional Element must correspond to the orientation of the geometric description of the Functional Element. Also, several plates have to be described according to the order given by this orientation. Bottom Plating
! Overwrite the description bottom with A and End of Plate with B=3000. ! Insert further rows for the shell and overwrite the description with B, C and D.
In the example, the bottom plating should be made of the plates "A" to "D". For the bottom plating, overwrite the description bottom with A and End of Plate with B=3000. Highlight the line of SHELL;A and, with F6 (New) or a right mouse click, generate a further input line for plate B. Overwrite A with B. Carry out the same for plates C and D. With AUTO as the starting point of each following SHELL plate, the end-point of the previous plate of SHELL will be automatically fitted.
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Bilge Plates
! Overwrite the Description bilge with E and End of Plate with z=3800.
The bilge strake is represented by plate E. For the bilge strake, overwrite the description bilge with E and End of Plate with z=3800. This time, you have used a Z coordinate value for the End of Plate. POSEIDON overwrites it with ;Z= 3800.0 and calculates the required Y coordinate from the geometric description. Side and Sheerstrake Plates
! Overwrite the description side with F and End of Plate with B=3000. ! Generate further lines from SHELL;F with the descriptions G, H and I.
The side plates are described with a letter from F to I. For the side plate F, overwrite the description side with F and End of Plate with B=3000. Highlight the line of SHELL;F and, with F6 (New) or a right mouse click, generate a further input line for plate G. Overwrite F with G. Carry out the same for plates H, I and J.
! Overwrite the description sheerstrake with K, material no. with 3 and the minimum thickness with
30mm. For sheerstrake plate, overwrite the description sheerstrake with K. Material no. 3 is assigned to this plate (in accordance with section 1.2 Materials) and a minimum thickness of 30 mm. The end point END is already correctly filled in. POSEIDON calculates the end of the shape representation of the SHELL and uses these coordinates internally for End of Plate. The preview displays generated plates. Check particulary the plate butts. Highlight the plates by the mouse pointer to see the ToolTip containing the name of the plate and the defined thickness. Advice: The plate description of a Functional Element (for example SHELL) frequently consists of several rows. In order to ensure that plates always describe the complete Functional Element, the first plate of the element should always start with BEGIN and the last plate should always finish with END. Fitting of the Plates for the Inner Bottom In our example, the inner bottom plates are sequentially numbered from 1 to 4.
! Overwrite End of Plate with B=3150, t[mm] with 18 mm and Mould. Line with left of the plate
IB;pl.1 Plate IB;pl.1 lies opposite to plate SHELL;FK. Overwrite End of Plate with B=3150. In the field t[mm], enter a minimum thickness of 18 mm. In the field Mould. Line, choose left by using the pull down menu. Check the field Design Criteria and enter IB if there is no entry.
! Generate a new plate from IB.pl.1 and overwrite the description with pl.2 and End of Plate with
B=3150. Generate IB;pl.3 with the same data, and IB;pl.4 with End of Plate END. For inner bottom plate pl.2, now insert a new line. For this, place the cursor on IB;pl.1 and execute the F6 (New) command. POSEIDON inserts a new line and assumes the values.
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Overwrite the description pl.1 with pl.2 and End of Plate with B=3150. Also generate a new line for inner bottom plate pl.3. The width should be 3150 mm as well. Use the F6 (New) command and overwrite the description with pl.4 and, select LB_2+50 for End of Plate. POSEIDON ND internally calculates the end coordinates from the geometric description. Fitting of the Longitudinal Bulkhead Plates
! Overwrite End of Plate of plate LB_1;pl.1 with Z=6800.

The longitudinal bulkhead plates are named with digits from 1 to 5. The fifth plate (above) consists of higher tensile steel. The first plate LB_1;pl.1 starts with BEGIN (= beginning of the geometry) and ends at ;Z=6800.0. Overwrite the old values. If you imagine the end point of the plate as being the coordinate values Y ; Z, then you have now internally referenced the Y coordinate of the LB_1 shape representation and explicitly assigned the Z coordinate 6800 mm. This is useful, because, by doing this, you have placed the plate butts on the shell plating and on the longitudinal bulkheads at the same height. The moulded lines for all longitudinal bulkhead plates are located left as seen from the start of the Functional Element; therefore, the entry left in the field Mould. Line is already correctly filled in.
! Generate three more plates from LB_1;pl.1 and overwrite the description with pl.2 to pl.4 and End of
Plate with B=3000.
! Generate a further plate and overwrite the description with pl.5, the End of Plate with END, t[mm]
with 30 mm and Mat.No. with 3. For plates 2 to 4, insert a new line and enter B=3000 for End of Plate for each. For plate 5, insert a new line as well and, select End for End of Plate. The Material No. is 3 for higher tensile steel and the minimum thickness is 30.0 mm. Fitting the Plates for Deck 1, Deck2 and Deck6
! Change the data for Deck1 to Design Criteria WD, t[mm] 40 mm, Material No. 3 and Moulded Line
left.
! Check the data of Deck2 and Deck6 to Moulded Line left.

For the plate assignment for Deck 1, enter the Design Criteria WD for weather deck as design load. Additionally, enter the minimum thickness as 50.0 mm and the Material No. 3. The moulded lines for all three decks are located left as seen from the start of the Functional Element.
2.5.3.2 Overview of the Plates for the Longitudinal Members ! Fit further plates according to the following table or the concept sketch. Save the file.
Following, you will find an overview of all plate arrangements at frame 154. Now enter the data for the plates, which have not yet been fitted (particularly CO_1 and CO_2 and LG_0 to LG_14), and compare these with the concept sketch found at the beginning of the tutorial. As descriptions, the longitudinal girders use the longitudinal frame number.
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Check the results of your work by using the Plot button. Observe the placing of the stars behind the thickness values used to identify members with Material No.3.
Figure 21: View of plate arrangement at frame 154 Save your work.
2.5.3.3 Arrangement of Longitudinal Stiffeners

In POSEIDON ND you can define several stiffeners with the same spacing and of the same type in one input line. If one of the stiffeners is located at the position of an adjoining Functional Element, then this stiffener will not be generated by POSEIDON ND! To find the input display for stiffeners switch to section 3.1.3. POSEIDON has already automatically generated a stiffener arrangement, together with the plate arrangement, which you can modify. It is useful to use the new function of the 'frame table in y and z dir'. Stiffeners at the Shell Plating
! Switch to the display of the Longitudinal Stiffeners, (Section 3.1.3). Overwrite the Description 1 of the
SHELL with 1-2, Start of Spacing with L_1, End of Spacing with n=1, the Profile Type with HP, Moulded Line with MF and Material No. with 3. Use the item indicator 1, for this row will describe the first stiffeners on the shell. In the column Start of Spacing (position of the 1st stiffener), Y or Z coordinates, or a reference to the geometry, will be
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requested. Choose L_1. Enter End of Spacing with n=1. The stiffener type HP is already correctly filled in, otherwise the desired type can be chosen by the pull down menu. Leave the dimension columns empty. The stiffeners should lie on the moulded line of the SHELL, with the profile bulbs pointing towards mid-ship. Therefore, select MF by the pull down menu in the field Moulded Line. The angle of rotation is to be given relative to the SHELL with R90.0 degrees. The profile on the outer shell bottom should be of higher tensile steel and contain the Material No. 3. The stiffeners should be arranged on both sides and should contain the Symmetry Designation P+S. Advice: the value l should be 0, if transverse members (e.g. floor plates ) are defined. For economized input it is possible to enter the distance of the transverse members here. Then it is not necessary to define the transverse members for the dimension procedure of the longitudinal members. Attention: the given values in this field are used by POSEIDON ND in every case, also if there are defined transverse plates with smaller or larger distances! The following figure shows how the angle of rotation and the position on and opposite to the moulded line and the orientation of the plates determine the orientation of the stiffeners. The value of the relative angle of rotation is within the range from 0 to 180 degrees related to the orientation of the Functional Element.
Figure 22: Orientation of stiffeners Highlight the line SHELL and create a new input line by pressing F6 (New). Overwrite Item with 3-13, Start of Spacing with L_3, End of Spacing with L_13 and a with 0. Zoom the preview by pulling open a window with the left mouse button and observe how POSEIDON has generated the stiffeners. Recognize, that the stiffeners of the SHELL which are located on the position of the longitudinal girders, consequently will not be generated. Now, enter the remaining profiles on the SHELL and use, as Item-description, the numbering of the stiffeners (see Figure 23). The number of input rows depends on the number of changes in the stiffener types and stiffener spacing. For all stiffeners in the double bottom area choose Material No. 3, which is equivalent to the use of higher tensile steel.
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In the area of the uppermost plate (SHELL;J), enter the dimensions for the flat bar as 300*30.. Enter Material No. 3. With this, all of the stiffeners on the shell plating are completely described.
! Enter further stiffeners of the SHELL according to the following figure. (for a complete profile data table
! see below )
Figure 23: Input mask for longitudinal stiffener arrangements Stiffeners on Longitudinal Bulkheads LB_1
! Change the data of LB_1 in the same way as the stiffeners on shell.
Overwrite the item description of LB_1 with 25-27. In the column Start of Spacing, Y or Z coordinates are asked for. Enter L_25 in this column. Enter L_27 in the column End of Spacing and n=3 for a. Select Type HP and leave the Dimensions empty. The stiffeners should be located on the moulded line of LB_1, with the profile bulbs pointing towards the bottom. Therefore, select MF in the field M. Line. The angle of rotation is to be given relative to LB_1 with R90.0 degrees. The profile should be made of normal tensile steel and contain Material No.1. The stiffeners should be arranged on both sides and should contain the symmetry designation P+S. Enter the same definitions as used in definition of SHELL stiffeners. (for detailed coordinates see the table below). Afterwards change the input of LB_2. Stiffeners on Decks Redefine the input line of DK_1. In the column Start of Spacing, enter L_18, in the column End of Spacing enter L_19 and n=2 for a. Select Type FB and fill the field of the Dimensions with 400*50. Use material no. 3. Change the values of DK_2 and DK_6 according the table below.
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Stiffeners on all other Functional Elements Use the 'Proposal Line' marked by the to generate a new input line in the display of the stiffeners.
Select LG_14 in the column Funct. Element. Next, overwrite the Item with 1-2. Let the stiffeners begin at z=575.0. The end of the stiffener position is adequately described by means of the number of stiffeners n=2 and the spacing a. According to the concept sketch, enter 650 for a. Select the Type HP and leave the Dimensions empty. The stiffeners should be located opposite to the moulded line (opposite side) of LG_14 and with the view on the front side of the profile. Therefore, select OF by the pull down menu in the field M. Line. The angle of rotation is to be given relative to LG_14 with R90.0 degrees. Thus, the profile bulbs point downwards. The profiles should be of normal tensile steel and should contain the Material No. 1. The stiffeners should be arranged on both sides and therefore should contain the symmetry designation P+S. Complete the entries for the stiffeners according to the following table.
! Generate further stiffeners according to the data in the following table. Save the data.
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A view of the entered stiffeners can be produced by pressing the Plot button. Activate the hook profile dim. In the following dialog box. Zoom into the plot by pulling open a window with the left mouse button in the Plot Window (see the Reference Manual). Below, as an example, a zoomed view of the upper hull flange is shown. Zoom out by clicking into the window once.
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Figure 24: Zoomed view of a transverse section showing profile description
2.5.3.4 Hole Arrangement

You have access to the input display for holes in section 3.1.4. Hull Sructure ! Long. Members ! Holes and Cut Outs.
! Generate four holes with a diameter of 600 mm in the longitudinal girders 5, 8, 11 and 14 at frame 154
at half of the girder height Activate the first line. Use the pull down menu of the column Funct. Element, select LG_05. The Item-description can be 1. In First F. No. and Last F. No. the definition range for the definition of holes can be entered. Enter 154 in both columns. In the column Description, the position relative to the Functional Element (or, alternatively, an absolute coordinate) and the hole dimensions are asked for. The standard value is Y=.0;B=0.0;L=0.0. Overwrite it with F=.5;B=600.0;L=400.0 (half of the girder height, width =400 mm, height=600 mm). The pre-setting of Spacing is a. This means that the hole is defined on every frame in the definition range. Use the 'Proposal Line' and change the column Funct. Element with LG_08, LG_11 and LG_14. Check whether your hole display is filled out according to the figure.
Figure 25: Input mask for hole arrangements Use the Plot button section with holes) and zoom in to visualize your input.(see Figure 26: Zoomed view of a cross
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Figure 26: Zoomed view of a cross section with holes Now, leave the plot window and save your data.
Keep in mind that - in contrast to the manual input described here - the input of Functional Elements is greatly simplified when using one of the wizards to generate a standard structure with few inputs. This standard structure can then be modified with the techniques described here. Of course, direct input of the Functional Elements gives you the greatest possible flexibility.
2.5.4 Arrangement of Transverse Stiffeners on Longitudinal Members

! Description of a Transverse Stiffener on the center-line girder. Switch to Section 3.1.5.'Transverse
Stiffener Arrangement'. Generate a new row by using the values given in the following figure. Save your data. In POSEIDON the description of stiffeners which are located perpendicular to the ships longitudinal direction is different than the description of longitudinal stiffeners. Therefore these transverse stiffeners have a separate input mask. They typically exist only on one frame or on a sequence of frames (for example, every second frame). Therefore, such members may be described on several frames at the same time, which do not have to directly follow one another. In order to enter the transverse stiffeners on longitudinal members, switch to the Section 3.1.5 'Hull Structure ! Longitudinal Members ! Trans. Stiffener Arrangement '.
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A HP profile should be placed on the center-line girder LG_00. The stiffener should be arranged on frame 43 up to frame 176 not at every frame. Select the Functional Element LG_00 by using the pull down menu . Overwrite Item with SHELL-IB.
In the column Start of Stiffener, Y or Z coordinates or a reference to geometry are asked for. Click the grid cell and select BEGIN; the position End of Stiffener is described with END, i.e. the stiffener extends over the whole length of the functional element. Enter 43 as First Frame No., 176 as Last Frame No. and a;a;2a in the column Spacing (in which a stands for the frame spacing). The stiffeners are now defined from frame 43 up to frame 176 repeated in the order stiffener, stiffener, no stiffener, (stiffeners at frames 43, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51...). The Type is already correctly filled out with HP; the Dimensions are to be left empty (POSEIDON choose automatically the smallest profile from the active profile table). The stiffener should be located on the moulded line of the LG_00, with the profile bulbs pointing towards the front side. MF in the field M.Line is already correctly filled out. Compare your entries with those shown in Figure 27.
Figure 27: Input mask for transverse stiffener arrangement Check the correctness of the definition by zoom in the plot view near the center line girder.
Figure 28: View of a longitudinal with vertical stiffeners.
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2.5.5 Arrangement of Transverse Girders on Longitudinal Members

! Description of a Transverse Girder on the coaming. Switch to Section 3.1.6.'Transverse Girder'.
Generate a new row by using the values given in the following figure. Save your data. The input of a transverse girder is similar to the input of transverse stiffeners. To enter a transverse girder on a longitudinal member, switch to the Section 3.1.6 'Hull Structure ! Longitudinal Members ! Trans. Girder' . Choose frame no. 76. A transverse girder used as a coaming stay should be placed on the coaming CO_1. The girder should th be arranged on frame 76 up to frame 180 at every 8 frame. Select the Functional Element CO_1 by using the pull down menu . Overwrite Item with STAY. In the column Start of Girder, select DK_1, the position End of Stiffener is described with CO_2. Fill in 76 for First Frame No. and 180 for Last Frame No., the Spacing is defined with 8a. Use the following figure to define the next values hweb, bflg, tweb and tflg . The meaning is: height of web at Dk_1, height of web at CO_2, breadth of the flange at DK_1 and CO_2, thickness of the web and thickness of the flange.
Figure 29: Input of transverse web frames.
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Figure 30: Preview of the coaming stay.
Compare your preview with the Figure 30 and save your work.
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2.6
Modeling of Transverse Members
The cross section oriented geometry and topology of a plate will be defined with the help of a so-called 'cell'. Though cells are basic for the plate definition (each plate needs exactly one cell, which describes the plate contour), the cell generation is completely separate from the plate definition because the cells are also needed for the definition of tanks. For all structural components in the ships transverse direction, it is possible to define several of them (in a range of frames) with one statement. To simplify the input, there is also a generation hierarchy for transverse structural components in POSEIDON. If several components use the same frame position, then a transverse member overwrites a girder and a girder overwrites a simple stiffener.
2.6.1 Cells
Problem Definition of the geometry and the topology of transverse members with the assistance of longitudinal members. Requirements Main dimensions, frame table and the longitudinal members (long. Plate arrangement) have been entered. Cells in POSEIDON are enclosed topological areas in a cross section. The description of cells by reference to Functional Elements offers the advantage that the geometry of the cell is automatically adjusted when the description of one of the Functional Elements (e.g.: SHELL) changes. Cells are not tied to just one frame. They are available at every frame at which the described contour constitutes an enclosed area. POSEIDON distinguishes between various types of cells: elementary cells are cells that enclose no other cells, permanent cells are defined by the user and may enclose several elementary cells. The user can easily define permanent cells, by using the predefined temporary cells. Only permanent cells can be used for the description of transverse members. temporary cells are cells that are newly generated by POSEIDON for each actual cross section. Temporary cells are named CE_1 ... CE_n . This type of cell will not be listed in the input mask. They will be shown in the plot preview by moving the mouse pointer on it and serves the fast input of the geometry description of permanent cells.
2.6.1.1 Definition
Now select the Menu Point 3.2.1 'Transverse Web Plates ! Geom. of Cells in the Section Hull Structure. In this display, the cells for the description of the transverse members are created. Advice: Unfortunately we detected a bug shortly after finishing the release version 2. Please rename the Short Cut 'CE_1' of the shown input line in the window 'Definition of Cells of transverse web plates' to 'FL_2' at first! Otherwise a correct cell description is not possible. This problem only occurs in version 2.000, if no permanent cells are defined in the actual file. * Please activate the input cell 'Short Cut' and overwrite 'CE_1' by 'FL_2'! (see Figure 31) Delete the description and change the symmetry criterion from S to P+S.
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Figure 31: Rename the shown Short Cut 'CE_1'. POSEIDON shows a warning if you leave the changed input row. Please respond by pressing the button 'Yes'. (see Figure 32)
Figure 32: Rename the Cell 'CE_1' with 'FL_2'. Press 'Yes'. The result should look like the following figure!
Figure 33: Renamed Cell ! fixed bug of transverse cell description.
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For an easier input, please change the properties of the preview plot window by a right mouse click on it. Choose 'Properties' from the shown pop up menu.
Figure 34: Change preview plot properties by a right mouse click Choose the tab 'Cross Section' and change the option 'View on' from both to portside .
Figure 35: Preview plot Properties Next, close the plot properties window by a click on the cross .
The plot properties of every preview window can be individual adjusted by the user. Now, it is possible to continue the input in the normal way. Therefore, please move the mouse pointer on the empty cell near the center line girder in the preview plot window. The active cell will be shown red colored and if you stop the motion of the mouse pointer, a yellow ToolTip shows the name of the 'Temporary Cell' ; here: 'CE_3'. Use the right mouse button to launch a Pop Up Menu and choose the command 'Insert permanent cell with geometry of CE_3' (see Figure 36). A new window will be launched containing a proposal for the name of the permanent cell (see Figure 36). This name can be given at the user's choice or he accept POSEIDON's proposal. Overwrite WF_1 (the meaning is: WebFrame_1) by FL_1 (Floorplate_1) and change the symmetry from P to P+S. (see Figure 37 and Figure 38) Then press the OK button. A new cell named FL_1 should be generated by POSEIDON.
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Figure 36: Definition of permanent cells.
Figure 37: Enter a name for a new cell.
Figure 38: The new name FL_1. If a new cell is defined, POSEIDON ND shows the definition of the cell in the input table. The new permanent cell FL_1 is described by the functional elements SHELL, LG_02, IB and LG_00 (see Figure 39). It is possible to adjust the cell description by using other functional elements or coordinates. For example, please try to change the input IB to Z=900 and see what happens in the preview. A half
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floor plate will be shown. After that, please redefine the input to IB because we need a complete floor plate in the example.
Figure 39: The Input to define the cell FL_1.
! Define the other three cells of the bottom area in the same way. The result are 5 permanent cells
named FL_1 up to FL_5. Advice: Please note that a symmetry designation for each Functional Element in the cell description of FL_1 is given - which, in this case, is always set to P (port side) - although the cell is symmetric. Here, the symmetry designation of the Functional Elements is important only in special cases, for instance for the explicit description of cells crossing the line of symmetry. In such a case, the described Functional Elements which are located on the port side have to be given and also those located on the starboard and, in particular, those which cross the line of symmetry and run from starboard to port or the other way around.
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It may be, that the input rows are not in order. POSEIDON ND gives the user the possibility to sort the rows in the most input windows. Move the cursor on the header of the column 'Short Cut'. The cursor changes to a small black arrow. Now double click the left mouse button and the input rows will be sorted.
Figure 40: sort the input by the column 'Short Cut'. * Define the absent cells in the same way and compare to the list below.Save your work .
Figure 41: Definition of cells of transverse web plates.
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2.6.1.2 Overview of all Cells

The display of your definition of Cells should look like the following, although perhaps in a different order:
Figure 42: Overview of cells at frame 154
2.6.1.3 Automatically generated Cells

Use the Plot command and have a look at frame 60, 140 and 150 one after the other in the display 'Show Transverse Member (Geometry)' and choose the hook 'perm. cells' only. POSEIDON interpolates and generates the geometry at frames which are not described and automatically fits the cells for the transverse plates.
2.6.2 Transverse Members

Problem This section describes the definition of transverse members and the arrangement of plates, stiffeners and holes. The transverse plates for the previously defined cells are to be created. The floors are located in the range of frame 76 to 184 symmetrical at every fourth frame. The docking plates are located at every frame. Requirements The cells, which exist in the range of frame 76 to 184, are defined.
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2.6.2.1 Plate arrangement
! Switch to Section 3.2.2 and enter 76 as Frame No.. Define a new plate FL1:76, valid from frame 42 to
176. Select the cell FL_1 by using the pull down menu of Cell and define the Spacing with a. In the Section Hull Structure, select the Menu Point Trans. Web Plates ! Plates (Section3.2.2). In this display, transverse members are defined by Short Cuts. The geometry-description of a plate is done through the assignment of a cell. . This means that all defined transverse members are Next, press the 'Toggle on / off' button shown, independent of the frame on which they are defined. This setting is generally useful for the input or changing of members, because it can otherwise occur that a component that was just defined will not be displayed, since it is not defined at the current frame. Enter the name FL1:76 in the first input field Short Cut. This name is the name of the actual transverse floor plate. The default-setting in the field Item is 1. The frame numbers indicate the range in which the transverse component is valid. Here, enter 76 as First Frame No and 184 as Last Frame No . The assignment of the component to a cell is done by using the pull down menu of the field Cell. Select the cell WF_1 from the list that is offered. The molded line (ML) is already lying correctly with Aft and material and symmetry designation can also be left as they are. Thereby, the component is generated symmetrically on both sides. The adjustment of the field Spacing follows as the last step. In this field, you define at which frames in the range from First Frame No. to Last Frame No. the component is to exist. The default setting in this field is a. This means that the component is defined on every frame from frame 76 to 184. Leave the a in this field, which corresponds to a definition at every frame. The field Spacing is very flexible; it is also possible to enter complicated definitions. In this example, we will not make use of this, but, as needed, you can find exact instructions in the POSEIDON Reference Manual or in the Online Help function. To define the other plates, overwrite the name of the Short Cut' and change the name of Cell proposed input row at each case. Change the Spacing from a to 4a. in the
Define the transverse members according to values in the following table.
Figure 43: Definition of transverse plates.
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your data.
Compare your input values with the following figure again and save
Figure 44: Input Table 'Floors and Transverse Web Plates at frame 76. By entering individual frame numbers in the field Frame No above (e.g. at frame 77, 78 and 80), have a look at the components. You will see that the components are defined at the first and the last frame of the range and, additionally, at every fourth frame in between - also at frame 80. Check that the component is not defined at frame 77 and frame 78 (only FL1:76 is defined at every frame), as well as at frame 79 (only every fourth frame). Depending upon the frame number, the definition line of the component is either shown in the input table or not. Compare also the gray colored plates in the preview plot at these frame numbers. The transverse stiffeners on LG_00, which are given in chapter 2.5.4, will be deleted by POSEIDON automatically at the frame numbers, where a web plate is defined. Advice: When selecting cells by the pull down menu of the field Cell, the temporary cells are shown as well. If such a cell is selected, POSEIDON ND automatically changes it into a permanent cell, names it WF_n and uses the proposed name in the Short Cut field. Change the proposed name into a new name after that. In order to clearly show POSEIDON's basic approach, we have not used this "Abbreviation in this example
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2.6.2.2 Arrangement of Stiffeners on Transverse Members ! Switch to the section 3.2.3 'Stiffeners on Floors and Transverse Web Plates'. Use the 'Proposal Line' to
choose FL_1:76 from the Short Cut pull down menu. Enter LG_00+50 and SHELL+350 at Start of Stiffener , LG_02-50 and SHELL+350 at End of Stiffener , enter 2 at n , 1100 at a and FB at the column Type . Switch to the display of Stiffeners on Floors and Transverse Web Plates in Section 3.2.3. Use the pull down menu of the column Short Cut and choose FL_1:76 to generate a new input line. The next two fields describe the starting point and the ending point of the stiffener. In this example, the first stiffener should run parallel to SHELL at a distance of 350 mm from LG_00 to LG_02. The values of the y-coordinates LG_00+50 (Start of stiffener) and LG_02-50 (End of stiffener). Now, give SHELL+350 for both fields of the column of z-coordinate (see Figure 45 ). A Functional Element (+ value) can be selected in all input cells for the description of the coordinates of stiffeners. The field n gives the number of the stiffeners to be generated. Enter a 2 here. The field a defines the distance between the 2 stiffeners. Use the value 1100. The molded line is already correctly filled out with MR. In the field Type, select flat bar .
Figure 45: Input of the first stiffener on a transverse web plate.
! Use the 'Proposal Line' and enter 2 in the column Item, define the coordinates Start of Stiffener at
270.0;SHELL+350, End of Stiffener at 270.0 ; IB-350, n as 2 and a as 900. Choose FL_1:76 again from the pull down menu of the column Short Cut in the 'Proposal Line'. POSEIDON uses a copy of the previous line and you can change the values. Overwrite Item with 2, Start of Stiffener with 270.0;SHELL+350, End of Stiffener with 270.0;IB-350, n with 2 and a with 900. The column a describes the spacing. Now you have created the stiffeners of a Cut Out of a pipe duct, which will be defined under section 3.2.4 later.
! Use the 'Proposal Line' and enter of Item as 3-4, Start of Stiffener at L_3;SHELL, End of
Stiffener at L_3;IB, n as 2 and a as 855. Use connected in the column End Connection.
Choose FL_2:76 from the pull down menu of the column Short Cut in the 'Proposal Line'. Overwrite Item with 3-4, Start of Stiffener with L_3;SHELL, End of Stiffener withL_3;IB, n with 2 and a with 855. Now you have created two stiffeners with a spacing of 855 mm between each other. Choose C from the pull down menu of the column End Connection. This creates stiffeners on the web plate which are connected to the longitudinals. The value lK will be considered in the calculation of the dimensions of the longitudinal stiffeners. Advice: The value lK reduces the free length of the longitudinal and will only be taken into account if the y-coordinate of the buckling stiffener is exactly the same as the y-coordinate of the longitudinal!
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Compare and complete your inputs with the following table.
Figure 46: Definition of stiffeners on transverse members It is noteworthy that no frame range can be entered in this display. With the help of the Short Cut, the stiffener is assigned to the transverse component of the same name and automatically contains the same range of validity as this one. Use the preview to have a look at your definitions, zoom in to see details. Save your work.
Figure 47: Arrangement of the stiffeners on transverse web plates.
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2.6.2.3 Hole Arrangement
! Switch to the section 3.2.4 'Holes & Cut Outs. Use the 'Proposal Line' and enter the name of the Short
Cut FL_1:76 and the dimensions Y=720; Z=0,5L; DY=800; DZ=1000; R1=200.
Switch to the section 3.2.4 'Hull Structure ! Transverse Web Plates ! Holes and Cut Outs'. Choose FL_1:76 in the column Short Cut this is the name of the associated transverse component. For the definition of the dimensions of the hole, please enter the following data in the fields: Y-Pos: 720; Z-Pos : 0,5L; DY: 800; DZ: 1000 and R1: 200. With both of the two values DY = 800 and DZ = 0,5L, the middle of the hole is defined. DZ = 0,5L denotes the center of the cell height. The two following values establish the width (DY) and the height (DZ) of the hole. The value R1 define the radius of all four edges of the cut out, if the values R1, R2 and R3 are defined with 0. It is possible to define different variants of cut outs. Please press the F1 function key to learn more about the definition of different cut outs. Create new input lines for holes by using the pull down menu of the column Short Cut and enter the values according to the data in the following figure:
Figure 48: Definition of Cut Outs on transverse web plates.
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Use Plot button
to take a look at the results of your input, for example at frame 76.
Figure 49: Arrangement of holes and cut outs on transverse members Save your work!
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2.7
Problem
Design Criteria or Loads
The loads have an influence on the later sizing in accordance with the GL Rules. By using Design Criteria loads are associated to plates and stiffeners. Requirements There are no special requirements.
2.7.1 Tanks
Choose the Menu Point Design Criteria in the POSEIDON Main Menu and select Tanks. In this input display, the tanks and their features are listed, matched with the sizing guidelines of the GL Rules. Please observe the following definitions and comments for describing the tanks: Tanks are described in the ships transverse direction by means of the limiting Functional Elements of the longitudinal members. Tanks consist of one or more elementary cells as long as they are separated by Functional Elements with holes. These are automatically recognized and numbered by POSEIDON. In order to record the entire expansion of a tank, it is sufficient to enter only one characteristic elementary cell (known as a capture cell). If holes exist in the affiliated longitudinal members, POSEIDON automatically finds the correct closed cell. The cell names are also used in the description of the transverse members. Capture cells have to be elementary cells. That means that they may encompass no other (internal) cells. Tanks are geometrically described in the ships longitudinal direction by means of the entry of a range of validity. Tanks lie either on the port side or starboard; the symmetry is not in use. Tanks should always be described with the help of capture cells and never manually, in order to avoid unnecessary errors.
! Switch to Section 4.1. With the help of the 'Preview Plot', generate permanent cells and Tanks.
Your Tank No. 1 should be limited by the longitudinal girder LG_02, the SHELL, the deck DK_6, the bulkhead LB_2 and the inner bottom and be located on the port side. Please move the mouse pointer over the 'Preview Plot'. The temporary cells of the cross section should be red colored if you move your mouse pointer to them. (if not, please set the preview plot properties to 'default'). Activate the first cell beside the pipe duct and press the right mouse button. Choose 'Insert tank with cell CE_n' from the pop up menu (see Figure 50). The window 'Enter name for new cell' will be shown. Rename the proposal TK_1 to TK_1P and press the OK button (see Figure 51). The geometry of the 'Tank 1' is now defined by using the new created permanent Cell TK_1P (the character 1 in TK_1 is generated by POSEIDON and is not associated with the tank number).
Advice: If the tank is deleted, the cell TK_1P will not automatically be deleted along with it.
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The default input of the Medium is Ballast. The other default values Rho, Frame No.Aft / Forward and Height of overflow will be calculated by the given main dimensions according the GL-Rules. Different values are only needed, if cargo tanks (Tanker) are defined. All values with 0,00 (except pv ! must be given for cargo tanks) will be calculated by POSEIDON.
Figure 50: Choose the cell for the tank description.
Figure 51: Renaming of the temporary cell.
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Figure 52: The ToolTip shows the Tank No. Move the mouse pointer on the Preview Plot and see the name Tank 1 in the ToolTip, if you hold the pointer for a moment on the defined tank (see Figure 52).
! Generation of three additional tanks corresponding to the following figure with the help of temporary
cells and determination of the geometric values of the tanks by using the Calc button Save your data. .
For the entry of Tank No. 2 to 4 proceed similarly and use the input by the preview plot in the same way as described before. Change the proposed tank cell names to TK_1S, TK_2P and TK_2S. The result is shown in the following figure. Check your completed display for the tanks with the Figure 53 and save your data.
Figure 53: completed tank input at frame 154.
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With the Calc command, you now have possibility to calculate the edge points and the expansion of the liquid surface at frame 154. According to the position of the "capture cell, POSEIDON sets symmetry description. . A new window including a pre Activate the first line of the input table and press the Calc button selection of the tanks to calculate will be shown. You can change the data, but in our case press the OK button.
Figure 54: Calculate Tank dimensions for the tanks 1 to 4. The tank dimensions for all tanks will be calculated. Compare your results with Figure 55 . The input of a correct length is only needed, if partially filled tanks are to be calculated (cargo tanks).
Figure 55: Definition of tanks at frame 154. The plates and stiffeners, which lie in or on Tank No. 1 to 4, will be calculated later during the sizing in accordance with the GL Rules with the design loads for tank structures. The load assignment happens automatically!
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Figure 56: Closed cells generated automatically at frame 154 POSEIDON has recognized the holes in the longitudinal girders and has completely represented the tanks, although only one capture cell was given for each one. Save the work.
2.7.2 Design Criteria Stillwater Bending Moments and Shear Forces

! Switch to Section 4.3.1
Choose the menu point Design Criteria in the POSEIDON ND TreeView and select Hull Girder Bending ! Stillwater. Here you may enter stillwater values at selected locations along the ships length. The values will be interpolated linearly. Default values will be provided resulting from GL Construction Rules.
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Figure 57: Input mask for stillwater bending moments and shear forces As you have not entered any own values so far, you can see the standard values. They are given relative to scantling length L. At 0.3*L and 0.7*L the maximum and minimum stillwater bending moments and shear forces are calculated, according to the GL rules (part 1, chapter 1, section 5). The bending moment and shear force curves will be shown in the preview plot of the input window. Close all subordinate windows and save your work. Check your vessel by pressing the 3D Geometry. button for
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2.8
Problem
Sizing of a Transverse Section
Generation, sizing and display of the members of the transverse section. Requirements The transverse section is described with Functional Elements, plates, stiffeners and holes. The loads exist. Design criteria / loads have been entered and checked.
2.8.1 Sizing of all Members at Frame 154 in accordance with the GL Rules
! Switch to Section 3.1.2. Press the dimens button
frame'. Save the data. With the diMens command, it is possible to size all members (longitudinal and transverse) of the current frame in accordance with GL Rules. The diMens command automatically carries out all steps necessary for sizing. POSEIDON performs a sizing in several iteration steps. Beginning with their definition, the members incrementally approach the dimensions which finally conform to the requirements of the GL Rules. In this, all of the sizing criteria from cargo, tank load, inner bottom load, shell load, etc. are internally taken into consideration. At last, a buckling check will be performed. Members with preset dimensions are retained during the process. Presetting the dimensions of plates and profiles, for example in the upper flange area, assists the program to fulfill the longitudinal Stillwater Bending Moment and Shear Force criteria (see Figure 58). , named: 'Determine Scantlings at the actual
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Figure 58: Predefined members in the upper Flange of the vessel. The dimensioning calculation is completely documented in the POSEIDON INFOFILE. Possible error messages or warnings for each calculated plate or stiffener will be reported there. Section values like section moduli , moments etc. are written at the end of the POSEIDON INFOFILE. Have a look at INFOFILE in the bottom area of the main window of POSEIDON ND and compare the values.
Figure 59: Summary of scantling results at frame 146 Scroll through the INFOFILE to see the reported messages or warnings and errors during the sizing. The preview shows a colored plot of the section. If you see any red colored member, then the dimension does not meet the requirements of the GL Rules.
Figure 60: Colored preview of the dimensioned cross section.
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Get a detailed overview about the calculated scantlings by pressing the plot button hook plates dim. or the hook stiffener dim.
and activate the
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2.9
Problem
Permissible Stillwater Values
Check of stillwater values and section moduli resulting from the sizing of the structure. Requirements The structure has been defined and sized.
2.9.1 Stresses for Deck and Bottom Structures

! Switch to section 5.3. Check bending and shear stresses and resulting permissible stillwater bending
moments and shear forces. Choose Section 5.3.1 'Results ! Hull Girder Bending ! Section Moduli BM and SF (input)' in the TreeView of POSEIDON ND. The editable lists the input values for the calculation of the stillwater values. These are the vertical moment of inertia, the maximum shear stress for a unitary shear force of 1 kN (per kN Shear Force), the distance of the neutral axis above base line, the Z-coordinate of the bottom, the Y- and Zcoordinates of the top of continuous strength member, k-factors of the top and the bottom area, Cs factors according the GL Rules the actual Cs factors, the permissible bending stresses / shear forces and the actual / required section moduli at the deck and the bottom. The values are calculated according to the rules of the Germanischer Lloyd, but it is possible to change the values manually.
Figure 61: Input mask for necessary values to calculate permissible stillwater values Switch to section 5.3.1 'Results ! Hull Girder Bending ! BM and SF (output)' to check the permissible stillwater bending moments and shear stresses.
Figure 62: Permissible stillwater values
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2.10
Problem
Assessment of the results of a Transverse Section
Interpretation of the calculated dimensions and the applied load criteria. Sizing of the members so that the bending stress requirements of the transverse section are fulfilled. Requirements The members have been generated and sized.
2.10.1 Correction of the Transverse Section

! Switch to Section 5.1.
Choose the Menu Point 'Results ! Hull Cross Section ! Long. Plates' in the POSEIDON TreeView. An overview about the results of the sized cross section will be shown.
Figure 63: Results of the cross section at fr. 154 (longitudinal plates). Here the applied design criteria and longitudinal stresses (acc. Section 5.B.1 of the GL Rules) are given for each part. POSEIDON has automatically supplied the tank and outer shell plates with the correct design criteria. The plate thickness is rounded to 0,5 mm in accordance with the GL Rules and combined with a + or - symbol (green colored background). The symbol ++ indicates that the required dimensions are greatly exceeded (blue colored background); -- indicates substantially too small (inadequate) dimensions (red colored background). If + or - is displayed, the sized dimensions lie within the tolerances. If # - symbols (magenta colored background) are displayed in the column Assessment, POSEIDON has terminated the sizing of a part of an element or of a plate, because of buckling problem, often caused by an improper input.
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After pressing the window.
button, POSEIDON ND shows the calculated plate dimensions in a plot
Figure 64: Calculated results for each plate field.
If all dimensions are acceptable, press the OK button to copy the calculated scantlings to section 3 of POSEIDON ND. This is also necessary for the transverse members. , you can observe that POSEIDON has subdivided the plates With the All lines on/off command according to stiffener spacing. A sizing is effected for every subdivision. It is also possible to click the to get the results of the subdivisions for one member (seeFigure 65). The header line shows the worst case of all subdivisions of a plate, which is the used result.
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Figure 65: Result list for each subdivision. button leads to the sizing only for this part and will show a detailed protocol of A click on the this process in the INFOFILE (see Figure 66). If you want to try some variations of the structure to decrease the actual scantlings, it is possible to button again. change the white backgrounded values in the result list and press the Change the frame spacing a=855 to a=800 of SHELL Plate D, subdivision 1 for example and press the button again. You can see, that this change results in a lower plate thickness of 17,9 mm for this subdivision. Please restore the original frame spacing a=855 and recalculate the values.
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Figure 66: Detailed result protocol of the shell plate D, subdivision1. , the applied input values of the actual subdivision are now in the After a calculation command memory and it is possible to check them very detailed or to calculate some variations in the GL Rules program.
2.10.2 Duplicate calculations in the GL Rules program

! Switch to the GL Rules program by using the tab GL-Rules of the TreeView. To check the calculated
scantlings of SHELL Plate D, Part 1, choose Section 6.1 of the GL Rules program 'Shell Plating ! bottom plating and flat plate keel'. Check the values and try to understand the input.
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Switch to the GL Rules program by using the tab GL-Rules of the TreeView. The SHELL Plate D is calculated by the design criteria S (bottom pressure), Ti1 (tank pressure of tank1, member in tank) and a buckling check was performed for any subdivision of this plate. Check the results in Section 3 (buckling), Section 6 (shell plating) and Section 12 (tank structures). In our example; we check the results of the criterion shell plating. Choose Section 6.1 of the GL Rules TreeView. All input values agree with the values used for the calculation in POSEIDON. Switch back to POSEIDON and save your work. Any variations in the result part of POSEIDON (Section5) or in the GL RULES program take no effect on the accepted / stored results. If you want to realize a variation of the structure, it has to be made in Section 3 of POSEIDON 'Step by Step by hand'! It is possible to create a GL Rules result file by pressing the result-file button. The output is shown in the INFOFILE and can be printed by pressing the printer button beside the result file button.
Figure 67: GL Rules TreeView
Figure 68: GL Rules input / result mask (bottom plating).
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Generation of a Further Transverse Section
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3
Problem
Definition of Functional Element SHELL on further frames to realize the hull shape.
3.1
New shell description at Frame 68 and 76
! Use F6 or the right mouse button to generate another SHELL element at frame 76 and frame 92.
Adjust the shape representation of frame 76 corresponding to the following figure. Save the data. Switch to section 3.1.1 'Functional Elements'. Further frames, partly with altered hull shape, are to be established. For this purpose, place the cursor on the Functional Element SHELL and activate the line. Use the (F6) function key or the right mouse button. In the newly opened window, enter 76 as the Frame No. and press the OK Button. POSEIDON has established a new line for the element SHELL and assumes the shape of frame 154. Now the parallel midship is defined between the frames 76 and 154 because the coordinates between these two frames are exactly the same. Close the new input by clicking the minus button . Repeat the same procedure again and enter 64 in the field Frame No.. Now, change the coordinates according to the following figure:
Figure 69: additional definitions of the Functional Element SHELL Save your work!
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3.2
Automatically generated Frame Shapes

to show the interpolated cross sections at frame 68 and 72.
! Use the plot button
command. POSEIDON has accepted the new Check the cross section at frame 68 with the plot frame shape and all other elements. It interpolates and generates the geometry at frames which are not explicitly described. Since all associations of Functional Elements with the shell are used as a reference, the geometry of the Functional Elements automatically conforms to the altered shape.
Figure 70: View of the new transverse section after definition of the Functional Element SHELL at frame 64. Check also the other cross sections between frame 64 and 76 with the Show command.
POSEIDON now supports the creation of interpolated Functional Elements. For this, activate one input line of the Functional Element SHELL and press the right mouse button. Change the Frame No. to 68 and activate the hook Interpolate in the pop up window 'New Functional Element'. After pressing the OK button, an interpolated shell contour will be created. This is also possible for all other Functional Elements. It is not necessary to input a lot of frames, because POSEIDON ND can interpolate automatically between two defined frames. The more the contour of a Functional Element changes, the more input definition is needed. Save your work.
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3.3
Definition of a cross section with new structural information
! Description of a cross section at the end of the hold (frame 76)

Now generate a cross section at the end of the hold, at frame 76. Therefore aft of frame 76 the decks DK_1 and DK_2 must be defined non-stop from centerline to the shell. The definition of the coaming starts at frame number 75. You still are in section 3.1.1 'Longitudinal Members ! Functional Elements'. Activate the functional element DK_1 and press the F6 function key. Overwrite Frame No. with 76 and F/A with F in the 'New Functional Element' mask. Press OK and use the button of the input table to accept the values. Now repeat the process and enter F/A with A. Overwrite the Y - value of the first point with 0.0 in the input table and close the input by using . Use the same procedure to create DK_2. The has to be defined in the same manner. The values are listed in the figure below.
Figure 71: new topologic definition at frame 75/76. (without options) to see the geometry in a 3D view (see ) or the plot button to Press the 3D button check the cross section (see ).
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Figure 72: 3D geometry (above), Figure 73: view on geometry at fr. 76 A+F (below).
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3.4
Fitting the Plate and Stiffener Arrangement to the changed cross section
! Generate the new plate arrangement at DK_1 and DK_2 on fr.76.

Switch to the section 3.1.2 'Longitudinal Members ! Plate Arrangement'. The frame 76 will be displayed by using the Ref. Frame No. 154, where the original plate description is made. If there is no input given in this field, POSEIDON ND automatically uses the nearest frame number aft of the actual frame as a reference number, but if there is nothing defined aft (our example), POSEIDON ND automatically uses the nearest frame number in front of the actual frame. and overwrite the field Destination Choose the value 154 in Frame No.. Use the Copy button Frame No. in the dialog 'Copy members' with 76. Then press OK.
Figure 74: Dialog 'Copy members' After that, the new dialog window 'Copy Functional Elements' will be launched. Select the Functional Elements DK_1 and DK_2 and press OK. It is also possible to activate all Functional Elements by pressing the button ALL.
Figure 75: Choose DK_1 and DK_2 from dialog. The new input on frame 76 will be displayed (only two decks). Now you must specify a reference frame to take over the plate and stiffener definitions for all undefined Functional Elements, since you have made an input at this frame number. Enter 154 in Ref. Frame No. in this case. In this way the plates
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and stiffeners are not explicitly defined at the current frame (except DK_1 and DK_2) but referenced from a previously defined frame. Advice: If you do not provide explicit information about plates and stiffeners, POSEIDON takes over the plate and stiffener definitions from the reference frame. This means, you must redefine all plates and stiffeners at this functional element even if only one plate or stiffener is different from the reference frame.. Complete the input mask Plate Arrangement according to the data in the following figure:
Figure 76: Corrected input of section 3.1.2 at fr. 76, view aft and forward. Complete the copied data in the input mask Longitudinal Stiffener Arrangement (Section 3.1.3), enter the values given in the following table.
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The corrected input is only valid from frame 76 to aft (defined in section 3.1.1 'Functional Elements'). If you choose the view only to forward ( set F/A to F only), a lot of warnings will be displayed in the INFOFILE. These warnings are intentional since there is no deck structure in front of frame 76. If you switch to frame 80 for example, the same list of warnings will be displayed. The default used Ref. Frame No. is frame 76 (the last definition behind the actual frame number). To fix the long list of warnings in the hull section between fr. 76 and fr 154, please switch to fr.77 and change the default value of Ref. Frame No. from 76 to 154. So all members of frame 154 will be used on fr. 77 and the frames in front of fr. 77 uses automatically the reference of the last definition behind ! in this case frame77, which references to frame 154. Note: An individual given Ref. Frame No. will be used as a definition of the cross section!
Save your work.
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Problem
A Transverse Bulkhead at Frame 76
Definition of a three-piece watertight transverse bulkhead at frame 76. Requirements The principal dimensions, the frame table, the shell and the longitudinal members at this frame have been entered.
4.1
Description of Bulkhead components
! Generation of functional elements, assignment of geometry data and assignment of a frame number
A definition of a bulkhead in POSEIDON is a composition of several components (Functional Elements). These Functional Elements for bulkheads are not the same Functional Elements as defined in section 3.1.1! Each component can be assigned to one or more bulkheads. The geometry information for a component is given by one or more cell descriptions. One cell description (definition of geometry) can be assigned by different components (Functional Elements) of different bulkheads. It is possible to share one cell description (definition of geometry) by several plate definitions. Select Section 3.3.1 'Transverse Bulkheads ! Overview' from the TreeView. Enter the following values in the grid of the input line:
Bulkhead Name: BHD1 Frame No.: 76 Functional Element: BF_1 (Bulkhead Functional Element) Cell: BC_1 (Bulkhead Cell)
Figure 77: Definition of bulkhead components.
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In the proposal line
, overwrite the value BC_1 of Cell by BC_2 and leave.
So we have defined the bulkhead (BHD1) by one Functional Elements (BF_1) and two cell descriptions. (see the following table)
Note:
The cells used by one Functional Element has to be defined in the same plane, because stiffeners and girders will be defined later by using the Functional Elements.
The transverse coaming plate will be defined in section 3.2 'Hull Structure ! Trans. Web Plates' as described in chapter 2.6 'Modeling of Transverse Members'. Switch to Section 3.2.1 and define the cell between DK_1, CO_1 and CO_2 as permanent cell COA_1.
Then switch to Section 3.2.2 and define a plate CO_1:76.Choose the design criteria Ae (superstructure aftend bulkhead) and CO (coaming).
After that, switch to Section 3.2.3 and define the stiffeners.
Save your work and close all child windows.
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4.2
Geometry of Cells for Bulkheads
! Generation of the geometrical and topological information of the bulkhead components.

Switch to Section 3.3.2 'Trans. Bulkheads ! Geometry of Cells' .Use the pull down menu of the proposal line and select the cell BC_1. Fill in the values of the following table by using the pull down menus of the input window and describe the corners of the cell BC_1.
Figure 78: Definition of the bulkhead cell BC_1. Now you have generated the geometry and topology of a bulkhead component between center line, inner bottom, longitudinal girder LB_2, deck DK_6, longitudinal girder LB_1 and deck DK_2. For all points the column X relative to Xref [mm] contains 0.0, because of the component is defined on the X plane of the defined frame number 76. The input value 3 in LT (Line Type) defines the connection of an edge (given by straight line between two points), along a given longitudinal Functional Element. Generate the geometry for the cell BC_2 in the same manner (see the following table):
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4.3
Plate Arrangement
! Generation of the plates with thickness of 13.0, 11.0 and 9.0

Switch to section 3.3.3 'Trans. Bulkheads ! Plates' Choose BF_1 from the pull down menu of Functional Element. Next choose the needed cell BC_1 from Cell . Do not change the value in Start of Plate , but choose BH= from the pull down menu of End of Plate and enter the value 5380. Enter 13.0 in column t (thickness). All other values can be left on default. The default input of the column Design Criteria is WT (watertight) , but it can be changed by the user, if required. Now you have created the first part of plating by using geometry of the cell BC_1. To define the next part, use the AUTO command in Start of Plate. Create the further plates in the same manner by using the following table. Now you have defined a transverse bulkhead with three bulkhead plates (only two cells) and one transverse plate for the transverse coaming.
Figure 79: Input mask for plates at transverse bulkheads.
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4.4
Stiffener definition on a bulkhead
! Definition of the vertical stiffening at bulkhead BH with HP-profiles.

Switch to Section 3.3.4 'Trans. Bulkheads !Stiffeners'. Choose the Functional Element BC_1. The stiffener definition will be valid for the whole bulkhead. The first stiffener should be defined at the center-line, between the inner bottom and DK_1. The two input fields of the column Start of Stiffener / End of Stiffener refers to the y- and z coordinate of the starting point and the ending point of the stiffener. Enter on the left input cell 0, on right input cell IB (Start of Stiffener) and 0 and DK_1 in the second row of this column (End of Stiffener). Change Item to CL and the column Sym. to P. Do not change the other default values. The definition of the following two stiffeners starts at L_1 with a spacing of 720mm. Overwrite Item with 1, Start of Stiffener with YL_1;IB , End of Stiffener with L_1;DK_1. Enter n with 2 and a with 720. Change the column Sym. to P+S. Use the following table to define the following stiffeners.
Figure 80: The input mask for stiffeners at transverse bulkheads.
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Clear the result file, if the computer is slow! To do this, move the mouse pointer on the INFOFILE and click the right mouse button. Choose clear buffer from the pop up menu. Use the Plot button to check the result at frame 76. Choose A+F in the field F/A !
Figure 81: Plot Dialog
Figure 82: The transverse bulkhead
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4.5
Definition of girders on a bulkhead
If you size the cross section of frame 76 now, POSEIDON calculates very big profile dimensions, because of the free length of the profiles is 12920 mm from inner bottom up to deck 2. We need some girders to shorten the free length. Switch to Section 3.3.5 'Trans. Bulkheads ! Girders'. The input is similar to the stiffener definition, but you have to give the scantlings of the girders. Enter the values in the same manner as the stiffeners before and use the following table.
Figure 83: Input mask for girders on bulkheads. If some girders or tweendecks are defined, the correct free length will be used for the profile . Save your work! calculation. Check your input by the preview or by using the plot button
Figure 84: Preview of the complete bulkhead at frame 76.
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Generation of a FE - Model
POSEIDON ND 5 Generation of a FE - Model
In this section the automatic generation of models for structural analysis with the Finite Element method is described. Problem Input of the principal mesh generation parameters in a cross section. Input of the necessary boundary conditions. Input of the modeling area in the longitudinal direction. Generation and check of the Finite Element model. Requirements The structure to be modeled has to be defined completely and without topological errors.
5.1
Abstract
This section deals with the automatic generation of Finite Element Models of the ship structure. Mesh generation in POSEIDON also is cross section oriented. Generation starts by specifying parameters for the node distribution of at least one reference cross section. This node distribution is also used for the other cross sections, until a new reference cross section will be found. It is possible to divide a reference cross section into areas of different levels of refinement. We will now generate a mesh between frames 76 and 92 and define a mesh refinement around the holes in the floor and in the web frame.
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5.2 Parameters of mesh generation
! Fixing of the mesh generation parameters for a cross section

Select the Menu Point 7.1 'Preprocessor ! Net Tolerances' in the TreeView. POSEIDON ND creates a proposal input row with defaults. Enter the number of the desired cross section in the first column Frame No. , in this case 76. Thus, you have defined the reference cross section. If you enter 3 in Mode, you have chosen, the plates to be modeled as shell elements, nodes are generated on trace curves of the stiffeners and the stiffeners are modeled as Beam Elements, when POSEIDON generates the FE model. (for more information about the different modes, see the Reference Manual or press F1 for Online Help!) In case definition ranges intersect, later lines of meshing parameters overrule earlier definitions (see Reference Manual). Therefore define the basic meshing parameters at first. POSEIDON should model the half cross section. Enter 0 in column ymin , do not overwrite the entry AUTO in ymax, zmin and zmax. The entries in min.l and max.l limits the edge length of elements between 350 mm and 2000 mm. But note: in Mode 3 the positions of the stiffeners have the first priority for the meshing. Use the new proposal input row to define a fine meshed area in the model. Overwrite the values in ymin with 0, ymax with 6570, zmin with 0 and zmax with 1800, min.l with 200 and max.l with 650. Now you have redefined the element size in an area between the shell, the inner bottom and the longitudinal girder LG_08 on port site.
Figure 85: Input of mesh generation parameters at a cross section This mesh description is valid for the whole model until the next input, if existing. With the Show command, take a look at the result of the mesh generation in the cross section to check the correctness of parameters (see Figure 86). Have a look at the fine generated mesh in the double bottom area.
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Figure 86: Nodes on frame 76 A+F.
5.3
Boundary conditions
! Define the boundary conditions

Select Boundary condition in section 7 'Preprocessor'. We want to create a FE model of the half structure of the vessel between frames 76 and 92 (only for example!), which is clamped on fr. 76. Overwrite the entry .5L in Location of section by 76. Next, we have to define the symmetry condition in the X-Z plane. Choose x-z plane from the pull down menu of the column Kind of Section and overwrite the 76 in Location of section with 0. Define the symmetry condition of the nodes in the center line. Fix the degrees of freedom as shown below.
Figure 87: Input of boundary conditions.
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5.4 Definition of the loads to generate
Switch to Section 7.3 'Preprocessor ! Loads'. You will see a window with the tabs 'External Sea Loads', 'Cargo Loads' and 'Tank Loads' . In the tab 'External Sea Loads' the user has the possibility to create two draughts (default: TBallast = Tmin and T = Tmax ). Activate the checkbox 'Weather Deck' to generate the weather deck load. The tab 'Cargo Loads' is only available if there are deck loads defined in section 4.2 of POSEIDON ND. Switch to the tab 'Tank Loads' and activate the hooks for static pressure like shown in Figure 89. The further possibilities in this mask are used by cargo tanks. Save your work!
Figure 88: External Sea Loads.
Figure 89: Tank Loads.
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5.5 Mesh generation in longitudinal direction
! Fixing of the mesh generation parameters in the longitudinal direction.

Now select the Menu Point 7.4 'Generate FE Model' in section 'Preprocessor' and define a new input row to fix the model boundaries. Overwrite the entry in column From with 76 and in To with 77. It is necessary to get the bulkhead girders in the FE model. Define the location and the numbering of cross sections in the FE-model with the input of a (every frame starting with frame 76) in Step It is not necessary to overwrite the entries in the other columns. (see the Reference Manual or the Online Help) In the second input row overwrite the values as shown in the figure below. Note, that the employed frames and frame spacing (4a) are chosen on the defined web frames. POSEIDON creates the nodes of the FE model only from the defined members on the defined cross sections.
Figure 90: Define the mesh generation parameters in longitudinal direction
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5.6 Start the model generation
to start the FE
Finally, use the Generate command or the Generate with loads' command model generation. To check the result, have a look at the POSEIDON INFOFILE.
Figure 91: INFOFILE: Generation of the FE Model without errors. Switch to section 8.1 'External Programs ! GL-Frame'. Use the Show command in section PLOT in Main Catalogue of GLFRAME to create a graphical representation of the generated FE model. The default values in this mask describe a general 3-D view on the model. To have a look at the mesh generation at frame 76 overwrite the second and the third value in Point of view: Cx,Cy,Cz by 0.0 and Section at: Frame No. min,max by 76. With the Show command you have a look at frame 76.
Figure 92: The generated FE model in GLFRAME
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Try the different possibilities to plot some details ( e.g.: boundaries, node numbers or beam numbers) of the model. GL-Frame is the solver for the FE model and so the plots are only for a fast visual control of the model. You can obtain a better overview about the generated by using the program FEMPL. Quit GL-Frame by pressing the F3 function key three times to leave the old user interface. The new POSEIDON ND interface will be launched again. Switch to Section 8.2 'External Programs ! FEMPL'. Do not overwrite the default values in the dialog window Start FEMPL and press OK. FEMPL will be opened and the model is shown as in Figure 93. To move the model, press the Move - button on top and choose the appropriate move commands from the panel at the right hand side or use the arrow keys of your keyboard.
Figure 93: The generated FE model in FEMPL Try the different views and possibilities of FEMPL. Press the F1 function key, if you need the Online Help. Leave FEMPL (FEM-Plot) by pressing the 'Q' button in the lower right corner of the window. If you are back in POPSEIDON ND, save your work and close the file ( file menu ! close).
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A Bulker example
POSEIDON ND 6 A Bulker example
The current project is a typical container ship with longitudinal framing, hence without web frames and deck loads in the mid body. To learn something about the functionality in the section Longitudinal Members ! Transverse Girders and Design Criteria/Loads, it is necessary to generate a mid-ship section of a bulker with transverse framing. Choose the File Menu Point Load Project in the POSEIDON Main Menu and select the project BULKTEST.POX. Now you have loaded a file containing the principle dimensions and the frame table for this example.
6.1
The Wizard for Bulk Carrier
! Generation of a typical cross section of a bulker with the POSEIDON - Wizard

Now activate the Section 2.1.2 'Wizards ! Transverse Section ! Bulk Carrier in the TreeView. Compare the values shown below with the used standard values and press OK , if the input fields are correctly filled out. POSEIDON will generate a typical cross section of a bulk carrier.
Figure 94:Cross section of the bulker at frame 133 If POSEIDON shows the dialog box 'Delete all previous hullform data? Do you want to continue?', press the OK button. The cargo hold area from frame 113 up to frame 153 will be created.
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6.2
Problem Definition of web frames Requirements Main dimensions, frame table and the longitudinal members have been entered.
Built-up Web Frames and Transverse Girders
! Definition of a web frame at frame 133

To size longitudinal members of ships with transverse framing, POSEIDON also needs information about the position and the structure of built-up web frames. Go to section Longitudinal Members: Web Frames and Transverse Girder. Look at the definition line for the built-up web frame FrWft1. It is assigned to the shell by the value SHELL in Funct. Element. The web frame starts at the hopper bilge tank (Start of Girder: Hopper) and has a length of 1076mm (End of Girder: Hopper + 1076). The web height is 538 mm and the thickness is 12 mm (hweb : 632) at the start point and 359 mm and 12 mm at the end point (hweb : 421, tweb: 12.0). The flange should be 100 mm wide and 10 mm thick (bflg : 100, tflg : 10.0) at both end points.
Figure 95: Input mask for built-up web frames and transverse girders Use the Plot button or the preview to look at the result.
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A Bulker example
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Figure 96: Web frames at frame 133.
Figure 97: Preview plot of web frames at frame 133.
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Try different variations of the definition parameters. Use also not real values and look at the changed cross section, to get a feeling for meaning and functionality of the parameters. It is also possible to define web plates with appropriate cut outs instead of girders in the hopper tank and wing tank area.
Figure 98: Web plates at hopper tank and wing tank, only on frame 113.
Figure 99: 3D geometry of the file BulkTest.pox from frame 113 up to frame 153.
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6.3 Decks with cargo
Switch to Section 4.2 'Design Criteria / Loads ! Decks' and have a look at the generated input. This definition was made by the wizard, because of the defined IB Load of 100 kN/m (see Figure 94). There is entered a 1 in column No. to specify the criterion C1 (Cargo load number 1 = C1) The given description in Item is IB. The input Deck No. is only required to determine the kind of the deck (1 = nd main deck, 2 = 2 deck or 3 for other decks is possible) and results in the consideration of the minimum plate thickness. The load can be defined direct by Static Load , or by using upper Edge of Cargo , Density C and optional the Repose Angle. In the right part of the input mask, it is possible to define wheel loads.
Figure 100: Specification of Cargo Load 1. This is the specification of the design criterion C1. It was used in addition to IB in the automatic definition of the inner bottom plating in Section 3.1.2 by the Wizard. All plates connected with the design criterion C1 (cargo load number 1) will be calculated during the sizing with this design loads. If there are defined additional different loads, they can be used as design criteria C2, C3,...Cn in Section 3.1.2. Take a look to the input mask once more in 'Hull Structure ! Long. Members ! Plate Arrangement' :
Figure 101: Plate Arrangement with Design Criteria C1.
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Input of a Transverse Sections without a Frame Table
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Input of a Transverse Sections without a Frame Table
It is also possible in POSEIDON ND to enter transverse sections when no frame table has been defined. This is useful only when single transverse sections are to be calculated. When larger calculations are to be made, a frame table should definitely exist! If geometry (Functional Elements) is entered on several frames with <factor>L in the column
FrameNo. , POSEIDON can interpolate between them and generate the geometry automatically. The
value for <factor> always lies in the range from 0.0 to 1.0 . The command Plot displays the frame at 0.461L. Frame No. 0.461L
Figure 102: Functional Elements and Geometry at Frame Position 0.461L If no frame table exists, the description of the frame position in the ships longitudinal direction occurs as a factor of the length L. The definition without frame table and/or transverse members is only useful to get a fast estimate about the scantlings of a main frame section at 0.5L.
Please use our Homepage to get the newest information and updates! http://www.germanlloyd.org Choose the section Newbuildings ! Hull on the website.
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Contents

Summary of the inputs described in the following

Figure 2: POSEIDON ND main window

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

Design Parameters and Concept Sketch

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

Figure 3: Concept Sketch of a Ship design

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

Principal Dimensions and Material

2.2.1 Input of the Principal Dimensions

Figure 4: Input mask for Principal Dimensions

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

2.2.2 Material definition

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

2.2.3 Storing the Project

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

2.3.1 Generation of a Frame Table

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

2.3.2 Changes in the Frame Table

Figure 8: Delete a row of the frame table

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

The Wizards of POSEIDON

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

Figure 10: File menu with history

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

Modeling of Longitudinal Members

2.5.1 Definition of the Frame Table (Y and Z Dir)

Figure 11: Use of the frame table in y-z direction

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

Figure 12: Frame table in y-z direction

2.5.2 Definition of Geometry and Topology

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

Figure 13: Shape definition of the Functional Element SHELL

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

Figure 15: Use preview plot functions to define functional elements

! Enter further Functional Elements.

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

2.5.2.3 View of the Transverse Section at Frame 154

2.5.3 Plates, Stiffeners and Holes of Longitudinal Members

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

Figure 19: Input mask for plate arrangements

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

! Overwrite the description keel with FK

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

! Overwrite End of Plate of plate LB_1;pl.1 with Z=6800.

! Check the data of Deck2 and Deck6 to Moulded Line left.

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing

2.5.3.3 Arrangement of Longitudinal Stiffeners

A Midship Section - from Concept to Sizing