M

Iniuria .
-crimen. , . XII ,
. ? , , - ,
(membrum ruptum os fractum).
, ,
, . , .
: Iniuria. -crimen. Membrum ruptum. Os fractum. .

1.
, ,
.
, , :
?
-crimen?
?
( XII
) ?

iniuria convicium.1

A a
a, ogvujovic@yahoo.com.
1
O , iniuria convicium,
2/2010.

360

 (. 360380)

, ,
, ,2
.3
:
,4
.5 : -crimen ,6
( )
.7

2.

.8 , :

iniuria.
, .9
2
. , ,
1/2011.
3
. , XII ,
1/2011.
4
. , (2011), 415417.
5

, ibid., 419.
6
. , (2011), 415 .
7
Ibid., 417 .
8
, iniuria XII
, . Iniuria alteri facta
, 1/2010, 289, Tab. VIII 4: Si
iniuria(m) alteri faxit viginti quinque poene sunto. ,
iniuria convicium (Bruns)
, . , (2010), 265 . 16.
XII , . , (2011), 414
(Tab.VIII 4. Si iniuriam faxsit, viginti quinque poenae sunto). , ,
(Kaser) , (Aulus Gellius, Noctes
Atticae 20. 1. 12) iniuria XII . Si iniuriam alteri faxsit, XXV poenae sunto, Mx Kaser, Roman Private Law (transl. R. Dannenbring), Pretoria 19803, 256. ,
Tab. VIII 4. .
.
9
. , (2011), 415416. :
:

361

 , LIX, 2/2011

, ,
. iniuria XII
.10 ,
si iniuria(m) alteri faxit
. iniuria .11 alteri, .
.
12
. ,
iniuria
. ,
.13 ,
.
, iniuria
.14 , ,
.
legis actio sacramentum in rem. ,
,
(Gaius, Inst. 3.220225)
, . , (2011), 415 . 9.

( XII ). ,
.
10
alteri ,
, ,
. , , .
(2010), 290.
,
, . ,
,
, ibid., 293.
11
: the formation of in-iuria is too clear to admit
of misinterpretation, David Daube, Societas as Consensual Contract, Cambridge Law
Journal 6/19361938, 402.
12
XII
(Tab. VIII 2 Tab. VIII 3), Tab. VIII 1. Tab. VIII
1, Tab. VIII 4.,
.
13

, iniuria , .
. 47.
14
iniuria ,
, ius
, . , (2011), 416.
, . . , (2010), 289 . 7 ibid., 294295 . 26. ,

XII . (Play), , .

362

 (. 360380)

. -

.15
iniuria .


.
.
,
. iniuria
.
.16
, , .
,
iniuria
.
: , iniuria vindicatio
,
15
lmer Play, Iniuria Types in Roman Law, Budapest 1986, 16.
- , ius iuniuria
, . . , (2010),
267268). iniuria vindicatio ,
. , iniuria vindicatio ,
, E, Polay, 6.
(Hausmaninger) iniuria vindicare , ibid., 4 . 1.
, iniuria vindicatio , ibid., 5.
, ibid., 5 .
2. , , legis actio sacramento,
.
, ibid.,
5. : manus, potestas mancipium, E. Polay, 9. XII
, ,
manus, mancipium potestas, E. Polay, 71. , ius
, ibid.,75.
. , , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
.
16
. . 9.

363

 , LIX, 2/2011

,17
.18

. ,
, .
.
(iniuria).
,
.19
17

. , (2011), 417. ,
, , Joseph Plescia, The Development of
iniuria, Labeo 23/1977, 271 . 2.
18
. , (2011), 417. ,

, Roscoe Pound, Interests of Personality (Concluded), Harvard Law Review
(HLR) 5/1915, 449.
19
, : .
, E. Play, 75.
, , ,
, , . . ,
(2011), 415 419. , ,
. , ibid., 414416. Richard
A. Bauman, The interface of Greek and Roman Law: Contract, Delict and Crime, Revue Internationale de Droits Lantiquite 43/1996, 3962 ,
, ,
. , , , ibid.,
41. , ,
( Urdelikt, ibid.,
41 . 5). , , . ,
,
, , ibid., 4142.
.
, iniuria vindicatio
.

( -crimen,
).
, . .
, (. , (2011), 414 ),

. . ,
, . ,
. ,
( )
( ).

. ,

364

 (. 360380)

,
: iniuria vindicatio,
legis actio sacramento in rem.
.20
,
. ( XII
, ) .
, iniuria vindicatio ( )
, , .
: :
aut re aut
verbis. (iniuria re facta),
. iniuria
re facta . .21
.22

3.
, . , ,
.
. ,
()
. membrum ruptum
os fractum. (
) .
20
. , (2011), 415. ,
. Urdelikt,
, . .
, .
. , iniuria
contumelia.
hybris (I. 4. 4. Pr.).
hybris contumelia. hybris measuring-rod,
. A working definition would be the
self-indulgent misuse of energy or power, riding roughshod over the rights of others, .
R. A. Bauman, 60. hybris , .
, Hybris ,
10/2008, 203 222.
21
. , (2011), 414. , ,
( ).
22
. . , (2011), 421424.

365

 , LIX, 2/2011

. ,
,
() .
,
,
. , , ;
, ,
, , ,
.
;
,
.23
.

, , , , ?
. , , .
, ,
( ) . ,
, .
.
.
, ,
. , ,
, (,
); ,
,
,
.
,
:
,
.
... ,
;
, ( ),
23

366

Klod Levi Stros, Dvlja misao, Beograd 1978, 58.

 (. 360380)

,
, , ,
,
:
,
,
.24
, . 25 ( XII )
.
, , , , iniuria.
( membrum ruptum os fractum)
.

4.
,
Tab. VIII 426 ,
. (Si
iniuriam alteri faxsit)
XII .
Tab.VIII, 4 , .
,
.27
24

Ibid., 6061.
, , ,
J. Plescia, 272: dolus, , animus iniurandi (dolus
); (
, , boni mores)
.
26
, . ,
(2010), 289.
27
Tab. VIII 2 Tab. VIII 3. ,
(G. 3. 223), .
, membrum ruptum os fractum, E. Play, 26.
25

367

 , LIX, 2/2011

.28 . ,
.
.
iniuria.29
, ,
iniuria .

, -crimen? , ,

.

,
, ?
(),
. :
?, .30
, ,
.
(
). .
, .
iniuria vindicatio
, ,
.
, , .31 :

.32
, , , Tab. VIII 2 Tab. VIII 3
28
: The provisions on injuries less than death to humans which are
contained in the Twelve Tables, Alan Watson, Personal Injuries in The XII Tables,
Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis (TR) 43/1975, 213.
29
. . , (2011), 415 .
30
. , (2011), 415.
31
Ibid., 419.
32
Ibid. :
,
,
, ibid.
?

368

 (. 360380)

(
) ,
.33
XII .
?34
( ). ( ).35
. .
(furtum) ( ) .36 ( 33

A. Watson, 213.
. , (2011), 417.
, XII ,
(), ibid.

. -crimen

. , ,
. ,
.
35
, .
,
, . :
?
, M. Kaser, 138. ,
.
. ( , ,
,
, , 111.
. ., 2/2007, 128).
36
lance et lici,
XII . ,
.
.

, .
, , ,
, R. A. Bauman, 55 . ,
furtum, ,
[ ( )
].
. ( )

. ,
, XII , .
. ,
.
34

369

 , LIX, 2/2011

) , iniuria vindicatio
.37 , ,
, . , .
.38
, , .
-crimen .
XII .
.
.
.
XII . ,
XII .
, ,39
?40 ,
(D. 47. 10.
, .
,
.
37
Iniuria vindicatio
. , , .
. legis actio sacramento
( ), ,
M. Kaser, 398. vindicatio contravindicatio
, M. Kaser, 399.
legis actio sacramento in rem : patria potestas,
manus, mancipium, , M. Kaser, 397 138139.
, ,
, . . 20.
38

, ?
39
.
, M. Kaser 166.
XII ,
( ) ,
ibid., 255.
40

, a .
ademptata pudicitia convicium, . , (2010), 302.

370

 (. 360380)

1. pr.).41
, crimen .42

5. -CRIMEN

. XII
. ?
, .
: . , ,
.43
.
,
. , . ,
, , .
.
. .44

. Ius iniuria
, . ,
(
, ),
. .
XII . iniuria vindicatio.45
41
. , (2011), 416417.
, .
42
. ,
, ,
.
, , , .
43
Karl Gustav Jung, Psiholoki tipovi, Novi Sad 1977, 416.
44
Ibid., 436437.
45
, ,
.

371

 , LIX, 2/2011

.
().
. . ( )
XII -
(membrum ruptum os fractum), . .
iniuria, ,
,
.
. XII
. iniuria XII ? . ,
.

6. ,

, :
, , .
XII : , , ,
in-iuria . XII , ,

. ,
. ,
membrum ruptum os fractum:

. , membrum ruptum os
fractum ,
, XII membrum ruptum os
fractum. ? membrum ruptum os fractum , ,
. :
, gnome dikaiotate, . Sima Avramovi,
Isejevo sudsko besednitvo, Beograd 2000, 3031. ,
,
, . ,
, iniuria
. ?

372

 (. 360380)

...
: , .
; .46
( membrum ruptum os fractum)
- .47
membrum ruptum os fractum
XII .48

broken his limb
fractured his bone.49
membrum ruptum os fractum,

46

D. Daube, 402.
: membrum ruptum os fractum
(each deal with one definite delict). ,
iniuria , ibid.
, , ,
.

iniuria. It is thus perfectly understndable why the XII Tables opposed to membrum
ruptum and os fractum on the one hand, unlawfulness, iniuria, on the other, as referening
in this technical connexion to blows with no serious consequences, D. Daube, 403.
, ,
.
consensus.
, ,
(, ). consensus
, (ibid., 398). ,
:
- .
, ,
. ( -
) .
, , ?
,
- .
48
: malum carmen, occentatio, membri
ruptio ossis fractio XII . ,
fas Tab. VIII 4.,
, J. Plescia, 275276.
( XII ) .
. .
, ,
, , , R. A. Bauman, 4748.
. ,
, , .
49
D. Daube, 403.
47

373

 , LIX, 2/2011

.
, .
.
.
iniuria XII
, :
.50
iniuri (). , , , .
iniuria,
.51
iniuria XII .
XII .
. , - .
iniuria 52
si iniuriam alteri faxsit, , .
,
, , ,
, .
, , .
.
. , .
,
.

7.
, XII , , , ,
: XII
,
?
50

Ibid. .
Ibid., 403, . 63.
52
Tab. VIII 4.
. XII iniuria extra corpus.
XII (membrum
ruptum os fractum) ,
iniuria in corpus, E. Play, 27 (. . 57 ).
51

374

 (. 360380)

(Roscoe Pound). (
) , , . , ,
. (contumelia). , ,
, , ,
. iniuria, , . , ,
. je

, ,

, .53 XII , iniuria,
.
.
.
Tab. VIII 4 ,
.
, . ,
, , .54
, . , ,
, :
Tab. VIII 1. a: Qui malum carmen incantassit...
Tab. VIII 1. b: Si quis occentavisset sive carmen condidisset, quod
infamiam faceret flagitiumve alteri.
XII , , ,
? ,
. ,
.55
53

R. Pound, Interests of Personality, HLR 4/1915, 357.

. . , (2011), 415421.
, .
, , ,
. ,
. (
, ).
.
55
Plinius, Naturalis Historia 28, 2, 1017; Cicero, Tusculan Disputationis 4,
2, 4, . Carolus Georgius Bruns, Fontes Iuris Romani Antiqui, Tbingen 19097, 28.
54

375

 , LIX, 2/2011

j , (Festus),56
occentare , , convicium facere.57
,
,
turpe (), non sine causa.58
O , occentare, . :

?
Condo , . ,
condo , .
.
,
.59 ,
( ).
Tab. VIII 1.
,

. (Rives) ,
(Manfredini),
.
XII , si quis occentavisset, .
sive carmen condidisset, quod infamiam faceret flagitumve
alteri, XII ,
, , ames B.
Rives, Magic in the XII Tables Revisited, The Classical Quarterly 52/2002, 280.
56
Festus, 190, 32 L.
57
J. Plescia, 276. Tab. VIII 1a Tab.
VIII 1b (forerunner) convicium, Reinhard Zimmermann,
The Law of Obligations, Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition, Oxford 1996,
10531054. actio iniuriarum
occentatio convicium-
, Peter Birks, The Earley History of Iniuria, TR 37/1969, 204 .
convicium, , E.
Play, 105. , , iniuria Tab.
VIII 4, ibid. This offended the ears of the candidate, as a part of his body, and in this way
his honor, reputation and, through breaching the peace by a riotous behavior, it disturbed
the order of the state, as well, ibid. Convicium , , ,
(with personal edge, ibid) , ibid.
, , , , ,
( Tab.VIII. 4) ademptata
pudicitia convicium, . . 40. , ,
convicium , . . ,
(2010), 296.
58
J. Plescia, 276.
59
Ibid.

376

 (. 360380)

, ,
. 60
II . carmen
libellus. libellus famosus carmen famosum . ,
ius-
fas-.61
, ,
.62 , , :
XII ? (
Tab. VIII 1. ).63
. ,
.
. ,
, , ,
, .64
, .
, ,
.65
XII . 60

Ibid.
J. Plescia, 277.
62
. B. Rives, 284290. XII
, .
. , (2010), 275277. ,
. Tab. VIII 1.
convicium. Tab. VIII 1.
(iniuria). , , ,
, , (
), .
. , , , ,
. occentare incantare
.
63
: ,
?
64
. . B. Rives., 285.
65
,
(insult) , .
, , (defamation) , R.
A. Bauman, 62. , ,
,
.
.
61

377

 , LIX, 2/2011

, . .
.
.
dictum generale de iniuriis aestimandis in factum , . edictum de convicio.

.66
, , ,
.
. , .
,
(
). , , . ,
. ( )

( ).
.
.
. , . , -
.
.

8.
,
, .
Iniuria .
-crimen.

.
XII , .
?
66

J. Plescia, 283.
edictum generale de iniuriis .

378

 (. 360380)

-crimen , .
. .
.
. XII ,
.
, - , ,
. , .
. , XII
.67 ,
, . ,
iniuria .

.

Ognjen Vujovi, LLM

Assistant Lecturer
University of Pritina Kosovska Mitrovica Faculty of Law

INIURIA AS A TORT
Summary
Iniuria has been a sign of illegality from early times. Therefore,
it signified pre-crimen. During the process of secular iniuria separation
67

XII
Tab.VIII 4. , ,
, ibid., 275 287288. O occentatio, membri
ruptio ossis fractio fas, iniuria ius.
.
membri ruptio, ossis fractio, convicium, adtemptata pudicitia, ibid., 287288.
ius fas iniuria
. iniuria
fas ius, ibid., 289). , , membrum
ruptum os fractum ( XII ) .

379

 , LIX, 2/2011

from pre-crimen, obligation law is appeared and occurred as a tort iniuria as well. In the time of passage of XII Tables there can be neither
defamation tort nor defamation. How can they exist unless the word has
been secularized yet? A key role in the process of offence of iniuria decomposition was played by the need for legal-linguistic standardization
of striking physical injuries through special legal formula (membrum ruptum and os fractum). This standardization has got the tendency, by typical
cases and through special formula, to provide a gradual special protection
to special values, and form separate assaults. However, that process has
never been completed yet.
Key words: Iniuria. Pre-crimen. Membrum ruptum. Os fractum.
Insult.

380