Rayleigh Flow - Thermodynamics: - Steady, 1-d, Constant Area, Inviscid Flow With No External Work But

1
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -1
School of Aerospace Engineering
Copyright 2001-2002 by Jerry M. Seitzman. All rights reserved.
Rayleigh Flow - Thermodynamics
Steady, 1-d, constant area, inviscid
flow with no external work but with
reversible heat transfer
(heating or cooling)
Conserved quantities (mass, momentum eqs.)
since A=const: mass flux= v=constant G
since no forces but pressure: p+ v
2
=constant
combining: p+G
2
/ =constant
On h-s diagram, can draw this Rayleigh Line
p
T
v
M
?
Q
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -2
Rayleigh Line
p+ v
2
=constant,
high p results in low v
h
s
p high,
v low
M<1
(v)
(v)
s
max
M=1
ds=Q/T (reversible)
heating increases s
cooling decreases s
Change mass flux
new Rayleigh line
M=1 at maximum s
p
M>1
p low,
v high
heating
cooling
2
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -3
Rayleigh Line - Choking
Heat addition can only
increase entropy
For enough heating,
M
e
=1 (Q
in
=Q
max
)
heat addition can lead to
choked flow
What happens if Q
in
>Q
max
subsonic flow: must move to
different Rayleigh line ( ), i.e., lower mass flux
supersonic flow: get a shock ( )
M
1
M
e
m Q q
=
h
s
M<1
(v)
s
max
M=1
M>1
heating
stays on same Rayleigh line: v and p+ v
2
also const. for normal shock
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -4
( )
+
+

+
=
A
dA
D
dx f
M
T c
M
M
M
M
dM
o p
2 1 q
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
Differential Mach Equations
Simplify (X.4-5) for f=dA=0
sign changes
2
2
2
2
M
dM
M 1
M
p
dp
+

=
(X.22)
( )
o p
2
2 2
2
2
T c
q
M 1
M
2
1
1 M 1
M
dM

+ +
=
(X.21)
2
2
2
2
p
M
dM
M 1
M 1
c
ds
+
=
(X.27)
(X.26) o
o 2
o
o
T
dT
M
2 p
dp
=
2
2
2
2
M
dM
M 1
M 1
h
dh
T
dT
+

= =
(X.23)
2
2
2
M
dM
M 1
1 d
v
dv
+
=
(X.24)
(X.25) o p o
o
T c
q
T
dT
=
3
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -5
Property Variations
What can change sign in previous equations
(1-M
2
) and q
(1-M
2
) in dh,dT for M<1
h,T same as p, unless M
2
<1/
(low speed flow: T oppos. p,)
p, opposite of v (p+ v
2
=const)
Heating: M1; cooling opposite
s, T
o
just like q
p
o
opposite of T
o
and s
M
2
<
-1
M<1 M>1
s, T
o
p
o
M, v
p,
h, T
q
<0 <0 >0 >0
M
2
>
-1
q<0 cooling
q>0 heating
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -6
Rayleigh Line Extremum
s
max
M=1
Combine X.23 and X.27
2
2
1
1
M
M
c
h
ds
dh
p

=
= =
1
for 0 M
ds
dh
1 for = = M
ds
dh
M=
-0.5
h
max
h
s
M<1
M>1
heat
cool
4
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -7
Integrated Mach Equations
Integrating (X.22-27)
=

p
o
o p o
o
c
q
dT
T c
q
T
dT
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
v
v
+
+
=
=
M
M
M
M
(X.31)
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
M
M
p
p
+
+
=
(X.29)
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1

+

+
+
+
= =
M
M
M
M
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
o
o
o
o
(X.32)
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
+
+
=
M
M
M
M
T
T
(X.30)
(X.28)
( )
p
o o
c
q
T T
12
1 2
=
(X.33)

+

+
+
+
=
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
M
M
M
M
M
M
T
T
o
o
( )
|
|
\
|
+
+
|
|
\
|
=
+ 1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 1 2
1
1
ln
M
M
M
M
c
s s
p
(X.34)
(energy)
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -8
Solution Approaches
Two methods to solve Rayleigh problems, i.e., for state
change from 12
In both, need to know one state (including M) and something
about other state (1 TD property or q or M)
Method 1: direct solution of integrated equations (X.28-34)
requires iterative solution
Method 2: tabular solutions using reference condition
uses sonic reference condition (similar to A/A*
and Fanno methods)
sonic condition based on heat transfer required for flow to go
sonic; M
2
=1, T
o2
= T
o
*
5
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -9
Direct Solution
Use two equations to find M change
e.g., if state 1 and q
12
known use X.28 and X.33
doesnt matter how q
changes along length,
only total q required
M
1
M
2
m Q q
=
1
12
1
2
1
o p o
o
T c
q
T
T
+ =
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
o
o
T
T
M
M
M
M
M
M
=

+

+
+
+
a) get T
o
ratio from X.28
b) get M
2
from X.33 (must know M
1
)
requires iterative
solution for M
2
c) get rest of property changes M
2
from X.29-34, e.g., from X.29
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
M
M
p
p
+
+
=
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -10
Cooled Duct Example
Given: Nitrogen flowing in constant area duct, enters at
M=3, T=250 K, p=50 kPa and exits with temperature of
200 K
Find:
1. M
2
2. q (including direction)
Assume: N
2
is tpg/cpg, =1.4, steady, reversible, no work
T
2
=
200K
m Q q
=
M
1
=3.0
T
1
=250K
p
1
=50 kPa
6
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -11
Cooled Duct - Solution
Analysis:
M
2
since started M>1, cant be subsonic
q (energy: ins = outs)
( )
2 1 o o p
T T c q =
41 . 3 , 21 . 0
2
= M
T
2
=200K
m Q q
=
M
1
=3.0
T
1
=250K
p
1
=50 kPa
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
T
T
M
M
M
M
=
+
+
( )
80 . 0
250
200
3 4 . 1 1
3 4 . 1 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
= =
+
+
M
M

+ =
2
2 1 1
2
1
1 M T T
o
K 700 =
( ) ( ) K K T
o
665 41 . 3 2 . 0 1 200
2
2
= + =
( )K
kmol kg
kmolK J
665 700
28
8314
1 4 . 1
4 . 1
=
kg kJ 36 =

+ =
2
9
2
1 4 . 1
1 250K
h
s
M<1
M>1
heat
cool
M=1
(from X.30)
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -12
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
M
M
p
p
+
+
=
Reference Solution Method
Reference state has M=1, TT*, pp*,...
2
2
2
1
1
+
+
=
M
M
T
T
*
(X.36)
(X.35)
2
1
1
M p
p
*
+
+
=
2
2
1
1
v
v
M
M
*
*
+
+
=
=
(X.37)
1 2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1

+

+
+
+
=
M
M p
p
*
o
o
(X.38)
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2

+

+
+
+
=
M
M
M T
T
*
o
o
(X.39)
'
+
+
=

+ 1
2
2
1
1
M
M ln
c
s s
p
*
(X.40)
Note: prop/prop* = f(M) only
Values for =1.4 in Appendix F, John
*sonic, but not same
state as A* or Fanno
State 2sonic in integ-
rated equations (X.29-34)
7
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -13
Use of Tables
To get change in M, use change in property ratio (like
using A/A*), e.g.,
1
2
1
2
1
2
M
*
o o
M
*
o o
*
o o
*
o o
o
o
T T
T T
T T
T T
T
T
= =
M
1
M
2
m Q q
=
1
12
1
2
1
o p o
o
T c
q
T
T
+ =
1) again get T
o
ratio from X.28
2) look up T
o
/T
o
*
at M
1
For example, if state 1 and q
12
known
3) calculate T
o
/T
o
*
at M
2 *
o
o
o
o
*
o
o
T
T
T
T
T
T
1
1
2 2
=
4) look up M
2
that corresponds to calculated T
o
/T
o
*
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -14
Heated Duct Example
Given: Air flowing in constant area duct, enters at M=0.2
and given inlet conditions and a heating rate of 765 kJ/kg
Find:
1. M
e
, p
oe
, T
e
2. q
max
for M
e
=1
Assume: air is tpg/cpg, =1.4, steady, reversible, no work
M
e
m Q q
=
M
i
=0.2
T
oi
=300K
p
oi
=600 kPa
8
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -15
Heated Duct - Solution
Analysis:
M
e
kg kJ q 765 =
M
i
=0.2
T
oi
=300K
p
oi
=600 kPa
M
e
another solution for M=3.53, but since
started with M<1, cant be supersonic
(X.28, energy)
oi p oi
oe
T c
q
T
T
+ =1
( ) 614 . 0 17355 . 0 54 . 3 = =
p
oe
( )
54 3
300 1004
10 765
1
3
.
K
kgK
J
kg / J
=
+ =
2 0. M
*
o
oi
i o
e o
*
o
oe
T
T
T
T
T
T
=
=
i o
i o
*
o
*
o
oe
oe
p
p
p
p
p
p = kPa kPa
.
. 552 600
2346 1
1
1351 1 = =
45 0. M
e
=
(Appendix F)
M To/To* p
o
/ // /p

0.19 0.15814 1.23765
0.20 0.17355 1.23460
0.21 0.18943 1.23142
0.44 0.59748 1.13936
0.45 0.61393 1.13508
0.46 0.63007 1.13082
3.53 0.61393 5.47054
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -16
Heated Duct Solution (cont)
T
e
q
max
oi
oi
oe
oe
e
e
T
T
T
T
T
T =
( ) K K .
.
.
T
e
1021 300 54 3
45 0
2
4 0
1
1
2
=
+
=
( )

= = 1
1
1
o
*
o
o p o
*
o p max
T
T
T c T T c q
kg
MJ
.
.
K
kgK
J
43 1 1
17355 0
1
300 1004 =
=
M
e
kg kJ q 765 =
M
i
=0.2
T
oi
=300K
p
oi
=600 kPa
requires choked exit, T
oe
=T*
K
.
K
T
*
o
1728
17355 0
300
= =
K T T
*
o
*
1440
2
1
1 =

+ =
9
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -17
Combustor Example
Find:
1. T
e
and compare to value you
would calculate if neglected
kinetic energy change
2. p
o
loss
M
e
air
m
M
i
=0.2
T
i
=500K
air fuel
m 0413 . 0 m =
Given: Air entering constant combustor, enters at M=0.2
and given inlet conditions.
q=heating value of fuel (45.5 MJ/kg
fuel
)
air
fuel
m
m
Assume: air is tpg/cpg, =1.4, steady, reversible, no work,

) ( 1
m
m
q use just addition, mass neglect can
air
fuel
<<
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -18
Combustor Solution
Analysis:
T
e
(energy)
oi p oi
oe
T c
q
1
T
T
+ =
M
e
air
m
M
i
=0.2
T
i
=500K
air fuel
m 0413 . 0 m =
air fuel air
fuel
kg
MJ
88 . 1
kg
MJ
5 . 45
kg
kg
0413 . 0 q =
=
( ) K 504 008 . 1 K 500 M
2
1
1 T T
2
i oi
= =

+ =
( ) K 2376 715 . 4 K 504
) 504 ( 1004
10 88 . 1
1 T T
6
oi oe
= =

+ =
60 . 0 M 818 . 0 ) 1736 . 0 ( 715 . 4
T
T
T
T
T
T
e
*
o
oi
oi
oe
*
o
oe
= = = =
(Appendix F)
( ) ( )
K 2216
6 . 0 2 . 0 1
K 2376
2 1 M 1
T
T
2 2
oe
e
=
+
=
+
=
even for this subsonic
flow, kinetic energy
reduces final T by 160K
? combustion just
another kind of
heat addition
10
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -19
Combustor Solution (cont)
p
oe
/p
oi
M
e
air
m
M
i
=0.2
T
i
=500K
air fuel
m 0413 . 0 m =
871 . 0
2346 . 1
1
0753 . 1
p
p
p
p
p
p
oi
*
o
*
o
oe
oi
oe
= = =
(Appendix F)
So heat addition (burning fuel) in an engine gives p
o
loss as was case with friction
As we lose p
o
(~13% loss here)
less thrust
less work output
AE3450
Rayleigh Flow -20
Choking
Heating of a flow can lead
to choking just like friction
shock
inside
p
e,sh
shock
at exit
O
U
p*/p
o
x
1
p
e,R
p/p
o1
For supersonic flow,
depending on back
pressure, can get
underexpanded flow
overexpanded flow
shock inside duct
M
1
>1
M
e
p
e
p
b
p
o1
Q

Rayleigh Flow - Thermodynamics: - Steady, 1-d, Constant Area, Inviscid Flow With No External Work But

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Rayleigh Flow - Thermodynamics: - Steady, 1-d, Constant Area, Inviscid Flow With No External Work But

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Assume: air is tpg/cpg, =1.4, steady, reversible, no work,

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