Chapter #31: American Life in the "Roaring Twenties" Big Picture Themes 1.

. A red scare struck America in the 20s. Fear of communism resonated through society and was fueled by mail bombings and illustrated by the Sacco and Vanzetti executions. 2. Anti-immigration ran high as well. Laws were passed to limit immigration, and specifically, to limit New Immigrants from Italy and Poland. 3. The Scopes Monkey Trial illustrated the new controversy of evolution vs. creation. 4. Businesses had a good run in the 20s and consumers bought products wildly, often on credit or with an installment plan. 5. Three Republican presidents were pro-business. The economy and consumers got to running too fast, and coupled with over-buying in the stock market, initiated the Stock Crash and Great Depression. Chapter #31 Identifications A. Mitchell Palmer A. Mitchell Palmer was the secretary of state who led many raids on suspected socialists, communists, and anarchists during the Red Scare. His raids were called Palmer Raids. John T. Scopes Scopes was indicted for teaching evolution in Tennessee and his trial was watched all over the country. This trial symbolized the Fundamentalist vs. the Modernalist. In the outcome Scopes was only fined $100.00 dollars. While it seemed the Fundamentalists had won, the trial made them look bad. Clarence Darrow Clarence Darrow was an American lawyer who defended John T. Scopes. He opposed William Jennings Bryan and won. He was one of the most famous lawyers of his time and was known for his agnosticism. Andrew Mellon Andrew Mellon was the secretary of Treasury under Hoover. He lowered the taxes on the rich during the depression in order to let the industry grow. Frederick W. Taylor Taylor was an engineer, inventor, and a tennis player. He sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management especially time-management studies. Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger was an birth control activist, sex educator, and nurse. She was the first to open to birth control clinic and established Planned Parenthood. She was an iconic figure in the American reproductive rights movement.

H. L. Mencken H.L. Mencken was a patron to many young writers in the 1920's. He criticized many classes like the middle class, democracy, marriage, and patriotism in his monthly American Mercury. F. Scott Fitzgerald He was an American author of novels an short stories that focused on the Jazz Age. He was one of the great writers of the 20th century and was known for his books, This side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, and the Great Gatsby. Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway fought in Italy in 1917. He later became a famous author who wrote "The Sun Also Rises" and "A Farewell to Arms." In the 1920's he became upset with the idealism of America versus the realism he saw in World War I. . Sinclair Lewis Harry Sinclair Lewis was an American novelist, short story write and playwright. He was the first writer to be awards the Nobel Prize in Literature. His works were critical of American society and of capitalist values. Buying on Margin This kind of buying stocks was usually only used by poor and middle class people. They would buy the stock, but only pay for part of it and borrow money from the stockbrokers to pay the rest. Then when they sold the stock for a higher price, they would pay the broker off and keep the rest of the profit. This practice led to the great depression, because the banks couldn't get their money back when the stock market crashed. Red Scare The Red Scare was a movement in the 1920s, when the American people were afraid of communists after they took over the Russian government. People were afraid that communists would invade the country and take over their government too. Sacco and Vanzetti Case Nicola Sacco was a shoe-factory worker and Bartholomew Vanzetti was a fish peddler. They were both convicted of murdering a Massachusetts paymaster and his guard in 1921. They were supported by Liberals and Radicals. The case lasted 6 years and resulted in execution based on weak evidence. Mainly because Americans were xenophobic. This was the most controversial case ever. Emergency Quota Act 1921 The Emergency Quota Act is also known as the Emergency Immigration Act. It restricted immigration for any amount of time and limited it to 3%. Only people from Northern Europe had a chance to get in.

Immigration Quota Act 1924 This Act was the same as the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, but it limited the immigration amounts to be 2% of the American population. Volstead Act This was also known as the National Prohibition Act. It was enacted after the 19th Amendment to enforce the 18th Amendment. It was named after Andrew Volstead who was an active advocator of the Prohibition movement. Fundamentalism Fundamentalism is the people's return to religion and "old" ideas. Fundamentalists were against modern science. Modernists Modernists were people who believed in a God, but at the same time, believed in modern science, particularly the theory of evolution.

Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions Seeing Red Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti 1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare. Although violating the right of hapeous corpus, after the first red scare the United Stats government, mostly the Secretary of State A. Mitchell Palmer, rounded up and arrested many citizens with little or no evidence. Propaganda journalism was also created to denounce communism and all of its works. The two anarchist Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were eventually captured, tried, and convicted of murder and were eventually executed. This was a very controversial case. Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK 2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen. A new Ku Klux Klan emerged in the early 1920s. It more closely resembled the anti-foreign nativists movements of the 1850s than the anti-black nightriders of the 1860s. This new Ku Klux Klan was anti-foreign, anti-Catholic, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-revolutionist, anti-bootlegger, antigambling, anti-adultery, and antibirth control. It was also pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro-native American, and pro-Protestant. Stemming the Foreign Flood Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act 3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's. Immigrants began flooding into America after the end of World War I. However, isolationist America had little use for them. The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 restricted newcomers from Europe to a definite quota, which was set at 3 percent of the people of their nationality who had been living in the United States in 1910. This legislation was replaced by the Immigration Act of

1924, which cut Quotes for foreigners from 3 percent to 2 percent. This act marked the end of a period of virtually unrestricted immigration. Makers of America: The Poles Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw 4. What factors led Poles to America? Factors that led poles to America were economic hardship, political catastrophe, and collapsed labor unions in Poland served as the driving forces of Polish immigration to the United States The Prohibition "Experiment" Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment 5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently? Because all of the countries surrounding the US were still selling it, so organized crime benefited heavily from it since it gave them a product that's easy to obtain, and it was in huge demand. The worst people to be against is the mob, since they would bribe half the police force, politicians, judges, and city officials The Golden Age of Gangsterism Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law 6. What was Gangsterism? Prohibition spawned shocking crimes and gangsterism emerged. Police made many profits from bribes for drink illegal alcohol. This started violent wars in cities between rival gangs. Arrests were few and convictions were even fewer. Chicago was home to Al Capone, a violent booze distributor. He made millions and had to walk around in an armor plated car with bulletproof windows. He was public Enemy Number 1 but he was not convicted on the St. Valentines Day Massacre in 1929. Crimes got so bad that Congress had to pass the Lindbergh Law which made interstate abduction a death-penalty. Monkey Business in Tennessee Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow 7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's. Biology and theology clashed in schools in the 1920s. Fundamentalists, devoted religionists, were hostile to both science and progressive education. They charged that some of the science teachings were destroying faith in God and the Bible, while contributing to the moral breakdown of youth in the jazz age. They attempted to secure laws prohibiting the teaching of evolution. Three states adopted such laws. The Mass-Consumption Economy Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey 8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's. America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's due to a dramatic surge of innovation and general change. Technology advanced as the decade progressed; the new availability of cars, airplanes, and the radio fundamentally altered American life

Putting America on Rubber Tires Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T 9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles? Frederick Taylor promoted efficiency in production. He would put the stopwatch on a worker then orchestrate his movements to eliminated wasted movement and quicken his time. It was effective as workers became very effective The Advent of the Gasoline Age 10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile? The production of the automobile increased the effectiveness of the assembly line and brought it to the forefront of manufacturing. Henry Ford's strategy became economic principles that backed a strong economy. He also supported an economy that contained high working class purchasing power, therefore, he paid his workers high pay checks Humans Develop Wings Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh 11. What effects did the early airplane have on America? Early airplanes led to aircraft which was invented by Orville and Wilbur Wright. They were also used in wars and airmail. Charles A Lindbergh was the first person to fly across the Atlantic from New York To Paris. Airship led to easier air travel. The airship also provided the restless American spirit with yet another dimension. It also gave birth to a giant new industry. The Radio Revolution 12. How did America change as the result of the radio? The radio innovated long-range communication during World War 1. Next came the voice radio which led to radio stations such KDKA to broadcast news. It also made families come closer to listen to the radio every night. Sports and Politicians now advertised through the radio. Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer 13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures? During this time there were increased leisure times, prior to the Great Depression, which made movies increasingly prominent. Like the "Great Train Robbery" or the "The Birth Of a NAtion."This rise in popularity led the scriptwriters to incorporate messages into their screenplays. Many presidents used movies about them in order to sway the populations votes, which demonstrates one way in which advertising began to emerge even through TV and movies. The Dynamic Decade Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey 14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain. Americans no longer lived in countryside but more in urban areas. Women found opportunists in cities such as retail clerking and office typing. Margaret Sanger was a feminist that organized birth-control. Alice Paul National Womans party started in 1923 to get equal rights for

women. Flappers were involved with the erotic eruptions. Sigmund Freud said sex was responsible to health and liberation. Cultural Liberation Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright 15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times? 1920s was a time where the old generation died. New novelists became more popular. HL. Mencken was a young author who attacked puritans. F Scott Fitzgerald was an overnight celebrity because of his book, The Great Gatsby. Ernest Hemingway wrote about the war as well as William Faulkner. Eugene Oneil won the Nobel Prize for his notions about sex. Wall Street's Big Bull Market Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon 16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's? The stock exchange increased speculation and boom-or-bust trading. People bought stocks with margins or small down payments. They could win up to a quarter of a million dollars. Andrew Mellon helped created a series of tax reductions that repealed many taxes. He was called the great treasurer after Hamilton. Chapter #32: The Politics of Boom and Bust Big Picture Themes 1. President Harding had several scandals underneath him, notably the Teapot Dome Scandal over oil. 2. America entered into policies of isolationism whereby the US just wanted to look after herself and leave Europe alone. 3. Coolidge was very pro-business, following a hands-off approach by government. 4. Hoover held the same ideas with his rugged individualism phrase. When the Stock Crash hit and Great Depression started, Hoover was very reluctant and slow to take government action.

Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon Andrew Mellon was a banker, industrialist and philanthropist. He was the Secretary of the Treasury under President Herbert Hoover. He was rich himself so his policies helped the rich instead of the poor.

Herbert Hoover He was the head of the Food Administration during World War I. Hoover became the

Secretary of Commerce and encouraged businesses to regulate themselves. Hoover was a Republican known for his integrity who won the election of 1928. He had to deal with the Great Crash of 1929, which caused the Great Depression. He signed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act. His belief in "rugged individualism" kept him from giving people direct relief during the Great Depression. Albert B. Fall Albert B. Fall was the US Senator from New Mexico and was Secretary of the interior Under President Warren Harding. He was involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal where he stole money from navy reserves and accepted bribes. Robert LaFollette A senator from Wisconsin who ran for the presidency nominated by the Progressive party. Their platform called for government ownership of the railroads and relief for farmers and it lashed out at monopolies. Nevertheless he lost to Coolidge. Alfred E. Smith Alfred E. Smith was the 42nd Governor of New York and was the Democratic President Candidate in 1928. He went up against Harding and was Roman Catholic nominee. Ohio Gang Smith ran for president in the 1928 election for the Democrat Party. He was known for his drinking and he lost the election to Herbert Hoover. Prohibition was one of the issues of the campaign. He was the first Roman Catholic to run for president, and it was during a time where many people were prejudice toward Catholics. Washington Conference The Washington Conference 1921-1922 was a meeting between most major world powers. This conference was for the disarmament of these countries. This meeting also prevented the U. S. and Britain from fortifying their Far East possessions and established the Four Power treaty. The major powers promised to preserve the status-quo in the Pacific. Reduced the number of large battleships for the major powers. Kellogg-Briand Pact This was also called the Pat of Paris. It was an agreement that states do not use war to resolve conflicts and arties that fail will be denied benefits. This agreement include Germany, France, and the US. It was an effort to make peace with these countries and to prevent aggression. Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law The Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law raised tariffs to protect factories and farms. This was to promote business and foreign trade. This helped the roaring twenties but ended with the Great Depression. Teapot Dome Scandal One of many scandals under Harding which involved priceless naval oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Albert B. Fall got Secretary of Navy, Denby to transfer valuable goods to

Interior Department in secret. Harry Sinclair and Edward L Dohney were released the lands after paying a large bribe. Scandal polluted governments prestige and made public wonder about the sufficiency of government and undermined faith in courts Dawes Plan The Dawes Plan was proposed by Charles G. Dawes and was an attempt to solve reparations prolbem after WW1. It later failed. This plan detailed a payment plan for Germany and he got a Nobel Peace Prize for his work. Hawley-Smoot Tariff Began as a protective measure to help farmers, but turned out to be the highest protective tariff in the nation's peace time history. It raised the duty on goods from 38.5 percent to 60% in 1930. Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) This corporation became a government lending bank. It was designed to provide indirect assistance to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and even hardpressed state and local governments. Under this plan, to preserve individualism, no loans were made to individuals. In the election of 1932, Hoover ran against FDR and this was part of Hoover's plan. Bonus Army A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and practically saving democracy. They marched up to Washington and set up public camps and erected shacks on vacant lots. They tried to intimidate and scare Congress into paying them, but Hoover had them removed by the army. Hoover-Stimson doctrine The Hoover-Stimson Doctrine was a policy made by Secretary of State Henry Stinson that showed that the US did not recognize territory changes when a country uses force. This was based mainly on Japans aggression towards Manchuria and China in order to acquire land.

Chapter #32 Identifications The Republican "Old Guard" Returns Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang 1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess? people like Senator Albert B. Fall of New Mexico, a-scheming anti-conservationist, became secretary of the interior, and Harry M. Daugherty took over the reigns as attorney general. Both very scandalous in their affairs. They were all in the Ohio Gang and all their scandals happened under Harding. GOP Reaction at the Throttle

2.

What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration. The Harding administration pro-business policies were protective tariffs and cutting taxes for the rich and the reason why was Harding's campaign promise for a 'return to normalcy', although Hardings administration was known for its corruption in the Teapot Dome Scandal, where they made deals with businessmen, exposed fully after Hardings death in office in 1923 The Aftermath of War Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act 3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy? Because of the inflated sense of patriotism the country achieved from its efforts in the war, the American economy boomed on its own without foreign help. Isolation once again became prominent and this is highlighted in the highly isolationist Fordney-McCumber Tariff. Programs for veterans such as the creation of the American Legion and the Adjusted Compensation Act which gave veterans future insurance helped them along. The post-war economy was largely successful because of the effects of the WWI. Also, with increasing technology the economy took off on a floating cloud of prosperity America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact 4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's? U.S. diplomacy at the peace conference in Versailles helped shape the post-World War I world (disarmament). The U.S. also did not cooperate much with the League of Nations, but eventually,unofficial observers did participate in conferences. The lack of real participation though from the U.S. proved to doom the League Hiking the Tariff Higher Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law 5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs? The high tariff of American exports actually harmed the economy. America was determined to stay out of any conflicts due to its isolationist policy. This extreme isolation was caused by the depression. Although Europe needed to sell goods to the U.S. in order to get the money to pay back its debts, and when i tcould not sell, it could not repay. Which caused a big problem. In the pro-business mood of the time period, businesses sought to up the tariff to protect themselves from cheaper European goods. They got their wish in the Fordney-McCumber Tariff which increased tariff rates from 27 to 38.5%. The Stench of Scandal Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty 6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain This statement is somewhat true because the Teapot Dome Scandal and the scandal with Daugherty were major corruptions that were all under Harding and he did nothing about it. Silent Cal Coolidge

Know: Calvin Coolidge 7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency? Yes, they do describe Coolidge because he was known as a quiet straight to the point guy. He didn't ramble on he just said things straight to the point. Also known as one of the most boring presidents Frustrated Farmers Know: McNary-Haugen Bill 8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same? Farming has changed a great deal since 1890. Most of the changes have to do with technology and the process of farming becoming easier, due to the McNary Haugen Bill. The one thing that hasn't changed is that farms still rely on good prices for crops A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924 Know: Robert La Follette 9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election? Coolidge was given credit for a booming economy at home and no visible crises abroad. He was also aided by a split within the Democrats. The Progressive party refused to die and nominated Sen. Robert La Follette. He was endorsed by the American Federation of Labor (A.F. of L.) labor union and by the Socialists Foreign-Policy Flounderings 10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries? If America would've cancelled war debts of european countries, most of these countries would have been more economically stable and potentially the United States could have avoided WWII. The United States wanted good relations with all countries and encouraged free trade Unraveling the Debt Knot Know: Dawes Plan 11. What were the world-wide repercussions of Americas insistence on debt repayment? The Dawes plan was simply a circle of money from-and-back-to America. Nothing would really be gained in the U.S., but at least on paper, the debts would be repaid. The U.S. never did get repaid for the loans. The only thing America got was resent from Britain and France who thought the U.S. was a bully that was very greedy The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928 Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin" 12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith? The democratic party was split between dry southerners and wet northerners. Al Smith had a drinking problem known to everyone and this turned a lot of people off. Hoover appealed to most everyone because of the prosperity the republicans had brought President Hoover's First Moves Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff 13. Did Hoovers attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.

Yes, it did help farmers prosper and a lot of them got back on their feet.They had plans such as Hoover's philosophy of helping one's self prompted his to get the Agricultural Marketing Act passed. It set up a Federal Farm Board which was to lend money to farmers The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?" 14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash? The immediate effects of t he stock market crash was the over speculation and people freaked out and started to tall try and pull their money out of their banks. Also the awful black tuseday which bottom dropped out of the stock market on some bad economic news from Britain Hooked on the Horn of Plenty Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles 15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression? The Feds then raised interest rates and people withdrew their money and sold stocks causing the market, and the economy, to crash. After the crash people started spending less and started saving more. This lead to less and less production and jobs, causing unemployment to go higher. It was s bad that "Rugged individualism" took and cynically ironic turn when folks took care of themselves in homemade slums and were called "ragged individualists." These shantytowns would soon be named "Hoovervilles." Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian 16. How did President Hoovers beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression? President Hoover believed that it was life and we just have to the many difficulties that is why he didn't really do much to help the great depression. Hoover Battles the Great Depression Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts 17. Is Hoovers reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain. While Hoover really was a progressive & probably did more to end the Depression than any president in previous economic collapses, what he did failed to alleviate the situation and therefore he gained a reputation that was only partially deserved.

Routing the Bonus Army in Washington Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur 18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why? They were routed and beaten by the US Army Cavalry at the orders of General Douglas McArthur, who claimed that he followed President Hoover's order to the letter. Tear gas clouded and gunfire rang out all through the day and night as WW I veterans sought redress from the War Department, only to be beaten and even killed by the government they had faithfully served. The "Bonus Expeditionary Force" (the BEF) was drummed up. It consisted of 20,000 people who marched to Washington, set up camp (literally), and demanded their bonuses.

Japanese Militarists Attack China Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine 19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations? It demonstrated weakness because if they were able to help and listen to Japan then the destruction of Manchuria would of been prevented Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy 20. What was President Hoovers policy toward Latin America Hoover called his foreign policy toward Latin America "The Good Neighbor Policy." He wanted to pull American troops out of Latin America as he could. He refused to intervene in Cuba despite the civil conflicts going on in that island.

Chapter #33: The Great Depression and the New Deal Big Picture Themes 1. FDR quickly got many New Deal programs passed. The general philosophy was: the government will start massive projects and spend huge quantities of money, and this will jump-start the economy. 2. These programs hit on all walks of life. Emphasis was placed on creating jobs, housing, construction projects, and restoring confidence in banks. 3. Though FDR was popular, there were critics to the New Dealsome saying it did too much, others that it did too little. 4. FDR pretty much had his way with Congress, until he asked for more Supreme Court judges and was finally told, No. 5. All told, though the New Deal may have helped the economy a bit, it did not boost the U.S. from the Depression.

Chapter #33: Identifications Eleanor Roosevelt Eleanor Roosevelt was the longest First Lady of the US. She served for four terms with her husband, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. She was known for being the conscience behind the New Deal and supporting human rights. Harry Hopkins Harry Lloyd Hopkins was one of the closest advisors for FDR and helped him created the New Deal. He later took over the WPA and helped get the United States get out of the Great Depression.

Frances Perkins Frances Perkins was the first woman to be on the US Cabinet of the President. She was the US Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945. She was a friend of FDR and supported the Labor Movement and the New Deal. Father Coughlin Father Charles Edward Coughlin was a Roman Catholic priest of the National Shrine of the Little Flower Church. He was the first to use radios to reach a mass audience in the early 1930s. He started as a supporter then turned into a critic of FDR. Huey Long Huey Long was nicknamed the Kingfish when he served as the 40th Governor of Louisiana. He was outspoken and got followers through his orator skills. He became a political boss and many saw him as a fascist leader rising to power. Francis Townshend Francis Townshend was a physician that was best known for creating the idea of the pension during the Great Depression. It was called the Townsend Plan and influenced the creation of the Social Security System. Harold Ickes Harold Ickes was the US Secretary of the Interior for 13 years and was the longest person to hold that office. He was responsible for much of the New Deal and was the one of the members of the original cabinet. Alfred M. Landon Alfred Mossman Landon was a Republican who was Governor of Kansas from 1933 to 1937. He was known as the Republican Candidate Nominee in the election of 1936 against FDR. Brain Trust(s) Brain Trusts refers to the group of close advisors of the President. They are expertsin their respective fields and were made famous during Franklin Delano Roosevelts presidency. The three R's 1. Relief - Immediate action taken to halt the economies deterioration. 2. Recovery - "Pump - Priming" Temporary programs to restart the flow of consumer demand. 3. Reform - Permanent programs to avoid another depression and insure citizens against economic disasters National Labor Relation Board The National Labor Relation Board is a government agency that promoted labor unions. It helps with unfair labor practices by investigating and fixing these problems. It was created during FDRs presidency. Congress of Industrial Organizations

The CIO was created by John L. Lewis that helped workers organize themselves into labor unions. It was founded in 1938 during the New Deal. It was open to African Americans and helped them find jobs also. Liberty League This was founded during FDRs presidency and was created by Democrats who opposed the New Deal. It was active until FDR won by a landslide in the 1936 Presidential election. Court-packing scheme This was also known as the Judicial Procedures Reform bill. It was proposed by FDR to add one more justice to the supreme court so he could get more favor toward his New Deal plans. Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt 1 What kind of man was FDR? Franklin Delano Roosevelt had infantile paralysis and had to have steel braces on his legs. He was six feet two inches and light weight. He was very determined but patient and compassionate. He had a commanding presence and a golden voice. His wife was Eleanor Roosevelt and she was called the conscience of the New Deal. Presidential Hopefuls of 1932 2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election? Roosevelt had the slogan, Roosevelt is Robust to get as many voters as possible. He fought against the Republican Old Dealers by preaching his New Deal. Most of his speeches were written by young reform minded people that focused on the New Deal legislation. They were against Hoover and promised a balanced budget. The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932 3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory? Many blacks voted for Roosevelt. He immediately got to work with the war debt. Hoover still tried to give Roosevelt some of his policies but Roosevelt did not listen. He immediately got started with his New Deal plan. FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's, 4. Describe the New Deal. Roosevelt wanted to fight the Great Depression. The first thing he did was declare a bank holiday so that he can control the banks. The first Hundred Days was aimed that the three Rs. He wanted immediate recovery while setting long-term goals. Roosevelt Manages the Money Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency 5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?

He passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act if 1933 to regulate the banks. Next, he used his Fireside Chats by using the radio to personally talk to the public and tell them about his new policies. He also passed the Glass-Steagall Banking Reform act to insure deposits up to 5000 dollars. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was made to control banks and money. He Managed Currency and got rid of the Gold Standard and replaced it with paper money. Creating Jobs for the Jobless Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA 6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do. In the first hundred days of the new deal, Congress made the CCC to employ uniformed men. Their work consisted of reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swam drainage. Congress passed the FERA which was aimed for immediate relief. Harry Hopkins funded $3billion dollars for this. The AAA helped farmers and the HOLC refinanced mortgages. FDR created the CWA to provide temporary jobs during the winter. A Day for Every Demagogue Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA 7. List other historical demagogues. Father Charles Coughlin was a Catholic priest who began protesting against the federal government. Another one of these people were Huey long who used his money to gain power. Dr. Francis E. Townsend attracted 5 million senior citizens by giving them $200 a month. The led to the WPA to create jobs and infrastructure. New Visibility for Women Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck 8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame. The Nineteenth Amendment helped women carve a larger space for themselves in the nations political and intellectual life. Women also made important contributions in the social sciences, especially in the relatively new and open field of anthropology. Helping Industry and Labor Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes 9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry? The NRA granted benefits to workers and their labor unions. It started to collapse in 1935 when the public saw the sick chicken of the Scheter Brothers. Congress passed the PWA from the NRA which provided unemployment relief. It gave $4 billion to projects in the nation. Paying Farmers Not to Farm 10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers? The AAA established prices for products and eliminated surplus by paying famers to not farm. These payments were raised by taxes on farm products to shift burden onto consumers instead of farmers. This allowed subsidized scarcity. Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards

Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act 11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains? Farmers in the Midwest had to face Dust Bowls. This was started by droughts and strong winds. Dry-farming techniques and mechanization also tore up sod and left no roots in the ground. The people caught in the Dust Bowl were called Okies and Arkies. Their journey to the west was depicted in the Grapes of Wrath. This caused the Indian Reorganization Act. Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles 12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same? In California there were new jobs and it was better than living in the dust Bowl. Many favored San Joaquin Valley because of its abundant land. It was similar to where they came from however because there was poverty there. The FSA helped settling Okies. Battling Bankers and Big Business Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC 13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain. Wanting to prevent the wall street crash from ever happening again, Congress passed the Trust in Securities Act (Federal Securities Act) which required banks to send in information about their stocks and bonds. It also authorized the SEC to watch the stock market. The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism 14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project? The TVA was passed in 1933 to create a dam and discover how much electricity cost. People called this act socialism but it actually brought cheap energy and improved living conditions in the Midwest and poverty-stricken regions. Housing Reform and Social Security Know: FHA, Social Security 15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate? The FHA stimulated the building industry by small loans to householders by improving their dwellings and making new ones. The USHA lent money for low cost construction to promote real estate. Social Security helped the retired from the taxes collected from their wages. A New Deal for Labor Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike 16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal? The Wagner Act and National Labor Relations Act created the National Labor Relations Board to assert the right of labor. It encouraged workers to create unions and this led to John L. Lewis and the CIO. The CIO then held a Sit-down Strike to get what they wanted. This urged Congress to pass the Fair Labor and Standards Act. Landon Challenges "the Champ Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League

17. What was the significance of the 1936 election? The 1936 election was significant because Alfred Landon ran against FDR. Many condemned his daical ways and wanted someone more moderate. That was the role Alfred Landon filled and FDR is furious. However, FDR still won and the Democrats still had 2/3 of the seats in the House. Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench 18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court? Roosevelt passed the 20th amendment to get into office earlier. He started the second hundred days. He wanted more justices to obstruct conservatism in the court. He wanted new blood in the court and this caused much criticism and problems The Court Changes Course Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black 19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court? His court packing was seen as the dictator bill. This broke down the checks and balances between the three branches of the government. Hugo Black was the New Dealer on the Supreme Court. Congress then passed a bill to unpack the Court. The Twilight of the New Deal Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act 20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term. In FDRs first term he dropped unemployment, but it still wasnt enough. In 1937, the economy went through another depression because of Social Securities Tax. In his second turn, he wanted to control deficit spending. As he was doing this, he was still trying to push his New Deal through. Then toward the end, he failed to pass it. New Deal or Raw Deal? 21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair? I think the most fair criticism of the New Deal is budget balancing. We can see that it failed because of the depression in the depression. Also, the debt increased by $30 bill. The least fail criticism was that he did not help businesses and unemployment. He clearly created jobs and helped businesses thrive again. Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition 22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.) This was called the half-way revolution because you can see that FDR tries to save the economy and get the country out of the depression. This only worked in the beginning of his presidency but during his second term is failed. He provided a lot of reform without bloodshed and promoted democracy.