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CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

---------------------I. TN TI: CHNG MINH BT NG THC BNG PHNG PHP CHN IM RI. II. T VN : Qua cc k thi gii ton quc t, nhiu chuyn gia thng nhn nh bi ton BT NG THC l s trng ca hc sinh VIT NAM. Tuy nhin i vi hc sinh ph thng hin nay v ngay c hc sinh trong cc lp chn ( t nhin ) ca ph thng cc em thng rt thiu t tin khi i din vi bi ton BT (bt ng thc). Minh chng r rng nht l bi ton chng minh BT hoc bi ton c s dng BT chng minh l mt trong s t dng ton nm trong din phn loi hc sinh trong cc thi i hc. Phng php m ti gii thiu nhm vo i b phn cc bi ton BT hin nay ( l BT m cc bin c tnh i xng hoc cc bin c th hon v vng quanh ). Ngoi ra i vi cc BT m cc bin khng c tnh cht trn th c nhng bin i thch hp c th vn dng phng php trn. Ngoi ra cn c cc phng php c bn khc h tr nh: i bin, t n ph ... III. C S L LUN 1. NH NGHA: A BAB 0 2. TNH CHT * A > B v B > C => A > C * A > B A + C > B + C * A > B v C > D A + C > B + D * A > B v C > 0 A.C > B.C * A > B v C < 0 A.C < B.C * A > B > 0 v C > D > 0 A.C > B.D > 0 * A > B > 0 An > Bn n * A > B A n > B n vi n = 2k + 1 (k N) 2 * A 0 , A ( du = xy ra khi A = 0 ) * A 0 , A (du = xy ra khi A = 0 ) 2. CC BT C LIN QUAN a. BT C-si : xi 0, ( i = 1,, n ) x + x + .... + xn 1 2 n x .x ...xn 1 2 n Du ng thc xy ra khi ch khi x1 = x2 = = xn . * BT h qu thng dng:

------------------------H Vnh c THPT L Qu n TK Qnam 1

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CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

---------------------1 1 1 + + ... ( a1 + a2 + ... + an ) n ; an a1 a2

vi ai 0, i = 1,..,n.

b.BT v GTT ( gi tr tuyt i )

|| a | | b || (1) | a + b | | a | + | b | , (a, b R) (2)

Du ng thc (1) xy ra kck a.b 0, (2) xy ra kck a.b 0 .
c.BT v vc t :

| a + b | | a| + | b | 1/ Du ng thc xy ra kck a, b cng hng | a || b | a.b | a || b | 2/

ng thc (1) xy ra a, b ngc hng, ng thc (2) xy ra a, b cng hng
(1) (2)

d. BT Bun-nhi-a-cp-xki: Vi hai b n s thc (a1,a2, , an) , (b1,b2,,bn) ta c : 2 )(b2 + b2 + ... + b2 ) (a b + a b + ....anbn )2 (a 2 + a 2 + ... + n n 11 2 2 1 2 1 2 Du ng thc xy ra kck a1: a2: : an = b1: b2: : bn * BT h qu thng dng:
2 b1 + b2 + ... + bn b2 b12 b2 + + .... n a1 a2 an a1 + a2 + ... + an

Du ng thc xy ra kck a1: a2: : an = b1: b2: : bn e. Cc ng thc v BT khc c lin quan: 1. xy = [(x + y) 2 (x y) 2 )] (x + y) 2
2. x 2 + y 2 =
1 1 2 2 2 x + y) + ( x y) ( x + y) ( 2 2
1 4 1 4

IV. C S THC TIN Trn tinh thn gim ti chng trnh i s 10 ca sch gio khoa hin hnh, s tit cng nh lng bi tp ca chng trnh dnh cho ni dung bi hc BT l c gii hn . Trong khi bi ton ny c kh nhiu ng dng trong thc t v l bi ton thuc dng phn loi hc sinh trong cc k thi, c bit l k thi tuyn sinh i hc hng nm. Thm ch cc bi ton gii phng trnh , bt phng trnh, h phng trnh dng phn loi hc sinh trong cc thi H thng c s dng BT gii hay chng minh. ti ny trc mt hy vng hc sinh ph thng s c tm l t tin hn i din vi cc bi ton v BT. Hy vng gip cc em gim bt cm gic s v thng b qua bi ton BT, thm ch khng h c qua ni dung bi ton BT c trong thi.

H Vnh c THPT L Qu n TK Qnam

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CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

---------------------V. NI DUNG NGHIN CU:

A. NI DUNG PHNG PHP

i vi cc BT m cc bin c tnh i xng hoc c th hon v vng quanh (*) th vic nhn nh du ng thc xy ra ( IM RI ) l ht sc quan trng trong khi vic lm ny nu c hng dn th rt n gin. i vi cc BT m cc bin c tnh cht (*) th phn ln ng thc xy ra khi cc bin bng nhau. ( ti ni phn ln v vn c nhng BT cc bin c tnh cht (*) nhng ng thc xy ra ti cc bin khng bng nhau, v d: Vi a,b,c khng m : a 3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc a 2 (b + c) + b 2 (c + a) + c 2 (a + b) , ng thc xy ra ngoi khi a = b = c, ng thc cn xy ra khi a = b, c = 0. Hoc Vi a,b,c khng m, ab + bc + ca = 1:
1 1 1 5 + + , ng thc xy a+b b+c c+a 2

ra khi a = b = 1, c = 0. ). Ty theo cc tnh hung khi ng thc xy ra m ta c cc cch bin i v cc phng php khc h tr thch hp. Sau y l cc v d minh ha.
V d 1 : Cho a, b,c l cc s thc dng tha a + b + c
3 . 2

Chng minh: a + b + c + + +
khi a = b = c =

1 a

1 b

1 c

15 2

Gii: Nhn xt : a,b,c bnh ng, ta d on ng thc ( im ri ) xy ra

1 . Do vy ta c th bin i nh sau: 2 1 1 1 Cch 1: 4a + 3a 4 3a ; 4b + 3b 4 3b ; 4c + 3c 4 3c . b c a 1 1 1 15 Cng v theo v cc BT trn ta c: a + b + c + + + 12 3(a + b + c) a b c 2 1 1 1 Cch 2: a + 1 ; b + 1 ; c + 1 . 4a 4b 4c 1 1 1 1 Cng v theo v cc BT trn ta c: a + b + c + + + 3. 4a b c 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 9 3 9 15 Suy ra: a + b + c + + + 3 + 3+ . + + 3+ a b c 4a b c 4 a+b+c 43 2 2

V d:

Cho x,y,z l cc s thc khng m, tha x.y.z = 1. C/m :

x2 y2 z2 3 + + 1+ y 1+ z 1+ x 2

Nhn xt: x,y,z khng bnh ng nhng c th hon v vng quang, ta d on ng thc ( im ri ) xy ra khi x = y = z = 1.

V vy ta bin i nh sau :

x2 1 + y + x ; 1+ y 2

y2 1 + z + y ; 1+ z 2

z2 1+ x + z 1+ x 2

H Vnh c THPT L Qu n TK Qnam

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CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

---------------------Cng v theo v:
1 x2 y2 z2 + + + (3 + x + y + z ) x + y + z 1+ y 1+ z 1+ x 4 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 x y z2 + + ( x + y + z ) . 3 3 xyz . Suy ra : 1+ y 1+ z 1+ x 4 4 4 4 2

V d 2 : a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha a + b + c = 1.Tm GTNN ( gi tr

nh nht) ca biu thc : P =

b=c=
1 . 3

a3 b3 c3 + + (1 a) 2 (1 b) 2 (1 c) 2

Nhn xt: a,b,c bnh ng, ta d on ng thc ( im ri ) xy ra khi a =

a3 1 a 1 a 3 + + a. 2 (1 a) 8 8 4 3 3 b 1 b 1 b 3 c 1 c 1 c 3 + + b. + + c. 2 2 (1 b) 8 8 4 (1 c) 8 8 4 1 3 3 1 Cng v theo v: P + ( 3 (a + b + c) ) (a + b + c) => P a + b + c = . 4 4 4 4 1 1 Suy ra MinP = a = b = c = . 4 3 3 V d: Cho a, b,c l cc s thc dng tha a + b + c . 2 1 1 1 3 17 Chng minh: a 2 + 2 + b 2 + 2 + c 2 + 2 a b c 2

V vy ta bin i nh sau:

1 1 1 Xt cc vct : u = a ; , v = b ; , w = c ; a b c p dng BT: | u | + | v | + | w | | u + v + w | Ta c:

1 1 1 a + 2 + b2 + 2 + c2 + 2 a b c
2 2 2

Gii: Vai tr ca a, b, c l bnh ng, ta c nhn nh du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c . Ngoi ra vi mt t kinh nghim chng minh BT ta kt hp thm vi BT v vct ta c cch bin i sau:

1 1 1 (a + b + c) + + + 3 a b c
2

(abc) 2 +

1
3

(abc) 2

t t =

1 1 1 a+b+c 1 th t = v = 4 ( abc ) , suy ra : t , khi a = b = c = 3 4 2 4 t

2

khi ta c cch bin i tip nh sau:

3

(abc) 2 +

1
3

(abc) 2

= 3 t+

1 15 1 15 1 15 + = + + 3 2 t. 16t 16t 2 16t 16t 16t

1 15 3 17 + = . 2 4 2

V d 3: ( H KB 2007 ). Cho x,y,z l cc s thc dng thay i .

H Vnh c THPT L Qu n TK Qnam 4

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CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

---------------------Tm GTNN ca P = x +
x 2 1 y 1 z 1 + y + + z + yz 2 zx 2 xy

Gii: Do vai tr ca x, y, z l bnh ng, ta nhn nh du ng thc ( im ri ) xy ra khi x = y = z .

Khi x + tr thnh : x + = + , 2 x.x 2 x 2 yz tng t cho hai biu thc cn li x 1 1 x2 1 y 2 1 z 2 1 khi P tr thnh : P = + + + + + . 2 x 2 y 2 z
x 1

x2

n y ta lin tng n hm c trng. Do vy ta bin i nh sau

P= x2 y 2 z 2 x y z x2 y 2 z 2 x2 + y 2 + z 2 + + + + + = + + + xyz 2 2 2 yz zx xy 2 2 2

x 2 y 2 z 2 xy + yz + zx x2 1 y 2 1 z 2 1 + + + + + + + + = xyz 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 2 2
t2 1 Xt hm c trng : g (t ) = + , t > 0 . 2 t t 0 1 +

g(t) g(t)

3 2

Suy ra P

3 3 3 9 9 + + = . Vy Minp = x = y = z = 1. 2 2 2 2 2

V d 4:( H KB 2009 ). Cho x,y l hai s thc thay i tha mn : (x + y)3 + 4xy 2. Tim GTNN ca biu thc: A = 3( x4 + y4 + x2y2 ) 2(x2 + y2) + 1 Gii: Nhn xt: trong biu thc A v gi thit vai tr ca x,y l bnh ng. Ta d

on ng thc xy ra x = y v t (x+y)3 + 4xy = 2 suy ra x = y =

1 . Ngoi 2

ra nu xem gi thit v kt lun l mt h bt phng trnh 2 n th y l h i xng loi mt, nn ta ngh n cc ng thc v BT c lin quan nu trn : 1. xy = [(x + y) 2 (x y) 2 )] (x + y) 2
2. x 2 + y 2 =
1 4 1 4 1 1 2 2 2 ( x + y) ( x + y) + ( x y) 2 2 3 3 Ta c : (x + y) + 4xy 2 (x + y) +[(x + y)2 (x y)2)] 2 (x + y)3 + (x + y)2 2 (x y)2 0 (x + y 1)[(x + y)2+2(x+y)+2] 0 x + y 1 0 x + y 1.

Khi : A = 3[(x2 + y2)2 x2y2] 2 (x2 + y2) + 1

H Vnh c THPT L Qu n TK Qnam

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CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

---------------------= 3[(x2 + y2)2

1 [(x2 + y2 )2 (x2 y2 )2 ] ] 2 (x2 + y2) + 1 4 9 2 4 3 5 = [x + y2 ]2 + (x2 y2)2 + 4 9 4 9 1 2 2 2 2 do 1 (x + y) 2(x + y ) => x + y2 , x2 y2 0. 2 9 1 4 3 5 9 9 1 Suy ra A [ ]2 + (0)2 + = . Vy MinA = x = y = 4 2 9 4 9 16 16 2

V d 5: Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha: xy + yz + zx = 5 . Chng minh: 3x2 + 3y2 + z2 10. Nhn nh x v y bnh ng, du bng xy ra khi x = y. c th s dng gi thit xy + yz + zx = 5.Ta c th tch cc s hng 2 3x , 3y2 , z2 nh sau: x2 + y2 2xy my2 + nz2 2 mn yz pz2 + mx2 2 mp xz. Cng v theo v:(m+1)x2 +(m +1)y2 + (n + p)z2 2xy + 2 mn yz + 2 mp xz. Chn m, n, p sao cho: m + 1 = 3, n + p = 1 v mn = mp suy ra: m = 2, n = p = . Vy ta c bin i sau: x2 + y2 2xy 2y2 + z2 2yz z2 + 2x2 2xz. ; Cng v theo v ta c kt qu. Hoc c th tng qut hn nh sau: ( cc h sa, b, c cn ch tnh bnh ng ca x v y) Gi s : ax2 + ay2 2axy by2 + cz2 2 bc yz cz2 + bx2 2 bc xz. Cng v theo v: (a + b)x2 +(a + b)y2 + cz2 2axy + 2 bc yz + 2 bc xz. c th s dng c gi thit trn ta cn chn: a, b, c sao cho:

a + b = 3, 2c = 1, v a = bc . Suy ra a = 1, b = 2, c = Vy ta c: x2 + y2 2xy ; 2y2 +

1 2 z 2yz ; 2

1 . 2 1 2 z + 2x2 2xz. 2

Cng v theo v ta c kt qu cn chng minh.

V d 6: ( thi chn HSG khi 12 nm hc 2010 2011 ) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng . Chng minh:
1 1 9 1 1 1 1 + + + + a b c 1 + a 1 + b 1 + c 1 + abc

Nhn xt: Ta nhn nh du bng xy ra khi a = b = c. Khi BT tr thnh:

3 3 9 a3 a2 a + 1 0 (a 1)2(a + 1) 0 a 1 . 3 a 1+ a 1+ a

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CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

---------------------( Ta ch phng trnh : a3 a2 a + 1 = 0. (*) ) Ngoi ra nu kho t n ph th vic a v tri ca BT v tng tch c th d dng hn, nn ta nhm n hng gii sau: Gii: t : x = Ta c:
x y z 9 xyz 1 1 1 + + , y = , z = . BT tr thnh: ( x + y + z ) a b c 1 + x 1 + y 1 + z 1 + xyz

9 3 xyz 3 3 xyz x y z xyz = + + 33 1+ x 1+ y 1+ z (1 + x)(1 + y )(1 + z ) 1 + x + 1 + y + 1 + z 3 + x + y + z 3 x y z x+ y+z 1 3 + + = 9 3 xyz Suy ra: ( x + y + z ) 9 xyz 3 3+ x + y + z 1+ x 1+ y 1+ z 1+ x+ y+z

9 xyz
3

1 1+
3

1 xyz

9 3 ( xyz )

1 + 3 xyz

(*), n y ta c/m (*)

9xyz . 1+xyz

t t = 3 xyz th BT cn li cn chng minh l v tri ca phng trnh (*) ta lu trn.

H THNG BI TP MINH HA THM

Bi 1: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh:
a3 b3 c3 1 + + ( a 2 + b2 + c2 ) a+b b+c c+a 2 3 a a ( a + b) b3 b(b + c) c3 c (c + a ) Gii: Ta c: + b2 , + a2 , + c2 a+b 4 b+c 4 c+a 4 3 3 3 a b c 1 + + + ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab + bc + ca ) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 Cng v theo v: a+b b+c c+a 4 3 3 a b c3 3 1 + + ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) ( ab + bc + ca ) Suy ra: a+b b+c c+a 4 4 3 1 1 ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) ( a 2 + b2 + c2 ) 4 4 2

Bi 2: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha a + b +c = 6. Tm GTNN ca

biu thc:
Gii: Ta c:

P=

a3 b3 c3 + + (a + b)(b + 2c) (b + c)(c + 2a ) (c + a )(a + 2b) b3 b + c c + 2a 1 + + b (b + c)(c + 2a ) 12 18 2

a3 a + b b + 2c 1 + + a ; (a + b)(b + 2c) 12 18 2

c3 c + a a + 2b 1 + + c; (c + a )(a + 2b) 12 18 2 2(a + b + c) 3(a + b + c) 1 Cng v theo v: P + + (a + b + c) 12 18 2

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CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

---------------------Suy ra : P (a + b + c) = 1 ; chng minh:

Gii: t x = ; y = ; z = .
1 a 1 b 1 c 1 6

Vy MinP = 1 a = b = c = 2.
1 1 1 3 + 4 + 4 . a (a + b) b (b + c) c (c + a) 2
4

Bi 3: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha a.b.c = 1.

BT tr thnh: Ta c:

x4 y4 z4 3 + + . Vi x.y.z = 1 z ( x + y ) x( y + z ) y ( z + x) 2 y4 x y+z 1 + + + 2y ; x( y + z ) 2 4 2

x4 z x+ y 1 + + + 2x ; z ( x + y) 2 4 2 z4 y z+x 1 + + + 2z y ( z + x) 2 4 2

Cng v theo v:
x4 y4 z4 1 2 3 + + + ( x + y + z ) + ( x + y + z ) + 2( x + y + z ) z ( x + y ) x( y + z ) y ( z + x) 2 4 2

Suy ra:

x4 y4 z4 3 3 3 + + x + y + z 3 3 xyz z ( x + y ) x( y + z ) y ( z + x) 2 2 2

Bi 4: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha: a + b + c = 1.

b c a 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Gii: Ta c : + + + +1 a + b + c + = abc + b c a abc a b c 1 1 1 10 Chng minh: a + b + c +
3

Ch vn dng cc BT m du bng xy ra khi a = b = c. Ta c:

1 730 a+b+c 1 , ( c th dng bng bin thin ) abc = , suy ra: abc + 3 abc 27 3 1 1 1 1 730 1 1 1 9 10 + + + +1 + 9 +1 = + + = 9 , Vy: abc + a b c a+b+c abc a b c 27 3
3 3 3

Nhn xt: BT tuy khng kh nhng nu khng bit nhn nh ngay ban u hc sinh c th vp khi vn dng cc bt h tr cho vic chng minh . Bi 5: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha a.b.c = 1.
1 1+ a
2
2

chng minh:
2

1 1+ b
2
2

+
2

1 1+ c
2

3 2

Gii: Vn dng BT: (x + y) 2(x + y )

1 1 + 1 + a 2 + b 2 + a 2b 2 a 2b 2 1 1 1 2 + 2 + Ta c: = 2 2 2 (1 + a 2 )(1 + b 2 ) 1+ a 1+ b 1 + b2 1+ a 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 a b + (1 + a )(1 + b ) 1 a b (1 ab)(1 + ab) 2 2 1 + = 2 1 + = 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 + 2ab + a 2b 2 (1 + a )(1 + b ) 1+ a + b + a b

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CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

---------------------1 1 1 ab c = 4c , suy ra : = 2 1 + = 2 1 + 1 c +1 1 + ab 1+ c

1 1+ a
2

1 1+ b 1 1 + c2
2

2 c 1+ c

Cng t BT c bn trn ta c: 1 + c 2(1 + c 2 ) => Suy ra: (*)

1
2

2 1+ c

1+ a 1+ b 1+ c 3 2 c 1 + c + 2 2 3(1 + c) ... 2
2 2

2 c 2 + (*) 1+ c 1+ c

2c 1 + c

0.

Bi 6: Cho k N* v a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha a.b.c 1.

Chng minh:

a b c + k + k a+b+c . k b c a

Gii: Do a, b, c c th hon v vng quanh. Nhn nh du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 1. Ta bin i nh sau:

a ak a k + + + .... + =k ; a a a k k k k a ( 1) b b b b bk b k + + + .... + =k ; b b b k k k k b ( 1) c c c

c ck c k + + + .... + =k ; c c c k k k k c ( 1) a a a a b c a b c Cng v theo v: k + k + k + (k 1)(a + b + c) k + + b c a b c a

Cng trn tinh thn s dng cc BT m du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c, Ta c:

a a b a2 a3 b b c c c a + + 33 = 33 3a , + + 3b ; + + 3c ; b b c bc abc c c a a a b a b c Cng v theo v ta c: + + a + b + c b c a a b c a b c Khi : k + k + k + (k 1)(a + b + c) k + + k (a + b + c) b c a b c a a b c Suy ra: k + k + k a + b + c b c a
a2 3a 2 + 8b 2 + 14ab
+

Bi 7: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng. Chng minh:

b2 3b 2 + 8c 2 + 14bc
+

c2 3c 2 + 8a 2 + 14ca

1 (a + b + c) . 5

Gii: Trc ht ta x l mu:

3a 2 + 8b 2 + 14ab = ( a + 4b)(3a+2b)

a + 4b + 3a+2b = 2a+3b 2

3c 2 + 8a 2 + 14ca 2c +3a a2 b2 c2 Suy ra: + + 3a 2 + 8b 2 + 14ab 3b 2 + 8c 2 + 14bc 3c 2 + 8a 2 + 14ca

Tng t: 3b2 + 8c 2 + 14bc 2b+3c ;

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2

CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

----------------------

(a + b + c) = 1 a + b + c a2 b2 c2 + + ( ) 2a+3b 2b+3c 2c +3a (*) 5 ( a + b + c ) 5

( C th ch/m (*) bng cch bin i :
a2 2a+3b 2 + a ....) 2a+3b 25 5

Bi 8: Cho a,b l cc s thc dng v tha a + b 1. Tm GTNN ca biu thc:

1+ a + b 1 1 1 Gii: Ta c: . = + 2ab 6ab 3ab 4 1 1 1 1 4 1 Suy ra : P = + + + 2 + 2 2 2 2 1 + a + b 6ab 3ab a + 6ab + b + 1 3ab (a + b) + 4ab + 1 3ab 8 4 1 . + 2 2 3 a+b a+b ( a + b) 2 + 4 +1 3 2 2 a 2 + b 2 + 1 = 6ab 8 1 a=b= MinP = a = b 3 2 a + b 1
2 2

P=

1 2ab

( b1 + b2 + ... + bn ) b2 b2 b2 m cc thi cng thng ch trng n: 1 + 2 + .... n a1 a2 an a1 + a2 + ... + an

Q= x2 y2 z2 + + x + yz y + zx z + xy
2

Bi 9: V d sau y minh ha cho vic p dng BT h qu ( nu trn)

2

Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha x + y + z 3.Tm GTNN ca biu thc:

(x + y + z) x2 y2 z2 Gii: Ta c: + + x + yz y + zx z + xy x + y + z + xy + yz + xz

( x + y + z)

x+ y+ z+ x+ y+ z

x+ y+z 3 = 2 2

x + y + z = 3 3 x=y=z=1 Vy MinQ = x = y = z 2 x y z = = x + yz y + zx z + xy

H Vnh c THPT L Qu n TK Qnam

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CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

----------------------

BI TP T LUYN:
1* Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha: ab + bc + ca = 2abc.
1 1 1 1 + + 2 2 2 a(2a 1) b(2b 1) c(2c 1) 2 2* Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha a + b + c 6. Tm GTNN ca biu a3 b3 c3 thc: Q = + + ( MinQ = 6 a = b = c = 2 ) a+b b+c c+a

Chng minh:

3* Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha x + y + z = 1. Tm GTNN ca biu thc: P =

x2 ( y + z) y 2 ( x + z) z 2 ( x + y) + + yz xz xy

( MinP = 2 x =y = z =

1 ) 3

4* Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha x + y + z = 3. Chng minh: x 2 + xy + y 2 + y 2 + yz + z 2 + z 2 + zx + x 2 3 3 . 5* Cho x, y, z l cc s thc khng m. x 2 + y 2 + 3xy + y 2 + z 2 + 3 yz + z 2 + x 2 + 3zx 5 ( x + y + z ) Chng minh: 6* Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha: abc = 1. Tm GTNN ca biu thc:
M= bc ca ab + 2 + 2 2 2 a b + a c b c + b a c a + c 2b
2

( MinM =

3 a = b = c = 1. ) 2

7* Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha: abc = 1.

Chng minh:
1 1 1 3 + 3 + 3 a (b + c) b (c + a) c (a + b) 2
3

8* Cho ABC . a = BC, b = CA, c = AB. Chng minh :

a2 b2 c2 a+b+c + + b+c c+a a+b 2 3 9* Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha: a + b + c . 2 1 1 1 3 17 Chng minh: a 2 + 2 + b 2 + 2 + c 2 + 2 b c a 2

1/

a2 b2 c2 + + a+b+c. b+ca c+ ab a+bc

2/

10* Cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha: a + b + c = 3. Tm GTNN ca biu thc: M = 4a + 9b + 16c + 9a + 16b + 4c + 16a + 4b + 9c . ( MinM = 3 29 a = b = c = 1) 11* Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha: a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 . Chng minh: Chng minh:
a b c 3 3 . + 2 + 2 2 2 2 b +c c +a a +b 2
2

12* Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c .

a3 b3 c 1 + + (a + b + c) b(c + a ) c(a + b) a(b + c) 2

13* Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tha: a + b + c = 1. Chng minh: a + b + b + c + c + a 6

H Vnh c THPT L Qu n TK Qnam

11

SKKN

CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

---------------------14* Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tha x2 + y2 + z2 = 3. Tm GTNN ca biu thc: P =

x5 y5 z5 + + + x4 + y 4 + z 4 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 y +z z +x z +x
9 MinP = x = y = z = 1 2

15* Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng. Tm GTNN ca biu thc : x2 y2 z2 T= + + (2 y + 3z )(2z + 3y) (2 z + 3x)(2 x + 3z) (2 x + 3 y )(2 y + 3x) 3 x = y = z MinT = 25

VI. KT QU NGHIN CU: Ni dung ti nghin cu l ti liu chnh thc ti thng dng ging dy cho cc em thuc i tuyn d thi chn hc sinh gii khi 12 Tnh Qung Nam hng nm ca trng THPT L qu n Tam K, v bi dng cho hc sinh lp 10 v lp 11 thi chn hc sinh gii cp trng hng nm. cp trng lp 10A1 nm hc 2009 2010 t c 1 gii nht, 1 gii 3 v 1 gii khuyn khch, cp Tnh c hc sinh ( Dng Cng Nha ) t gii khuyn khch Ton 12 nm hc 2008 2009. Nhng im thnh cng nht ca ti l gip cc em t tin hn khi tham gia hc cc lp bi dng hc sinh gii. VII. KT LUN: Qua qu trnh ging dy nhiu nm, ti nhn thy rng mt b phn rt ln hc sinh c kt qu bi lm thp hn ( thm ch thp hn nhiu ) so vi kh nng c thc ca cc em. Theo ti chc chn l yu t tm l. Cc em thng s mt bnh tnh khi khng lm ch c thi. Lm quen vi loi ton BT cc em s c tm l t tin hn v c tm nhn rng hn trc cc ton c ngoi hnh d gy khp cho cc em. Ti tin chc rng ti l mt ngun t liu hu ch cho mi i tng hc sinh ph thng. VIII. NGH: Nu ti c gii thiu rng ri cho hc sinh v ng nghip, th vi nhit tnh gp xy dng ca qu thy c chc chn ti s ngy cng sng sa hn, s thch nghi v gn gi hn vi cc em hc sinh. Rt mong nhn c s hng ng ca qu c gi. IX. PH LC: Kt qu thi ca mt s em nh nu trn c lu h s ca nh trng. Ngoi ra ti rt thu ht nhiu em tham gia hc u n cc bui hc bi dng hc sinh gii ti trng ( Nh trng c th tham kho trc tip kin ca cc em )

H Vnh c THPT L Qu n TK Qnam

12

SKKN

CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

----------------------

X. TI LIU THAM KHO: 1. Bo TON HC & TUI TR ( ra nh k hng thng v cc t k nim sinh nht ca BO ) 2. CC THI I HC THNG NHT TON QUC 3. THI OLIMPIC, THI CHN HC SINH GII HNG NM ca CC TNH, v D B THI I HC CC NM

H Vnh c THPT L Qu n TK Qnam

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SKKN

CM BT bng PP CHN IM RI.

---------------------XI. MC LC:

NI DUNG

TRANG 1 1 1 2

1.Tn ti .. 2. t vn : .. 3. C s l lun: 4.C s thc tin: 5. Ni dung nghin cu:

a. Cc v d minh ha...... . 3 b. H thng bi tp minh ha thm 7 c. Bi tp t luyn 6. Kt qu nghin cu 7. Kt lun: 8. ngh: . 11 12 12 12 12 13 14

9. Phn ph lc: . 10. Ti liu tham kho: .. 11. Mc lc: 12. Phiu nh gi xp loi SKKN:

H Vnh c THPT L Qu n TK Qnam

14