Ch bin: PGS.

TS HM

HO CHT
DNG THONG NNG NGHIP V SC KHO CNG NG

NH XUT BN LAO NG - X HI H NI - 2007

THAM GIA BIN SON: PGS. TS HM TH.S NGUYN TUN KHANH TH.S NGUYN NGC ANH

TH K: TH.S NGUYN TUN KHANH

M s:

16 164 28 9

LI NI U Ho cht dng lm phn bn, bo v thc vt c s dng ngy cng nhiu trong nng nghip nn s lng ngi tip xc vi cc cht c hi ngy mt tng, nguy c gy nh hng ti sc kho cng ng cng nh mi trng ngy cng ng c lu tm. cc nc ang pht trin, t l ngi lao ng nng nghip chim trn 50% dn s. Do k thut lc hu, sn xut nh nn s ngi tip xc vi c hi thng chim ti 50% s thnh vin ca gia nh. Vic bo v sc kho cho i tng nng dn tip xc vi ho cht trn nn tng kin thc thp i hi rt nhiu c gng cc cn b k thut nng nghip cng nh cn b y t ti cc nc ang pht trin v y ang l vn c t ra mang tnh cp bch. Sn xut rau mu, ch ca nhiu vng kinh t mang tnh cht hng ho ang tr thnh mt b phn ng vai tr tch cc trong nn kinh t t nc, vic cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v thit thc, d hiu i vi ngi nng dn sn xut rau, mu l mt trong nhng khu quan trng quyt nh tnh kh thi trong chm sc sc kho ban u i vi h. Cun sch nh ra i mang nhng ni dung c bn v kin thc i vi cc loi ho cht dng trong nng nghip v cch phng chng tc hi do chng gy nn c th s gip ch cho

nhiu i tng vi cc trnh khc nhau trong cng ng. Chng ti xin trn trng gii thiu cun sch ny vi cc cn b qun l, cc cn b y t a phng v b con nng dn. Trong qu trnh bin son, mc d chng ti ht sc c gng song khng trnh khi nhng sai st, knh mong cc c gi gn xa lng th v ng gp nhng kin qu bu ln xut bn sau cun sch c hon chnh v hu ch hn. T/M cc tc gi PGS.TS Hm

PHN M U Trong thi k cng nghip ho v hin i ho t nc, ngnh sn xut v kinh doanh ho cht pht trin rt mnh, c bit l ho cht dng trong nng nghip. Ho cht dng trong nng nghip c sn xut v s dng nhiu v li ch kinh t song do vic s dng khng ng k thut, khng m bo an ton v sinh lao ng gy nn nhng nh hng bt li n mi trng v sc kho cng ng nhiu khu vc. Cc vn mi trng v sc kho c ng v Nh nc ta t thnh vn ht sc c th trn c s nhiu d lut v ngh quyt. H thng chnh sch, th ch tng bc c hon thin, phc v ngy cng c hiu qu cho cng tc bo v sc kho, ci thin mi trng sng ca cng ng. Nhn thc v nng cao sc kho, bo v mi trng sng trong cc cp, cc ngnh v cng ng nng nghip ngy cng tin b hn. Tuy nhin mi trng sng c bit l mi trng nng nghip, nng thn vn cn ang l mt vn bc xc bi rt nhiu nguyn nhn trong c khi lng ln ho cht dng lm phn bn (PB) v ha cht bo v thc vt (HCBVTV) thi ra ng rung, thm ch c cc khu vc dn c sinh sng. Tc ng c hi ca ho cht trong canh tc v bo v hoa mu, thc phm l rt ln Nhng tc ng c hi do chng em

li khng nhng nh hng nghim trng ln sc kho v mi trng lao ng m cn nh hng ln sc kho ca nhng ngi tiu dng. Trong ngh quyt 41 NQ/TW ca B Chnh tr ra ngy 15/1/2004 v vn bo v mi trng trong thi k y mnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc c on ghi: "i vi vng nng thn: cn hn ch s dng ho cht trong canh tc nng nghip v nui trng thu sn, thu gom v x l hp v sinh vi cc loi bao b ho cht sau s dng..." Ngi nng dn tip cn vi phn bn v ha cht bo v thc vt trong c ngi trng ch v canh tc cc loi rau mu thng c t kin thc v cc loi ho cht c hi ny song h li thng b cc mc tiu li nhun tc ng nn thng gy nn nhng hu qu xu cho mi trng v sc kho. Qu trnh canh tc nng nghip lun lun to ra s giao lu, chuyn i ca cc thnh phn ho hc sn c ca mi trng t v nhng cht m con ngi a vo theo mc ch nng cao hiu qu kinh t cho cy trng nh phn bn v ha cht bo v thc vt. Cc ho cht m con ngi s dng trong nng nghip hin nay bao gm rt nhiu loi sn phm t phn bn ho hc (m, ln, kili...), ha cht tr su, tr c, dit chut v cc loi ho cht c tc dng n qu trnh sinh trng. n nay Vit Nam chng ta vn c coi l mt nc ang pht trin v nhiu mt. Sn xut chnh ca ngi dn nhiu vng nng thn rng ln

vn l nng nghip, nng thn cha c cng nghip ho. Tng din tch t canh tc nng nghip ca nc ta c c tnh l khong 4,5 triu hc ta, h s quay vng t n nay vo khong 2,5 ln. Nu tnh din tch theo u ngi th bnh qun chung ch l 0,095 n 0,098 ha. Tuy nhin trong thi gian gn y, Vit Nam chng ta tr thnh quc gia xut khu go ng th 2 v xut khu c ph th 2, th 3 trn th gii. Chng ta xut khu nhiu loi rau, qu, ch sang nhiu nc trn th gii vi s lng rt ln. C c nh vy l nh vo nhiu bin php kinh t, k thut, trong c phn bn v ho cht bo v thc vt. Tuy nhin nhng bt cp, nh hng c hi ca phn bn v c bit l ho cht bo v thc vt i vi mi trng v sc kho v ang l vn kh gii quyt ca cc nh khoa hc c lin quan cng nh c cng ng. Nhng thng tin trong ti liu ny s ch yu cp n thc trng s dng, nh hng ca ho cht dng trong nng nghip v vn x tr, d phng nhng tc hi do phn bn ho hc (PHH) v cc loi ho cht bo v thc vt (HCBVTV) gy nn.

Chng 1 THC TRNG SN XUT V S DNG HO CHT TRONG NNG NGHIP Ho Cht dng trong nng nghip c sn xut v tiu th trn th gii ang mc cao v ph bin khp ni. Thc trng s dng nhiu hay t khng tng ng vi kh nng gy nhim, c hi n mi trng v sc kho ca cc cng ng. Ho cht dng trong nng nghip ch yu m t di y l cc loi phn bn ho hc v ho cht bo v thc vt. 1. Phn bn ho hc Phn bn ho hc c s dng t lu trn th gii, song phi n khi nn cng nghip ha hc pht trin th cc loi phn bn ho hc mi c sn xut v s dng nhiu trong nng nghip. Phn ho hc (PHH) ang s dng ph bin hin nay trn th gii ch yu vn l 3 loi: m, Ln, Kili. Cc dng phn m ch yu c sn xut v s dng hin nay l Ur, Amonisunphat. Dng phn Ln ch yu l Superphosphat (dng n v dng kp), Tecmophosphat, Phosphorit. Dng Kili ch yu l Kaliclorua v Kalisunphat. Do nhng li ch to ln m PHH mang li trong vic nng cao nng sut cy trng

m chng ngy cng c pht huy v tr thnh cc nhn t quan trng trong sn xut nng nghip. V mc tiu nui sng hng t ngi trn th gii nn vic sn xut v tiu th PHH trn th gii vn ngy mt tng. Theo thng bo ca t chc nng lng th gii th mi nm trn th gii tiu th khong 200 triu tn PHH (t nm 2000 tr li y). Tuy nhin, vic s dng PHH khng ng u mi quc gia. Cc nc pht trin s dng PHH nhiu hn v thng xuyn hn. Nu tnh lng PHH c dng trn 1 ha canh tc th bnh qun trn th gii khong 100 kg. ng u v s dng (s PHH tnh bng kg/ha) l cc nc Ty u (hn 200kg/ha). S dng t nht l cc nc chu Phi (khong 10 kg/ha). Cc nc chu khong 170kg n 190 kg/ha. Trong cc nc chu th Hn Quc l nc ng u v s lng PHH s dng trn 1 ha (450 n 480kg/ha), sau n Trung Quc v Malaixia. S dng t nht l Campuchia (2,8 kg/ha). Vit Nam c xp vo nhm s dng mc trung bnh (130kg n 150 kg/ha). Phn ho hc gip cho ng rung tng hm lng cht dinh dng i vi cy trng v cho nng xut cao nn cc nc s dng nhiu PHH v ng k thut u cho nng xut cao hn cc nc s dng t. Nng xut la (t/ha) ca Campuchia ch l 13,9 trong khi ca Hn Quc l 58,1. Tuy nhin, vic s dng khng ng k thut cc loi PHH gy nn nhiu bin i theo xu hng bt li

v mi trng. Nhiu ni t b chua ho, hm lng canxi v magi gim r rt, h sinh vt c li trong t gim thiu, c bit l cc vi sinh vt hoi sinh v giun t gim rt nhiu so vi nhng ni c s canh tc ng k thut v c kt hp vi nhiu loi phn hu c. S tch ng v ngy cng tng cao hm lng cc kim loi nng (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd...) v cc loi nitrat, amoni, phospho...trong t l vn ht sc ng lu v s lm hng mi trng, nh hng ti sc kho ngi nng dn. Hin tng nhim bn t s dn n nhim nc v c khng kh s l iu khng trnh khi. 2. Ho cht bo v thc vt Ho cht bo v thc vt c s dng t thi thng c. Theo mt s trit gia c i cho bit th vic s dng ho cht bo v thc vt c t xa xa qua vic dng mt s l cy di xung ch nm trnh cn trng t. Theo ti liu ca Hassall (1982) th vic s dng cc cht v c tiu dit cc loi cn trng c t thi Hy Lp c i. Loi thuc tr su DDT c Zeidler tm ra ti Thy S nm 1924, hp cht phi pho hu c tr su HETP c pht minh v s dng c nm 1942 do Cshoender. Cng thi gian cc cht ho hc ny c s dng rt nhiu Vng quc Anh v mt loi thng phm thuc dit c thuc nhm axit

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phenoxyalkanoic c tm ra v a vo s dng. Nm 1945 cht dit c carbamat c tc dng trong t ln u tin pht hin Anh v thuc tr su chlordan thuc nhm do hu c c dng M v c. Ngay sau thuc tr su carbamat c pht minh Thy S. Trong sut nhng nm 1970 v 1980 c nhiu HCBVTV mi c tm ra v sn xut vi s lng ln. HCBVTV mi c pht minh u dn t c nhng u im do c c s ca s hiu bit v c ch sinh hc v ho sinh hc. Cc HCBVTV loi ny u c tc dng cao hn v vi liu lng nh hn so vi cc loi HCBVTV c. Nhng cht ni bt nht ca th h HCBVTV mi ny l: cht dit c sulffonyluneas v cht dit nm metalaxyl, triadimefon. Mt nhm thuc tr su mi v quan trng bao gm cc cht tng hp pyrethroids khng bn vng vi nh sng v c chit xut t pyrethrins c trong thin nhin cng c pht minh trong thi k ny. Do hiu bit tt hn v tc ng qua li ca cn trng v cy trng, cc loi HCBVTV c pht trin ln mt tm cao mi cng nh c chin lc mi v cng thc ho hc ca thuc v cc phng php s dng. S pht trin mi ny to ra c hi gim bt nguy c nhim c HCBVTV. Nhng li ch tim tng ca cc tc nhn c th khng ch su hi v mt vi khun hc v sinh hc, cc thin ch hin nay

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ang c nhiu Vin nghin cu trn th gii quan tm nghin cu do cc phng php ny khng gy c hi cho mi trng v sc kho con ngi ng thi li gi gn c s cn bng mi trng sinh thi. Ngi ta c tnh mi nm trn tri t ang b mt nhiu triu tn lng thc do s ph hoi ca cc loi cn trng v ng vt c hi nu vic s dng HCBVTV vn duy tr mc nh hin nay. Nhiu nc do khng s dng HCBVTV c khi ma mng b mt trng. S lng thc mt i hng nm trn th gii hin nay c th nui sng c 200 triu ngi. Vic a ra cc loi cy mi v trng theo quy hoch ti cc n in, cc trang tri dn ti th c canh mi song n li to ra s pht trin ca cc loi su bnh mi. Trong nhng nm gn y vic phng chng su bnh v c di bng ho cht lm gim s thit hi ma mng v cng c p dng rng ri trn th gii. Hng lot cc cht dit cn trng, dit nm, dit cc loi sn c, dit vi khun v dit c, cc cht xng hi gi vai tr quan trng trong nng nghip, khng nhng nhng nc pht trin m cn tng ln cc nc ang pht trin. cc nc ang pht trin, thuc tr su Ch hu c vn cn c s dng v dn dn c thay th bng pht pho hu c, carbamat v pyrethroid. Cc loi thuc tr su dng chng li cc loi b k sinh cc sc vt chn nui cng ang c lu rt nhiu. S ph hoi ma mng do su bnh ang xy ra

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nhiu v cha kim sot c cc nc pht trin v nng n cc nc ang pht trin cng lm cho nhu cu s dng HCBVTV tng ln khng theo quy lut no. Nam M, chu u, Nht Bn...s thit hi c nh gi l t 10% n 30% nhng cc nc ang pht trin s thit hi cn ln hn (Edwards 1986). S thit hi do su v bnh l 40% tnh chung cho khu vc ny. C nhng ti liu nu ln s thit hi ln ti 75%. Mt trong nhng cn trng gy thit hi ln nht l chu chu. Mt vn ln hn na l s thit hi sau v thu hoch, phn ln su mt tn cng vo cc ni bo qun cc nc nhit i (UNEP 1981; FAO 1985). Nhiu loi su mt n su vo cc ht v khng th dit chng bng HCBVTV. Chut ng v chut nh cng l nguyn nhn gy thit hi cho cc sn phm trong cc kho cha. Su b khng ch gy thit hi v tng sn lng. S ph hoi ca chng trc khi thu hoch v sau khi thu hoch lm nh hng nghim trng ti cht lng thc phm v thc n chn nui. Cc bin php phng chng nhm gim thiu s thit hi ma mng v nng cao cht lng v mt v sinh v dinh dng sn phm. Hin nay lng HCBVTV s dng trong canh tc ch v rau mu nc ta l tng i cao so vi khu vc trng la v vn ny s cn l mt bc xc ln cho cng ng trong nhiu nm ti, nu chng ta khng

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c mt chin lc kh thi v ph hp cho tng vng chuyn canh. 3. Cc loi ho cht bo v thc vt thng dng HCBVTV ang s dng hin nay trn th gii c ti hng nghn ch phm, do vy ngi ta phi phn chia ra nhiu loi, theo nhiu cch khc nhau tu thuc vo s lng su bnh, cu trc ho hc v hp cht c s dng hoc mc v hnh thc tc ng nguy hi cho sc khe con ngi. C rt nhiu tc gi nh Hayes (1982) Ware (1983) a ra cc h thng phn loi khc nhau v ng dng trong mt thi gian di. Phn loi Gunn v Stevens (1976) theo chc nng v bn cht ho hc c nhiu tc gi v nhiu nc trn th gii ng dng. Ti bng phn loi ny, cc tc gi chia HCBVTV ra mt s nhm nh sau: Ho cht bo v thc vt - Cc cht v c: Cht nicotine, pyrethin - Botanical (chit xut t thc vt): Du hydrocarbon - Cc cht hu c: Hp cht pht pho hu c - Vi khun: Bacillus thuringiensis Cc cht dit su bnh khc - Cht st khun ho hc: Apholate, metepa, tepa - Pheromones (cht hp dn sinh hc v ure tng hp): Juvennoids (loi Hoocmon iuvenile v hoocmon phng theo)

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- Thuc tr rp - Ni tit t ca su bnh v cc ni tit t phng theo (iu chnh s pht trin ca su bnh). Ho cht c hiu dit k sinh vt (hp cht dinitro v cc cht khc) - Khng dit nm - Dit nm Ho cht phng nga nm - V c - Hu c Ho cht dit nm qua r Cc cht xng hi - Kh trng t - Hun khi t giun trn - Loi dit giun trn khng bng hun khi Dit c (Carbamates) - V c - Hu c Cc cht lm rng l, cht cy Cc cht iu ho s pht trin ca cy - Thc y s pht trin (cht kch thch v loi kch thch thc vt) - Cht c ch sinh trng (c ch ngn hn) - Kch thch m chi v lm gim ny chi bn - Gieo trng cy qu, lm qu chn, n hoa v kch thch sinh nha - Lm rng qu

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Ho cht dit chut - Cc cht xng hi (xng hi v dit chut) - Cc cht chng ng mu - Cc loi khc Ho cht dit c, sn - di nc - trong t

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Chng 2 NH HNG CA HO CHT DNG TRONG NNG NGHIP N MI TRNG 1. nh hng ca phn bn n mi trng Do nhng li ch ca cc cht dng lm phn bn (PB) c khng nh t lu nn nhiu loi PB c dng t thi thng c. X hi cng tin b con ngi cng bit s dng nhiu loi phn bn v cch s dng cng ngy cng hu hiu hn. Mi nc c kinh nghim v tim nng khc nhau trong vic sn xut v s dng phn bn, c bit l phn ho hc (PHH). V s lng phn PHH, (nm 1993) bnh qun 1 ha gieo trng ngi nng dn ca nc ta s dng 80 kg phn N P2O5 K2O trong khi Nht Bn l 395 kg, M l 101 kg. Trung Quc 245 - 303 kg, Philippin 89kg, Thi Lan 64 kg, n 72 kg. Phn hu c trung bnh c s dng khong 5 - 6 tn/ha trong vng 20 nm qua (1970 - 1992), mt s khu vc t n 10 tn/ha. T l bn NPK (tnh theo N: P2O5: K2O th Nht Bn l l,0:l,13:0,88; M l l,0:0,37:0,45; n l l,0:0,40:0,17 cn Vit Nam (1993) l 1,0:0,32:0,37. Nu tnh bnh qun trn ton th gii th t l s dng PHH hin nay l: l,0:0,47:0,32. Nh vy l chng ta s dng theo t l, lng phn bn vo mc trung bnh.

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Chng ta cng s dng khong 60 triu tn phn hu c (phn chung, rm r, phn hu c sinh hc khc) Ngoi ra hin c khong 1.000.000 tn phn ch bin rc thi v cc loi bn ao, bn thi, b thi thu sn b thi cng nghip khc. D bo trong thi k 2001 n 2010 mi nm nc ta cn khong 800 ngn tn supephosphat, gn 1,5 triu tn Ur, 300 ngn tn DAP v 400 ngn tn NPK tng hp cha k phn bn nhp ni c a vo s dng. Vic bn phn cho cy rng cng ht sc quan trng, nu mi hecta trng 1600 -1800 cy, lng phn bn 0,1 kg NPK cho 1 cy th s cn t 32 n 36 ngn tn NPK cho d n trng 200,000 ha/nm tnh Gia Lai. Ton quc vi d n 5 triu hecta s phi s dng khong 800.000 tn NPK. Mt c im quan trng ca nc ta l kh hu nhit i nng m, ma nhiu, kh nng ho tan phn bn cao, kh nng thm cht c vo t theo dng chy cng cao. Mt khc, lng phn bn s dng khng ng u, thng tp trung vng thm canh cao trong s tp trung c bit l khu vc canh tc rau, hoa qu v la. Kt qu nh gi nh hng ca vic s dng phn bn n ph ca t Vit Nam mt s vng xc nh r rng l phn bn gp phn tch cc bo v ph nhiu cho t ngho dinh dng. Trong t, ring lng phn hu c v lng m vn cn b st gim nhiu, ln v khu cng gim.

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Hin tng chng t cha c c s m bo cn bng dinh dng cho t do vy nhu cu phn bn chc s cn tng cao hn na. Phn bn hu c - ch yu l phn chung, phn bc c nh hng xu v mt v sinh nu khng tun th ng quy trnh k thut v ngoi cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cng c nhiu ho cht b phn gii ang tn ti dng c hi. Vn ny lin quan cht ch n vic qun l v x l phn trc khi s dng ca b con nng dn nc ta. iu tra Thi Bnh, H Ty, H Ni trong nhng nm qua cho thy: vng trng la 90% h dn c h tiu dng c, trong gn 60% s h s dng phn bc cha x l ti bn cho cy trng. iu tra Ph Th nm 2005, in Bin nm 2006 cng thy khong 70 - 80% s h s dng phn bc, thm ch cha x l trong canh tc nng nghip. Hn 80% s h trng rau nng thn dng phn ti bn rau. Cng theo cc s liu iu tra ca cc tc gi H Ni, trong nc ti vng Mai Dch trng giun trn k sinh t 0,2 n 2,8 trng/lt cn trong bn cn t 13 n gn 30 ci/100 gam bn. Trong t trng rau Mai Dch mt trng giun t n 27,4 ci/100 gam t, cn Vn Canh l 10,2 ci/100 gam t. Tng kt cng tc an ton v sinh thc phm nm 2006, cc nh khoa hc cho bit hn 90% cc mu rau bn ch khu vc H Ni c nhim chng giun. Nm 1997 Trng i hc Y khoa H Ni thng

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bo: ti mt s x Kim Bng, H Nam trong 100 ngn ngi c 1097 ngi mc bnh tiu ho. Tp qun s dng phn ti vn rt ph bin. Ring H Ni hng ngy thi ra 550.000 tn phn trong thu gom mi ch c khong 30 - 35%. chnh l mt nguyn nhn lm nhim bn t, nc mt v ngay c ngun nc sch v thc phm nht l rau qu ti. Thng thng nu c nhim bn v mt sinh hc th cng s cn tn d, nhim bn v mt ho hc nn ngi ta xc nh s lng vi trng, trng giun trong mt s mu phn hu c, t v nc trc. V tiu chun v sinh cng thy: khu vc Sm Sn, thnh ph Thanh Ho, knh ti ng Ho huyn ng Sn c hm lng E.con tng s t 1500 con/100ml nc. Sau y l mt s ch s sinh hc dng tham kho (s lng vi trng, trng giun)
i tng nghin cu S trng Vi trng giun/50g phn E.coli hoc 100ml /100g Giun Giun t a tc

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1. Phn bc ti trn vi tro t 2. Phn bc hai thng 3. t va ti phn bc 4. t sau ti phn bc 20 ngy 5. t va ti phn ln ti 6. t ch s dng phn ho hc 7. Nc mng khu trng rau dng phn bc 8. Nc ao khu trng rau dng phn bc 9. Nc ging khu trng rau dng phn bc

107 105 105 105 105 102 360 450 20

31 12 22 13 5 3 3 7

16 7 10 5 1

nhim, nhim bn mi trng t phn bn hu c s gy nn s tn d nhiu cht ho hc c hi. Hin tng tch ng nitrat l mt vn rt nguy hi cho sc kho. Ngun nitrat trong t, nc c th l tn ti t nhin ca NO3- trong t hoc c th do chuyn ho NH4+ thnh. Mt s kt qu nghin cu nitrat, amoni trong t v nc nng nghip cho thy: nc ngm H Ni c hm lng NH4+ t 2,9mg/l n 4,9 mg/l (ma kh) tng ln t 5,13 mg/l n 6,07 mg/l (ma ma) ca 2 nm 1991 v 1992. Khi xc nh NO3- nc ngm trn cnh ng la Minh Khai, H Ni thy hm lng trung bnh l 41,7 mg/l n 116,9 mg/l (vt ngng cho php). Din tch nc di t b nhim bn cc hp cht no c xu hng tng ln t 1992 n 1995. iu tra 109 ging ca 28 nh my nc thy 48,6% b nhim bn NH4+, hn 63% nhim bn NO3-, 4% nhim bn NO2 v gn 82% nhim bn PO43-. iu tra nc ti nng nghip (v mt b phn dn c dng c cho

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sinh hot) min Trung tnh Thanh Ho cho thy: 445/548 s mu vt qu gii hn cho php ca gi tr COD (>35 mg/l). Khu vc thnh ph Thanh Ho v th x Sm Sn c hn 62% s mu b nhim hu c. Hin tng tch ng kim loi nng Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Hg, Ni...trong nc v t cng bc u c nghin cu. ng rung Vit Nam thng xen k vi cc nh my, x nghip, th, ng giao thng...v th cc nghin cu kh tch bit s lng ng kim loi nng do ngun no a ti. Tuy nhin, cc ph thi (k c nc thi cng nghip) vn c dng lm nc ti, b thi lm phn bn khng c x l (hoc gn y mi bt u x l). Mt s nghin cu c bn iu tra hm lng kim loi nng trong phn bn cc loi cha c thc hin do t liu c bn khng c mc d vn r v mt nh tnh. D th no, t v nc ca nng nghip vn chu tc hi ca cc cht bn thng xuyn trong c lng ln xut pht t phn bn. Cc khu chuyn canh rau H Ni ang b nhim nng n l mt v d (thng bo 2005 ca B Y t v tnh hnh nhim c v nhim mi trng t, nc do ho cht bo v thc vt). Nghin cu 28 mu nc ti cc khu vc canh tc chnh ca tnh Thanh Ho, cc tc gi thy 1% b nhim bn km, 0,01% b nhim bn ng, 25% nhim bn ch v 32% nhim bn cadimi. Trong 37 mu t c phn tch th nhim bn km l 3%, nhim bn

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ng l 4,4%, nhim bn ch l 3% v nhim bn cadimi l 23,2%. Hm lng kim loi nng trong trm tch (cp ht <0,063mm) cng c tc gi N.M.Maqsud (1998) xc nh ti cu ng T. Kt qu thu c cho thy hm lng cc cht nh sau: As l 18,3%, Pb = 7460 ppm, Sb = 130ppm, Cu = l090ppm, Zn = 2200ppm, NO3 = 26ppm, V = 10ppm, Co = 10ppm, S = 8,5%. Kt qu trn y ca N.M.Maqsud mt ln na gp phn cho vic khng nh tnh cht phc tp ca t, nc thi, nc sng cha cht thi, bn cn thi. V vy khi s dng chng lm nc ti nng nghip, lm phn bn hoc lm cht mang cho sn xut phn tng hp, phn vi sinh, chng ta cn tun theo quy tc kim tra nghim ngt. Nng kim loi nng mt s knh rch khu vc thnh ph H Ch Minh (N.M.Maqsud, 1998) Knh rch H thng Nhiu Lc, Th Ngh Chi Lu: Knh Cu Bng Nng kim loi (mg/l) Cd 1-3 Cr Cu Pb 5-140 Zn 100-500 15-20 12-30

7-8

15-18 18-25

7-300

395-650

23

Cc h thng Tn Ho

3-4 5-6

20-22 20-72 10-15 10 -35 12-19 10-180 8-10 8-85

10-20 20-150 10-160 30-350

150-800 30-250 200-250 690-900

Knh Doi - T, 2-7 Tn Hu, Bn 2-6 Ngh Nhnh: Knh UCay Nn: sng khng nhim Nc 0,5 sui b

0,5

10

Tch t (ti a) 16

22

60

700

90

Xc nh hm lng kim loi nng Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd v cc kim loi c c tnh cao (Hg) trong nc ti khu vc Ph Nham, Tin Du huyn Phong Chu, Ph Th cng cho thy: - Nc thng dng lm nc ti c hm lng kim loi nng bin ng nh sau: Cu t 0,0001 ppm n 0,029 ppm; Pb: 0,017 n 0,078 ppm; Zn: 0,011 n 0,710 ppm; Cd: 0,004 n 0,085ppm v Hg (H) t 0,00085 n 0,00146 ppm. - Sau khi s dng nc ti 4 n 5 v thy tch lu ca kim loi nng tng ln trong t trng trt (ppm): Cu l 29,340 trc th nghim, ln ti 36,774

24

sau th nghim (trong cng thc ti nc t nhin) v t 35,456 trc th nghim ln 44,743 sau th nghim (cng thc ti bng nc thi en). i vi kim loi nng Cd th s tch ly li gim xung do lin kt km bn, b ra tri lp t mt theo dng chy. Trong t c ti nc thi, hm lng Hg(II) bin ng t 0,005 ppm n 0,038 ppm, trong bn cn lng mng Ph Nham t n hot ng vi sinh vt t gim v c ch s pht trin r la. Nhn tng qut, phn bn thc s l yu t thc y nng sut, cung cp tng lng lng thc cao nc ta hin nay. Cc nghin cu v nh hng ca phn bn n mi trng cha nhiu so vi nhng li ch m n em li, hn na s liu cng cha y m ch nhm vo mt s kha cnh. D sao, mt tri ca phn bn cng bt u xut hin, l: - S dng tp trung, mt cn i v phn ho hc mt s vng bc u gy ra nhim bn nc mt v nc ngm v NH4+,NO3-... - S dng phn bn cao bt u gy tch ng kim loi Cu Zn, Cd, Ni... mt s khu vc nh. Hin tng Cd tch ng trong nc v t trng trt l tng i r. Nguyn nhn khng ch l do s dng phn ho hc (cc loi phn ln) m cn do s dng phn hu c, ng k l phn rc v k c ngun nc ti cha c kim sot y . - thy nh hng ca phn hu c c bit l

25

phn bc v phn chung n s tch ly vi khun gy bnh, trng v u trng giun sn. - S dng mt cn i gia phn ho hc, phn hu c gy ra mt s nh hng n tnh cht t nh pH t, trao i canxi, hm lng keo, tng s vi sinh vt t... Mc d v mt k thut, ngi ta hng dn ngi sn xut nhiu bin php kt hp nhm gim ti thiu cc nh hng . Bn cnh nhng vn nu trn nh: nhim cc cht hu c, nhim nitrat v nitrit, nhim vi sinh vt vi trng, nhim kim loi nng xy ra i vi t v nc, hin tng nhim khng kh cng l vn cn lu tm nh trnh by phn u. Tuy vy, con ngi khng ch thc hin cc hot ng sn xut c lin quan n trng trt m c chn nui. Khi t, nc b nhim bn s lun c nh hng n nui trng thu sn v chn nui gia sc, gia cm. Cc loi thu sn ch yu l tm, c, chu nh hng rt ln bi mi trng nc mt. C, tm sng trong h, ao dn dn tch lu cht c kim loi nng (c bit c rt mn cm vi Pb, Cd). Hin tng c cht do kim loi nng, cht c khc v ngay c do lng xi ho tan qu thp xy ra nhiu ni. Nhng hin tng r rt nh c h Yn S (H Ni) cht nm 1995, c trn sng Nhu cht do ngm cht thi t bi rc v do DO qu thp nm 1994 (S Nng nghip H Ni, 1995, 1996). Hin tng c, tm

26

cht cn c thy nhiu ni khc nh: h c Ph Nham (Phong Chu, Ph Th) nm 1992 do nhn nc thi ca cc c s sn xut lm nc ti trn ng rung gy cht 2,2 tn c. Tm c b bnh rt nhiu min Trung v ng bng sng Cu Long nm 2006. Chng trnh SIDA (Thy in) nghin cu h c Ph Nham xc nh lng cht c Dioxin (trong ngun nc thi) l 0,03 n 0,15 mg/kg c ti v t 0,67 n 1,1 mg/kg tm ti. Nghin cu tch lu kim loi nng cho thy: hm lng Cu, Hg, As, Pb, Zn ca ng vt thu sinh trong h c Ph Nham cao hn c nui trong cc ao h khc l 5,30, 100, 200 v 20 ln theo cc kim loi tng ng. Nhiu nghin cu khc cng cho thy kt qu tng t, ngay c c tm nui nc l v ca bin cng b tch lu c t kim loi, c t hu c...nhiu hn so vi vt nui xa b. S tch lu cc cht c c ngun gc t nhiu loi phn bn (phn ho hc, phn hu c, phn rc...) hoc t nc ti vo sn phm cy trng l mt h qu tt yu. Hin nhin l s tch t cc cht c trong sn phm ph thuc vo loi c t, nng c t, loi t, loi nc ti, loi cy trng, b phn ca cy trng lm thc phm v ngay c thi im thu hoch. Hm lng nitrat trong c ph c pht hin cch y hn 10 nm trong sn phm xut khu l tn hiu bo ng u tin. Tip theo l hin tng tch lu

27

NO3-, tch ly kim loi nng nh M0, Cu trong lc. Nm 1999 pht hin ra Cd trong lc xut khu vt ngng cho php. Ngoi ra, nhiu kim tra cc loi c, thc n gia sc c thc hin v nhn thy s c hi. T nm 1993 tr li y, chng trnh rau ti, sch c thc hin nhm loi tr kh nng tch ng kim loi nng, nitrat, thuc bo v thc vt v vi trng trong rau ti v hoa qu. Tuy nhin, vn rau ti Thanh Tr b nhim cc cht hu c, kim loi nng nm 2005 - 2006, do nc ti ly t sng T Lch H Ni lm cho c cng ng cha ht lo ngi. 2. nh hng ca ho cht bo v thc vt n mi trng Trong cc vn mi trng th tnh hnh nhim mi trng do ho cht bo v thc vt nc ta thc s l vn cn quan tm v tnh cht nguy him trc tip ca n. Cng nh s dng phn bn, tng lng ho cht bo v thc vt s dng khng phi qu ln song li rt tp trung vo mt s vng, m phng php s dng, bo qun v lu hnh khng c kim sot, khng m bo an ton v sinh lao ng. Mt khc, khc vi phn bn (khng k yu t v sinh) ho cht bo v thc vt thng gy ra hiu ng trc tip tc ng vo con ngi, ng vt gia sc, gia cm cng nh nhiu loi sinh vt khc. Theo Cc Bo v thc vt, hng nm c nc s

28

dng hn 50.000 tn ho cht bo v thc vt (HCBVTV) cc loi. Nu tnh nng thuc khong 2% th tng lng thuc phun l 75.1010 lt. Vi din tch canh tc 7 triu ha sn xut th 1 ha s dng 11.104 lt thuc 2%/ha/nm hay c th hnh dung l 11 lt thuc 2%/m2/nm. ng bng sng Cu Long l: 1,5 - 2,7 kg/ha, ch Ho Bnh l 3,2 - 3,5kg/ha. iu tra vng trng rau T Lim, H Ni nm 1996 thy: Ti Mai Dch, Ty Tu, mt v rau phun thuc n 25 ln. Loi thuc s dng ch yu l Monitor, Dipterex, Bassa, DDT, Wofatox, Validacin. Tuy c lnh cm s dng nhm thuc DDT, Heptaclo (thuc nhm do hu c) song trong thc t ngi dn vn s dng. Chnh v phng php s dng, loi thuc s dng, trnh hiu bit ca ngi sn xut cn yu km nn d lng thuc BVTV trong sn phm l mt mi nguy hi rt to ln. Rt nhiu trng hp ng c thc n do n phi d lng vt ca HCBVTV trong rau qu c bit n trn ton quc. Ngi ta cn b ng c c ru c hot cht phtpho hu c (Wofatox) hoc ng c da l, da chut do ngm Wofatox. Nm 2006 cc nh nghin cu cnh bo l c hn 10% cc mu rau c gi l rau sch hin by bn ti cc siu th c nhim HCBVTV, c bit c hn 4% vt qu tiu chun cho php nhiu ln. Trong cc mu rau thng by bn ch bnh thng th t l nhim HCBVTV l trn 50%.

29

Trn thc t hin tng s dng bt cn nhiu ni hin nay gy nn tnh trng nhim mi trng nghim trng. Kt qu gim nh d lng thuc BVTV tnh Khnh Ho cho thy: Trong 423 mu t phn tch c 39% s mu cha lng d ho cht tr su vt ngng cho php t 240 ln. Trong 120 mu nc, c 36,6% s mu cha d lng ho cht tr su vt ngng cho php t 2-50 ln. Trong 728 mu rau c 24,7% s mu cha d lng ho cht tr su vt ngng cho php t 2-6 ln. Tin hnh iu tra tn d HCBVTV trong nc v t Thanh Ho cho thy: 33% s mu nc c pht hin DDT, 32% s mu t c lng vt DDT trong 21% c d lng ng k. Gn 50% s mu t c d lng Lindane trong khong nng 0,002 - 0,007 ppm v 58% s mu t c Lindane t 0,005-0,161 ppm. Heptaclo trong nc c hm lng t 0,001 - 0,02 ppm vi s lng mu nc pht hin l 75% s mu phn tch. Trong t, Heptaclo pht hin c 4 mu trong tng s 31 mu nghin cu. iu ng quan tm l d lng thuc vng chuyn canh rau ca thnh ph l cao nht. D lng thuc tr su trong rau sn xut T Lim v Thanh Tr (1996)

30

D lng mg/kg Loi rau, loi thuc T Lim Thanh Tr

D lng cho php ca FAO/WHO (mg/kg)

1. Bp ci Methylparathion Methamidophos Padan Cypermethirin 2. u n qu Methylparathion Methamidophos Cypermethirin

0,8 0,2 0,3 0,1 0,26 0,26 0,60

0,5 1,2 0,2 0,1 0,26 0,4

0,2 1,0 0,2 0,5 0,2 0,2 0,5

D lng DDT trong cc loi rau cc tnh min Trung (mg/kg) 1993

Mu iu tra

S mu

p.p-DDT

31

HTX Vn Sn, Phan Rang C hnh ty L hnh ty C hnh ta L hnh ta HTX Phc Hi, Nha Trang Rau ci ng Rau ci ngt Rau ci trng Rau rn Rau mung TCVN

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 180

0,508 0,178 0,335 0,134 0,429 0,089 0,229 0,071 0,489 0,148 0,461 0,160 0,458 0,154 0,439 0,138 0,229 0,064 0.02

Qua iu tra d lng HCBVTV 4 huyn ngoi thnh H Ni t 1995- 1997 cho thy: trong 12 mu t theo di, phn tch th 12 mu u c vt d lng mt trong 4 HCBVTV mc d nng thp. Hai loi thuc tn d nhiu l DDT v Lindane.

D lng HCBVTV mt s mu t H Ni (mg/kg) 1998

TT a im ly mu DDT Lindane M.parathion Monitor

32

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

X Yn S - Thanh Tr X Vnh Qunh - Thanh Tr X Thanh Lit - Thanh Tr X M nh - T Lim X Minh Khai - T Lim X Uy N - ng Anh X Bc Hng - ng Anh X Vnh Ngc - ng Anh X C Bi - Gia Lm X Nam Hng - ng Anh X Tin Dng - ng Anh X ng Xun - Sc Sn Ngng cho php

0,002 0 0,001 0 0 0 0,002 0,007 0 0,4 0,1 Khng 0,1

0 0,001 0,001 0,007 0,003 0 0,005 0,007 0,07 0,1

0 0 0 0 0 0,08 0 0 0 0,1

0 0 0 0 0 0,005 0 0 0 Khng 0,005 0,007 0,1

D lng HCBVTV trong rau mt s ni ca H Ni (1995)

Tn mu v a im ly mu D D lng l ng Ch tiu phn cho php thu c tch ca FAO/WHO (mg/kg)

33

I.- Bp ci Mai Dch (1993)

Methylparathion Methamidophos Cartap

0,2 1,0 0,2

0,8 2,0 0,3

II.- u n qu 60/10 Ch Bch Khoa Ch Thnh Cng Ch M Ch Cu Giy Ch Nam ng 18/10 HTX Mai Dch HTX ng Lao HTX Song Phng HTX C Nhu HTX Cu Din 22/12 Ch Bch Khoa Ch Thnh Cng Ch M

Methamidophos Methylparathion Methylparathion Methylparathion Khng c Methylparathion Methytpaathion Methamidophos Khng c Methylparathion Methamidophos Methamidophos Methamidophos

-0,2 0,2

0,4 0,24 0,05 0,20

0,2 0,2 -0,2 0,2

0,26 0,02 0,20 0,04 0,10 1,20 0,80 0,16 0,6

0,2 0,2 0,2 Ch Cu Giy Cypermethrin 0,5 Ch Nam ng Cypermethnn 05 Sn phm rau qu ngoi tn d HCBVTV cn tn

d cht c nguy him ninh. Cng vi nitrat, nitrit, kim loi nng, d lng HCBVTV, vi trng v trng giun...chng s lm cho cht lng rau gim nhiu. V l , qun l sn xut rau ni ring v thc phm,

34

lng thc, hoa qu ni chung l mt vn ht sc cp bch, cn c mt cch nhn ton din v cn khn cp c cc bin php tng th ca ton x hi cng nh cc c quan qun l. Tn d HCBVTV cng nh nhiu cht c khc s nh hng n chui dinh dng. T nc, t, cy s i vo ng vt thu sinh, thc vt...v con ngi. ng vt thu sinh (c, tm...) chu tc ng ca d lng HCBVTV qua thc n, nc ung. Ngi ta pht hin c vt Dioxin trong c, tm nui h Ph Nham Ph Th. Nghin cu, iu tra cc loi ng vt thu sinh 3 im nc ti l Phng Khoang (H Ni), ng Quang (H Ty) v Mai Dch (H Ni) cho thy: Mng ti Mai Dch (nhim bn HCBVTV) ch c 32 loi ng vt thu sinh trong cc loi thn mm v gip xc vng hon ton. Trong khi hai mng ti Phng Khoang v ng Quang l hai mng nc kh sch, khng nhim HCBVTV c t 61 n 57 loi ng vt thu sinh. Ngi ta cng xc nh c hm lng thuc tr su trong mt s loi sng ven bin c tch ng HCBVTV do qu trnh lng lc dinh dng trong nc gy ra. Hm lng HCBVTV trong mt s ng vt thu sinh ven bin

35

(10-3.ppm) i tng Ngao,Vp Ng Tm Hm lng thuc tr su Lindan 42,23 102,68 1,87 DDE 14,86 44,80 19,37 DDD 2,95 0,34 DDT 19,09 27,83 11,84

Mt s mt tri khc ca HCBVTV l nh hng n thin ch ca cc loi su v n vect truyn bnh trong h sinh thi nng nghip. Sinh thi rung la, thin ch l cc loi sinh vt c li nh b ra, b cnh cng, kin ba khoang, nhn... Cc loi thin ch trn rung la nc v rung rau c kim tra cng vi phun thuc BVTV theo nhiu giai on cho thy c s thay i rt r rng v s lng. S dung BVTV tng th s lng v chng loi thin ch u gim v ngc li. Bin php qun l tng hp (IPM) s lm s lng thin ch tng v hiu qu bo v cy trng tt hn mt cch r rng.

36

Chng 3 NH HNG CA HO CHT DNG TRONG NNG NGHIP N SC KHO CNG NG Cc ho cht dng trong nng nghip nh hng kh nhiu n sc kho cng ng ngi tip xc. Cc nh hng bao gm c nhng trng hp cp tnh v mn tnh. Nhn chung PHH thng gy nn s tch lu v nh hng mn tnh. Cc nh hng ca PHH ch yu gy nn cc ri lon bnh l kiu bnh mi trng (cc kim loi nng). Tuy nhin, cc ri lon bnh l ny thng l kh pht hin v mun li t c trng nn s kh khn trong vic xc nh cn nguyn. Mt s sn phm do cc cht ho hc phn gii t phn hu c c th gy nn cc phn ng, bnh k cp tnh v h hp v mi hng nh CH4, NH3... Cc HCBVTV gy nn nhng biu hin bnh l r rng hn v thng c hiu bao gm c cc bnh l cp v mn tnh. Di y l nhng nh hng n sc kho cng ng do cc loi HCBVTV. 1. Nhim c v c ch bnh sinh Cc HCBVTV hin ang c s dng lin quan ti kh nhiu loi hot cht khc nhau, v th c s khc nhau v s hp thu, chuyn ho, o thi ra khi c th v c tnh i vi ngi.

37

i vi nhng HCBVTV c c tnh cao nhng li d chuyn ho s lin quan ti tip xc cp tnh trong mt thi gian ngn. i vi cc HCBVTV c c tnh thp c th gy nn trng thi bnh l mn tnh. Xu hng tch lu cao trong c th l mi nguy him lin quan ti vic tip xc trong mt thi gian di thm ch vi c nhng liu tng i nh. Cc HCBVTV c th loi tr nhanh nhng li gy ra cc nh hng sinh hc bn vng cng c mi nguy him nn tip xc trong mt thi gian di d l liu thp. Cc nh hng c hi c th xut hin khng ch do cc thnh phn hot ho ca HCBVTV v cht n m cn do cc dung mi, cc cht mang v cc thnh phn khc. Nhiu khi trng thi vt l cng ng vai tr quyt nh i vi kh nng gy bnh ca HCBVTV i vi ngi tip xc. Cc nh hng c cp tnh rt d nhn bit trong khi cc nh hng mn tnh do tip xc trong mt thi gian di vi liu thp gy ra thng kh phn bit. Trng hp c bit, cc nh hng do hp th thng xuyn lng HCBVTV c trong thc phm thng l rt kh pht hin v nh lng. Hi ngh v d lng HCBVTV ca WHO/FAO ngh nh gi cc nh hng ny mt cch thng xuyn v a ra khuyn co v lng hp thu cho php hng ngy (ADls: Acceptable Dai ly lntake) v gii hn d lng ti a (MRLS: Maximum Residue Limits). Gii hn d lng ti a thng c U ban v d lng

38

HCBVTV ca Codex s dng xy dng cc gii hn d lng ti a (Codex MRLS) cho d lng HCBVTV trong cc hng ho trn th trng thng mi quc t. i vi hu ht cc loi HCBVTV, mi quan h nhn qu c xc nh. Ta c th pht hin c cc thay i nh v sinh ho trc khi xut hin cc nh hng ti sc khe v biu hin lm sng. Cng c th c ngng m khng th quan st thy (liu nh kh quan st). S hp th c cht (Morgan 1980)

2. Cc yu t nh hng ti c tnh ca HCBVTV C nhiu yu t nguy c tc ng, nh hng n kh nng gy c ca HCBVTV. Trn thc

39

t tc ng gy hi ph thuc vo liu lng, ng tip xc, kh nng hp th o thi, tch lu v tnh bn vng trong c th cng nh mi trng ca HCBVTV. Cc nh hng c cn ph thuc vo tnh trng sc khe nhy cm ca mi c nhn. Suy dinh dng v mt nc trong lao ng cng lm tng tnh nhy cm vi HCBVTV. S xm nhp ca HCBVTV vo c th ch yu l qua ng h hp, da, nim mc v tiu ho. Cc HCBVTV tan trong m v nc s c hp thu vo c th t nhiu qua phn da tip xc. Cc vt thng, try xc c th to iu kin thun li cho vic xm nhp qua da. S hp th qua da c vai tr c bit quan trng khi HCBVTV c s dng cc nc ang pht trin bi v ngi tip xc thng ch quan (dng tay khuy trc tip, khng c phng tin bo h lao ng hoc c nhng khng t tiu chun an ton v sinh lao ng). Dng hi HCBVTV hoc cc git sng c phun c ng knh nh hn 0.005 tm c hp thu nhanh qua ng h hp. Cc phn t v cc ht ln hn c th nut vo sau khi b loi khi ng th. S xm nhp ca HCBVTV qua ng tiu ho c th xy ra do n ung thc phm b nhim hoc s dng cc cha thc phm b nhim.

40

Cc yu t nh hng n s xm nhp HCBVTV qua da

c im ca da - Cc vt thng v vt try, m - V tr trn c th (mt, mi) - Tnh trng mch mu - Nhit , m, pH, t dc lng - Tnh trng vt l (rn, lng, kh) - Nng ca cc thnh phn hot tnh

Cc yu t mi trng c im ca HCBVTV

Trong c th, HCBVTV c th chuyn ho hoc c th c tch lu trong cc m m hoc bi tit nguyn vn ra ngoi. Qu trnh chuyn ho c th lm cho HCBVTV d ho tan trong nc hn v v vy d c bi tit ra ngoi hn. Chng hn nh, thuc tr su pyrethroid tan trong m b thu phn trong c th thnh cht tan trong nc v sau c bi tit ra ngoi. Thnh thong s chuyn ho li lm tng c tnh: v d nh s thu phn ca carbosulfat v furathiocard to ra nhiu hp cht v carbofuran c hn v tan nhiu trong nc. S oxy ho mt s cht ln hu c thnh cht c ch men cholinesterase mnh hn. Mt s cht tan trong m khng d dng chuyn ha c nhng li tch lu trong cc m m nh cc hp cht Clo hu c: DDT v 666. Cc HCBVTV tch

41

lu trong c th v nng thng tng ln qua mt qu trnh tip xc Khi d tr trong cc m m, chng thng dng khng hot ng. Khi c th b suy dinh dng hoc lc i, m d tr c huy ng, HCBVTV c gii phng khi cc v tr vo mu v c kh nng gy nh hng c nu nng cao trong mu. 3. Cc yu t nguy c c tnh ca HCBVTV c th b nh hng bi cc yu t mi trng. cc nc ang pht trin, ni m nhiu ngi c th b thiu dinh dng v d nh gim proteine, nhiu HCBVTV c th tng c tnh. Tnh c cp ca HCBVTV tng cao chut c nui bng ch n thiu cht dinh dng. Chng hn nh, LD50 gim xung 4 ln i vi DDT, 8 ln i vi carbaryl, 12 ln i vi lindane, 20 ln i vi endosufan v 2100 ln i vi captan (Almeina v cng s 1978; Boyd v cng s, 1969, 1970; Krijnen & Boyd, 1970). Thiu nc lm cho con ngi d nhy cm hn i vi nh hng ca cc HCBVTV c ch men cholinesterase (Baetjer, 1983). Do , cc cng nhn trn thc a b thiu nc c th d b nhim c HCBVTV carbamat v pht pho hu c hn. Khng kh nng thng lm tng cc nh hng c ca HCBVTV (Kagan, 1985). Khi nhiu HnvTV c s dng ng thi, chng

42

c th tng tc vi nhau v tr nn c hn (ng dng hoc ng kh nng v d nh lindane v heptachlore) hoc t c hn (i lp nhau). S tng tc ca nht trong ch n hng ngy i vi HCBVTV cha nhm quan th hai c th to ra cc nitrosamine c c tnh cao hn, gy bin d hoc gy ung th. nh hng ny c chng minh trong ng nghim i vi 52 loi HCBVTV (Kearney, 1980). Theo Kanoyenova (1983), s tng tc c th xy ra c hai loi tip xc ngn hn v di hn. 4. Cc loi nh hng c Ch c mt s t nhm hp cht xc nh c c ch gy c trn ng vt c v. V d nh, cc c ch xc nh r i vi thuc tr su pht pho hu c v carbamat, c hai nhm u c ch men cholinesterase, cn nitrophenon v cc phenol kh Clo cao hn c ch qu trnh phosphorin oxidase. Cc thuc dit nm thu ngn hu c cng c c ch gy c r rng (WHO, 1976). T chc nghin cu ung th quc t (IARC) nh gi kh nang gy ung th ca nhiu HCBVTV. IARC phn loi du khong (c s dng nh HCBVTV) theo kh nng gy ung th cho ngi. Hai loi HCBVTV ethylene dibromid v ethylene oxide l cht c kh nng gy ung th cho ngi. 14 loi HCBVTV c phn loi theo kh nng gy ung th

43

 l: amitrole, aramite, Clordecone, chlorophenon, thuc dit c chlorophenoxy, DDT, l-3-dichloropropene, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocylco-hexanes, mirex, nitrofen, sodium orthophenylphenate, sulfallate v toxaphene (IARC, 1988). Nhiu HCBVTV c ghi nhn l c kh nng gy ung th trn ng vt (chut th nghim) cng c th c nguy c tim tng i vi con ngi. Nhiu th nghim pht hin nhanh trong thi gian ngn v kh nng gy t bin trn c dng pht hin cc ho cht gy ung th tim tng. Cc th nghim ny rt c ch d on tnh cht gy ung th tim tng trong trng hp thiu cc th nghim theo di trong thi gian di v kh nng gy ung th trn ng vt, quyt nh xem ho cht no nn c kim tra hoc th nghim li trn ng vt v cung cp cc bng chng b sung gip cho vic nhn nh cc d liu khng r rng ca cc nghin cu dch t hc v nghin cu y hc thc nghim. Trong s cc HCBVTV c IARC xem xt th ethylene dibromide v hydrazine (cht trn trong maleic hydrazine) c xem xt l cht c bng chng ca cc hot ng gy t bin gen, trong cc th nghim vi thi gian ngn s c phn loi nh cht gy t bin trn. Kurinni & Pilinskaya (1976) d on trn c s cc xem xt li cc ti liu cho rng mt na trong s 230 HCBVTV c nghin cu xem xt c th gy ra cc nh hng

44

t bin.

Cc nh hng ho sinh do mt s HCBVTV

nh hng Gim hot tnh men C ch v cc yu t nguyn nhn Gim men microsom (gip qu trnh oxy ho kh) trong gan rt r cc ng vt thc nghim v nhng ngi c iu tr cc thuc nht nh hoc tip xc vi HCBV Clo hu c. c ch men Dithiocarbamat, phosphore hu c c ch kh nng oxy ho kh ca cc microsome ca gan (oxy ho kh aldehyde). Nhim c cp tnh thng s xut hin khi hot tnh ca men cholinesterase b c ch ti 50% hoc nhiu hn v mc c ch t 30% c ngh nh l "mc nguy him" (WHO, 1982a). S c ch men cholinesterase tch lu c th xy ra ngay sau khi tip xc vi liu khng gy ra cc du hiu hoc triu chng lm sng. Liu, ngng gim thp hn c th gy nhim c.

CC NH HNG V BNH L CP TNH Cc nh hng ca HCBVTV i vi da

nh hng Cc yu t nguyn nhn

45

Paraquat, captafol, 2,4-D v mancozeb Da nhy cm, phn ng d ng v Barban, benomyl, DDT, lindane, zineb, malathion, benomyl, zineb pht ban. Phn ng d ng, bng git. Mn HCBVTV 010 hu c nh: trng c i ra porphyrin, hin tng tn Hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol v 2,4,5-T, v thng da nng gm c bng git, to nt phng, so su, rng c th do nhim dioxin hoc dibenzofurans c kh Clo tc vnh vin v teo da Hexachlorobenzene Vim da tip xc

Cc nh hng ca HCBVTV i vi thn kinh nh hng Cc yu t nguyn nhn

Nhim c kinh chm

thn Mt s cc hp cht hu c v d nh leptophos Cc thuc tr su pht pho hu c Thuc tr su pht pho hu c, Clo hu c v cc thuc dit nm thu ngn hu c Thuc dit c Phlorophenoxy, thuc tr su pyrethroids v phot pho hu c

Thay i hnh vi Tn thng h thng thn kinh trung ng Vim dy thn kinh ngoi vi

Sau y l mt s nhim c cp tnh thng gp * Nhm ho cht tr su ln hu c Nhng trng hp nhim c LHC in hnh thng c 3 loi hi chng bnh l nh sau: - Du hiu ging ng c nm: (cng ph giao

46

cm, gin c vng, co c trn v tng tit dch). Nu nh th bun nn, nn, au bng, tot m hi, chy nc di, co ng t. Nu nng th ngoi cc du hiu trn cn km theo a lng, a i dm d, tm ti (tr ngi h hp do tit dch v co tht kh o), c th b ph phi cp ri cht. Trc khi cht tim p chm ri nh dn. - Du hiu nhim c nicotin (vn ng): sp mi mt, li rt, co cc di c mt, c, lng dn n lch vo c lng, hm mt. Thm ch ton thn co cng, c trng hp co c ngc gy tc th v t vong. Du hiu thn kinh trung ng (c ch): hoa mt, chng mt, bn chn, ri lon hp ng ng tc (do ri lon tin nh, tiu no). Run, co git, mt kh nng tp trung th lc v kh nng phn bit mu sc t 4% n 11% ( Hm 2007). C trng hp b git nhn cu (nystagmus), ni kh khn. Nhng du hiu trn c th ko di t 1 n 9 gi, ri bnh nhn i vo hn m, phn x gim, co git ton thn, ht co git c th cht. Xt nghim huyt hc thy hot tnh men cholinesterase gim hot tnh, paranitrophenol niu tng cao i vi tiophot v wofatox. Mt nghin cu Thi Nguyn cho thy nng dn trng rau, tip xc vi HCBVTV hot tnh men cholinesterase gim di 30% ti 11% (2006). Ngi ta c th quan st thy cc du hiu phi nh hi chng ph phi cp, phi c th c nhiu rales

47

m, ho c bt mu hng, khi lm sinh thit hoc m t thi s thy r. gan, lch, thn c hin tng xung huyt, nhiu khi gan to ra, huyt... hu ht cc b phn c tc ng ca thuc tr su u c th b xung huyt (tiu ho, no, tu...) * Nhm ho cht tr su Clo hu c. Nhim c thuc tr su Clo hu c gy nn bnh cnh ca lm sng vi nhiu hnh thc khc nhau tu thuc vo ng xm nhp ca chng vo c th, cc th bnh thng gp l: - Th cp tnh: + Clo hu c c th gy nn cc triu chng ca h thng tiu ho v thn kinh nh lm ging, bun nn, kh chu bng trn, cm gic nng bng, au bng... Nhit tng cao, ton thn mt mi, au u chng mt, tim p nhanh, huyt p tng. Nng c th gy co git v hn m, hu qu l gy nn cc ri lon gan mt v da. + Nu ht vo ng h hp bnh nh c th biu hin hng c cm gic nng bng, au ngc, ho, au u chy nc mt, run, nhit tng cao, mt mi, nn ma. Khng iu tr, ch ra khi ni c 666 sau 1 2 gi cc biu hin trn s mt. Nng th ngi nht nht, st cao, tot m hi, gy nn ph phi cp, chong, tinh thn m h, ri lon ng tc i n hn m. Trng hp nng thng gp tr em hoc ngi ln ht phi nhiu 666.

48

+ Tip xc qua ng da, nim mc nh mt s au nhc mng tip hp, xung huyt, chy nc mt, git mi mt, mt nng bng. Dng nc ra, nhng triu chng trn cng tng, da sng, nng, ni phng, thnh mn, bong da nng c th gy vim da tng mng sau bong vy. - Th mn tnh: + C th gp khi Clo hu c vo c th qua 3 ng ni trn song t v lin tc. Biu hin nhim c l mt mi ton thn, ngi trng thi c ch, au u, mt ng, tinh thn bt nh, run tay, chn, km n, au qun bng, c khi gy vim gan, vim d dy, c bit c th b vim dy thn kinh. + Mt s xt nghim cn lm sng c th thy: tnh trng nhim c t l bch cu tng, c mt s trng hp gim tc huyt trm, huyt sc t gim (khng nht thit) mi u ng huyt cao v sau gim, kim huyt tng, can xi huyt gim, acetylcholin tng, c khi thn b kch thch nn nc tiu c albumin, tr niu v hng cu. * Nhm ho cht tr su Cacbamat - au u, bun nn l hai du hiu thng xut hin u tin, nu dng tip xc, khng hp thu thm cht c c th s t bnh phc v hi phc hon ton trong vi gi. - Cc du hiu chng mt, nam m, ra nhiu m hi, tng tit nc bt, run, co tht cc c... thng

49

xut hin sm ngay khi i tng tip xc vi HCBVTV nhm cacbamat v nhm ny thng hp thu v i vo cc m gy c ch men cholinesterase mt cch nhanh chng. * Nhm ho cht tr su Thu ngn hu c - Cp tnh: trong ming c mi v kim loi, ht phi nhiu s chng mt, km n, bun nn, trng thi l m. C bit c ngi au bng i lng, c khi i ngoi ra mu, c cm gic nng bng c, li sng v chy mu. Du hiu r nht l r; lon thn kinh vn ng, co git, nht l hai tay. Nng, ton thn co git, t chi t di, nghe km, mt m, ngoi da s sng nng, , ni mn v b bng. - Mn tnh: tin trin chm, triu chng khng r rt, trc tin c cm gic mi mt, au u, ton thn suy yu mt ng, run chn tay. Nu iu tr khng kp thi s dn n bi lit. * Thuc tr c Do tc ng ca cc thuc tr c (TTC) gn ging nh thuc tr su dng chlore hu c nn bnh cnh lm sng cng th hin tnh trng bnh l a dng nhiu c quan ca c th (ch yu l da v nim mc). * Thuc dit chut Nhim c thuc dit chut thng c cc biu hin ch yu l: - Tn thng mao mch. - Hoi t da v vim da.

50

- Chy mu, trc tin l chy mu cc mng, nim mc nh l li, mi, da, khp v ng tiu ho, gy au bng, lng v khp. S chy mu trong cc tng cng c th xy ra.

CC NH HNG V BNH L MN TNH nh hng n tu xng (to huyt) T nm 1948 c t nht 30 bo co cp n 64 trng hp thiu mu bt sn v ri lon to mu c lin quan ti HCBVTV, rt nhiu trong s xut hin nhng ngi tip xc trong cc trng hp c tnh cht ngh nghip. Tuy nhin, cho n nay, gii thch thuyt phc nht l vn c a, mt trong nhng phn ng c hiu him gp tng c th (Hayes, 1982). Ung th HCBVTV c cha asen lin quan ti ung th da v ng h hp ngi. Cc nghin cu trong nhng ngi ng gi HCBVTV Baltimore, Maryland (USA) v Koblenz (Cng ho lin bang c). Tuy nhin, Nordberg v Andersen (1981) gi rng cc tip xc mi trng vi asen lun lun i i vi s tip

51

xc vi cc kim loi khc, hay cc cht hu c gy ung th khc. Vic tip tc s dng DDT cc nc ang pht trin v kt qu nghin cu thc nghim trn ng vt ph hp vi kh nng gy ung th do vy vic nghin cu tip tc tr nn cn thit. nh hng n sinh sn Ngi ta cho rng v sinh nam c lin quan n tip xc vi thuc dit giun trn Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) (Wharton v cng s, 1977, 1979). Nhiu ngi cho rng nh hng khng tt n sinh sn c lin quan n thuc dit c phenocy v s nhim chng. nh hng ca dibromochloropropane (DBCP) ti kh nng sinh sn ca con ngi l c th gy ra v sinh nam. Cc nh hng quan st c trn ng vt bao gm thai cht lu v sy thai c th quy cho l 2,4,5-T, b nhim 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Cc trng hp qui thai v nhim c bo thai c ghi nhn mt vi loi ng vt c v i vi HCBVTV: carbaryl, captan, folpet, difolatan, cc hp cht thu ngn hu c, 2,4,5-T, pentachloronitrobene, paraquat, maneb, ziram v benomyl. Cc nh hng i vi h thng sinh sn ca ng vt ci cng c ghi nhn i vi Chlordecone, thi thiram v ziram (Kagan, 1985). Cc HCBVTV gy qui thai v mi quan h ca n

52

vi sc kho ca con ngi phi c xem xt trn quan h nhn qu. Trong cc nghin cu thc nghim, cc hu qu thng ph thuc vo liu v cc liu to ra hu qu gy qui thai nhn chung kh nhn bit c trong cc iu kin bnh thng. nh hng n di truyn Theo Yoder v cng s (1973) th s ph hu cc nhim sc th tng ln nhng ngi phun thuc dit cn trng v thuc dit c trong sut ma phun cao im. Rabello v cng s (1975) cho rng s bt thng ca cc nhim sc th c lin quan n sn xut DDT. Dulout v cng s (1985) cng cho l s lin quan ny cng c nhng ngi trng hoa tip xc vi cc hp cht pht pho hu c, vi cathamat v clo hu c . nh hng n thn kinh Thuc tr su hydrocacbon iu ch vi Clodecon l nguyn nhn ca hn 57 trng hp nhim c thn kinh cc cng nhn ti Hopewell, Virgnia, nm 1975 (Taylor v cc cng s, 1976). Rt nhiu cng nhn tip tc c biu hin, du hiu b bnh 4 nm sau khi tip xc. Cc nh hng c hi ti thn kinh c lin quan vi thuc dit c phenoxy, thuc c asen, methylbromide v thuc dit loi gm nhm c cha thallium (AbouDonia v Preissing, 1976am 1976b; Xintaras v cng s 1978). Cc hp cht pht pho hu c, khng ch to ra cc nh hng thn kinh cp, mn

53

tnh m cn lin quan n cc nh hng tm l. Ngi ta lu n s thay i hnh vi kh thy trong rt nhiu nghin cu dch t ct ngang nhng ngi kim sot su hi, nng dn, cc cng nhn sn xut. S thay i hnh vi c lin quan ti vic tip xc vi HCBVTV trong cc tai nn nhng cng nhn nng nghip (Maizlish v cng s 1987; Eskenazi v Maizlish, 1988). nh hng n min dch Mt s cuc iu tra xc nh rng c kh nng lin quan gia vic tip xc vi HCBVTV v c ch min dch. V d, Wysocki v cng s (1985) so snh lng ng huyt thanh ca IgA, IgM, IgG, thnh phn C - 3 5 1 ngi tip xc ngh nghip vi HCBVTV c Clo vi 28 ngi i chng. IgG tng ln, trong khi IgM v C - 3 li thp hn nhng ngi cng nhn c tip xc. nh hng ln h thng min dch do dicofol, cc hp cht hu c v trichlorfol cng c cp. Cc nh hng khc ca cc HCBVTV bao gm: - c nhn mt do tip xc vi Diquat. - Tng sinh t bo trong phi do tip xc vi paraquat (WHO, 1984). - Qu trnh pht pho ho kh khng ng b do dinitrophenon, dinitrocresols (Weinbach, 1957). T chc Y t th gii c tnh v nh hng ca

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HCBVTV n sc kho cng ng hng nm nh sau: + Tip xc mt ln trong thi gian ngn (bao gm c t t): 3.000.000 trng hp, (220.000 trng hp cht). + Tip xc trong thi gian di, cc nh hng nm tnh c th: 753.000 trng hp. + Tip xc trong thi gian di, cc nh hng mn tnh khng c th (ung th): 37.000 trng hp. CC V NHIM C HNG LOT DO HCBVTV Tt c cc HCBVTV u c th gy ra nhng nh hng nghim trng n sc kho con ngi hoc mi trng do vic s dng HCBVTV cn c theo di v x l ng k thut. Nhng loi c hi qu cn c hn ch hoc cm mt cch nghim ngt nhiu nc pht trin hoc mt s nc ang pht trin. Tuy nhin, nhng HCBVTV ny mt s nc ang pht trin khc do vn c s dng rng ri nn tnh trng nhim c hng lot vn ang xy ra mc bo ng. Trn th gii mi nm c hng trm nghn ngi cht v c ti hn mt triu ngi b nhim c cc loi HCBVTV r rt c pht hin, s ngi b nhim, b nh hng bi cc ha cht bo v thc vt l rt ln v khng ngng tng ln (WHO, nm 2002). Vit Nam, t l nhim c phi cp cu ti cc bnh vin

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tuyn tnh cao nht l do nhim c HCBVTV. Theo bo cc vua V Y t d phng - B Y t, nm 2005 tnh hnh nhim c HCBVTV nc ta vn cn nghim trng: hn 5000 v nhim c, 5394 nn nhn v 393 ngi cht. y mi ch l s liu tp hp t mt s tnh, thnh ph c s theo di, bo co thng xuyn. T nm 2000 n 2006, c nc c 667 v nhim c do rau qu nhim HCBVTV v thu sn lm 283 ngi t vong. Tnh bnh qun c 1 tn HCBVTV s dng c 1,3 ngi b nhim c nng v c 21,42 tn HCBVTV s dng th c 1 ngi t vong. Cc v nhim c thc phm do ha cht bo v thc vt xy ra thng xuyn khp cc tnh thnh trong c nc. Thuc tr su parathion v aldicarb dit giun trn l nhng cht c ch hiu nghim men cholinesterase v c lin quan n nhiu trng hp b nhim c c ch v khng c ch . Nhng cht nh parathion v aldicarb l cc k nguy him nhng cng ng thiu s gio dc v o to v vic s dng ng cch HCBVTV cng nh thiu cc phng tin y t. Cc bn bo co (WHO, 1984) cho bit vic s dng rng ri thuc dit c paraquat vo nhiu mc ch l nguyn nhn gy ra cc v nhim c nghim trng hoc gy cht ngi. Rt nhiu trong s nhng trng hp nhim c ny l do c . S nhim c ny c c tnh l c nh hng mun trong nhu m phi vi biu hin x ho phi, cc nh hng do tip

56

xc mn tnh liu lng thp hoc khng gy cht ngi cng khng th loi tr.

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Chng 4 CC BIN PHP PHNG, CHNG NHIM C HA CHT BO V THC VT Do cng tc qun l, lu thng, s dng HCBVTV cha tt nn hin trng mt an ton v sinh lao ng ang xy ra khp ni trn th gii, c bit l cc nc ang pht trin. Ngi lao ng thiu kin thc v an ton v sinh lao ng trong tip xc vi HCBVTV, v vy nh hng ca HCBVTV n sc kho, c bit l ti cng ng nng nghip, t l nhim c hng lot vn khng c xu hng gim. Cc nh chuyn mn cho rng cn phi c nhiu nghin cu, nhiu can thip hn na i vi vn ny v cng nn tp trung vo nhng hp cht c s dng rng ri v nhng cht c nh hng c th nhn bit c hay nhng nh hng m con ngi cn hoi nghi da trn cc th nghim ng vt hoc trong phng th nghim. Trn c s cc kinh nghim rt ra c trong nhng nm va qua, mt s bin php phng, chng nhim c ho cht dng trong nng nghip mang tnh cht chin lc c xut s c m t sau y.

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1. Qun l, gim st vic sn xut v s dng HCBVTV an ton Mun qun l, gim st vic sn xut v s dng HCBVTV an ton, trc ht cn xy dng c mt h thng gim st, lut ph hp v c tnh kh thi i vi tnh hnh thc tin ca mi t nc. Cng cn yu cu cc i tng c lin quan n HCBVTV phi thc hin nghim chnh nhng lut l t ra. Mt h thng qun l, gim st vic sn xut v s dng HCBVTV an ton l bt buc Mi quc gia cn xy dng v kin ton mt h thng qun l, gim st vic sn xut v s dng HCBVTV an ton ph hp vi iu kin thc tin ca mnh. Trong iu kin nc ta th h thng ny phi c s ch o t Trung ng n a phng. Chng ta c Php lnh v an ton, bo h lao ng v Lut bo v mi trng. Tuy nhin, vic thc thi cn nhiu iu bt cp. Hin tng nhp lu HCBVTV ngoi danh mc ang l vn khng th kim sot ni khp mi ni. Ngi dn ch cn thuc c hiu lc BVTV l mua, bt k xut x t u hoc hu qu nguy hi th no. HCBVTV khng m bo an ton c bn khp mi ni, khng ai kim sot l iu bnh thng trong mt ngi dn. n lc vic kim sot cn phi cht ch hn, c bit l tuyn x phng n ngi s dng. Cc quy nh v qun l v gim st

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cn phi c cng khai v bt buc n ti cc cng ng v c coi l cng vic thng nht ti cc a phng vi s tham gia ca tt c cc cp chnh quyn v cc on th. Gim st sinh hc phi c tin hnh thng xuyn S tip xc ca con ngi vi HCBVTV thng c nh gi bng vic xc nh mc tn d HCBVTV trong mi trng (khng kh, nc v thc phm). Tuy nhin, thng tin v ch s tip xc c th thu thp c bng vic phn tch nng cc HCBVTV trong cc m v cc dch ca c th con ngi s em li mt gi tr khoa hc cao hn. Gim st sinh hc c bit hu ch khi c s tip xc ng thi qua nhiu ng. Gim st sinh hc i hi phi c mt i ng cn b chuyn mn, cc phng tin chuyn mn thu thp, phn tch cc mu v nhn nh kt qu, v vy cho ti nay phng php ny cha c ph bin nhng nc ang pht trin. Cc xt nghim HCBVTV v cc cht chuyn ho ca chng c th tin hnh bng vic phn tch huyt thanh, m, nc tiu, mu v sa. i vi HCBVTV pht pho hu c, s hot ho men Cholinesterase c th c s dng nh l mt ch s tip xc bi v c s tng quan gia s tip xc v s gim hot tnh ca men Cholinesterase. Cc nghin cu cho thy nhiu HCBVTV chlore

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hu c bn vng c th c tm thy trong m ngi. HCBVTV dng chim hu c ni chung, DDT ni ring tn ti trong mi trng l rt lu di. Nn vic xc nh chng khng kh v c gi tr thp hn gim st sinh hc. cc nc ang pht trin, cc yu cu php l nghim ngt v cc nh hng c hi v sinh thi phi c thc hin trc khi cho php nhp khu v s dng bt c mt loi HCBVTV no. Trc khi chp nhn cho s dng mt loi HCBVTV no cc t chc chnh ph hu quan c th yu cu cc nh sn xut cung cp cc ti liu v cc cuc th c tnh trn c th ng vt chun v t vic nghin cu cc nh hng i vi sinh thi v mi trng. m bo an ton cho ngi dn trong cng ng bao gm c ngi sn xut v tiu dng cng nh duy tr mi trng t, nc trong sch v n nh, nh nc ta a ra quy nh rt nghim ngt v vic s dng an ton HCBVTV. Sau y l danh mc cc HCBVTV hn ch v cm s dng Vit Nam. Danh mc thuc BVTV hn ch s dng Vit Nam (Ban hnh theo Quyt nh s/23/2007/Q-BNN ngy 28/3/2007)
T T Tn hot cht (common name) Tn thng mi T chc xin ng k (Trade name) (applicant)

I. THUC S DNG TRONG NNG NGHIP

61

1.Thuc tr su 1 Carbofuran 2 Deltamethrin 2%+ Dichlorvos 13% 3 Dichlorvos(DDVP) 4 Dicofol 5 Dicrotophos Furadan 3G FMC

St trng linh 15 Cng ty thuc tr su EC B Quc Phng Demon 50EC Connel Bros Kelthane 18.5EC Rohm and hass PTE Ltd Bidrin 50EC Cng ty vt t k thut nng nghip Cn Th Laminat 40SP Cng ty trch nhim hu hn bo v thc vt An Hng Pht DuPont Vietnam Ltd

6 Methomyl

Laminat 40SP

Supermor 24SL Cng ty CP vt t bo v thc vt H Ni 2. Thuc tr bnh hi cy trng 1 MAFA 3. Thuc tr c 1 Paraquat 4. Thuc dit chut Gramoxoen 20SL Zeneca Agrochemical Dinasin 65SC Cng ty thuc st trng Vit Nam

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1 Zinc Phosphide

Cng ty thuc st trng Vit nam Hi chn nui Vit Nam Cng ty thuc st trng Si Gn II. THUC TR MI PMC 90 bt Vin khoa hc lm nghip Vit Nam, Chm - T Lim H Ni Vin khoa hc lm nghip Vit Nam, Chm - T Lim H Ni Vin khoa hc lm nghip Vit Nam, Chm - T Lim H Ni

Fokeba 1%,5%, 20% QT - 92 18% Zinphos 20%

1 Na2SiF6 50% + HBO3 10% + CuSO4 30%

2 Na2SiF6 80% + ZnCl2 PMs 100 bt 20%

3 Na2SiF6 75% + C6Cl5ONa 15%

PMD4 90 bt

III. THUC BO QUN LM SN 1 Methylene bis thiocyonate 5% + Quanternary ammonium compounds 25% 2 Sodium Pentachorophenate monohydrate Celbrite MT 30 EC Celcure (M) Sdn Bhd

Copas NAP 90 G Celcure (M) Sdn Bhd

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3 Sodium Tetraboratedecahy drate 54% + Boric acid 36% 4 Tribromophenol 5 Tributyl tin naphthenate 6 CuSO4 50% + K2Cr2O7 50%

Celbor 90 SP

Celcure (M) Sdn Bhd

Iniecta AB 30 L Timber life 16 L XM5 100 bt

Moldrup System PTE Ltd Jardine Davies n (Philippines) vin Khoa hc Lm nghip Vit Nam, Chm - T Lim - H Ni Vin Khoa hc Lm nghip Vit Nam, Chm - T Lim - H Ni Vin Khoa hc Lm nghip Vit Nam, Chm - T Lim - H Ni Vin Khoa hc Lm nghip Vit Nam, Chm - T Lim - H Ni Vin Khoa hc Lm nghip Vit Nam, Chm - T Lim - H Ni

ZnSO4.7H2O 60% + NaF 30% + ph gia 10%

LN5 90 bt

C6Cl50Na 60% + NaF P - NaF 90 bt 30% + ph gia 10%

C8Cl5ONa 50% + Na2B4O7 25% + H2BO4 25%

PBB 100 bt

10 SO4(NH4)2 92% + NaF 8%

PCC 1 00 bt

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11 C6Cl5OH 5% + C6H4O5N2 2%

CMM 7 du lng Vin Khoa hc Lm nghip Vit Nam, Chm - T Lim - H Ni IV. THUC KH TRNG

Aluminium phosphide

Celphos 56%

Excel lndustries Ltd India Vietnam Fumigation Co Vietnam Fumigation Co United Phosphorus Ltd Detia Degesch GnibH Vietnam Fumigation Co Cng ty trch nhim hu hn Thn Nng Cng ty vt t k thut nng nghip Cn Th

Gastoxin 568 GE Helm AG Fumitoxin 55% tablets Phostoxin 56% vin trn, vin dt Quickphos 56 vin 2 3 Magnesium phosphide Methyl bromide Magtoxin 66 tablet, pellet Brom - O - Gas 98% Dowfome 98% Meth - O - Gas 98%

Danh mc cc HCBVTV cm s dng hin nay (Ban hnh theo Quyt nh s 28/3/2007/Q-BNN ngy 28/3/2007)

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STT Tn chung (common names) - tn thng mi (trade names) Thuc tr su - insecticide 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Aldrin (Aldrex. Aldrite...) BHC, Lindane (Gamma - BHC, Gamma - HCH, Gamatox 15 EC, 20 EC, Lindafor, Carbadan 4/4 G (Sevidol 4/4 G...) Cadmium compound (Cd) Chlordane (Chlorotox, Octachlor, Penttchlor..) DDT (Neocid, Pentachlonn, Chlorophenothane...) Dietdrin (Dteldrex, Dieldrite, Octalox...) Endosulfan (Cyclodan 35EC, Endosol 35EC, Tigiodan 35 ND, Thasodant 35EC, Thiodol 35ND...) Eldnn (Hexadnn...) Heptachlor (Drimex, Heptamul, Heptox...) Isobenzen Isodrin Lead compound (Ld) Methamidophos (Dynamite 50 SC, Filitox 70 SC, Master 50 EC, 70 SC, Monitor 50 EC, 60 SC, Isometha 50 DD, 60 DD, lsosuper 70 DD, Tamaron 50 EC) Methyl Parathion (Danacap M25, M40, Fotrol M 50 EC); somethyl 50 ND; Methaphos 40 EC, 50 EC; (Methyl Parathion) 20 EC, 40 EC, 50 EC; Milion 50 EC; Proteon 50 EC; Romethyl 50 ND; Wofatox 50 EC. Monocrotophos (Apadrin 50 SL, Magic 50 SL, Nuvacron 40 SCW/DD, 50 SCWtDD, Thunder 515 DD) Parathion Ethyl (Alkexon, Orthophos, Thiophos...)

15 16

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17 18 19 20 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1

Sodium Pentachlorophenate monohydrate (Copas NAP 90G, PM D490 bt PBB 100 bt Pentachlorophenol (CMM7 du lng) Phosphamion (Dimecron 50 SCW/DD) Polychlorocamphene (Toxaphene, Camphechlor, Strobane Chlordimeform Thuc tr bnh Arsenic compond (As) (ring Dinasin 6.5SC c tip tc s dng n ht nm 2007 tr bnh kh vn la) Captan (Captane 75 WP, Merpan 75 WP...) Captafol (Difolatal 80 WP, Folcid 80 WP...) Hexachlorobenzene (Anticaric, HCB...) Mercury, compound (Hg) Selenium compound (Se) Thuc dit chut - Rodenticide Talium compound (TI) Thuc tr c - Herbicide 2,4,5 T (Brochtox, Decamine, Veon...) Khuyn co phm vi hn ch s dng i vi HCBVTV c hi Loi S dng

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Ch nhng ngi s dng chuyn nghip c cp giy php Ib - Rt c Ch nhng ngi c o to tt, c gio dc v c gim st nghim tc II- Tng i c Nhng ngi c o to v c gim st v bit cc bin php phng nga III- t c Nhng ngi c o to v c theo di phng nga hng ngy - Gn nh khng c c s dng trong ng o nhn dn, hi kh s dng c cc bin php v sinh chung v c ch dn cch s dng trn nhn l thuc 2. Tng cng gio dc, truyn thng v an ton v sinh lao ng trong sn xut v s dng HCBVTV Vic s dng sai quy cch HCBVTV thng b b qua, do thiu hiu bit, cha c thi ng n v an ton v sinh lao ng, khng thc hnh ng cch m bo an ton l tng i ph bin ngi tip xc. C rt nhiu phng php gio dc truyn thng i vi nhng ngi nng dn, ngi c vai tr quyt nh trong cng ng. C th l truyn thng trc tip vi cc i tng hoc gin tip qua h thng i pht thanh, qua hp tc x, cc h nng dn, qua nhng ngi bn l hoc qua nhng ngi ng u cng ng. Mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng ca truyn thng l phi gn gi, d hiu v n gin. Phng php n gin nht chuyn ti thng tin hin nay l dn nhn ph hp. Tuy nhin, vic dn nhn i hi

Ia - Cc k c

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phi c ng k cc c quan chc nng. Vic ny hin nay i hi nhiu chi tit phc tp n mc ngay bn thn n hn ch s tun th ca cc nh sn xut (GIFAP, 1988). Bi vy, mt nhn hiu an ton bng hnh nh rt n gin li hu hiu. Loi nhn ny nn lm r thm s ch dn bng mu sc biu hin mc c hi v bng biu tng c th gip ngi s dng c s phng nga (Copplestone 1985). Biu tng ci u lu v xng hnh ch thp c th c dng cho cng thc c xp bng ra v in, vi dng ch "rt c" v "c" l thch hp. Du ch thp c th dng cho cc cht c bng II vi t "c hi". Bng III c th ghi ch bng ch "cn thn". H thng ch v biu tng n gin ny l do FAO v WHO gii thiu. Trn thc t ngi nng dn, thm ch c mt t l ln s ngi ang hng ngy a ra quyt nh trong hot ng nng nghip c th c trnh vn ho rt thp v c th cn khng bit ch. i khi, nhiu ni trn th gii, cng vi vic khng c c ngi ta cng khng th hiu c ngha ca nhng bc tranh. Vic giao tip ch c th thc hin qua ngn t nhng cng khng hon ton ph thuc vo s hin din ca con ngi m c th qua radio, in thoi. Trong cc trng hp ny, cc dch v m ra c th ng vai tr quan trng trong vic em li thng tin v gio dc cho nhng ngi s dng HCBVTV. nhng ni m c s h tng cho cc hot ng

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kim sot HCBVTV gn nh khng c, trch nhim hun luyn l thuc v ngi i bn HCBVTV nu l con ng chnh ngch, nhn vin nh nc. Mt iu quan trng l nhng ngi m nhn vic phn phi HCBVTV phi bit c c tnh cng nh l tc dng ca sn phm m h bn ra. H cn phi c nhng li khuyn ng n v nguy c nhim c ch khng nn ni di l thuc c c th s dng m khng cn phng (ho cht ngoi lung). Thuc cng c th ngi s dng cng cn nhng li ch dn y v c trch nhim ca ngi bn cng nh nhng ngi c trch nhim ca cng ng. Cc biu tng cnh bo do FAO a ra s dng trn bao b

3. Nng cao hiu qu s dng HCBVTV v cc chin lc kim sot cc su bnh gy hi Cn c mt chin lc kim sot su bnh hiu qu mi bo v c ma mng. H thng nng nghip hiu qu (GAP) trong vic s dng HCBVTV c

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FAO nh ngha l: "HCBVTV phi c cc t chc c trch nhim thng qua v gii thiu tt c cc iu kin ca cc giai on ca qu trnh sn xut, d tr, vn chuyn, phn phi v ch bin thc phm cng nh cc sn phm nng nghip khc, ch ti s thay i cc phng tin thit b cho ph hp trong mt vng v gia cc vng. nh gi xem s lng ti thiu cn thit c th kim sot mt cch y vic s dng HCBVTV trong mt hnh thc no ch c php khi chng cn tn lu t nht v mc c l c th chp nhn c" (FAO, 1977). Vic kim sot cc su hi bao gm nhiu bin php khc nhau t vic s dng thng xuyn HCBVTV cho ti cc phng php c th duy tr sinh thi. Cc nc c quan im v vic kim sot su hi ch cn da vo vic s dng thuc tr su s ngy cng t i. Con ngi dn dn nhn ra rng lng thuc cn s dng ph thuc vo t nhin hoc phi do cc c s sinh vt hc gii thiu c th gii hn s su hi v t l bnh cy trng vt nui. Khi nim ny l mt phn ca Qun l su hi tng hp (FAO,1967) hoc IPM nh sau:" Mt h thng qun l su hi l h thng c lin quan ti mi trng v c s pht trin ca cc loi su, phi s dng tt c cc k thut v cc bin php thch hp hnh thc no gi cho s lng su hi di mc c th gy nh hng xu v kinh t " (Balk v Koeman,1984). IPM th nghim mt cch

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c h thng mt s nc v tm ra cch kim sot c hiu qu v tit kim (FAO 1979). T sau i chin th gii ln th II, con ngi bit c vic gim nhim mi trng ph thuc vo vic s dng cc loi HCBVTV. Kh m duy tr mi trng sinh thi khi m rt nhiu loi thuc c tc dng c hi lu di c s dng ba bi v thiu cn nhc. Vo thi gian trc vic phun thuc cc vng t rng ln bng my bay l rt ph bin. Ngy nay, cc nc pht trin vic phun thuc bng my bay nh vy phi c nhng iu lut v s rng buc tng i cht ch. Tuy nhin, hnh thc ny vn ang cn c s dng mt mc no cc nc ang pht trin. nhiu trng hp, cc bin php kim sot sinh hc cn c s dng, mc d phm vi ca phng php ny b gii hn. Tuy nhin c mt s thnh cng, c bit l cc loi cn trng c a vo t cc nc khc. Pheromones ang c s dng v ngy cng tr nn c ch c bit l tiu dit su lepidoterous v c nhng tin b ng k trong vic kim sot su ngi. Mt trong cc vn chnh ca pheromones l mc khc bit ca cc loi pheromones v loi pheromone s dng cho mi loi su bnh cng khc nhau. Mc d cc phng php kim sot sinh hc i khi khng p ng y cho vic kim sot cc su hi chnh, song c th kt hp chng vi vic kim sot

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lng ghp v cc k hoch qun l su hi c c mt kh nng kim sot hiu qu cao m t gy c hi vi mi trng nht. Nhng ngi trng trt cc nc ang pht trin thng d chp nhn cc k thut kim sot ny v mang tnh cng ng. Cc bin php ny hin nay s dng nhiu cng nhn v th khng phi l vn i vi cc nc ang pht trin. 4. La chn cc phng php tiu dit su bnh Rt nhiu HCBVTV gy nguy him ln khng ch cho con ngi m cn c nh hng i vi cc sinh vt khc trong mi trng, lm gim i cht lng sn phm nng nghip, gim cht lng ca mi trng v gy thit hi v kinh t. V vy, s cn bng gia li ch ca vic dng HCBVTV v mt tri ca n cn c lu . S khng thuc l mt trong nhng vn chnh do vic duy tr cng s dng HCBVTV (WHO 1986). mt s vng s dng HCBVTV trong nng nghip khng ng k thut hoc lm dng l nguyn nhn gy khng thuc v lm nh hng nghim trng n sc kho cng ng do s dng nhng loi ho cht hoc mt loi cht khng c trong danh mc c s dng... Khi s khng thuc do s dng HCBVTV bt u tng, s gy nh hng xu nhiu hn. N c th dn n vic tiu dit nhng loi thin ch ca su b v cui cng li lm mt s loi su b c hi tng ln hoc l

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nhng su b hin khng gy hi tr thnh sau gy bnh chnh m trc n khng phi l loi gy bnh. Nhng phng php ho hc khng phi l phng php duy nht tiu dit su bnh v li cng khng phi l phng php cn thit, ti u nht. Mt s phng php khc nhau ang c s dng bao gm vic p dng cc quy nh ring trong nng nghip v p dng nhng c tnh khng su ca cy trng. C mt s phng php sinh hc s dng lm ngng s sinh sn ca cn trng hoc dng vi khun tiu dit loi su c hiu, hoc dit cn trng c hi m khng lm nh hng n cc loi ng vt v ma mng. Cc iu kin bo qun c nh hng ln n tn tht sau thu hoch. Cc k thut chiu x m bo lng thc c th c s dng l tng i hiu qu. Khi nim chng trnh qun l tng hp dch hi (IPM) trc y gi l Phng tr su bnh tng hp (IPC) c hnh thnh nhm thc y c hiu qu vic phng tr su bnh, song song lm gim chi ph v thit hi v mi trng n mc ti thiu. Chng trnh IPM n nay thu c nhiu kinh nghim trong vic phng tr su bnh, cc phng php khc nhau thch hp n nhng iu kin nng nghip tng vng, a phng v tnh hnh su bnh. Cch tip cn c bn tng t p dng cho vic phng tr su bnh trong nng nghip c chng trnh mi trng lin hip quc v WHO s dng trong chng trnh sc kho

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cng ng v c xem nh l bin php kim sot vect lng ghp. Khng th c nhng phng php thch hp no phng tr su bnh loi tr tt c cc bnh do vect truyn bnh, cc tn tht khi thu hoch, hoc trong khi bo qun sau thu hoch. Mt s nghin cu (Repetto 1985) cho thy vic p dng nhiu loi la khng su bnh lm tng sn lng cng nh khi s dng lng HCBVTV va phi.

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Chng 5 CC BIN PHP D PHNG, PHT HIN SM V S CU BAN U NHIM C HA CHT BO V THC VT TI CNG NG 1. Cc bin php d phng Cc bin php d phng nhim c HCBVTV ti cng ng bao gm mt s vn c bn nh: kim sot (khng ch) c cc trng hp nhim c cp tnh, m bo an ton v sinh lao ng trong tip xc vi HCBVTV ti cng ng. 1.1. Khng ch cc trng hp nhim c cp ha cht bo v thc vt khng ch n mc thp nht cc trng hp nhim c cp HCBVTV, cn phi c s n lc ca cc cp chnh quyn cng nh ton th cng ng. Mt s bc cn c thc hin nh sau: - Tng cng cc hot ng truyn thng v an ton v sinh lao ng (ATVSL) khi s dng HCBVTV. - Thc hin vic gim st thng xuyn v ATVSL v c ch ti c th trong phn phi v s dng HCBVTV ng thi phi xy dng c s h tng, k thut ph hp phc v cho vic gim st. - Pht trin mng li cng tc vin (Y t thn bn ...) nhm h tr cng tc phng chng nhim c cp

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HCBVTV cng nh thu thp thng tin c th cho vic nh ra cc u tin v sc kho ngi tip xc c th xc nh c s cn thit phi can thip. Xy dng cc chng trnh can thip d phng, gim st nhim c cp HCBVTV (k c trng hp t t). Qu trnh phn tch nhiu khi cn s chnh xc phc v cho gim st s tip xc vi HCBVTV mt cch hiu qu i hi phi c cc phng tin hin i, cht lng m bo. Nh vy, s h tr ca tuyn trn l ht sc cn thit. Vic nhn bit cc nh hng ti sc kho do s tip xc trong mt thi gian di trong mt khu vc dn c l rt kh khn nhng cng rt quan trng nn nhng nghin cu dch t hc nhm lm sng t vn nhim c cp HCBVTV cn c tin hnh thng xuyn. 1.2. Thc hin tt cc nguyn tc an ton trong tip xc vi ha cht bo v thc vt Trong lu thng phn phi HCBVTV cn phi c thc hin an ton. y l iu ht sc quan trng i vi nc ta v mng li ny cha c kim sot cht ch. Trc khi vn chuyn phi kim tra k cc dng c cha v bn vng nu vn chuyn c va p v rung sc. Khng c h ho cht c c th thng hoa hoc chy ra

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gy nhim mi trng. Nhn chung cc thng cha (bao b cc loi) phi l loi chuyn dng. Trn bao b phi c y nhn v cn nguyn vn, r rng, d nhn bit. - Cc thng cha (bao b ni chung) phi c xp t chc chn cng vi h thng dy ai, buc an ton v chn chc chn qu trnh vn chuyn khng b di lch, v... Tuyt i khng c vn chuyn HCBVTV cng vi lng thc, thc phm hoc cc loi hng ho khc trn cng mt phng tin. Vic vn chuyn chung phng tin hoc thng cha khng nhng gy nhim HCBVTV sang cc hng ho khc m cn c th gy nhm ln cc ho cht vi hng ho khc. - Khi bc xp HCBVTV ngi cng nhn nht thit phi nh nhng, cn thn trnh v hoc hng cc phng tin vn chuyn v bao b. D chc chn HCBVTV khng dy dnh vn phi phng nhim c trong thi cng nh thc hnh cc k thut an ton v sinh lao ng. Hng c bc r v xp gn gng theo ng chiu hng quy nh s trnh c tn hi v nhim mi trng sau ny. Kho cha HCBVTV HCBVTV cn phi c bo qun ti cc kho cha t tiu chun ATVSL. Kho cha s ph thuc vo quy m cha v bo qun, song d to nh th no cng phi m bo 5 yu cu sau:

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- Ngn np, trt t, thng thong: nh vy th kho mi tit kim c din tch cha, d thy, d ly v d tm khi cn thit. - C ng i li thun tin d thao tc v nhanh chng khi cn thit c bit l trong cc tnh hung vn chuyn hng gp hoc nguy him. - Phi c h thng bo nguy him, bo chy v cu ho. a s HCBVTV l c hi v d chy nn cc kho cha cn ht sc lu vn ny (dng c bo nguy him cm tay, phng tin chng chy chuyn dng... ). - H thng s sch theo di cht ch: HCBVTV l loi c hi v rt c nn s theo di phi rt nghim ngt v thng xuyn c kim tra x l. - Sp t HCBVTV theo ng cc quy nh v an ton, khng ln cc hng ho, thc phm khc v ngc li. Trong cc kho ln cn c s sp xp theo s v lun m bo khng nguy him, khng d bt la, khng nhm ln v d bo v... Thng tin n ngi tip xc Cc thng tin v HCBVTV nh phiu an ton, t ri, phiu hng dn s ng phi c cc cn b cng nhn v c ngi dn bit thc hin tt. V d: Mi ho cht phi c phiu an ton ring, khi s dng phi l khi thnh tho cch s dng an ton, hiu qu... An ton v sinh lao ng trong tip xc

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X l bao b ng gi HCBVTV lun l vn cn lu v cn nhc nh thng xuyn to ra thi quen v sinh an ton lao ng cho tt c nhng ngi tip xc. Tt c cc bao b sau khi s dng phi c thu gom, x l theo quy nh ph hp vi yu cu v sinh, an ton lao ng. Cc HCBVTV nn cn trnh gy nhim mi trng, gy c hi cho ngi tip xc v tnh (thu gom, chn, t ...) V trang thit b bo h lao ng: Ngi tip xc vi HCBVTV khng nhng phi c cung cp y cc trang thit b cn thit, m bo s lng v cht lng, ng chng loi v cn bit s dng thnh tho, thng xuyn (gng tay, qun o, khu trang...). Cc loi trang thit b bo h lao ng, qun o phi c git sch, ra sch ngay sau khi s dng v khng c mang v nh nhng th cn dy dnh HCBVTV... Cn lu v thc t bo v mnh ca ngi lao ng trong tip xc vi HCBVTV... Mi trng lao ng: Cn gim thiu n mc thp nht mi s nhim mi trng do nhiu yu t c hi khc nhau trong lao ng nng nghip. Ni lm vic cn trang b y cc phng tin v sinh cn thit phc v ngi lao ng nh: nc sch, phng tm ra, git qun o v cc trang thit b bo h lao ng. Khng c n ung, ht thuc l trong khi lm vic c tip xc vi HCBVTV. X tr cp cu, d phng nhim c

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Cn c phng tin, con ngi sn c mi khu vc c nguy c xu v sc kho do tip xc vi HCBVTV cp cu, di chuyn bnh nhn kp thi. Ngi lao ng cng cn c hc bit cc du hiu bt thng v sc kho ca mnh v ng nghip mi c c hi hp tc vi cc cn b y t, cn b qun l trong x tr cc tc hi ca HCBVTV c bit l x tr v cp cu nhim c. 2. Pht hin sm v x tr ban u nhim c ha cht bo v thc vt 2.1. Nhng vn chung Trong cc trng hp n gin: Nh dy dnh HCBVTV vo ngi cn phi ra sch ngay bng nc sch sau khi loi b qun o, trang b bo h lao ng b nhim. Cn phi ra nhiu ln n mc an ton mi thi. Khi b HCBVTV bn vo mt phi tc thi ra mt ngay bng nc sch bng cch xi lin tc ra (t nht 10 pht). Tuy nhin, khng nn dng tia nc xi vi p lc cao qu trnh tn thng c hc.... i vi HCBVTV th ch cn nghi c bm dnh phi ra ngay m bo an ton. Cc trng hp nhim c cp tnh cn c chn on sm c th x l kp thi. chn on nhim c HCBVTV ngi ta cn da vo cc yu t sau y: - Hin tng tip xc, cng , liu lng thuc xm nhp (dch t hc).

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- Cc hi chng lm sng: Thay i tu thuc loi HCBVTV gy bnh v tnh trng nhim c cp hay mn tnh. - Cc xt nghim c bit: Ph thuc vo loi HCBVTV nhim c m c cc xt nghim ph hp nh trong nhim c ln hu c c hot tnh men cholinesterase trong hng cu v trong huyt tng gim... V x tr nhim c HCBVTVCN tun th 3 nguyn tc sau : - Lm gim bt nguy c e do s sng - Loi b phn cht cn li m c th cha hp thu. - Gii c hoc iu tr h tr. Ti c s phi thc hin nghim tc cc bc sau: - Kim tra ng h hp v chc chn ng th thng. - H hp nhn to nu thy bnh nhn khng t th c. - Nhanh chng loi b cht c cn st li trn c th nn nhn: + Cht c vo bng ng da nim mc: Phi a ngay nn nhn ra khi vng c, ra b, loi tr cht c trn c th. Thay i qun o, lau ngi bng x phng, ct tc, gi u, ct mng tay, ra tai, mi, hng, mt. + Nu bnh nhn mi b nhim c bng ng tiu ho phi ra d dy. Nu mun, gy nn bng

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apomorphin, ung than hot. + Nu cht c xm nhp bng ng h hp: cho ngi oxy nu kh th nhiu nn m kh qun. - Cho thuc gii c nu c. - Thu thp s liu tip xc. - Chuyn bnh nhn ln tuyn c iu kin chm sc y t cao hn. tuyn trn: - Tip tc cc bc iu tr tuyn c s nu cn thit. - iu tr c hiu vi tng loi HCBVTV nh: ln hu c dng Atropin sunphat, nhim c 666 tim gluconat canxi vo tnh mch, cho vitamin C liu cao... - iu tr triu chng. 2.2. Quy trnh chn on, x tr mt s nhim c cp tnh 2.2.1. Cc loi ho cht tr su ln hu c(LHC) chn on nhim c LHC ngi ta c th da vo cc yu t sau y: - Hin tng tip xc, liu lng thuc xm nhp (dch t hc). - Cc hi chng lm sng. - Cc xt nghim c trng. Nhng trng hp nhim c LHC in hnh thng c 3 loi hi chng bnh l lm sng nh sau: * Du hiu ging ng c nm: (cng ph giao cm, gin c vng, co c trn v tng tit dch). Nu

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nh th bun nn, nn, au bng, tot m hi, chy nc di, co ng t. Nu nng th ngoi cc du hiu trn cn km theo a lng, a i dm d, tm ti (tr ngi h hp do tit dch v co tht kh o), c th b ph phi cp ri cht. Trc khi cht tim p chm ri nh dn. * Du hiu nhim c nicotin (vn ng): sp mi mt, li rt, co cc di c mt, c, lng dn n lch vo c lng, hm mt. Thm ch ton thn co cng, c trng hp co c ngc gy tc th v t vong. * Du hiu thn kinh trung ng (c ch): hoa mt, chng mt, bn chn, ri lon hp ng ng tc (do ri lon tin nh, tiu no). Run, co git, mt kh nng tp trung th lc v kh nng phn bit mu sc. C trng hp b git nhn cu (nystagmus), ni kh khn. Nhng du hiu trn c th ko di t 1 n 9 gi, ri bnh nhn i vo hn m, phn x gim, co git ton thn, ht co git c th cht. Bnh thng tin trin tu theo lng thuc tr su LHC vo c th nhiu hay t. Qu trnh tin trin nh sau: Thi gian xut hin triu chng: thng thng cc triu chng nhim c u tin xut hin t 1,5 ti 2 ting. Cc triu chng nguy kch c th xut hin sau 9 ting. Nhng trng hp ti cp, cc triu chng ny c th xy ra ngay sau khi b nhim c nh mt mi, cht rt nhanh c khi ch t 30 pht n 1 gi.

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Trng hp cp, cc triu chng xut hin sau 1 - 9 gi v cht sau thi gian ny. C trng hp nhim c, sau khi c iu tr bnh thuyn gim nhng nu khng tip tc iu tr v theo di st th li nng dn ln v dn n t vong. Trng hp nh, cc triu chng ko di t 6 - 30 gi, ri gim hoc nng ln, c khi 2 - 3 tun. ng t co c khi ko di n 6 tun. C bit c nhng trng hp ng t gin hoc sau khi khi li di chng nh lit chn, tay. Ngi ta c th quan st thy cc du hiu phi nh: hi chng ph phi cp, phi c th c nhiu rales m, ho c bt mu hng, khi lm sinh thit hoc m t thi s thy r. gan, lch, thn c hin tng sung huyt, nhiu khi gan to ra, huyt... hu ht cc b phn c tc ng ca thuc tr su u c th b sung huyt (tiu ho, no, tu...). Cc xt nghim bao gm vic tm hot cht gy c v cc ch s sinh hc do tc ng ca cht c. Hot tnh men cholinesteraza trong hng cu v trong huyt tng gim xung 30% nu nh, trng hp gim ti hn 70% lc ny bnh nhn c th hn m, co git, a i dm d, ph phi cp, ng t co mnh, nhit , h hp u tng. Xt nghim huyt hc thy mt s trng hp bch cu tng (12.000 - 20.000). Paranitrophenol niu tng cao i vi tiophot v wofatox. Ngi ta c th nh

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lng paranitrophenol trong nc tiu ca mt s trng hp. Cc nguyn tc x tr cp cu v iu tr X tr cp cu Cn phi tin hnh cc bc nh sau: - Phi a ngay nn nhn ra khi vng c, ra b, loi tr cht c trn c th. Thay i qun o, lau ngi bng x phng, ct tc, gi u, ct mng tay, ra tai, mi, hng, mt. - Nu bnh nhn mi b nhim c bng ng tiu ho phi ra d dy. Nu mun, gy nn bng apomorphine. - H hp: cho ngi oxy nu kh th nhiu nn m kh qun, c tc gi khuyn khng lm h hp nhn to v d gy ph phi cp. Truyn huyt thanh ngt, cho thuc li tiu, tr tim, nu co git cho barbiturique, khng c dng morphine . iu tr triu chng v iu tr c hiu Khi xc nh chc chn l b nhim c ho cht tr su LHC phi tim ngay 1 - 2mg atropine c tc dng c ch hot ng ca actylcholine, i vi thn kinh trung ng, cc c v hch thn kinh. N cn c ch c h nhy cm vi muscarine v c ch ph giao cm. Nhng atropine khng c tc dng phc hi men cholinesteraza. Liu iu tr c th s dng tu theo mc bnh l.

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Nhim c nh: tim di da mi ln t 0,5 - 1 m c th tim tip 2 - 3 ln nh th mi ln cch nhau 2 gi. Nhim c va: tim di da 1 - 2mg, c cch na gi tim 1 ln. Nhim c nng: c th tim tnh mch 2 - 3 mg cch 15 - 30 pht mt ln cho n khi ng t bt u gin hoc du hiu ph phi cp gim bt. Sau tip tc tim di da 1 - 2 mg, cch 30 pht 1 ln. Khi bnh nhn bt u tnh hay t chi bt u ng y, tim mi ln ng di da, 30 pht - 60 pht 1 ln cho n khi bnh nhn tnh to hon ton, c trng hp nng phi tim n 80 - 100mg/ngy. Ch khi ngng thuc phi tip tc quan st. Trong cc trng hp nng nn dng thuc c hiu P.A.M (Pyrdin aldoxin mthyllodid) phi hp vi atropin, P.A.M c tc dng gip cho men hi phc. Trng hp nng dng P.A.M 2gam/ngy, tim tnh mch, trng hp va dng lgam/ngy dng P.A.M nhiu ln phi tnh theo cn nng 15 - 30mg/kg cn nng 24 gi . Trong trng hp hn m, tot m hi nhiu, tim nh git tnh mch dung dch ngt 30 - 50%, c khi phi truyn mu t 300 - 500ml, tr tim bng coramine, camphore, spartein... khng c dng. digital, tr h hp bng lobelin. 2.2.2. Cc toi ho cht tr su chlore hu c

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Ho cht tr su chlore hu c s dng ch yu trn th trng hin nay l DDT v 666. Vic chn on cng cn da theo cc nguyn tc nh i vi cc ho cht tr su loi Ln hu c nu trn. * Hexachloran (666) 666 l tn vit tt ca thuc tr su Chlore hu c c cng thc ho hc l C6H6Cl6 Cn c gi bng nhiu tn: Hexachloran, Benzenhexachlorid (BHC)... Nhim c 666 gy nn bnh cnh lm sng vi nhiu hnh thc khc nhau tu thuc vo ng xm nhp ca chng vo c th, cc th bnh thng gp l: Th cp tnh Th cp tnh, tnh trng bnh l nng hay nh thng ph thuc vo ng xm nhp ca ho cht. 666 c th gy nn cc triu chng ca h thng tiu ho v thn kinh nh lm ging, bun nn, kh chu bng trn, cm gic nng bng, au bng... Nhit tng cao, ton thn mt mi, au u chng mt, tim p nhanh, huyt p tng. Nu nng, c th gy co git v hn m, hu qu l gy nn cc ri lon gan mt v da. Th ny thng do n, ung phi ho cht vi s lng nhiu. Nu ht vo ng h hp, bnh nh c th biu hin mi, hng c cm gic nng bng, au ngc, ho, au u, chy nc mt, run, nhit tng cao, mt mi, nn ma. Khng cn iu tr, ch a ngi bnh

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ra khi ni c 666 sau 1 - 2 gi l cc biu hin trn s mt. Trng hp nng, ngi bnh nht nht, st cao, tot m hi, c th gy nn ph phi cp, chong, tinh thn l m, ri lon ng tc, dn dn i n hn m. Trng hp nng thng gp tr em hoc ngi ln ht phi liu cao 666. Tip xc qua ng da, nim mc nh mt s gy nn hin tng au nhc mng tip hp, xung huyt, chy nc mt, git mi mt, mt nng bng. Nu dng nc ra hoc ra khng ng k thut nh dng tia nc c p lc, sc xi mnh qu, nhng triu chng trn cng tng, da sng, nng, ni phng, thnh mn, c th bong da nng hoc c th gy nn hin tng vim da tng mng sau bong vy. Th mn tnh C th gp khi 666 vo c th qua 3 ng ni trn song t v lin tc. Khi nhim c sinh ra mt mi ton thn, ngi trng thi c ch, au u, mt ng, tinh thn bt nh, run tay, chn, km n, au qun bng, c khi gy vim gan, vim d dy, c bit c th b vim dy thn kinh. Mt s xt nghim cn lm sng c th thy: tnh trng nhim c t l bch cu tng, c mt s trng hp gim tc lng mu, huyt sc t gim (khng nht thit) mi u ng huyt cao v sau gim, kim huyt tng, can xi huyt gim, acetylcholin tng, c khi thn b kch thch nn nc tiu c albumin, tr niu v

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hng cu. iu tr v d phng X tr cp cu: Nu ung nhm 666 dng dung dch 1% permanganat kim (thuc tm) ra d dy. Nu n mun cho apomorphin gy nn, ung thuc ty nhng khng c dng thuc ty du, dng sulfat Mg, Bicarbonat Natri, sa, lng trng trng gii c. Vo mt dng dch bicacbonnat Natri 2% ra mt. Tim gluconat canxi vo tnh mch, cho vitamin C liu cao. Cho cc loi barbituric v cc loi an thn khc (phenobarbital Natri). Nu vo ng h hp a bnh nhn ra ngay khu vc thong mt, khng kh trong sch, cho ngi oxy, nu ho nhiu cho thuc gim ho, dng khng sinh phng bi nhim. iu tr theo triu chng cng l vn cn lu . - iu tr mn tnh: iu tr theo triu chng, cho n sa chua v vitamin cc loi vi liu cao. - phng: t chc sn xut theo h thng kn c h thng ht gi. - C trang b bo h lao ng: o qun, m, khu trang, gng tay da khi tip xc vi thuc. - Khng c n, ht thuc l trong khi lm vic. Ht gi lm vic phi ra tay thay qun o, tm ra. - Tuyn truyn gii thch mi ngi hiu bit trnh dng ba bi nh: ung 666 ty giun, tr chy rn, bi gh... phng nhim c.

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- Kim tra sc kho cng nhn sn xut theo nh k t nht mt nm 1 ln. * Thuc tr su DDT DDT l tn vit tt ca diclorodiphenyl triclorectan, hin nay ngi ta sn xut nhiu dng thng phm, l hn hp gm nhiu dng ng phn ca DDT. DDT nguyn cht l tinh th khng mu, mi mc, bay hi thp, khng tan trong nc. T l tan trong cc ung mi hu c tng theo nhit . Rt bn vng, 7600C khng bin cht, khng b cc loi acid mnh v cc th nc acid phn gii. Tri li b cc loi kim phn gii thnh dichloro - diphennyl - diclortylen (DDE) t c hn. C ch bnh sinh DDT l mt cht c tip xc ph hoi cc t bo thn kinh. Bt u l hin tng kch thch, sau n ri lon phi hp ng tc, cui cng i n t lit. Vo c th phn ln c phn b trong cc t chc m. Theo Martin v Vaine c tnh ch yu ca DDT l CHOCL3 (tricloetan). Theo mt s tc gi th liu LD50 i vi chut l 200mg/cn nng. i vi cn trng d xy ra hin tng quen thuc nn dng lu mt tc dng, do vy cn c s phi hp cc loi. i vi ngi tip xc qua da vi cc loi nh tng, du, m c pha trn DDT cng c th b nhim c nhng t hn l nhim c qua ng h hp. Mt s tc gi cho rng ung vo b nhim c nng hn l

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ht vo, nguyn nhn c th l do bt ung vo ht to hn, nhng thc t dng loi dung dch phun ht tuy nh hn nhng lng ht vo phi li nhiu hn. Theo Campbell (1949) v bnh l gii phu khng thy c s bin i g c bit trong nc tiu, c th thy hng cu tr niu. C ngi cho rng khi ng c c th thy gim canxi huyt. DDT sau khi vo c th c thi ra ngoi bng ng nc tiu v phn. C ngi cho rng 75% n 80% DDT sau khi vo c th s c chuyn ho v tr thnh DDA (acidparadiclorodiphenylacetic), sau t t thi ra theo nc tiu, mt phn nh li gan cng c phn gii nn t gy c. Biu hin bnh l v iu tr Cp tnh Nu ung nhm phi DDT trc tin thy xut hin cc du hiu v tiu ho, a chy, tip n cc hi chng thn kinh cm gic gim, au nhc cc khp, t tay chn, nhc u, chut rt, co git c, t li, mi. Nng c th b t lit, mt ng, c o gic m sng, ln cn git, hn m ng t gin, kh th, khi khi c th cn hu qu vim d dy. Nu vo ng h hp: ngoi nhng triu chng trn, nng s c th gy ph phi cp, hn m. Nhim c da do tip xc s gy vim da, da sng , ni mn. Xt nghim mu c th thy hin tng gim bch

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cu a nhn, gy thiu mu tan huyt, hng cu mng li tng. Trong nc tiu c cht indoxyl sunlfat. Mn tnh Ton thn mi mt, n km, bun ng nhiu. Nng c th gim th lc, co git, tn thng gan thn. chn on cn phi tm DDT trong nc tiu. Nhn chung iu tr v phng bnh nhim c DDT ging nh vi 666. 2.2.3. Cc loi ho cht tr su thu ngn hu c Ho cht tr su thu ngn hu c dng trong nng nghip thng c 3 loi: Thu ngn Etin clorua, thu ngn phenylacetat (C6H5HgO2C2H3), thu ngn etinphotphat (C2H5HgH2PO4), Thnh phn a ra th trng c 2% thu ngn etinclorua cn gi l Crsan hoc c 2,5% thu ngn Phenylactat hay 5% thu ngn etinphotphat. Thu ngn etinclorua l mt loi tinh th trng, kh ho tan trong nc, d tan trong cn v cc loi du, ete, nhit thp cng bc hi nhanh. Hai loi cn c tc dng dit su, nm mnh hn nhng c c tnh cao. Nhng ngi thng xuyn tip xc vi ho cht tr su thu ngn hu c thng gp l sn xut ch bin, ng gi hoc vn chuyn ho cht ny trong nng nghip, bo v ging, do khng c thc phng. Ho cht thu ngn hu c thng qua cc ng h hp, da nim mc v ng tiu ho vo c th. Loi ny thng tch lu trong c th nht l t chc no kh t thi ra ngoi cho nn trong mu

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v trong nc tiu nng khng cao. Do tc dng ca thu ngn vo v no nn cc t bo v no b c ch, khng iu khin c cc trung tm thn kinh bn di, dn n mt trng thi bnh l ca thn kinh s no. Ngoi ra cn gy tn thng gan, rut v thn. Bnh th cp tnh: Trong ming c mi v kim loi, ht phi nhiu s chng mt, km n, bun nn, trng thi l m. C bit c ngi au bng i lng, c khi i ngoi ra mu, c cm gic nng bng c, li sung huyt v chy mu. Du hiu r nht l ri lon thn kinh vn ng, co git, nht l hai tay. Bnh nng: Ton thn co git, t chi t di, nghe km, mt m, da sng nng, , ni mn v b bng. Bnh th mn tnh: Tin trin chm, triu chng khng r rt, trc tin c cm gic mi mt, au u, ton thn suy yu, mt ng, run chn tay. Nu iu tr khng kp thi s dn n bi lit. Trong cp c v iu b ngi ta dng BAL hay unitiol 5% theo liu 5mg/kg tim bp tht ng thi cho dung dch ngt 30 - 40% 300 - 500ml tim tnh mch, Vitamin C 10mg t 3 - 5 ng mi ngy. Nu vo ng tiu ho: Cho ung sa hay trng (c lng trng). Ra d dy v cho ung than hot tnh, cht oxyt Mg, nu giai on mi. Nu l giai on mn tnh: dng unitiol vi liu lng nh trn t 7 - 10 ngy hoc 15 ngy, ng thi kim tra thu ngn niu quyt nh vic dng thuc

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tip tc. Nn s dng cc loi thuc an thn. Dng gluconat canxi 5 - 10% mi ngy tim t 10 - 20ml trong 10 - 15 ngy. Nu c vim li, vim nim mc ming nn cho xc ming bng dung dch 0,25% Pennanganate Kali. 2.2.4. Cc loi ho cht dit c (herbicides) Cc loi ho cht tr c (HCTC) thng s dng ti Vit Nam l t mt s hot cht: Acetochlor, Bensulfuron, Metsulfuron metyl, Oxyfluorfen, Ametryn, Atrazine, Anilofos... Loi cm s dng hin nay ti Vit Nam l nhm 2.4.5 T (Brochtox, Decamine, Veon...). Vic chn on nhim c HCTC cn gp nhiu kh khn v vic xc nh cc HCTC trong c th hoc trong cc loi bnh phm gp kh khn nn cn phi ht sc lu n yu t tip xc v cc hi chng lm sng tng ng c chn on xc nh v chn on phn bit c hiu qu. Thuc tr c l loi thuc c kh nng gy c ton thn nn s c rt nhiu hi chng bnh l c th xy ra nh: + Cc hi chng vim, kch thch da v nim mc. + Hi chng tiu ho. + Hi chng suy nhc thn kinh, vim cc dy thn kinh. Ngoi ra c th c mt s hi chng bnh l do tn thng gan thn hoc ung th, sy thai... Cc bnh nhn nhim c HCTC cn phi c gii to cc cht c v iu tr phc hi l chnh. Trong

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qu trnh iu tr cn ht sc lu n vic trung ho cht c, bo v cc t bo tip xc, trnh tn thng thm, cn thit phi tng kh nng t phc hi ca cc t bo b tc hi. Mt s vitamin, dung dch tim truyn c tc dng tt vi cc t bo. phng nhim c HCTC cn c bin php an ton v sinh lao ng trong sn xut v s dng HCTC, ng thi cng phi ht sc lu trong s dng thc n, nc ung an ton khng b nhim HCTC. 2.2.5. Cc loi ho cht dit chut (rodenticides) Cc loi thuc dit chut (ho cht dit chut HCDC) c s dng nhiu nc ta v tng i phc tp trong gim st v d phng. Do cc cht chng ng mu thng c dng chng chut ph bin hn nn ho cht ny c nhiu tc gi nghin cu. Mt s cht sau y thng c s dng. Tn ph thng Tn thng mi - Liu LD50(mg/kg) Alpha 6mg naphthylthiourea Brodifacoun Klerat 0,05%, Forwarat 0,05%, 0,005% Bromadiolon Kilbrat 0,0056, Musal 0,005% Coumafuryl Diphacinon Pindon Strychnin 25mg Yasoudion 0,0056 ............ 3mg 280mg 1 - 30mg

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Warfarinsodium 180mg Zinc phosphid 50mg

Cc thuc ny thng gm 2 loi hp cht lin quan cht ch vi nhau: Coumarin i din l Warfarin v Indedion i din l Diphacinon. Warfarin c cu thnh nh bi bt (lot hot cht cho lkg = l%), dng cho vo hang v ng i li ca chut l bt (l v 5g/kg hoc 0,1 v 0,5%), trn lm mi vi nng 50 - 250mg/kg (0,00005 0,000125%). Khi tip xc vi cc thuc dit chut (TDC) c th b nhim c h thng to huyt v mt s c quan khc (cc cht ny c kh nng chng ng mu). Ngi ta thy Warfarin c hp th tt qua ng tiu ho v mt phn nh qua da, Diphacinon th c hp th qua ng tiu ho. Mi tc ng chng ng mu thng qua c ch tng hp prothoprombin gan (yu t II, VII, IX v X) hnh nh n cn mt th bt hot ca vitamin K. ngi v chut, i sng ca cc yu t ny di hn i sng ca cht nh Indondion tc ng trn chut nhanh hn Coumarine. Sc khng vi Warfarin ngi v chut c th c tnh di truyn v c th c sinh ra do chuyn ho nhanh. Cht chng ng cng gy tn thng mao mch qua mt c ch no cha bit r, cho d cht ny c hi phc nhanh nh ng vitamim K. Hoi t da

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v vim da c coi nh l mt bin chng him gp trong s dng Warfarin iu tr, nhng khng r kt qu. Khi nghin cu s tip xc vi TDC Indondion thy c gy c cho tim mch v thn kinh trong mt s loi ng vt tuy nhin nhng tc dng ny ngi cn cn c nghin cu thm. Nghin cu v lm sng nhim c thuc dit chut cho thy phn ln cc tai nn do nut phi khng a ti c hi r mc d khng c iu tr, bi v liu nhim thng l mt ln v t. Liu nhim nhc li c th c chy mu, trc tin l cc mng nim mc nh l li, mi, da, khp v ng tiu ho, au bng, lng v khp. S chy mu trong cc tng vng ny cng c th xy ra. Tuy nhin, cc trng hp t t th rt r tnh trng nhim c, thm ch t vong nhanh. Qua xt nghim chng ta c th thy r c l thnh phn prothrombin thay i sau khi nut phi TDC. Sau khong 48 gi i vi mt cht chng ng mu v thng cng r tnh c sau mt ln tip xc duy nht. Warfarin c th c nh lng trong huyt tng v cht chuyn ho ca n trong nc tiu, nhng vic ny t c dng v t ngh n hoc khi bit th qu r. Trong trng hp t t hay b u c c th dn ti s chy mu khng th gii thch c v thi gian prothrombin b c ch th cha th ngh n hon cnh hon ton do tc hi TDC m cn c nhiu nguyn

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nhn khc v th cn cn nhc khi chn on phn bit v xc nh. Trong iu tr cn lu vic gii phng cht c ra khi c th, truyn dch, chng chy mu v iu tr cc triu chng km theo nng cao th trng cho bnh nhn. Gn y mt s loi thuc dit chut ca Trung Quc xut hin nhiu nc ta. c bit loi Trifuoroacetamide v Fluoroacetate. Thuc ny c hai dng: dng ht go mu hng v dng nc ng ng mu hng. Thuc dit chut loi ny c chit xut t cy Acacia gy co git v t vong chut ngay sau khi n. Liu c LD50 l 2 - 13mg/kg. Nh vy, tr con c th cht khi ung nhm 1/2 n 1gr. C ch gy c ch yu l c ch chu trnh Kreb dn n hin tng thiu nng lng, t vong ca t bo nn t bo thn kinh b bnh trc nht. Cc t bo tim cng b bnh nhanh chng. Tuy nhin, cc t bo ca c quan khc nu tip xc sm u c th b bnh ngay nn cht c vo c th theo ng no th ni thng b hi trc. Ni nh vy r v c ch hn l v bnh l v ngi b nhim c, thuc c mau chng phn tn khp c th nn hu ht cc t bo u b nh hng ngay. Trong chn on cn lu phn bit vi ng c Strychnin, mt cht c thn kinh x tr tng t cc cht c khc nu mi nhim cha co git cn loi tr bng gy nn, ra d dy c th tt. ng thi phi chng co git bng cc loi thuc an thn. Nu

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mun c th dng ng thng bm than hot vo ng tiu ho hp th cht c cn li. Truyn dch, th oxy v iu tr triu chng tch cc nh chng suy cc c quan chc nng sng. Mt s thuc iu tr c hiu qu nh Acetamit 10% truyn, Etylic truyn, Glycerol monoacetat 0,1 - 0,5mg/kg truyn 30 pht/ln. Nhn chung cc loi ng c thuc dit chut ngoi vic tm mi cch loi tr cht c ra khi c th th vic chng ng c t bo, ng c thn kinh, chng chy mu l quan trng. Cng cn c bin php an ton nghim ngt trong bo qun v s dng cc ho cht dit chut kt hp vi cng tc tuyn truyn gio dc thng xuyn v rng ri.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. B Nng nghip v pht trin Nng thn (2007), Quyt nh s 23/2007/Q-BNN ca B trng B Nng nghip v pht trin Nng thn v vic ban hnh danh mc thuc BVTV s dng trong ngng nghip. 2. Cc Bo v thc vt, phng qun l thuc (1998), Tnh hnh s dng thuc BVTV Vit Nam v tn d thuc BVTV trong t, nc, nng sn. Hi tho qun l thuc BVTV - D n SEMA - H Ni. 3. Hm (2007), V sinh lao ng v bnh ngh nghip, NXB Lao ng v x hi. 4. WHO (1990). Public health impact of pesticides used in agricutture. Geneva Nguyn Th Hng T v CS dch, NXB Y hc H Ni v Cc Y t d phng n hnh. 5. Ameerali Adeali (2006), "Risk management and occupational safety and health practices in Singapore" The 22 st annual conference of the Pacific Occupational Safety and Health Organization, Bangkok, Thailand p B 127 - 32 6. Beard J, Sladden T, Morgan G (2003) May; 111(5): 724 - 30, Health impacts of pesticide exposure ill a cohort of outdoor workers, New south Wales, Australia. 7. ILO (2000) Heathy Worker, Healthy Workplace

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- A new millenium, 26th international congress on occupational Health, Singapore, p 26 - 45. 8. ILO (2000), Safe and health in used chemical agriculture, Labuor Publish. Geneva 9. Meggs WJ (2003); 41(6): 883 - 6, Poisoning with organophosphate pesticides can cause sensory and moto, Derpartement of Emergency Medicine, Division of Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA.

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HO CHT DNG TRONG NNG NGHIP V SC KHO CNG NG

NH XUT BN LAO NG - X HI S 36, ng Ha Bnh 4, Minh Khai, Hai B Trng, H Ni T: 04.6246917 - 6240919 Fax: 04.6246915 *** Chu trch nhim xut bn NGUYN CNG TIU Bin tp, sa bn in:
BAN BIN TP SCH DY NGH - GIO TRNH

Trnh by ba: MINH THU

In 1.200 cun kh 13 x 19 cm ti X nghip in Nh xut bn Lao ng - X hi. Giy php xut bn s. 811- 2007/CXB/16-164/LXH. In xong v np lu chiu qu IV nm 2007.

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MC LC Trang PHN M U........................................................... 5 Chng 1: THC TRNG SN XUT V S DNG HO CHT TRONG NNG NGHIP .......... 8 1. Phn bn ho hc ................................................. 8 2. Ho cht bo v thc vt .................................... 10 3. Cc loi ho cht bo v thc vt thng dng ... 14 Chng 2: NH HNG CA HO CHT DNG TRONG NNG NGHIP N MI TRNG....... 17 1. nh hng ca phn bn n mi trng .......... 17 2. nh hng ca ho cht bo v thc vt n mi trng ..................................................................... 28 Chng 3: NH HNG CA HO CHT DNG TRONG NNG NGHIP N SC KHO CNG NG ........................................................................ 37 1. Nhim c v c ch bnh sinh .......................... 37 2. Cc yu t nh hng ti c tnh ca............... 39 3. Cc yu t nguy c ............................................. 42 4. Cc loi nh hng c...................................... 43 Chng 4: CC BIN PHP PHNG, CHNG NHIM C HA CHT BO V THC VT.... 58 1. Qun l, gim st vic sn xut v s dng HCBVTV an ton .................................................... 59 2. Tng cng gio dc, truyn thng v an ton v sinh lao ng trong sn xut v s dng HCBVTV 68 3. Nng cao hiu qu s dng HCBVTV v cc chin lc kim sot cc su bnh gy hi ...................... 70 4. La chn cc phng php tiu dit su bnh... 73 Chng 5:CC BIN PHP D PHNG PHT HIN SM V S CU BAN U NHIM C

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HA CHT BO V THC VT TI CNG NG ......................................................................... 76 1. Cc bin php d phng..................................... 76 2. Pht hin sm v x tr ban u nhim c ha cht bo v thc vt................................................ 81

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