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Financial Instruments
Financial Instruments
GROUP 8 Akshat Sardana (12P003) Amit Gupta (12P006) Avnish Chawla (12P015) Harshit Dixit (12P019) Parag Gupta (12P033) Suchit Juneja (12P053)
Definition
Any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity
Or Simply
Financial instruments can be thought of as easily tradeable packages of capital, each having their own unique characteristics and structure.
Instruments
Equity Based
Debt Based
Foreign Exchange
Short Term
(< 1 Year)
Long Term
(>1 Year)
Financial Instruments
Bonds
repay borrowed money with interest at fixed intervals GOI bonds maturity ranges from of 1-30 years. Most Government bonds are issued as fixed rate bonds (coupon rate is fixed for the entire life of the bond)
Trade Date
Trade Time
Nomenclature of Security 9.15% GOVT.STOCK 2024 9.15% GOVT.STOCK 2024 8.99% M.P. GS 2022 9.15% GOVT.STOCK 2024 9.15% GOVT.STOCK 2024 8.20% GOVT.STOCK 2025
Indicative YTM
08-02-2013 08-02-2013
08-02-2013 08-02-2013 08-02-2013 08-02-2013
16:47:25 16:53:45
16:49:56 16:55:41 16:42:12 16:54:45
40 25
13 2 50 25
108.29 102.04
103.18 102.20 113.18 102.04
8.0437 7.9387
7.9390 8.0518 8.0400 7.9387
obligation for the contract holder to purchase or sell a bond on a specified date at a predetermined price A bond option gives you the right but not an obligation to buy or sell a bond at a certain price on or before the option expiry date
parties (known as counterparties) where one stream of future interest payments is exchanged for another based on a specified principal amount Principal Amount is notional and is not actually exchanged between the counterparties Can be customized in a number of ways like fixed for fixed, fixed for floating etc.
associated with floating interest rates The create the maximum (cap) or minimum (floor) rate at the cost of a premium Interest rate caps are used by borrowers Interest rate floors are used by lenders Both cap and floor can be employed simultaneously to create a collar
Financial Instruments
unsecured money market instrument issued in the form of a promissory note. Issued by large corporates (For India; networth > Rs 4 crores), primary dealers (PDs) and the All-India Financial Institutions (FIs) Can be issued for maturities between 7 days to 1year from the date of issue.
T Bills
term debt instruments issued by the Government of India T Bills are issued in three tenors, namely, 91 day, 182 day and 364 day. The Reserve Bank of India announces the issue details of Tbills through a press release every week.
Certificates Of Deposits
commercial banks (except RRBs) and All India Financial Institutions Maturity is a min of 7 days and max of 12 months (in case of FIs minimum 1 year and maximum 3 years) Issued in a multiple of 1 lakh
future is a futures contract that derives its value from the interest rate at maturation Common short-term interest rate futures are Eurodollar, Euribor, Euroyen, Short Sterling and Euroswiss, which are calculated on LIBOR at settlement
Financial Instruments
EQUITY
incorporated business constitutes the equity stake of its owners or simply the part of company you own Stock options and futures are similar to Bond options and futures
Mutual funds
than a collection of stocks and/or bonds It is good because of professional management, diversification, and liquidity Disadvantages include cost to companies Can be either Equity Funds (stocks) , Fixed Income Funds (bonds) or Money Market Funds (T Bills)
Financial Instruments
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
parties to buy one currency against selling another currency at an agreed price for settlement on the spot date. The standard settlement timeframe for foreign exchange spot transactions is T + 2 days Futures Forex: Contract to buy or sell a specified amount of a given currency at a predetermined price on a set date in the future ForEx Options: Gives the owner the right but not the obligation to exchange money denominated in one currency into another currency at a pre-agreed exchange rate on a specified date
Currency Swaps
involves two parties that exchange a notional principal with one another in order to gain exposure to a desired currency Following the initial notional exchange, periodic cash flows are exchanged in the appropriate currency
with locked in currency exchange rates and specified date ForEx Swaps: A simultaneous purchase and sale of identical amounts of one currency for another with two different value dates (normally spot to forward)