Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Chapter 3
2D Simulations
3.1 Step-by-Step: Triangular Plate 3.2 Step-by-Step: Threaded Bolt-and-Nut 3.3 More Details 3.4 More Exercise: Spur Gears 3.5 More Exercise: Filleted Bar 3.6 Review

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.1 Triangular Plate

Section 3.1
Triangular Plate
Problem Description
The plate is made of steel and designed to withstand a tensile force of 20,000 N on each of its three side faces. We are concerned about the deformations and the stresses.

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.1 Triangular Plate

Techniques/Concepts

Project Schematic Concepts>Surface From Sketches Analysis Type (2D) Plane Stress Problems Generate 2D Mesh 2D Solid Elements <Relevance Center> and <Relevance> Loads>Pressure Weak Springs Solution>Total Deformation Solution>Equivalent Stress Tools>Symmetry Coordinate System

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.2 Threaded Bolt-and-Nut

Section 3.2
Threaded Bolt-and-Nut
Problem Description
[1] Bolt. [2] Nut.

[3] Plates.

[4] Section view.

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.2 Threaded Bolt-and-Nut

17 mm

[1] The 2D simulation model.

The axis of symmetry

The plane of symmetry

[6] Frictionless support.

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.2 Threaded Bolt-and-Nut

Techniques/Concepts
Hide/Show Sketches Display Model/Plane Add Material/Frozen Axisymmetric Problems Contact/Target Frictional Contacts Edge Sizing Loads>Force Supports>Frictionless Support Solution>Normal Stress Radial/Axial/Hoop Stresses Nonlinear Simulations

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.3 More Details

Section 3.3
More Details
Plane-Stress Problems
XY Y

Plane stress condition:

Z = 0, ZY = 0, ZX = 0

The Hook's law becomes

X Y E E Y = Y X E E X Z = Y E E = XY , YZ = 0, ZX = 0 G X =

XY X

XY X

A problem may assume the plane-stress condition if its thickness direction is not restrained and thus free to expand or contract.

XY
Z Y X

XY
Stress state at a point of a zero thickness plate, subject to in-plane forces.

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.3 More Details

Plane-Strain Problems
X

Plane strain condition:

Z = 0, ZX = 0, ZY = 0

The Hook's law becomes

X = Y =
E (1 ) X + Y (1 + )(1 2 ) E (1 )Y + X (1 + )(1 2 ) E + Y (1 + )(1 2 ) X

X Z Y

XY XY

Z = Y X

XY = G XY , YZ = 0, ZX = 0

A problem may assume the plane-strain condition if its Z-direction is restrained from expansion or contraction, all crosssections perpendicular to the Z-direction have the same geometry, and all environment conditions are in the XY plane.

[2] Strain state at a point of a planestrain structure.

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.3 More Details

Axisymmetric Problems
Z R RZ RZ
[1] Strain state at a point of a axisymmetric structure.

If the geometry, supports, and loading of a structure are axisymmetric about the Z-axis, then all response quantities are independent of coordinate.

R Z

Z R

In such a case,
R = 0, Z = 0 R = 0, Z = 0

RZ
[2] Stress state at a point of a axisymmetric structure.

RZ

both and are generally not zero. They are termed hoop stress and hoop strain respectively.

R Z

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.3 More Details

10

Mechanical GUI
Pull-down Menus and Toolbars Outline of Project Tree Details View Geometry Graph Tabular Data Status Bar Separators

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.3 More Details

11

Project Tree
A project tree may contain one or more simulation models. A simulation model may contain one or more <Environment> branches, along with other objects. Default name for the <Environment> branch is the name of the analysis system.

An <Environment> branch contains <Analysis Settings>, environment conditions, and a <Solution> branch. A <Solution> branch contains <Solution Information> and several results objects.

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.3 More Details

12

Unit Systems
Consistent versus Inconsistent Unit Systems. Built-in versus User-Dened Unit Systems. Project Unit System. Length Unit in <DesignModeler>. Unit System in <Mechanical>. Internal Consistent Unit System.

[1] Built-in unit systems.

[2] Unit system for current project.

[3] Default project unit system.

[5] These, along with the SI, are consistent unit systems.

[4] Checked unit systems won't be available in the pulldown menu.

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.3 More Details

13

Environment Conditions

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.3 More Details

14

Results Objects

View Results
[3] Label. [5] You can control how the contour displays. [6] Some results can display with vectors.

[4] You may select the scale of deformation.

[1] Click to turn on/ off the label of maximum/minimum.

[2] Click to turn on/off the probe.

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.4 Spur Gears

15

Section 3.4
Spur Gears
Problem Description
[1] What we are concerned most is the contact stress here.

[2] And the bending stress here.

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.4 Spur Gears

16

Techniques/Concepts

Copy bodies (Translate) Contacts

Frictionless Symmetric (Contact/Target) Adjust to Touch

Loads>Moment True Scale

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.5 Filleted Bar

17

Section 3.5
Filleted Bar
Problem Description
[1] The bar is made of steel. 100 100 [2] The bar has a thickness of 10 mm. R15 50 kN 50 kN

100

50

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.5 Filleted Bar

18

Part A. Stress Discontinuity

Displacement eld is continuous over the entire body.

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.5 Filleted Bar

19

[2] Original calculated stresses (unaveraged) are not continuous across element boundaries, i.e., stress at boundary has multiple values.

[4] By default, stresses are averaged on the nodes, and the stress eld is recalculated. That way, the stress eld is continuous over the body.

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.5 Filleted Bar

20

Part B. Structural Error

For an element, strain energies calculated using averaged stresses and unaveraged stresses respectively are different. The difference between these two energy values is called <Structural Error> of the element. The ner the mesh, the smaller the structural error. Thus, the structural error can be used as an indicator of mesh adequacy.

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.5 Filleted Bar

21

Part C. Finite Element Convergence

[1] Quadrilateral element. 0.0787 0.0786 0.0785 Displacement (mm) 0.0784 0.0783 0.0782 0.0781 0.0780 0.0779 0 2000 4000 6000 [3] Increasing nodes. [2] Triangular element.

8000

10000

12000

14000

Number of Nodes

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.5 Filleted Bar

22

Part D. Stress Concentration

[1] To accurately evaluate the concentrated stress, ner mesh is needed, particularly around the corner.

[2] Stress concentration.

Chapter 3 2D Simulations

Section 3.5 Filleted Bar

23

Part E. Stress Sigularity

The stress in this zero-radius llet is theoretically innite.

Stress singularity is not limited to sharp corners. Any locations that have stress of innity are called singular points.

Besides a concave llet of zero radius, a point of concentrated forces is also a singular point.