การสังเคราะห์อภิมาน (Meta analysis)

: (Meta-analysis)
374.22
691
:
(Meta-analysis)
: 2552
514
1.
2. -
: (Meta-analysis)
.
1
39 / 2552
2552
1,000
99 / 20 10300
. 0 - 2668 - 7123
0 - 2243 - 7915
Website : http://www.onec.go.th
10330
. 0 - 2215 - 1991 40, 0 - 2218 - 3548 - 50
0 - 2215 - 3612

.. 2542

3 1
2
3

.

( )
()
: (Meta-analysis)
:
(Meta-analysis) (research synthesis)

/
/

.. 2542-2550

/

(meta-analysis)
(meta-ethnography)
/

/ .. 2542
( 2) .. 2545

275604 (Research Synthesis)

: (Meta-analysis)
2550
22

.

.. 2542
: (Meta-analysis)
1)
2)

11 1)

68 2)
6
5

3)

200 4)

180 8 5)
4 22
2550- 2551 6)

7)
8) 8.1)

(d) Glass, McGraw and Smith (1981)
Hunter, Schmidt and Jackson (1982)

: (Meta-analysis)
442 1,147

Hedges & Olkin (1985) 1,589
8.2)
(HLM) 8.3)
8.4)

(SEM) 9)
10)
8 3
11 6-10 2551 11)

2550
22 1
2
6 (
1-6) 5 ( 7-11)
: (Meta-analysis)
3 (13 )
3 (13 )
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
19

20
21
23
35
36
2 / (11 )
2 / (11 )
11
12
13
14
15
18
19

20
22
37 /
82
6 (2 )
33
40

7
5 / (7 )
25
26
27

28
CAI
29
30

34
7 (3 )
10
12
81
8 / (3 )
13
17
82
9 (7 )
11
16
18
22
23
80 /
83
10 (1 )
84
11 (1 )
85
1 (13 )
1 (13 )
11
13
15
17
19

20
21
38
39
60
61 /
62 /
63
4 (4 )
16
24
32

39

: (Meta-analysis)
2
3 1
2 3

1
3 1) 2)
3)
1.
.. 2542 2551
23 11
10 14
/

28

180
162 (universe) 29,139
400 20
109 2 (universe)
305
12
4 596
17

: (Meta-analysis)
3 476
21 3,772
678,840 459,235 1
3 477 13
1 3 8
180

2.
( 80)

87.2 ( 1.14)

180
45 ( 25.0) 75 (
41.7) 54 ( 30.0) 6 ( 3.3)
2.88
30
180 2.79

3.

1-2

: (Meta-analysis)

(EFA, PA, HLM, LISREL)


2
3 1)
2)

3)
1.

180
0.325 0.363
-0.3 0.3

709 ( 44.62)
-0.3 -0.5 0.3 0.5 319 ( 20.07)
-0.51 -0.80
0.51 0.80 385 ( 24.23)

: (Meta-analysis)
0.8 -0.8 176 (

11.08)
880 ( 55.35)
2.

3 1)

2)
3)

2.1

24

2.2

: (Meta-analysis)
.05
.05

correlation

(Correlation)

(factor analysis) (path analysis) (HLM)
(LISREL)

2.3
(hierarchical linear
model = HLM) HLM
2
1,589 13

/
180 16

(within group) .6477

: (Meta-analysis)
(between group) .3522

3 (null model)
(simple model) (hypothetical model)
(null model) .109
(hypothetical model) .088

19.266
3.
4
1) Hunter (Hunter,
Schmidt and Jackson, 1982) 2)
Shadish (1996) 3)
4)
3.1 Hunter(Hunter,
Schmidt and Jackson, 1982)
1
2 .. 2548-2551
.. 2542-2547
.. 2548-2551

.. 2542-2547

: (Meta-analysis)

2 .. 2548-2551
/

.. 2542-2547 .. 2542-2547
/
/ .. 25482551
//
/
3
/
/
/

/

/
3.2 Shadish
(1996)
Shadish (1996)
/
0.7-0.8
0.49-0.64 (0.7909) (0.7471)
/ (0.6956) (0.5729)

: (Meta-analysis)
/
(0.4192)
/
(0.5038) (0.5867)
/ /
3.3
5
1) (Qual_stu)
(Qual_stu) (Char_admin)
/ (Char_teach) / (Proc_teach)
81 /
(Char_teach) (total effect) 0.70
/ (Proc_teach) (Char_admin)
(total effect) 0.40
/
/
2) / (Qual_teach)
/ (Qual_teach) /
(Char_teach) (Char_stu)
/ (Qual_teach) 13 /
(Char_stu) (total effect) 0.21
/ /

3) (Qual_admin)
(Qual_admin) (Char_stu)

: (Meta-analysis)
(Qual_admin) 19
4) (Qual_school)
(Qual_school) (Pro_stu)
(Proc_admin) (Char_admin) /
(Char_teach) (Qual_school)
46 (Proc_stu) (total effect)
0.48 (Proc_admin) (total effect)
0.35 (Char_admin) / (Char_teach)
(total effect) 0.30

/
5) (Qual_commu)
/ (Char_teach)
(Qual_commu) 0.14 /
/
3.4

180

(one-way ANOVA)

47 11

: (Meta-analysis)
( 2,3,5) ( 7)
3 ( 2,3,4)
( 8) 3 ( 1-5)
( 9) 5

/ /
(
0.410) ( 0.375)
( 0.335) /

/
/ /

/

/
/
/

/

: (Meta-analysis)

/
/
/

/ /
( 0.172, 0.202, 0.383 0.635, 0.322, 0.681 )

/
/

/
/
8
3
/
4

5 1)
2)

: (Meta-analysis)

3)
4)
5)

6 6)
7)
/
8) //
///

9)

10)
11) ///

4 12)

/
13)
14) 15)
/ /

: (Meta-analysis)

3
16) /

17)
18) /

3 19)

20) ///
21)

4

3

5

2
8

: (Meta-analysis)
1.

1.1

1.2

/ /

1)

: (Meta-analysis)
2)

3) /

: (Meta-analysis)
4) /

/

/

5)

(Center of Wisdom Development)
6)

: (Meta-analysis)
1.3 /

/ /
/
/
1) /

/

2) /

3) /

/

: (Meta-analysis)
4) /

5) /

/
1.4

/
1)

2)

3) /
/ /
4)

: (Meta-analysis)

1.5

/ /

1)

2)

2.

1.

/

: (Meta-analysis)
2.
45 ( 25.0) 180

3.

/

(interaction effect)

24 (
)

/

: (Meta-analysis)

1.

2.

3.

: (Meta-analysis)
1
1
8
8
9
14
2
1
2 (meta-analysis)
3 (Meta-ethnography)
(Cross-impact matrix analysis)
4
5
15
15
22
47
109
116
119
129
134
134
50
89
97
: (Meta-analysis)
()
4
1
2
3
139
143
175
285
307
308
327
336
351
353
377
399
427
439
469
: (Meta-analysis)
2.1 6
2.2

2.3 4
2.4
2.5
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4 /
3.5
3.6
3.7
(, )
3.8 11
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5 :
4.6 ()
4.7
4.8
4.9
33
36
43
51
93
111
114
115
117
130
132
133
135
147
155
159
163
165
168
170
173
174
: (Meta-analysis)
()
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
(n = 1,589)
4.17
(n = 180)
4.18 (fixed effect)
(random effect) (r)

(null Model)
4.19 (fixed effects) (random effects)
(within-group)
(between-group)
(simple model)
(within-group)
(between-group)
(hypothetical model)

176
178
186
194
197
199
203
204
206
209
212
: (Meta-analysis)
()
4.21
3
4.22
(n)
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27

4.28 /
4.29
4.30 /
4.31 /
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35 /
4.36
4.37
4.38 /
4.39
4.40 /
230
236
239
243
245
251
255
257
259
261
263
265
267
268
270
272
274
276
279
284
: (Meta-analysis)
()
4.41
4.42 (Cross-impact matrix analysis)
(cause and effect)

4.43
5.1
294
300
303
322
: (Meta-analysis)
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
(stem and leaf plot)
normal Q-Q plot
(box plot)
( 1)
( 2)
( 3 )
/

/
/
42
43
46
76
82
95
96
110
177
177
178
214
219
225
240
246
257
259
261
263
: (Meta-analysis)
()
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19

265
267

269
/ 270

272
274

276
/
4.20
304
: (Meta-analysis)

(, 2550)
.. 2542
.. 2542

.. 2542

: (Meta-analysis)

.. 2542

1930s (narrative method)

Kulik and
Kulik (1989)
(vote-counting method) (combining
statistical tests or p-values) (combining treatment

: (Meta-analysis)
effects or effect sizes)

(meta-analysis)
Hedges and Olkin (1985)

Wolf (1986)

(2542)

(standard indices)
(effect size) (treatment)
(independent variable) (dependent variable)
(correlation coefficient)

1)

2)

(moderator)

(magnitude)
(direction)
5 (Glass,
McGaw, & Smith 1981; Hedges & Olkin, 1985; Johnson, Mullen, & Salas, 1995; Rosenthal
& Rosnow, 1991; Shadish, 1996; , 2541)

: (Meta-analysis)
(standard index)
(effect size)
(Pearsons correlation coefficient) (significance level)

3 (central
tendency) (variability) (skewness) (kurtosis)

(homogeneity) (consistency)
(conditional correlation)

(moderators or moderating variables)
(casual relationship model or casual model)
(model validation)

(multi-level data analysis)

(moderating effects) (mediating

: (Meta-analysis)
effects)
6 ( , 2542)
Glass, McGaw, & Smith (1981)

Hunter, Schmidt, & Jackson
(1982)

Rosenthal (1991)

Hedges & Olkin (1985)
Slavin (1987)
Best Evidence Synthesis

Mullen (1989)
BASIC Meta-Analysis
6

(meta-ethnography)
Noblit Hare (1988)

: (Meta-analysis)

Noblit Hare
5

Noblit Hare (1988)
7 1

2

3

4

5

3
(reciprocal translation)
(refutational translation)
(build a line-of-argument) 6

7
: (Meta-analysis)

(cross impact analysis)

(cross-impact matrix analysis) Gordon (1999) Weerakkody and Tremblay
(2003)
//

(row) (column)

: (Meta-analysis)
1.
2. /
1.
/

.. 2542-2550
188 180 /
8

: (Meta-analysis)
2. (meta-analysis)
Glass, McGaw, & Smith (1981) Hunter, Schmidt, & Jackson
(1982)
Glass, McGaw, & Smith (1981) Hunter,
Schmidt, & Jackson (1982)

Noblit Hare (1988) Gordon
(1999) Weerakkody and Tremblay (2003)
/

/
/

10
: (Meta-analysis)

(effect size)
(standard score)
/
Glass, McGaw & Smith (1981) Hunter,

: (Meta-analysis)
11

(existence) (direction) (magnitude)

Glass Hunter

3

5 1) 2) /
3) 4) 5)

30 1)
2) 3)
/ 4)
5) 6)
7)
8)
9) 10)

12
: (Meta-analysis)
11) 12)
13)
14)
15)
16) 17)
18) 19)

20)
21)
22) 23)
24)
25)
26) 27)
28) 29)
30)

5

( )
/

/

( )
: (Meta-analysis)
13

( )
(
)

( )
/

/
/

Module
CAI

/

/
(Qual_stu)
/ (Qual_teach) (Qual_admin)
(Qual_school) (Qual_commu)

14
: (Meta-analysis)
/ /

1.
/
2.
/
3.
/

.. 2542
4.
5.
: (Meta-analysis)
15
6

(meta-analysis)
(meta-ethnography) (cross impact matrix
analysis)

1
4 1)
2) 3)
4)
1.1
Glass, McGaw, & Smith (1981) Hunter, Schmidt, & Jackson (1982), Hedges
&Olkin (1985), Kulik & Kulik (1989)
(narrative method)

16
: (Meta-analysis)
(vote-counting method)
(effect size estimation) (probability
accumulation)

(effect size)

(meta analysis)
Noblit & Hare (1988)
(metaethnography research)
(ethnographic research or
ethnography) ( , 2542)
1.2 (synthesis of research)
(research synthesis or research integration)

(Hunter, Schmidt, & Jackson, 1982; Glass, McGaw, & Smith, 1981; ,
2529, 2542) (2542) (research
synthesis)

(2544) (research
synthesis)

: (Meta-analysis)
17
Cooper & Hedges (1994)

(research synthesis)

1.3
2

(Light & Pillemer, 1984; Glass, McGaw & Smith,
1981; Mullen, 1989; , 2542)
(2531) 2
(qualitative synthesis)
(quantitative synthesis) (narration)
(research review)

18
: (Meta-analysis)

(standard index)

(analysis of analyses) (research of research)
(research integration) ( , 2531 ,
2542)
Kulik & Kulik (1989) (narration)

1930

( , 2542)

5 (Glass,
McGaw & Smith, 1981; , 2542)
1) (Traditional Vote-Counting Methods)

: (Meta-analysis)
19
2) (Vote-Counting Method Yielding

Significance Level)

(p-values)
0.5 50 0.50
50 0.50
(binomial test)
(chi-square test)

3) (Vote-counting Method
Yielding Estimator of Effect Size)

(confidence interval)

4) (Cumulation of p-values)
20
: (Meta-analysis)

5) (meta-analysis)

1.4
Cooper & Hedges (1994)
5 1
2 3
4

1

3 3
)

(Educational Resource Information Center ERIC) )

: (Meta-analysis)
21
)

4

5

(counting)
(vote-counting)

1980s

(Rosenthal, 1991)

ERIC,
PsycINFO, MEDline 20

(meta-analysis)
22
: (Meta-analysis)
2 (meta-analysis)
6 1)
2) 3) 4)
5) 6)

2.1
meta-analysis Glass
.. 1976 (analysis of analyses)
(Glass, McGaw and Smith, 1981)
2
(standard indices)
(effect size) (correlation coefficient)

20

Thorndike

.. 1969 Cohen (effect size)
(power) .. 1976
Glass
meta-analysis

Hunter, Schmidt, Rosenthal, & Hedges ( , 2529)
2.2
Glass (1976)
(analysis of analyses) Glass

: (Meta-analysis)
23

Glass, McGaw, & Smith (1981)

(effect size)


2

(2542)

(effect

24
: (Meta-analysis)
size)

2.3
(2542)
4

(standard indices)

: (Meta-analysis)
25

(unit of analysis)

2.4

2
(effect sizes)
(correlation coefficients)
2

(
, 2541; Glass, McGaw, & Smith, 1981)
1
26
: (Meta-analysis)
_ _
yE, yC =
S
=
G
= (Change score)
g
= (Residual gain score)
ay
= (Score adjusted for covariate)
SS
= (Sum of square)
MS
= (Mean square)
df
= (Degree of freedom)
A, B =
d
= (Effect size)
r
= (Pearsons correlation coefficient)
pb r = (Point biserial correlation coefficient)
p
= (Proportion)
n
=

4
1) (two-group posttest only design)

: (Meta-analysis)
27
(proportion = p)
2) (two-group, pretest posttest

design)

(G) (g) (ay)

3) (factorial design)

A B A
28
: (Meta-analysis)
4) (correlational design)
2

t, F, 2
1) t

2) t
t

: (Meta-analysis)
29
3)

4) F

F
k
(2541) West & Wiratchai (1984)

30
: (Meta-analysis)
5) Mann-Whitney U
Mann-Whitney U
(rpb) U

; u = ordinate of unit normal distribution
; U = mann-whitney
(2542)
Glass

(pool within
group standard deviation) Hunter, Schmidt, & Jackson (1982) Hedges & Olkin
(1985) Hunter & Schmidt (1990)
2
: (Meta-analysis)
31

2.5

(moderator variable)

3 (effect size, d) (r)
(p-value of statistics)
6 (
, 2541 ; , 2542 ; , 2536)
Glass

Glass

Glass

Glass

32
: (Meta-analysis)
Rosenthal
2

Rosenthal Cohen
(1969)
Hunter
Cohen Rosenthal
Hunter
3

Hedges
Cohen

Hunter Hedges
Hedges Olkin
- Q
Slavin

: (Meta-analysis)
33
Mullen Cohen
Fishers Z
Mullen

6
2.1
2.1 6

Rosenthal
-
- 2
- Cohen (
)
-
Fishers Z
-
Glass
-
-
-
-
-

34
: (Meta-analysis)
2.1 6 ()

Hunter
-
-
Cohen
-
-
3-4
Hedges & Olkin -

Cohen
- Glass
Hunter
-
-
- Q

Slavin
-
-
-
Mullen
-
BASIC Meta-Analysis

: (Meta-analysis)
35
6

30

(single-subject design single-case design)

12 2.2
Glass
Hunter, Rosenthal, Hedges

Glass Hunter

The Handbook of Research
Synthesis Cooper, H. Hedges, L. V. (1994, p.233, p.237), Contrast and Effect
Sizes in Behavioral Research A Correlational Approach Rosenthal, R.
(2000), Meta Analysis in Social Science Glass, G.V. (1981), Method of
Meta-Analysis Hunter, J.E. Schmidt, F.L. (1990), Estimation of a Single Effect
Size: Parametric and Nonparametric Methods Hedges, L.V. Olkin, I. (1985),
, (2542) :
(2531)
36
: (Meta-analysis)
2.2
(2535)
(2538)
(2539)
(2539)
(2539)
(2541)
(2541)
(2542)
(2543)
Glass, Hunter
Hunter
Glass
dg; dh
r
dg, r
Rosenthal, Hedges
dr; r
Hunter
Glass
Non-parametric
Glass
Rosenthal, Hedges,
Glass, Hunter
r
r
dp
dg
dg
Glass
Glass, HLM
Glass
dg
de
r
(2527)
(2529)
(2533)
: (Meta-analysis)
37
Glass (1976); Glass, McGaw Smith

(1981); Hedges Olkin (1985)
(meta-analysis of research)

Mullen (1989)

(precision) (objectivity)
(replicability)
2.6
(meta-analytic process) 1976
4
Hunter, Schmidt Jackson (1982) Cooper (1984) Wolf (1986) Rosenthal
(1991) Glass, McGaw Smith (1981) (2529, 2542)
1
3

38
: (Meta-analysis)
2

3

(standard index)
2
(effect size) (correlation coefficient)
3

(substance)

(research
methodology)

4

: (Meta-analysis)
39
1)

Mullen (1989)
6 (on-line
computer search) (abstracting services) CIJE,
Psychological Abstract, Dissertation Abstract International
(browsing) (the invisible college)
(ancestry approach)
(descendancy approach)
2)
1

Glass, McGaw Smith (1981) Light Pillemer (1984) 4
) )
) )
3)

(rating scale)
/

3

5-10
40
: (Meta-analysis)
4)

Glass, McGaw Smith (1981)
(effect size)

2.4
4
3

1.

(missing)

(Hair , 1998)
2.

(linear relationship)

: (Meta-analysis)
41

(dummy variable)
3.
(cross tabulation)
- (stem-leaf plot)
(box plot)
4.

(explain)
Hunter and Schmidt (1990)

4.1 (moderator analysis)

(
)

(moderator)
42
: (Meta-analysis)
2.1
)
(low referenced moderator)

(universe) (population of populations)
) (high referenced moderator)

4
( = PBL and RBL
= CAI)
(
)

()
: (Meta-analysis)
43
2.3 4

1
2
3
4
. 5
. 2
. 6
. 4
80
65
36
44
(d)
CAI vs
CAI vs
PBL vs
RBL vs
1.953
2.525
2.052
2.758
CAI = computer assisted instruction; PBL = project-based learning, RBL = research-based learning
2.2

6 Glass (Glass, McGaw and Smith, 1981)

Glass

Hunter (Hunter, Schmidt and Jackson, 1982)

44
: (Meta-analysis)
(artifacts)
(measurement error)
(error due to range restriction)
(sampling error)

Rosenthal (Rosenthal, 1984; Rosenthal and Rosnow,
1991)
(comparison) (combination)
(stability) Hedges (Hedges and Olkin, 1985)
Glass Hedges Q
(Q-test) -
(fixed and random model)
Slavin (1986)

Best Evidence Synthesis Mullen (1989)
BASIC Meta-Analysis
6 Kulik Kulik (1989)

Hedges
0.999

Glass, McGaw and Smith (1981)
Glass Hunter
Hedges
: (Meta-analysis)
45
4.2
(causal
model)

/
4.2.1

(antecedents) (consequences)

Mathieu and Zajac (1990)
(organizational commitment)
48 5
personal characteristics, job characteristics, group-leader relations, organizational
characteristics, and role states 2
behavioral intentions and actual behavior

4.2.2

2
Roesch
and Weiner (2001)
(attribution)
(psychological adjustment)
(coping strategy) 3
8 approach, avoidance,

46
: (Meta-analysis)
cognitive approach, cognitive avoidance, behavioral approach, behavioral avoidance,

problem focused, and emotional focused coping
3X8 = 24
(structural equation model = SEM)

Shadish (1996) Brown and Peterson (1993)
5
6

2.3
PF
RA
PF
RA
OC
RC
PTL
OC
PTL
ST
RC
ST
2.3
RA - Role ambiguity
ST - Satisfaction
RC - Role conflict
OC - Org. commitment
PF - Performance
PTL - Propensity to leave
Shadish (1996) Brown

and Peterson (1993)


: (Meta-analysis)
47
(hierarchical linear model = HLM)

1
2
3 (Meta-ethnography)
2

3.1 (Meta-ethnography)
Noblit and
Hare (1988) (Meta-ethnography)

5

(Noblit and Hare, 1988)
Noblit and Hare (1988)
3

48
: (Meta-analysis)
1. (reciprocal translations)

2. (refutational synthesis)

3. (lines-of-argument synthesis)

Noblit and Hare (1988 , 2542)

7
1

2

3

: (Meta-analysis)
49
5

3 (reciprocal translations)
(refutational synthesis)
(lines-of-argument synthesis)
6


(cross-impact matrix analysis)
//

Gordon (1999) Weerakkody and Tremblay (2003)

(row) (column)

50
: (Meta-analysis)
4

(Burrill & Ledolter, 1999)
3
1) 2) 3)

4.1

Crosby (1979) Juran

Gryna (1980)

the next person on the line is your customer (Juran & Gryna, 1993)
Feigenbaum (1983)

Taguchi (1989)
Sallis (1993)

2.4

51
: (Meta-analysis)

2.4 3
1) 2)
3 )
Sallis, 1993
Taguchi
, 1989
Feigenbaum,
1983
Juran
Gryna, 1980
Crosby, 1979
2.4
52
: (Meta-analysis)
4.2

Ellis (1993)

(performance indicators)
Whatmough (1994)
2

(2538)

(2540)

(2541)

(2543)

(2545) 3
1) (quality as a normative)

: (Meta-analysis)
53

2) (quality as an objective)

Benjamin S. Bloom 3

3) (quality as a process)

4.3
5

4.3.1

(2536)

54
: (Meta-analysis)
Kohler (1925 . 2533)

Santrock (2008)
5 1) (behavioral
theory) 2)
(social cognitive theory)
3) (information processing theory)

(recognition) (attention) 4)
(cognitive constructivist theory)
5)
(social constructivist theory)
4
1) (cognitive constructivism) 2)
Bruner 3)
(meaningful reception learning theory) 4)
(social cognitive learning theory)
1) (Constructivism)

(cognitivism) cognition
( , 2550)

(constructivist)
: (Meta-analysis)
55

(
, 2541; , 2545)

(active)
(sociomoral)

goal free evaluation (
, 2545) 2 )
(cognitive constructivism)
Piaget (active)

) (social
constructivism) Vygotsky

(social context) (Horowitz & other, 2005; Rust, ODonovan,
& Price, 2005)
(Johnson & Johnson, 2005)
2) Bruner Bruner (1967)

(2545) Bruner

56
: (Meta-analysis)
(enactive stage) (iconic stage)

(symbolic stage)
(discovery learning)
(intuition)
(1)

(2)
(3)
(4)
3) (Meaningful Reception
Learning Theory) Ausubel

(cognitive
learning) (motor
skills learning) ( , 2540)

(advance organizer)
( , 2545) Ausubel

4 (1) (meaningful reception
learning) (2) (rote
reception learning) (3) (meaningful discovery
learning) (4) (rote
discovery learning) 3 (materials)

: (Meta-analysis)
57

(cognitive structure)

(cognitive structure) ( , 2540)
4) (Social Cognitive Learning
Theory) Bandura

(interact) Bandura

(social
cognitive learning theory) Bandura
(encoding)

(meta cognitive) Bandura
(cognitive process)

(1)
(2)
(3) (4)

(5)

(6)
( , 2545)
(2544)

58
: (Meta-analysis)
2 81
2 39 42

(2545)
5

.05
(2545)

5 5
( ) 2545
60 2 1 1
30

.05

: (Meta-analysis)
59
(2550)
3 :
1)
2)
3
3)
3

1 3 1.
5 1)
2)
3)
4) 5)

2. 3.

4
(2550)

2
1) 2

50
2) 2

3)
2

60
: (Meta-analysis)
4)
2
2

2 1 2550
80 40 40

(t-test)
1. 2

50
2. 2

.05
3. 2

.05
4. 2

.05
(2550)

2
1)

: (Meta-analysis)
61
2
2)
2
3)
2
4)
2

2

2 1 2550 90
45

(t-test)
1) 2

50 2) 2

.05
3)

4)

4.3.2

62
: (Meta-analysis)

5 (
, 2550) (information processing
theory)
(multiple intelligence theory) (constructivism)
(constructionism) (theory of
cooperative or collaborative learning) Richey (1968); Bruner (1966)
3 (teaching as cognitive
reconstructions) (teaching as a model provision)
(teaching as conditioning)
.. 2542

6
1) 2 )
(individualized instruction)
)
(self-directed learning)

2) 3
) (mastery learning)

) (verification teaching)

) (concept-based instruction)

: (Meta-analysis)
63
3) 3 )
(experiential learning)

) (service learning)

) (authentic learning)

4) 2 )
(problem-based instruction)

) (project-based instruction)

5) 5 )
(inquiry-based instruction)

) (thinking-based instruction)

) (group processbased instruction)
)
(research-based instruction)

64
: (Meta-analysis)
)
(instruction emphasizing learning process)

6)

(instructional or
learning process organizational model)
(CIPPA Model) (2550)
1)
2) 3)
4) 5)

7 1
2 3 /
4 5
6 / 7
1-6 (construction of knowledge)

7
CIPPA
(2548)

3

: (Meta-analysis)
65

3

3 2548 74
40 34

50

.05
(2549)

6

6 2549
60 30
.05

.05
.05

.05
(2549)

66
: (Meta-analysis)
5

5
2 44 44

50

.05
(2550)

1.

3 1
2 3
5 1) 2)
3)
4) 5)
2.
2.1
.05

: (Meta-analysis)
67
2.2
.05
(2550)

1) 2)
3)
1.
960 130
7

3
.05
2.

3.

60 30 30
t-test
.05
4.3.3
(curriculum) Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary
(1991) curricle running

68
: (Meta-analysis)

(Tyler, 1949; Posner, 2004; , 2533;
, 2531; , 2541)

Posner (2004)

/ (ends) /
(means)

Longstreet and Shane (1993)

Longstreet and Shane (1993) Posner
(2004)
.
(curriculum content)

: (Meta-analysis)
69
/

(curriculum plan) (curriculum guide)

.

.

.

(2542)

70
: (Meta-analysis)

81 600
20 20

(education for business)

(education about business)

(2546)
:

29

: (Meta-analysis)
71

(content analysis)
(2546)
6
.. 2542
6
.. 2542
1) 2) 3)
4)

5 1)
2) 1
.. 2542
3)
4)
5)

. 2542

(2546)

1)

2)
3) 4)

72
: (Meta-analysis)
(2548)

398
- 1.51
9 (p) 0.990 (GFI)
1.00 (AGFI) 0.990
(RMR) 0.011
92
3
- 25.43
66 (p) 1.00 (GFI)
0.98 (RMR) 0.013

(2550)

80
2
4 56

: (Meta-analysis)
73
28
1) 2)
3) 4)
5)

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Todd Dewett and Melissa L. Gruys (2007)

Wright state

4.3.4
(educational administration)
(educational management)
(planning)

74
: (Meta-analysis)
(organizing) (staffing) (directing) (co-ordination)

(reporting) (budgeting) Gulick
and Urwick POSDCORB .. 1937 (Kotter, 1996)

(policy making)
(policy implementing)

(educational supervision) (leadership)

(Walker, 1992)
Walker (1992)
Luenburg and Ornstein (2004)
(scientific management)
(leader)

Taylor, Fayol Follet

(role theory) Guba and Getzels (system theory)
Bertalanffy (political power theory) Machiavilli
(leadership theory) Farahbakhsh (2007)
4
(trait theory) Gibb, Lipham,
Bryman (behavioral theory) McGregor
X and Y, McCanse Blake and Mouton managerial grid

: (Meta-analysis)
75
(situational theory) leadership contingency model

Fiedler; path-goal theory House; tri-dimension management style theory Reddin
(transformational leadership)
Burns, Schermahorn, Bass
(administrative management) /
(learning organization) Luenburg and Ornstein
(2004)

Luenburg and
Ornstein (2004)
Hoy and Miskel (2001)
-- (goal and system-resource model
of organization effectiveness) 2.4

(2542)
8

76
: (Meta-analysis)
(External Environment)
(Inputs)
//
/
/
/
(Transformation Process)
/
/

/
(Outputs)
2.4
(2543)

1)
2)

: (Meta-analysis)
77
(2543)

3
(2545)

(2545)

78
: (Meta-analysis)
(2546)

1

1)
2)

3)
4)
(2547)
: (Meta-analysis)
79

1)
2) 3)
4)
4

1)
2) / 3) 4)
5)
6)
(2547)

4 2 2
18 8
10
8 3

(2547)

80
: (Meta-analysis)
(2549)

6

4

4.3.5

(2539)

Hoyle (1994)

3 / /

3

1990

: (Meta-analysis)
81

/
/

(Segers and Dochy, 1996; Webstock, 1997)

/
2
/ Sergers
and Dochy (1996)

5 2.5
5
//

(performance indicators)

82
: (Meta-analysis)
2.5

(Demming
cycle) P-D-C-A (Plan)
(Do) (Check) (Action)

)
)
) /
/
)
)
)
)
(self study report)

: (Meta-analysis)
83
() (2547)

4
(, 2547) 1)

2)
3)
4)

4 (, 2546)
1) (quality control)
2) (quality audit)
3) (quality
assessment)

84
: (Meta-analysis)
4) (quality improvement)
/

(
) 5

(2543)

...

655
9 1
: (Meta-analysis)
85
(output outcome)

(over estimation)

ISO 9002

2547
(2545)

86
: (Meta-analysis)
5 1)

2)

3)
4)

5)
(2546)

1)
2)
3)

(research and development) 1)
(.)
46
. 25
21 46
. 29
17 2)
(P D C A Cycle) (quality control,
quality audit, quality assessment quality improvement)
(quality sustainable)

: (Meta-analysis)
87

(t-test)
.05
.001

45.45 3

(2547)

6

4

108
2
10
6 4

88
: (Meta-analysis)
0.06-1.00
0.79-0.96
/
1)
... .. 2542
.01
2)

80
3)

2
(2548)

2 . 2
2

2 6 22 1 9
6 1,000

: (Meta-analysis)
89
7 100 6 ( 100)

/
(rating and ranking) /
Vanhoof and Peter (2007)
:

5

3
1) (quality as a normative)

2)
(quality as an objective)

3) (quality as a process)
/
(standard of quality)

( , 2536 , 2543)
(2537 , 2542)

90
: (Meta-analysis)
( , 2530 ,
2542) Phillip H. Combs (1970 , 2542)

(2541 , 2543) (2542
, 2545)

(2543)

(2544 , 2545) 3
/ (mission)
Cheng
(1995a , 2545)

(2545)

()
()
(, 2547)

1) 2)
3) 4)
5)
( )

: (Meta-analysis)
91

Corad Blackbum
(1985)

Donaldson (1994, , 2540)

11 1) 2)
3) 4) 5) 6)
7) 8) 9)
10) 11) Fair weather
Brown (1991) 5

(2541)

9 1)
2) 3) 4) 5)
6) 7) 8) 9)
(2540)
14 1) 2)
3) 4) 5) 6)
7) 8) 9)
10) 11) 12)
13) 14)
(2543)
(2543)

92
: (Meta-analysis)
2540 14 1)
2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)
8) 9) 10)
11) 12) 13)
14)
(2539)
4 1)
2) 3)
4)
(2535) 5
1) 2) 3)
4) 5)
(2543 , 2545)
7 1)
2) 3) 4)
5) 6) 7)

25 2.5
93
: (Meta-analysis)
2.5
1.
2.
3. /
4. /
5. /
6.
7. //
8.
9.
10. /
11.
12. /
13.
14.
15.
16. //
17. /
18.

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
1.1-Heyneman (2004)
1.3-Fairweather and Browm (1991)
2.1- (2541)
3.1- (2543)
4.1- (2539)
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3
1.2-Corad and Blackbum (1985)

1.4-Donaldson (1994)
2.2- (2540)
3.2- (2543)
4.2- (2535) 4.3-. (2543)

94
: (Meta-analysis)
39
5

1. (student factor) 14
7 1) 2)
3) 4) 5)
6) 7)
2. (teacher factor) 11
13 1 ) 2) 3)
4) 5) 6)
7) 8) 9)
10) 11)
12) 13)
3. (curriculum factor) 12
6 1) 2) 3)
4) 5)
6)
4. (administration factor) 10
8 1) 2)
3) 4) 5)
6) 7) 8)
5. (process factor) 10
5 1) 2)
3) 4) 5)

: (Meta-analysis)
/

/

95

/

.. 2542

(Constructionism)
/ /

/

(Constructionism)
(Constructionism)

/

/

( )
2.6
(2542); (2544); (2544);
(2544); (2545); (2545); (2544);
(2545); (2546); (2547);
(2549); (2548); Heyneman (2004); Parpala and LindblomYlnne (2007)

96
: (Meta-analysis)
3 (13 )
3 (13 )
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
19

20
21
23
35
36
2 / (11 )
2 / (11 )
11
12
13
14
15
18
19

20
22
37 /
82
6 (2 )
33
40

7
5 / (7 )
25
26
27

28
CAI
29
30

34
7 (3 )
10
12
81
8 / (3 )
13
17
82
9 (7 )
11
16
18
22
23
80 /
83
10 (1 )
84
11 ( 1 )
85
1 (13 )
1 (13 )
11
13
15
17
19

20
21
38
39
60
61 /
62 /
63
4 (4 )
16
24
32

39

2.7

: (Meta-analysis)
97
1)
2) / 3)
4) 5) / 6)
7)
6

16 12 4
(2537)
184 11
11 3

0.83 0.65

0.21 10
37
0.13
6
16
(2538)
.. 2514-2536 156
.. 2534 (11.54)
(62.2)
(58.85) (37.82)

98
: (Meta-analysis)
(2539)
.. 2522-2538

24 58
505 5

3

-
5

( 26.9)
2 ( 20.1) ( 19.7)
( 18.8) ( 17.5) ( 17.3)
( 16.4) ( 16.4)
1 ( 16.0) ( 15.0) 2 (
13.0) ( 12.9) (
12.8) 1 ( 12.6) ( 9.9)
( 9.8) ( 8.8)
17 5

(2542)

: (Meta-analysis)
99
47
265
162 74 29
1)
(.388) (.294) (.157) 2)

37

2 3)

Glass

Glass
(0.97)
.001
(2544)

Hunter 2511
2542 96 92
4 1,837
777 461 283
316
1) .713
.020 .999
:
(.775) :

100 : (Meta-analysis)
(.818) :
(.951) :
(.852) 2) .528
.005 .950
:
(.691) :
(.623) :
(.756) 3) .474
.100 .871

: (.484) :
(.497) :
(.538) 4) .43
(2544)
3

3
99
4,170 40

HLM LISREL
1)
3 3.332, 78.513 0.893 2)
3

: (Meta-analysis)
101
(4.04) (13.57) 3)
2
37.9 23.4
4)
3

(2544)
1)
2) 3)
4)

536

5

411 .966
1,139 .785

13,143 11 p 0.284
(2547)

.. 2525-2547
57 17
Glass 90 36
38 16
F-test
Stepwise (.366)
(.334)
(.237) 3
(.310) 4

0.05 4
51.5

(2547)

LISREL 197 .. 2525-2541
162 35
288
85 188 15 t

LISREL 1)
(.376) (.318) (.303) 2)
17

: (Meta-analysis)
103
15.93
t
3)

14.2
- 139.958 119; p = 0.0920; GFI = 0.953;
AGFI = 0.932; RMR = 0.0434

(2547)
1)
2)
3)
27
406 .177
244 162
.186 .163
270 136 .176 .178
/

4
HLM HLM

3

(2548)
120
179

170
77
/
52

2

//

, , (2551)

12 /

/
40
97.56

/
/
0.358 0.540 2.420
155
0.209 0.260 0.890
15 62.40

: (Meta-analysis)
105

33 6
17

(r = 0.544)
(r = 0.457)
//
/

Cliff Liao (2004)

(CAI) (TI)
53 4
6
35 (GRB) 12

4 1) 2) 3)
4)
ES
(effect size : ES) ES 0.55
CAI
TI ES 0.5 ES 0.8
CAI 81 85 ES
5000
ES 0.552 21 TI
71 median 65
CAI TI

Cantisano, Dominguez and Depolo (2008)

42
60
(sexual harrassment)

Hafdahl (2007) :

Monte Carlo

1 (type I error)

(Fisher-Z)
(Pearson-r )
Kammeyer-Mueller and Judge (2008)

25

: (Meta-analysis)
107

PsycINFO (1887-2007)
336
14
Hunter & Schmidt, 1990

()
( )

(SEM)

: (Meta-analysis)
109

/ .. 2542-2550
188 180 8

/
3.1
10 1)
2) 3) 4)
5) 6) 7)
8) 8.1)
8.2) 8.3)
8.4)
9) 10) 11)

3.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
9.
10.
11.
3.1
: (Meta-analysis)
111
3.1
68
-
-
-
-
200
188
180
8
3.1 ()
8
8.1
-
(d) Glass,
Mcgaw and Smith (1981)
_ _
d = ( yE , yC ) / Sc
-
Hunter, Schmidth
and Jackson (1982)
8.2
-
(moderator)
F-test
-
8.3
8.4
472
1,117
: (Meta-analysis)
113
3.1 ()
10
11

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2550
22

2542-2550 3.2
68 6 1)
2) 3)
4) 5)
6)
180
8 188 14 1) 2)
3) 4) 5) /
6) / 7) 8) 9) 10)
11) 12) / 13)
/ 14)

3.2
10
10
27
5
8
11
6
8
5
8
10
10
13
10
20
18
18
20
10
21+8*
: (Meta-analysis)
115
6

3.3
3.3
1
2
3
4
5

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7 .. 50
21 .. 50
28 .. 50
11 .. 50
18 .. 50
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
23 .. 50
30 .. 51
27 ..51
5 .. 51
22 .. 51
30 .. 51
24-26 .. 51
/
.. 2542-2550 180
8 180

27

..2542-2550
180

2 1)
2)

1. /
: (Meta-analysis)
117
27

/
.. 2542-2550
2. /

3.4 /
/
/
51
32
17
10
9
7
7
6
5
4
4
28.30
17.70
9.40
5.60
5.00
3.80
3.80
3.30
2.70
2.20
2.20
3.4 / ()
/
180
1.10
1.10
0.60
0.60
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.10
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
1.10
0.60
100.00

/
180
180 100.00
: (Meta-analysis)
119
.

(2535) (2539) (2540)
(2541) (2541)
(2543) (2543) . (2543) Corad and Blackbum (1985) OECD (1990)
Fairweather and Browm (1991) Donaldson (1994)
1.
31 11
1.1 31
1) (YEAR) .. 2542-2550
2) / (UNIVER)
2 / 25
27 1 = 2 =
3 = 4 = 5 =
6 = 7 = 8 = 9 =
10 = 11 = 12 = 13 =
14 = 15 =
16 = 17 = 18 =
19 = 20 =
21 = 22 = 23 =
24 = 25 =
26 = 27 =
3) (MAJOR) 15
1 = 2 = / 3 =
4 = 5 = 6 =

/ 7 = / 8 =
9 = 10 = 11 =
12 = 13 = / 14 =
/ 15 =
4) (OFFICE) 16
1 = (.) 2 =
(.) 3 =
(.) 4 = (.) 5 = 6 =
7 = 8 = 9 = 10 =
11 = 12 = 13 =
14 = 15 = 16 =
5) (SEX) 3 0 =
1 = 3 =
6) (TYPERES) 3
1 = 2 =
3 =
7)

8) (DSGN) 10
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 =
5 = 6 = 7 = 8 = 9 =
10 =
9) (THEORY 1) 10 =
11 = 12 = 13 = 14 =
20 = 22 =
23 = 30 = 31 =
// 32 = 33 = 34 =
35 = 36 = 37 = 40 =

: (Meta-analysis)
121
41 = 51 = 52 =
53 = 54 = / 55 =
56 = 57 = 58 =
59 =
10) (TYPEHYPO) 3
0 = 1 = 2 =
3 =
11) (EXDESIGN) 10
1 = True control group posttest-only design, 2 = True control group
pretest-posttest design, 3 = True control group pretest-posttest time series, 4 = Pretestposttest non randomized design, 5 = The one group pretest-posttest design, 6 = Time
series, 7 = Posttest only group design, 8 = Quasi experimental 9 = Empirical group study
10 =
12) (METSELE) 8
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 =
5 = 6 = 7 = 8 =
13) (STATUS) 5
1 = / 2 = / 3 = 4 =
5 = 6 =
14) (LEVEL) 7
1 = / 2 = 3 = 4 =
/ 5 = () 6 =
7 = /
15) (INSTITUTE) 10
1 = (.) 2 =
(.) 3 = (.) 4 =
(.) 5 = / 6 =
/ 7 = 8 = / 9 =
10 =

16) (QUAINSTU) 6
1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 =
6 =
17) (TYPEINSTU) 9
/ /

18) (COMPUTER) 3
1 = 2 = 3 =
19) (TYPEANA) 13
content analysis, descriptive stat, t-test, dependent t-test,
simple corr/regression, ANOVA/ANCOVA (one-way), ANOVA/ANCOVA (two-way), ANOVA
(three-way), multiple corr./regression, factor analysis, path analysis, LISREL HLM
20) (DV) / /

21) (TYPEINS) 9
1 = 2 = / 3 = /
4 = 5 = 6 = 7 = 8 =
9 =
22) (TYPEREL) 8
0 = 1 = Test-retest, 2 = Parallel form,
3 = Split-half, 4 = Kuder-Richardson, 5 = Alpha-coefficient, 6 = Hoyts Analysis of
Variance, 7 = The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient 8 = Kappa of Kohen
23) (VALID) 9
0 = 1 = 2 =
3 = 4 = 5 =
6 = 7 = 8 =
9 =

: (Meta-analysis)
123
24) (IV) / /
25) (TYPEINS) 9
1 = 2 = / 3 = /
4 = 5 = 6 = 7 = 8 =
9 =
26)
Test-retest Kuder-Richardson, Alpha-coefficient
27)

28) (TYPECOMPA) 8
1 = t-dependent 2 =
ANOVA (one-way) 3 = ANOVA (two-way), 4 = Pretest-Posttest,
5 = ANCOVA 6 = 7 =
8 =
29) (STATTYPE) 8
1 = Z-test, 2 = t-test-dependent, 3 = t-test-independent, 4 = one-way ANOVA,
5 = two-way ANOVA, 6 = three-way ANOVA, 7 = ANCOVA, 8 = -
30) (SIGNF) 7
0 = 1 = .01 2 = .05 3 =
.01 4 = .05 5 = < .01 6 = > .05
31) (CONTROL) 8
1 = Randomization, 2 = blocking, 3 = matching, 4 = elimination, 5 = stat
control, 6 = / 7 =
8 = randomization blocking
1.2 11 1) 2)
3) 4) 5) 6)
7) 8) 9) 10)
11)
2.

Glass Hunter
.
4
1)
5 1.1) 1.2)
1.3) 1.4) 1.5)
2)
6 2.1) 2.2) 2.3)
/ 2.4) 2.5)
2.6) / 3)
4 3.1)
3.2) 3.3) 3.5)
4)
3 4.1) 4.2)
4.3)
1) 2)
3)
/

/
/

: (Meta-analysis)
125

(effect size)
(standard score)
/
Glass, McGaw & Smith (1981) Hunter,

(existence) (direction) (magnitude)

Glass Hunter

3

5 1) 2) /
3) 4) 5)

: (Meta-analysis)
127

30 1)
2) 3)
/ 4)
5) 6)
7)
8) 9)
10)
11) 12)
13)
14)
15) 16)
17) 18)
19)

20)
21) 22)
23)
24)
25) 26)
27) 28)
29) 30)

5

( )
/


( )

( )
(
)

( )
/

/
/

Module
CAI

/

/
(Qual_stu)
/ (Qual_teach) (Qual_admin)
(Qual_school) (Qual_commu)

: (Meta-analysis)
129
/ /

4
/
( 4
)
1.

19 (Code book)
2. /
/ 9
(Code book)
3.
7
(Code book)
4.
5 0 4
30

1.
1.1
(2544) (2544)

3 3.5
3.5
1.
2.
3.
: (Meta-analysis)
131
1.2

/
3

1.3

1.4
1
80-85
2.
2.1
2.2 5
(rubric) 30
(2544)
(2544) 3.6
3.6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
10
4
33.33
13.33
1-10
11-14
2
2
2
1
2
3
3
1
30
6.67
6.67
6.67
3.33
6.67
10.00
10.00
3.33
100
15-16
17-18
19-20
21
22-23
24-26
27-29
30
5

0
1
2
3
4

3.21-4.00
2.41-3.20
1.61-2.40
0.81-1.60
0.80

: (Meta-analysis)
133

2.3
1 9
3.7
83-100
3.7 (
, )
Pair 1
Pair 2
Pair 3
Pair 4
Pair 5
Pair 6
Pair 7
Pair 8
Pair 9
Pair 1 0.90(3)
0.97(1)
0.97(1)
1.00(0) 0.93(2) 1.00(0) 1.00(0) 0.97(1)
0.87(4)
Pair 2 0.97(1)
0.90(3)
0.93(2)
0.97(1) 0.93(2) 0.93(2) 0.90(3) 0.93(2)
0.90(3)
Pair 3 0.97(1)
0.97(1)
0.90(3)
0.93(2) 0.93(2) 0.93(2) 0.97(1) 0.97(1)
0.83(4)
Pair 4 0.93(2)
0.93(2)
0.93(2)
0.87(4) 0.97(1) 0.97(1) 1.00(0) 0.97(1)
0.90(3)
Pair 5 0.90(3)
0.90(3)
0.93(2)
0.90(3) 0.93(2) 0.93(2) 0.97(1) 0.97(1)
0.80(6)
Pair 6 0.90(3)
0.90(3)
0.93(2)
0.97(1) 0.90(3) 0.97(1) 0.97(1) 0.97(1)
0.83(5)
Pair 7 0.87(4)
0.90(3)
0.93(2)
0.93(2) 1.00(0) 0.93(2) 0.90(3) 0.97(1)
0.87(4)
Pair 8 0.93(2)
0.93(2)
0.97(1)
1.00(0) 0.93(2) 0.93(2) 1.00(0) 0.93(2)
0.83(5)
Pair 9 0.90(3)
0.93(2)
0.93(2)
0.97(1) 1.00(0) 0.90(3) 1.00(0) 0.97(1)
0.87(4)
()
30
/

2550- 2551 10
3.8
1.
27
.. 2542-2550
2.
3.
4.

5. SPSS for Windows Version 11.5
2 1
2

3
2
3

1

: (Meta-analysis)
135
3.8 11
9.
8.
7.
6.
3.

4.
5.
2.
1.
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
50 50 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51 51

4
4

2
4

2.1

(measurement error) Hunter, Schmidt & Jackson (1982)

(stem and leaf plot)
(box plot)
2.2
3

2.2.1

(one-way ANOVA)
2.2.2

Glass, McGaw and Smith
(1981) 472 180
(d)
_ _
d = (yE , yC ) / SC
_ _
yE , yC
SC
: (Meta-analysis)
137
2.2.3

(Hierarchical linear model)

3
1
2

3
2.3
4
2.3.1 Hunter

Hunter, Schmidt & Jackson (1982)

2.3.2
Shadish

Shadish (1996)

6 1) 2) /
3) 4) 5) /
6)

2.3.3

Shadish (1996)
6
/
/
7 3

3

2.3.4
2 1
(data aggregation) 2

11
11
3

(metaphor)

(cross-impact matrix analysis)
Gordon (1999) Weerakkody Tremblay (2003)

: (Meta-analysis)
139

3
2
3 1)
2)
3)
3
N
Range
Mean
Median
Mode
S.D.
C.V.
Skewness
Kurtosis
Min
Max
b
SE
p-value
R
R2
Adjusted R2
_
r
F
ANOVA
p2
df
GFI
AGFI
RMR
RMSEA
(standard deviation)
(coefficient of variation)
(standard error)
(grand mean)
: (Meta-analysis)
141
NUMPAET
NUMPAGE
DMAJOR4
DMAJOR5
DOFFIC3
OCORR
OEXPLAI
DX2
NUMIV
DY2
NUMDV
DSTATU1
DSTATU3
DLEVEL2
DLEVEL3
DDESIGN4
DMETSELI
RIV
DQUALI1
DQUALI2
NUMHYPO
DTYANA2
NUMANA
DSTAT3
DTYCOM5
DSIG2
FACTOR ANALYSIS,
PATH ANALYSIS, HLM, LISREL
t-test, Z-test
Correlation
.05

DSIG3
TOTAL
MTOTAL
DEXDESI
DSOURCE
DTHEORY
DUNIVER1
DUNIVER2
DUNIVER3
DTYPECO
DVALIDV
DVALIID
SEX
SSIZE
NUMINST
R
R_measur
rxy
Char_admin
Char_teach
Char_stu
Proc_admin
Proc_teach
Proc_stu
Qual_stu
Qual_teach
Qual_admin
Qual_school
Qual_community
.05
One group pretest-posttest
: (Meta-analysis)
143
180 4

1.1

18

4.1
2542-2551 2547
41 ( 22.80) 2546 38 ( 21.10)
2551 1 ( 0.60)
27
51 ( 28.30)
32 ( 17.70)

1
( 0.60)
14
/ 30 ( 16.70)
22 ( 12.20)
3 ( 1.70)
//
13
70
( 38.80) 37 ( 20.60)
1 ( 0.60)
/
122 ( 67.70)
55 ( 30.60) 3 ( 1.70)

3
163 ( 90.60)
10 ( 5.60)
7 ( 3.80)

8
( 48.90)
( 25.60) (
1.10)

9
57 ( 31.60)
46 ( 25.60)
1 ( 0.60)
29
45 ( 25.00) 28
( 15.60)

: (Meta-analysis)
145

/
1 ( 0.60)

87 ( 48.30)
53 ( 29.40)
17 ( 9.50)

10
102 ( 56.60)
True control group pretest-posttest design 23 ( 12.70)
True control group pretest-posttest time series
Time series 1 ( 0.60)

8
47 ( 26.10)
40 ( 22.20)
3 ( 1.80)

6
/ 117 ( 65.00)
/ 30 ( 16.60)
1 ( 0.60)

/

7
57 (
31.70) / 44 ( 24.40)
2 ( 1.10)

10
/ 106
( 58.80) / 25
( 13.90) /
. 1 ( 0.60)

4
87 48.30
67 37.20
10 5.60

9
/ 47.00
38.00
0.40
477 //
3
159
( 88.30) 13 ( 7.20)
8 ( 4.50)

: (Meta-analysis)
147

10 /
13
(descriptive statistics)
30.20 t-test 15.90
(factor analysis)
(path analysis) 0.50
4.1

2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
5
2
12
24
38
41
23
26
8
1
180
32
7
51
10
6
4
7
1
9
5
2
17
2.80
1.10
6.70
13.30
21.10
22.80
12.80
14.40
4.40
0.60
100.00
17.70
3.80
28.30
5.60
3.30
2.20
3.80
0.60
5.00
2.70
1.10
9.40
4.1 ()

/
/
/
/
3
1
3
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
2
4
2
1
1
180
4
3
7
11
9
15
11
4
19
14
22
30
10
21
180
1.70
0.60
1.70
1.10
1.70
1.70
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
1.10
2.20
1.10
0.60
0.60
100.00
2.20
1.70
3.90
6.10
5.00
8.30
6.10
2.20
10.50
7.80
12.20
16.70
5.60
11.70
100.00
: (Meta-analysis)
149
4.1 ()

(.)
(.)
(.)
(.)
Thesis .
Dissert .
70
4
37
13
3
1
4
2
3
9
11
20
3
180
55
122
3
180
163
10
7
180
0
15
88
46
7
2
17
5
180
38.80
2.20
20.60
7.20
1.70
0.60
2.20
1.10
1.70
5.00
6.10
11.10
1.70
100.00
30.60
67.70
1.70
100.00
90.60
5.60
3.80
100.00
0.00
8.30
48.90
25.60
3.90
1.10
9.40
2.80
100.00
4.1 ()

R&D
//
10
38
46
12
57
2
13
1
1
180
8
28
20
1
1
3
45
1
1
11
7
4
2
3
1
1
1
12
1
5
3
5.60
21.10
25.60
6.60
31.60
1.10
7.20
0.60
0.60
100.00
4.40
15.60
11.10
0.60
0.60
1.70
25.00
0.60
0.60
6.10
3.80
2.20
1.10
1.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
6.70
0.60
2.70
1.60
: (Meta-analysis)
151
4.1 ()

True control group posttest-only design

True control group pretest-posttest design
True control group pretest-posttest time
Pretest-posttest non randomized design
The one group pretest-posttest design
Time series
Posttest only group design
Quasi Experimental

7
3
1
1
1
2
5
1
180
23
87
53
17
180
4
23
1
13
19
1
5
10
102
2
180
6
47
40
3
8
35
3.80
1.60
0.60
0.60
0.60
1.10
2.70
0.60
100.00
12.80
48.30
29.40
9.50
100.00
2.20
12.70
0.60
7.20
10.60
0.60
2.80
5.60
56.60
1.10
100.00
3.30
26.10
22.20
1.80
4.40
19.40
4.1 ()

/
/
./.
(.)
/.
./.
/
.
32
9
180
117
30
11
1
18
3
180
13
29
57
6
29
2
44
180
106
10
25
16
6
3
6
1
1
6
180
10
87
17.80
5.00
100.00
65.00
16.60
6.10
0.60
10.00
1.70
100.00
7.20
16.20
31.70
3.30
16.10
1.10
24.40
100.00
58.80
5.60
13.90
8.90
3.30
1.70
3.30
0.60
0.60
3.30
100.00
5.60
48.30
: (Meta-analysis)
153
4.1 ()

/
/
content analysis
descriptive stat
t-test
dependent t-test
simple corr/regression
ANOVA, ANCOVA (one-way)
ANOVA, ANCOVA (two-way)
ANOVA (three-way)
multiple corr./regression
factor analysis
path analysis
LISREL
HLM
67
16
180
181
224
19
9
7
10
2
13
12
477
13
8
159
180
12
116
61
35
33
44
16
5
41
2
2
13
4
386
37.20
8.90
100.00
38.00
47.00
4.00
1.90
1.50
2.10
0.40
2.70
2.50
100.00
7.20
4.50
88.30
100.00
3.10
30.20
15.90
9.10
8.60
11.50
4.20
1.30
10.70
0.50
0.50
3.40
1.00
100.00
.. 2542 2551
27 15
10
14 (
)
/

28

180
162 universe ( Mean N) 29,139
400 20 109 (universe)
19,545 330 41
2 (universe) 305 12 0
4 (universe) 596 17
0 3 (universe) 476
21 0 3,772 (universe)
678,840 459,235 1 3
(universe) 477 13 1
3 (universe) 445 8
0 180

4.2
: (Meta-analysis)
155
4.2
Mean Median Mode
180 161.88
180 108.58
180
1.69
180
3.31
180
2.64
180 3771.33
180
2.65
180
2.47
SD
150.00 155.00
66.51
103.00 93a
40.28
1.00 1.00
1.78
2.00 1.00
3.51
2.00 2.00
2.64
179.50 60.00 36295.10
2.00 1.00
2.10
2.00 2.00
1.13
%CV. Skewness Kurtosis Min

41.08
37.10
105.03
105.98
100.15
962.40
79.32
45.79
1.34
1.40
3.88
2.00
3.18
11.66
1.92
1.48
Max
2.29 20.00
400.00
4.63 41.00
330.00
17.19 0.00
12.00
3.98 0.00
17.00
16.02 0.00
21.00
142.49 1.00 459235.00
4.27 1.00
13.00
4.36 0.00
8.00
1.2

20 472
15 1,117

4.3

239 ( 50.60)
318 ( 28.50)
129 ( 27.30)
261 ( 23.40)

24 ( 5.10) 64
( 5.70)
219
( 46.40) 824 ( 73.80)
204 ( 43.20)
177 ( 15.80)
3 ( 0.60)
1 ( 0.10)

Alpha-coefficient 271 905 ( 57.40 81.00)
89 184 ( 18.90 16.50)

Hoyts analysis of variance 1 ( 0.20)
test-retest 13 ( 1.20)
Alpha-coefficient

256 803 ( 54.20 71.90)
142 169 ( 30.10 15.10)

2 ( 0.40)
1 ( 0.10)

196 ( 41.50)
329 ( 29.50) 166 323

: (Meta-analysis)
157
( 35.20 28.90)

14 ( 3.00) 164
( 14.70)
208
( 44.10) 829 ( 74.30)
154 ( 32.60)
216 ( 19.30)
3 1 ( 0.60 0.10)

395 ( 83.70) Alpha-coefficient
888 ( 79.50) Alpha-coefficient 72 ( 15.30)
176 ( 15.80)
Test-retest 2 9
( 0.40 0.80)
Alpha-coefficient

331 ( 70.20)
836 ( 74.90) 110 ( 23.30)
171 ( 15.30)

1 ( 0.20)
1 ( 0.10)

t-test-independent 156
( 33.10) Pearson 1073 ( 96.10)
one- way ANOVA 147 ( 31.10)
Tetrachoric 21 ( 1.90)
- 1 ( 0.20) Point biserial 2
( 0.20) t-test-independent
Pearson
.05
180 ( 38.20) .01
622 ( 55.80) .05 115
( 24.40) .05
214 ( 19.20)
.01 > .05 3 ( 0.60)
.01 5 ( 0.40)
.05 .01

ANOVA (oneway) 111 ( 23.50) - (pretestposttest) 105 ( 22.20)
2 ( 0.40)
oneway-ANOVA

/ 167 ( 35.40)
151 ( 32.10)
elimination randomization + blocking 2 ( 0.40)

: (Meta-analysis)
159
4.3

26
5.50
238 21.30
24
5.10
236 21.10
239 50.60
261 23.40
54 11.40
64
5.70
129 27.30
318 28.50
472 100.00 1117 100.00
204 43.20
824 73.80
219 46.40
177 15.80
0
0.00
1
0.10
/
4
0.80
6
0.50
3
0.60
0
0.00
3
0.60
23
2.10
31
6.70
0
0.00
0
0.00
26
2.30
8
1.70
60
5.40
472 100.00 1117 100.00
89 18.90
184 16.50
Test-retest
6
1.30
13
1.20
Parallel form
19
4.00
0
0.00
Kuder-Richardson
86 18.20
15
1.30
Alpha-coefficient
271 57.40
905 81.00
Hoyts Analysis of Variance
1
0.20
0
0.00
472 100.00 1117 100.00
142 30.10
169 15.10
256 54.30
803 71.90
39
8.30
90
8.10
2
0.40
8
0.70
4
0.80
15
1.30
4.3 ()

Test-retest
Kuder-Richardson
Alpha-coefficient
1.90
0.00
0.40
31
2.80
18
472
52
44
14
166
196
472
154
27
25
3
6
43
6
0
208
472
395
2
3
72
472
331
110
0
1
3.80
100.00
11.00
9.30
3.00
35.20
41.50
100.00
32.60
5.70
5.30
0.60
1.30
9.10
1.30
0.00
44.10
100.00
83.70
0.40
0.60
15.30
100.00
70.20
23.30
0.00
0.20
1
1117
329
0
293
323
164
1117
829
216
0
1
0
12
0
6
53
1117
176
9
44
888
1117
171
836
55
5
0.10
100.00
29.50
0.00
26.20
28.90
14.70
100.00
74.30
19.30
0.00
0.10
0.00
1.10
0.00
0.50
4.70
100.00
15.80
0.80
3.90
79.50
100.00
15.30
74.90
4.90
0.40
: (Meta-analysis)
161
4.3 ()

Z-test
t-test-dependent
t-test-independent
one-way ANOVA
two-way ANOVA
three-way ANOVA
ANCOVA
-
Tetrachoric
Point biserial
Spearman rank order
Pearson
.01
.05
.01
.05
< .01
> .05
0.00
19
1.70
0.60
0.00
1.90
18
472
3
91
156
147
55
11
8
1
0
0
0
0
0
472
37
3
115
110
180
24
3
472
3.80
100.00
0.60
19.30
33.10
31.10
11.70
2.30
1.70
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
100.00
7.80
0.60
24.40
23.30
38.20
5.10
0.60
100.00
30
2.70
1117 100.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
0
0.00
21
1.90
2
0.20
16
1.40
1073 96.10
5
0.40
1117 100.00
74
6.60
5
0.40
129 11.50
622 55.80
214 19.20
67
6.00
6
0.50
1117 100.00
4.3 ()

t-dependent
ANOVA (oneway)
ANOVA (twoway)
- (pretest-posttest)
ANCOVA
Randomization
Blocking
Matching
Elimination
stat control
/

randomization + blocking

90
19.10
111
23.50
55
11.70
105
8
22.20
1.70
79
16.70
0.40
22
472
112
10
18
2
10
167
151
2
472
4.70
100.00
23.70
2.10
3.80
0.40
2.10
35.40
32.10
0.40
100.00
: (Meta-analysis)
163

4.4
0.89 0.90
31 27
4.77 4.73
238 7.28

0.89 0.87
0.36 16,224
4.4
Mean
Median
Mode
SD
%C.V. Skewness Kurtosis Min
Max
472
0.89
0.90
0.97
0.08
9.15
-1.04
0.96
0.61
1.00
472
0.90
0.96
0.97
0.10
11.04
-1.13
-0.23
0.65
0.99
413
407
30.38
26.35
9.00
7.10
3.62
3.54
52.69
48.38
173.42
183.63
3.52
3.73
15.46
17.47
-0.01
0.10
405.49
378.23
402
4.77
2.47
0.51
7.00
146.83
3.43
17.44
-0.36
62.73
403
4.73
1.69
0.52
7.46
157.61
3.40
16.99
0.04
66.22
472
456
237.42
7.28
180.00
2.99
280.00
0.00
224.47
16.55
94.55
227.51
1.59
4.77
2.31
29.20
15.00
-27.51
1271.00
131.68
111
0.89
0.89
0.84
0.07
8.29
-1.08
2.72
0.51
0.99
111
0.87
0.88
0.95
0.09
10.08
-1.15
3.39
0.20
0.99
0.01
0.31
85.01
840.00 81778.21 504.08
3.19
5.16
46.75
24.98
-0.64
30.00
5.00
459235.00
111
111
0.36
0.33
16223.20 400.00
1.3

5
(0 = /, 1= , 2 = , 3 = , 4 = ) 30

60 6
73.3 ( 3.66)
83.3 ( 3.74)
80.6 ( 3.73)
66.7 ( 3.48)
66.1 ( 3.47)
64.4 ( 3.53)
( 60) 4
82.7 ( 3.30)
/ 80.0 (
3.29) 69.5 ( 3.03)
65.6 ( 2.63)
77.2 ( 3.18)
66.1 ( 2.77)
70.0 ( 3.13)
85.5 ( 3.33) 70.0
( 3.03)
( 80)
87.2 ( 1.14)

180
45 ( 25.0) 75 (

: (Meta-analysis)
165
41.7) 54 ( 30.0) 6 ( 3.3)

2.88
30
180 2.79
4.5
4.5 :
0
1
0
0%
2 0
0%
3 / 0

0%
4
0
0%
5
23
12.8%
6 44
24.4%
7
9
5.0%
8
6
3.3%
9
2
1.1%
10
40
22.2%
1
0
0%
2
1.1%
2
1.1%
73
40.6%
10
5.6%
42
23.3%
137
76.1%
157
87.2%
13
7.2%
27
15.0%
2
3
4
13 35 132
7.22% 19.4% 73.3%
29 62
87
16.1% 34.4% 48.3%
34 54
90
18.9% 30.0% 50.0%
30 56
21
16.7% 31.1% 11.7%
43 30
74
23.9% 16.7% 41.1%
44 33
17
24.4% 18.3% 9.4%
6
18
10
3.3% 10.0% 5.6%
6
7
4
3.3% 3.9% 2.2%
63 28
74
35.0% 15.6% 41.1%
40 29
44
22.2% 16.1% 24.4%
mean SD
3.66 0.61
3.30 0.78
3.29 0.81
2.14 1.08
2.68 1.39
1.65 1.29
1.35 0.93
1.14 0.64
2.88 1.07
2.06 1.48
4.5 : ()
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
24
25
26
0
3
1.7%
0
0%
8
4.4%
1
0.6%
2
1.1%
19
10.6%
2
1.1%
9
5.0%
1
0.6%
2
1.1%
1
0.6%
4
2.2%
0
0%
7
3.9%
0
0%
1
1
0.6%
13
7.2%
81
45.0%
19
10.6%
9
5.0%
5
2.8%
9
5.0%
37
20.6%
12
6.7%
10
5.6%
7
3.9%
2
1.1%
1
0.6%
3
1.7%
4
2.2%
2
3
4
6
20 150
3.3% 11.1% 83.3%
72 40
55
40.0% 22.2% 30.6%
41 27
23
22.8% 15.0% 12.8%
98 48
14
54.4% 26.7% 7.8%
44 52
73
24.4% 28.9% 40.6%
38 79
39
21.1% 43.9% 21.7%
30 52
87
16.7% 28.9% 48.3%
15 45
74
8.3% 25.0% 41.1%
7
40 120
3.9% 22.2% 66.7%
42 34
92
23.3% 18.9% 51.1%
83 55
34
46.1% 30.6% 18.9%
18 37 119
10.0% 20.6% 66.1%
18 45 116
10.0% 25.0% 64.4%
16 51 103
8.9% 28.3% 57.2%
50 63
63
27.8% 35.0% 35.0%
mean SD
3.74 0.70
2.76 0.97
1.87 1.13
2.31 0.79
3.03 0.98
2.63 1.17
3.18 0.96
2.77 1.31
3.48 0.89
3.13 1.03
2.63 0.85
3.47 0.89
3.53 0.70
3.33 0.99
3.03 0.85
: (Meta-analysis)
167
4.5 : ()
27
28
29
30
0
14
7.8%

14
7.8%
0
0%
0
0%
211
1
27
15.0%
79
43.9%
3
1.7%
6
3.3%
795
2
3
4
53 31
55
29.4% 17.2% 30.6%
39 20
28
21.7% 11.1% 15.6%
7
25 145
3.9% 13.9% 80.6%
54 75
45
30.0% 41.7% 25.0%
1049 1218 2127
mean SD
2.48 1.28
1.83 1.21
3.73 0.61
2.88 0.82
2.79 0.96

( 63.30)

t-test ANOVA, ANCOVA correlation,
regression
factor analysis, path analysis, HLM, LISREL
4.6

4.6 ()
9.10(1)
54.50(6)
36.40(4)
100.00(11)
20.00(3)
53.30(8)
26.70(4)
100.00(15)
60.00(6)
40.00(4)
0.00(0)
100.00(10)
content
descriptive
33.30(1)
66.70(2)
0.00(0)
100.00(3)
R&D
16.70(16)
33.30(19)
6.30(1)
71.90(69)
52.60(30)
56.30(9)
11.50(11)
14.00(8)
37.50(6)
100.00(96)
100.00(57)
100.00(16)
2
= 18.714** df = 6 Sig .005
R&D
25.00(22)
18.90(10)
8.30(2)
64.80(57)
71.70(38)
45.80(11)
10.20(9)
9.40(5)
45.80(11)
100.00(88)
100.00(53)
100.00(24)
2 = 22.232** df = 6 Sig .001
23.00(20)
10.40(7)
25.00(4)
60.90(53)
68.70(46)
68.80(11)
16.10(14)
20.90(14)
6.30(1)
100.00(87)
100.00(67)
100.00(16)
2
= 16.146** df = 6 Sig .003

t-test ANOVA correlation
factor path
ANCOVA
regression
HLM LISREL
24.50(27)
18.40(9)
0.00(0)
58.20(64)
79.60(39)
50.00(9)
17.30(19)
2.00(1)
50.00(9)
100.00(110) 100.00(49)
100.00(18)
2
= 27.349*** df = 6 Sig .00
20.60(37)
63.30(114)
16.10(29)
100.00(180)
20.60(37)
63.30(114)
16.10(29)
100.00(180)
20.60(37)
63.30(114)
16.10(29)
100.00(180)
20.60(37)
63.30(114)
16.10(29)
100.00(180)
: (Meta-analysis)
169
1.4

16 (NUMPAET)
(NUMPAGE)
(DMAJOR5) (DOFFIC3) (OEXPLAI)
(DX2) (DY2)
(NUMDV) (DSTATU1)
(DLEVEL2)
(DMETSELI) (DQUALI1)
FA PA HLM LISREL (DTYANA2)
(NUMANA) Correlation (DTYCOM5)
.05 (DSIG3)

16

(NUMANA) .522
(NUMPAGE) .439 (OEXPLAI)
.391 Correlation (DTYCOM5)
.331
(multicollinearity)
3 (Hair, Black,
Babin, Anderson, and Tatham, 2006: 230) 2 (Two step
process) (condition index)
30 (proportions of variance coefficient)
0.90 1
VIF (Variance Inflation Factor) tolerance
VIF 5.3 tolerance 0.19
(DOFFIC3)
(OEXPLAI) (NUMDV)

(DLEVEL2)
(DMETSEI) (DQUALI1)
.05 (DSIG3)
0.90
4.7 0.9

4.7
1
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
TOTAL
1.000
1. NUMPAET
.239 1.000
2 NUMPAGE
.439 .685 1.000
3. DMAJOR5
-.183 -.108
.002 1.000
4. DOFFICE3
.056 -.003
.017 .251 1.000
5. OEXPLAI
.391 040
200
6. Dx2
.135 .109
.177 .570 .220 .046 1.000
7. Dy2
127 .101
.163 .500 .307 -.117 .671 1.000
8. NUMDV
.139 .017
.108 .408 .371 .015 .358 .398 1.000
9. DSTATU1
-.133 -.295 -.338 -.556 -.147 -.196 -.507 -.467 -.433 1.000
10. DLEVEL2
.101 -.118 -.145 -.338 -.044 .056 -.303 -.287 -.190 .464 1.000
11. DMETSELI
.295 -.118
12. DQUALI1
-.257 -.072 -.182 -.043 -.058 -.133 -.095 -.110 -.095 204 -.015 036 1.000
13. DTYANA2
-.286 -.190 -.194 -.066 -.067 -.268 -.195 -.112 .039 .162 -.020 -.104 .242 1.000
15. NUMANA
.522 .435
.467 -.057 -.177 .396 .079 .060 -.020 -.286 -.115 .281 -.189 -.215 1.000
16. DTYCOM5
.331 .040
259
17. DSIG3
.239 .092
121 -.086 -.163 .276 -.049 -.016 .003 -.101 .084 .137 -.010 -.226 .172 .297 1.000
Mean
2.933 165.960 124.350 0.234 0.051 0.220 0.193 0.164 2.530 0.527 0.296 0.629 0.059 0.202 3.070 0.703 0.461
SD
0.451 58.684 35.728 0.423 0.220 0.415 0.395 0.370 2.543 0.499 0.457 0.483 0.235 0.402 1.352 0.457 0.499
.028 -.124 1.000
.022 .029 .042 .353 .079 .072 .052 -.035 .069 1.000
.147 .013 .284 .269 .198 .153 -.265 -.062 .254 -.266 -.675 .308 1.000
1. r 0.128 p < .05 r 0.162 p < .01

2. n = 180
: (Meta-analysis)
171
16
3 ENTER 1
4
(NUMPAET) (NUMPAGE)
(DMAJOR5) (DOFFIC3)
2 6
(OEXPLAI) (DX2)
(DY2) (NUMDV) (DSTATU1)
(DLEVEL2) 3
6
(DMETSEI)
(DQUALI1) FA PA HLM
LISREL (DTYANA2) (NUMANA)
correlation (DTYCOM5) .05 (DSIG3)
1
24.9
0.499 1 4
.05
2 10
43.2 18.3
.658 2
.05
3
16 54.8 2
11.6 .740 3 16
.05
()
16

0.3 Hair (1998)

3
1
2
3
1

0.522
() 0.351

0.439 () 1 2
3 0.547 0.390 0.320
0.391 () 2 3 0.334 0.142
2

-0.183
() 1 2 3 -0.227 -0.430 -0.367
0.239
() 1 2 3 -0.160 -0.124
-0.214
3

.05
0.295 0.239 0.056
() 3 0.083 0.088 0.100
Correlation
0.331 -0.257
() 3 -0.076 -0.092

: (Meta-analysis)
173
4.8
Total
1. NUMPAET
2. NUMPAGE
3. DMAJOR5
4. DOFFIC3
5. OEXPLAI
6. DX 2
7. DY2
8. NUMDV
9. DSTATU1
10. DLEVEL2
11. DMETSEI
12. DQUALI1
13. DTYANA2
14. NUMANA
15. DTYCOM5
16. DSIG3
R
R2
Adjusted R2
F
P
1
SE
1.000
2.32 .037
.239*** -.001 .000 -.160
.439*** .007 .000 .547
-.183*** -.242 .024 -.227
.056*
.210 .046 .103
.391***
.135***
.127***
.139***
-.133***
.101***
.295***
-.257***
-.286***
.522***
.331***
.239***
0.499
0.249
0.247
131.400***
0.000
pvalue
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
b
2.36
.000
.005
-.458
.129
.362
.165
.214
.022
-.043
.120
2
SE
.046
.000
.000
.029
.043
.023
.032
.034
.004
.026
.022
0.658
0.432
0.429
120.197***
0.000
-.124
.390
-.430
.063
334
.145
.176
.127
-.048
.122
pvalue
000
.000
.000
.000
.003
.000
.000
000
.000
.104
.000
3
SE
2.22 .048
-.002 .000
.004 .000
-.391 .026
.204 .040
.154 .023
.180 .029
.128 .031
.030 .004
.033 .024
.104 .020
.077 .019
-.176 .036
-.154 .029
.117 .008
-.075 .027
.080 .017
0.740
0.548
0.543
119.030***
0.000
-.214
.320
-.367
.100
.142
.158
105
167
.037
.105
.083
-.092
-.137
.351
-.076
.088
pvalue
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.176
.000
.000
.000
.000
000
.006
.000
r 0.128 p < .05 r 0.162 p < .01

1-2


factor analysis, path analysis,
HLM, LISREL
4.9
4.9
FACTOR ANALYSIS, PATH

ANALYSIS, HLM, LISREL
r
.522***
.439***
.391***
.139***
.101***
()
1
2
3
.351
.547
.390
.320
.334
.142
.127
.167
.122
.105
.239***
-.183***
-.160
-.227
-.124
-.430
-.214
-.367
-.286***
-.137
: (Meta-analysis)
175
2
3 2.1)
2.2)

2.3)

2.1
180
442 1,117
1,589

2
(measurement error) Hunter, Schmidt & Jackson
(1982) 180 1,589

(stem and leaf plot) (box
plot)
1,589 0.325 0.363 r
r
0.298 0.331 180

-0.782 -0.882
1.00

(stem and leaf plot) 159 ( 10.01%) 0.073
-0.033 -0.351 -0.332

1,589 (stem and leaf plot)

normal Q-Q plot (box plot)

Kolmogorov-Sminov Test Shapiro-Wilk Test
0.05
4.10 4.1
4.10
Mean
95% CI for Mean:
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
5% Trimmed Mean
Median
Variance
Std. Deviation
Minimum
Maximum
Range
Interquartile Range
Skewness
Kurtosis
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
Shapiro-Wilks Lambda test
Stem-and-Leaf Plot
Frequency Stem & Leaf
Statistic
Std. Error
0.325
0.007
0.311
0.340
0.324
0.299
0.089
0.298
-0.782
1.000
1.782
0.470
0.073
0.061
-0.351
0.123
.054
.986
.000
.000
r
Statistic Std. Error
0.363
0.008
0.347
0.380
0.365
0.342
0.109
0.331
-0.882
1.000
1.882
0.515
-0.033
0.061
-0.332
0.123
.045
.984
.000
.000
Stem-and-Leaf Plot
Frequency Stem & Leaf
: (Meta-analysis)
3.00 Extremes (=<-.64)
1.00 -5. &
6.00 -4. 0&
18.00 -3. 7&&
16.00 -2. 0&&
36.00 -1. 02345&
78.00 -0. 01234566789
256.00 0. 000001111122223334445556667777788999
190.00 1. 001223334445566667778888999
191.00 2. 000111222333445566777788999
174.00 3. 00011222333444556667788999
138.00 4. 00122233455666778899
145.00 5. 0011223445556677788999
144.00 6. 000111223445556677889
90.00 7. 0011233456789
53.00 8. 0123467&
50.00 9. 234566&&
Stem width: .1000
Each leaf: 7 case(s) & denotes fractional leaves.
177
3.00 Extremes (=<-.81)

1.00 -6. &
1.00 -5. &
18.00 -4. 35&
8.00 -3. &
18.00 -2. 5&&
43.00 -1. 012356&
67.00 -0. 0123456789
231.00 0. 000000111112222333444455566677778888999
158.00 1. 000111222334455666777888999
192.00 2. 000112222333344556666777888899
144.00 3. 0011223444555666778999
149.00 4. 0011222333444555667788999
121.00 5. 00111223445566778999
157.00 6. 0001112233334455667778899
105.00 7. 001123344567899
74.00 8. 01223445889&
44.00 9. 0125678&
55.00 10. 000000000
Stem width: .10
Each leaf: 6 case(s) & denotes fractional leaves.
4.1 (stem and leaf plot)
4.2 normal Q-Q plot
4.3 (box plot)

180
0.325 0.363
-0.3
0.3
709 (44.62%)
-0.3 -0.5 0.3 0.5 319 (20.07%)
-0.51 -0.80 0.51 0.80
385 (24.23%)
0.8 -0.8 176 (11.08%)

880 (55.35%) 4.11
4.11
r
>
0.8
0.51 0.80
0.31 0.50
0.00 0.30
173
383
293
581
%
%
10.89 < - 0.8
3
0.19 r> 0.8r
24.10 -0.51 -0.80
2
0.13 0.51<r<=0.80
18.44 -0.31 -0.50 26 1.63 0.31<r<=0.50
36.56 0.00 -0.30 128 8.06 0.00<r<=0.30
176
385
319
709
%
11.08
24.23
20.07
44.62
: (Meta-analysis)
179
1,589

2.2
3 2.2.1

2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.1
.001 24

_
Dissertation (r = 0.471,
_
SD = 0.258) Thesis (r = 0.326, SD = 0.300)
_
(r = 0.162, SD = 0.238)
_
/ (r = 0.643, SD = 0.199)
_
/ (r = 0.404, SD = 0.311)

_
( r = 0.367, SD = 0.341)
_
( r = 0.180, SD = 0.305)
_
(r= 0.683, SD = 0.268)
_
(.) ( r = 0.515, SD = 0.228)
_
( r = -0.055, SD = 0.362)

_
_
(r = 0.403, SD = 0.225) (r = 0.374, SD = 0.299)

_
( r = 0.277, SD = 0.281)
_
(r= 0.709, SD = 0.239)
_
(r = 0.443, SD = 0.277)
_
(r = 0.065, SD = 0.123)
_
(r = 0.427, SD =
_
0.223) ( r = 0.392, SD = 0.295)
_
(r = 0.269, SD = 0.314)

_
_
(r = 0.412, SD = 0.327) (r = 0.340,
_
SD = 0.293) (r = 0.289, SD
= 0.249)
_
(r = 0.487, SD = 0.282) /
_
( r = 0.376, SD = 0.270)
_
(r = 0.019, SD = 0.015)

_
_
(r = 0.427, SD = 0.293) / (r = 0.357, SD = 0.481)
_
./. ( r = 0.144, SD = 0.228)

_
_
(r = 0.436, SD = 0.365) (r =
0.376, SD = 0.263)
_
(r = 0.302, SD = 0.285)
_
( r = 0.362, SD = 0.252)
_
(r = 0.337, SD = 0.338)

: (Meta-analysis)
181
(r = 0.250, SD = 0.257)
_
_
(r = 0.335, SD = 0.275) / (r = 0.335,
SD = 0.338)
Kuder-Richardson
_
(r = 0.528, SD = 0.351)
_
- coefficient ( r = 0.324, SD = 0.286)

_
(r = 0.257, SD = 0.297)
_
1 ( r = 0.452, SD =
_
0.270) ( r = 0.385, SD = 0.293)

_
(r = 0.156, SD = 0.176)
_
( r = 0.696, SD = 0.344) /
_
(r = 0.537, SD = 0.248)
_
(r = 0.124, SD = 0.252)
-coefficient
_
( r = 0.368, SD = 0.258) Kuder-Richardson
_
(r = 0.350, SD = 0.345) Test-retest
_
( r = 0.065, SD = 0.122)

_
_
(r = 0.773, SD = 0.197) ( r = 0.385, SD = 0.271)

_
, (r = 0.198,
SD = 0.272)
_
(r = 0.514, SD = 0.322)
_
(r = 0.334, SD = 0.291)
_
( r = 0.231, SD = 0.336) Z-test
_
t-test (r = 0.380, SD = 0.332)
_
correlation (r = 0.355, SD = 0.272) ANOVA (1, 2, 3 way)
_
(r = 0.104, SD = 0.290)
_
t-test ( r = 0.469, SD = 0.331)

_
Correlation, regression ( r = 0.365, SD = 0.317)

_
ANOVA ANCOVA (r= 0.165,
SD = 0.300) Correlation
_
( r = 0.355, SD = 0.272)
_
t-test ( r = 0.325, SD = 0.355) ANOVA,ANCOVA
_
(r = 0.131, SD = 0.312)
_
(r= 0.446,
_
SD = 0.314) .01 (r= 0.414, SD = 0.259)
.05
_
(r = 0.021, SD = 0.160) The one
_
group pretest - posttest design ( r = 0.642, SD =
0.352) Pretest - posttest non randomized design
_
(r = 0.533, SD = 0.432)
_
(r = 0.295, SD = 0.340)
_
( r = 0.650, SD = 0.306)
_
(r = 0.282, SD = 0.230)

Thesis Dissertation
Dissertation
Thesis
/

/ /

/
/
/

: (Meta-analysis)
183
/

/
(.) (.),
(.) .
(.) (.)
(.)
(.)
(.)
.

/ ./
/ .
/ /
1 . 1 .
1
/ .
./.
./.

(.) / /
./ /
(.)

/
Kuder-Richardson -coefficient
Kuder-Richardson
-coefficient (test-re, para, hoy)

1
1

/

Kuder-Richardson -coefficient
test-retest -coefficient

+ +

: (Meta-analysis)
185

Z-test t-test correlation
ANOVA (1,2,3 way) t-test
content descriptive, ANOVA, ANCOVA, correlation,
regression factor path HLM LISREL correlation, regression factor
path HLM LISREL ANOVA, ANCOVA
t-test, correlation
ANOVA, ANCOVA
.01 .05
.05
.01 .05
True control group pretest - posttest
design True control group pretest - posttest time series
The one group pretest - posttest design
True control group pretest - posttest time series,

4.12
4.12
Test of equality of
variance
_
n
r
SD
F
p
Thesis .
dissert .
/
/
(.)
(.)
(.)
(.)
ANOVA
F
1299 0.326 0.300 12.259 0.000*** 41.122 0.000***

145 0.471 0.258 1) Thesis , Dissertaton >
145 0.162 0.238 2) Dissertaton > Thesis
9
204
34
21
76
110
407
167
371
59
131
0.214
0.367
0.643
0.327
0.180
0.242
0.324
0.278
0.404
0.201
0.229
0.342 19.216 0.000*** 13.322 0.000***

0.341 1) / > , ,
0.199 , , ,
0.273 , /, /
0.305 ,
2) > , ,
0.280 / ,
0.197 3) , / >
0.327 4) / > ,
0.311 , / ,
0.180 ,
6) > /
0.358
534
32
498
81
17
21
108
37
137
107
17
0.360
0.303
0.232
0.515
0.430
-0.055
0.369
0.403
0.470
0.186
0.683
0.309
0.298
0.270
0.228
0.243
0.362
0.161
0.287
0.241
0.317
0.268
8.399
0.000*** 23.986 0.000***
1) (.) > (.),

,
2) (.), ., >
(.)
3) (.), > (.),
(.), , ,
4) (.), , ,
, >
5) , , >
: (Meta-analysis)
187
4.12
()
Test of equality of
variance
_
n
r
SD
F
p
8.564
ANOVA
F
13
562
194
284
172
364
0.303
0.277
0.331
0.304
0.403
0.374
0.362
0.281
0.339
0.322
0.225
0.299
0.000*** 7.597 0.000***
386
5
307
489
394
8
0.311
0.709
0.443
0.217
0.379
0.065
0.242
0.239
0.277
0.293
0.323
0.123
264
260
744
118
203
0.346
0.392
0.269
0.300
0.427
0.291
0.295
0.314
0.265
0.223
249
701
487
152
0.289
0.340
0.294
0.412
0.249 13.559 0.000*** 7.860 0.000***

0.293 1) > ,
0.314
0.327
1) > ,
2) >
9.368
0.000*** 30.412 0.000***
1) > ,
2) >
3) > , ,
4) > , ,
8.911
0.000*** 16.715 0.000***
1) >
2) > ,
3) > , ,
4.12
()
Test of equality of
_
variance
n
r
SD
F
p
/
/
1
.
./.
(.)
+
+
R & D
838
307
189
12
223
20
0.272
0.376
0.487
0.019
0.344
0.168
0.303
0.270
0.282
0.015
0.280
0.167
41
122
412
58
367
35
554
0.357
0.307
0.427
0.144
0.242
0.327
0.323
0.481 15.369 0.000*** 17.394 0.000***

0.302 1) > ./ .
0.293 2) > , ./ .,
0.228 (.), /
0.316 3) , / > ./
0.255 4) / > (.)
0.254
100
1215
154
120
0.376
0.302
0.436
0.372
0.263 10.580 0.000*** 11.721 0.000***

0.285 1) >
0.365 2) >
0.332
25
261
222
29
369
631
52
0.250
0.289
0.337
0.276
0.287
0.362
0.320
0.257 10.100 0.000*** 3.768 0.001***

0.358 1) >
0.338
0.243
0.303
0.252
0.285
5.786
ANOVA
0.000*** 23.550 0.000***
1) / > , .
2) / > /, , .
3) > /, /, ,
1 , .
4) 1 , .>

: (Meta-analysis)
189
4.12
()
Test of equality of
variance
_
n
r
SD
F
p
1028
/
396
165
273
Kuder-Richardson
101
-coefficient
1176
(test-re, para, hoy)
39
330
1059
129
1 71
261
983
243
/
25
65
12
ANOVA
F
0.335 0.275 10.915 0.000*** 8.283 0.000***

0.335 0.338 1) , / >
0.235 0.325
0.257
0.528
0.324
0.276
0.297
0.351
0.286
0.324
5.746
0.001*** 21.358 0.000***
0.170
0.385
0.156
0.452
0.278 15.790 0.000*** 69.466 0.000***

0.293 1) ,
>
0.176 12)
,
0.270 1 >
0.343
0.341
0.253
0.537
0.124
0.696
0.347 12.384 0.000*** 16.367 0.000***

0.283 1) > ,
0.272 2) > ,
3) >
0.248 4) / > , ,
0.252 ,
0.344 5) > ,
1) Kuder - Richardson , - coefficient >

2) Kuder - Richardson > , - coefficient ,
(test-re,para,hoy)
4.12
()
Test of equality of
variance
_
n
r
SD
F
p
571
Test-retest
11
Kuder-Richardson
47
-coefficient
960
550
946
55
, + +
16
+
22
93
964
469
63
Z-test, t-test
250
ANOVA (1,2,3 way)
213
correlation
1117
(ancova, chi)
9
content descriptive
19
t-test
142
ANOVA, ANCOVA
321
Correlation, regression
589
factor path HLM LISREL
518

ANOVA
F
0.254
0.065
0.350
0.368
0.343 27.353 0.000*** 21.234 0.000***

0.122 1) , Kuder - Richardson,
0.345 - coefficient > Test-retest
0.258 2) - coefficient >
0.212
0.385
0.270
0.198
0.773
0.312
0.271
0.179
0.272
0.197
0.231
0.334
0.297
0.514
0.336
0.291
0.291
0.322
0.380
0.104
0.355
0.246
0.332 10.613 0.000*** 49.796 0.000***

0.290 1) Z-test, t-test, correlation > ANOVA (1,2,3 way)
0.272
0.500
0.207
0.469
0.165
0.365
0.342
0.285 32.397 0.000*** 38.213 0.000***

0.331 1) t-test > content descriptive, ANOVA, ANCOVA,
0.300 Correlation, regression, factor path HLM LISREL
0.317 2) Correlation, regression, factor path HLM LISREL
> ANOVA, ANCOVA
0.217
9.768
0.000*** 47.579 0.000***
1) , +
>
2) >
3) , >
+, ,
++
3.095
.026*
13.479 0.000***
1) > , ,
2) >
: (Meta-analysis)
191
4.12
()
t-test
ANOVA, ANCOVA
Correlation
.05
.01
.05
True control group posttest-only

True control group pretest-posttest
True control group pretest-posttest
Pretest-posttest non randomized
The one group pretest-posttest
Time series
Posttest only group design
Quasi Experimental

control extranous
,

Test of equality of
variance
_
n
r
SD
F
p
ANOVA
F
276
174
1117
22
0.325
0.131
0.355
0.306
0.355 21.143 0.000*** 29.659 0.000***

0.312 1) t-test, Correlation, > ANOVA, ANCOVA
0.272
0.154
111
244
732
394
108
0.078
0.021
0.414
0.383
0.446
0.155 56.047 0.000*** 145.234 0.000***

0.160 1) , .01, .05,
0.259 > .05
0.300 2) .01, .05, >
0.314
4
81
3
38
40
3
11
18
1368
23
0.466
0.435
0.392
0.533
0.642
0.467
0.323
0.449
0.301
0.295
0.378
0.329
0.000
0.432
0.352
0.267
0.249
0.303
0.281
0.340
4.236
0.000*** 10.331 0.000***
1) True control group pretest - posttest design,

True control group pretest - posttest time series >

2) The one group pretest - posttest design > True
control group pretest - posttest time series,
,
154 0.341 0.377 21.090 0.000*** 1.107 0.331

167 0.295 0.346
1268 0.326 0.281

4.12
()
Test of equality of
variance
_
n
r
SD
F
p
ANOVA
F
23 0.650 0.306 10.967 0.000*** 14.989 0.000***

101 0.282 0.230 1) > ,
1465 0.322 0.300
2.2.2

16 (NUMPAET)
(NUMPAGE)
(DMAJOR5) (DOFFIC3)
(OCORR) (DX2)
(DY2) (NUMIV) (DSTATU1)
(DLEVEL2)
(DMETSELI)
(DQUALI2) FA PA HLM LISREL (DTYANA2)
(NUMANA) Correlation (DTYCOM5)
.05 (DSIG2)

16

.05 (DSIG2)

: (Meta-analysis)
193
-.438 factor analysis path analysis

HLM LISREL (DTYANA2) -.275 (NUMIV)
-.190
(multicollinearity)
3 (Hair, Black,
Babin, Anderson, and Tatham, 2006: 230) 2 (Two step
process) (condition index) 30
(proportions of variance coefficient)
0.90 1

VIF (Variance Inflation Factor) tolerance

(DMAJOR5) (DOFFIC3)
(OCORR) (NUMIV)
(DLEVEL2)
(DMETSELI)
(DQUALI2) .05 (DSIG2)

0.90
4.13 0.9

4.13
1
1.000
.002
.017
.169
.177
.163
.216
-.338
-.145
.022
.024
-.194
.467
.259
-.034
124.35
1.000
.251
.134
.570
.500
-.136
-.556
-.338
.029
.024
-.066
-.057
.147
.000
.2335
1.000
.097 1.000
.220 .293
.307 .171
-.220 .389
-.147 -.254
-.044 -.251
.042 .207
.040 .220
-.067 -.494
-.177 .330
.013 .632
-.083 .017
.0510 .57
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
1.000
.671
-.130
-.507
-.303
.079
.045
-.195
.079
.269
-.040
.1932
1.000
-.229
-.467
-.287
.072
-.030
-.112
.060
.198
-.047
.1636
1.000
-.045
-.019
-.002
.301
.263
.129
.380
.202
5.14
1.000
.464
-.035
.159
.162
-.286
-.265
.099
5274
1.000
.069
.220
-.020
-.115
-.062
-.066
.2958
1.000
-.010
-.104
.281
254
-.056
.6293
1.000
-.227
-.093
-.260
.028
.6067
1.000
-.215
-.675
.186
.2020
1.000
.308 1.000
-.087 -.162 1.000
3.07 .7030 .1536
1.R_Measure
2.NUMPAET
3.NUMPAGE
4.DMAJOR5
5.DOFFICE3
6.OCORR
7.Dx2
8.Dy2
9.NUMIV
10.DSTATU1
11.DLEVEL2
12.DMETSELI
13.DQUALI2
14.DTYANA2
15.NUMANA
16.DTYCOM5
17.DSIG2
Mean
1.000
.199 1.000
.041 .685
.115 -.108
.133 -.003
-.026 .137
.169 .109
.083 .101
-.190 .115
-.156 -.295
.154 -.118
.047 -.118
.044 -.071
-.275 190
.059 .435
.152 .040
-.438 -.042
.3633 165.960
SD
.33051 58.684 35.728 .42318 .22002 .495 .39494 .37005 4.507 .49941 .45654 .48314 .48864 .40163 1.352 .45710 .36064
1. r 0.128 p < .05 r 0.162 p < .01

2. n = 180
: (Meta-analysis)
195

16
3 ENTER 1
4
(NUMPAET) (NUMPAGE)
(DMAJOR5) (DOFFIC3)
2 6
(OCORR) (DX2)
(DY2) (NUMIV)
(DSTATU1) (DLEVEL2)
3 6
(DMETSELI)
(DQUALI2) FA
PA HLM LISREL (DTYANA2) (NUMANA)
Correlation (DTYCOM5)
.05 (DSIG2)
1
9.1
0.301 1 4
.05 2
10
20.0% 10.9
.447 2
.05
3
16 38.2%
2 18.2% .618 3 16
.05

()
16
0.3 Hair (1998)
3
1
2
3
1

.05 -0.438
() -0.319

.05
2

0.199 () 1 2 3
0.352 0.317 0.317
3

Correlation 0.115 0.133 0.169 0.154 0.047
0.044 0.152 () 3 0.098 0.054 0.139
0.168 0.049 0.057 0.142

FA PA HLM LISREL 0.041
0.083 0.059 -0.026 -0.190 -0.156 -0.275 () 3
-0.234 -0.145 -0.030 -0.179 -0.152 -0.109 -0.169

: (Meta-analysis)
197
4.14

r
b
SE
.030
2
pb
value
.000 .302
SE
pb
value
.000 .369
SE
R_Measure
1.000
.236
1.NUMPAET
2.NUMPAGE
.199***
.041
.002 .000
-.002 .000
.352 .000
-.202 .000
.002 .000
-.002 .000
.317 .000
-.168 .000
.002
-.002
3.DMAJOR5
4.DOFFICE3
5.OCORR
6.Dx2
7.Dy2
8.NUMIV
9.DSTATU1
10.DLEVEL2
11.DMETSELI
12.DQUALI2
13.DTYANA2
14.NUMANA
15.DTYCOM5
16.DSIG2
R
R2
Adjusted R2
F
P
.115***
.133***
-.026
.169***
.083***
-.190***
-.156***
.154***
.047*
.044*
-.275***
.059**
.152***
-.438***
.099
.159
.127 .000
.106 .000
.060
.102
.011
.137
-.126
-.014
-.125
.212
.076
.068
.016
.164
-.141
-.185
-.190
.293
.077 .023
.081 .034
-.119 .020
.116 .025
-.130 .026
-.011 .002
-.072 .020
.121 .018
.033 .015
.039 .016
-.139 .024
-.007 .007
.103 .026
-.292 .020
0.618
0.382
0.375
60.659***
0.000
.020
.037
0.301
0.091
0.088
39.535***
0.000
.040
.025
.037
.018
.029
.029
.002
.022
.019
0.447
0.200
0.194
39.338***
0.000
.019
.006
.554
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.041
pvalue
.000
.000 .371 .000

.000 -.234 .000
.098
.054
-.179
.139
-.145
-.152
-.109
.168
.049
057
-.169
-.030
.142
-.319
.001
.017
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.030
.014
.000
.269
.000
.000
r 0.128 p < .05 r 0.162 p < .01

.05

.05

Correlation

Correlation


factor analysis, path analysis, HLM,
LISREL

4.15
: (Meta-analysis)
199
4.15

Correlation
.05
FACTOR ANALYSIS, PATH ANALYSIS,

HLM, LISREL
.199***
.154***
-.156***
()
1
2
3
.352
.317
.371
.293
.168
.152***
.142
.133***
.106
.068
.054
.115***
.127
.076
.098
.044*
-.438***
.057
-.319
-.275***
-.169
-.190***
-.185
-.152
-.190
-.109
2.2.3
(Hierarchical
Linear Model = HLM) HLM
2
1,589 13

/ 180

16
4.16 4.17
3 1 (null model) 2
(simple model)

()
DDESIGN4
RIV

DLEVEL
1
0
DMAJOR
1
0
DOFFICE3
1
0
DSOURCE
1 (.)
0
DSTATUS
1 .
0 .
: (Meta-analysis)
201
DTHEORY
1
0
DUNIVER1
1
0
DUNIVER2
1
0
DUNIVER3
1
0
DSTAT3 t-test, z-test
1 t-test, z-test
0 t-test, z-test
DUTYPECO
1
0
DUVALIDV
1
0
DUVALIIV
1
0
TOTAL


SEX
1 0
NUMPAET
NUMPAGE
NUMDV
NUMIV

NUMHYPO
SSIZE

NUMINST
NUMANA
MTOTAL
DEXDESI
1 One group pretest-posttest
0 One group pretest-posttest
DDESIGN4
1
0
DUSTAT1 1 t-test
0 t-test
: (Meta-analysis)
203
TOTAL
DUVALIIV
DUVALIDV
DUTYPECO
DSTAT3
DUNIVER3
DUNIVER2
DUNIVER1
DTHEORY
DSTATUS
DSOURCE
DOFFIC3
DMAJOR
DLEVEL
RIV
4.16
(n = 1,589)
RIV
1.000
DLEVEL
-0.054 1.000
DMAJOR
0.026 -0.087 1.000
DOFFIC3
0.085 -0.026 0.124 1.000
DSOURCE
0.162 -0.152 0.071 0.571 1.000
DSTATUS
0.286 -0.238 -0.059 0.320 0.461 1.000
DTHEORY
-0.178 0.006 -0.010 -0.081 -0.112 -0.081
1.000
DUNIVER1
0.010 -0.070 0.076 0.163 0.087 -0.172
0.147 1.000
DUNIVER2
-0.114 0.247 -0.025 -0.126 -0.183 -0.139 -0.097 -0.679 1.000
DUNIVER3
0.157 -0.198 -0.059 -0.043 0.153 0.479 -0.080 -0.431 -0.250
DSTAT3
0.137 0.174 0.318 0.041 0.002 -0.119 -123.000 0.132 -0.025 -132.000 1.000
DUTYPECO
-0.156 -0.103 -0.227 0.013 0.036 0.066
0.178 -0.092 -0.002
0.083 -0.665 1.000
DUVALIDV
0.056 0.062 0.068 0.121 0.169 0.149
0.156 0.117 -0.122
0.069 -0.032 0.171 1.000
DUVALIIV
-0.024 -0.018 -0.144 0.069 0.113 0.105
0.110 -0.060 0.079
0.064 -0.260 0.480 0.564 1.000
TOTAL
-0.024 0.150 0.087 0.056 -0.064 -0.043
0.345 0.083 0.014
-0.193 -0.154 0.331 0.159 0.196 1.000
0.182 0.203 0.157 0.148 0.216 0.146
0.091 -0.058 -0.054
0.160 0.080 0.156 0.284 0.244 0.123 1.000
Mean
0.876 0.259 0.021 0.051 0.094 0.139
0.108 0.539 0.283
0.137 0.157 0.703 0.666 0.595 2.933 0.325
S.D.
0.092 0.438 0.145 0.220 0.292 0.346
0.311 0.499 0.450
0.344 0.364 0.457 0.472 0.491 0.451 0.299
1.000
r 0.047 p < .05 r 0.061 p < .01
4.17
(n = 180)
1.SEX
2.NUMPAET
3.NUMPAGE
4.NUMDV
5.NUMIV
6.NUMHYPO
7.SSIZE
8.NUMINST
9.NUMANA
10.MTOTAL
11.DEXDESI
12.DDESIGN4
13.DSTAT1
MEANr
Mean
S.D.
1.000
0.039
-0.014
-0.218
-0.101
-0.184
0.253
0.107
-0.105
0.079
0.129
0.185
-0.023
0.059
0.710
0.490
1.000
0.612
0.012
-0.042
-0.022
0.007
0.202
0.185
0.111
0.157
0.394
0.215
0.237
162.440
65.729
1.000
0.145
0.220
0.080
0.121
0.243
0.299
0.280
0.019
0.365
-0.098
-0.101
108.580
40.284
1.000
-0.001
0.135
-0.038
0.018
0.061
0.114
-0.063
-0.056
-0.093
-0.049
1.690
1.775
1.000
0.270
0.016
0.176
0.197
0.075
-0.185
-0.133
-0.352
-0.199
3.310
3.508
1.000
-0.095
1.000
0.076
0.246 1.000
0.076
0.174 0.260
0.058
0.070 0.137
-0.118 -0.035 0.006
-0.128
0.307 0.117
-0.039 -0.071 -0.149
-0.148 -0.024 0.009
2.640 3771.330 2.650
2.644 36295.098 2.102
r 0.128 p < .05 r 0.162 p < .01
10
11
12
1.000
0.230
-0.128
0.164
-0.313
-0.003
2.470
1.131
1.000
-0.093
0.187
-0.004
-0.025
2.793
0.417
1.000
0.210
0.338
0.227
0.106
0.308
1.000
0.156
0.146
0.089
0.285
13
14
1.000
0.259 1.000
0.328 0.377
0.471 0.305
: (Meta-analysis)
205
1) (null model)

(within and between)

t-test fixed effect; H0 : = 0 2 test random effect ; H0 :
Var (0j) = 0
(within-unit model)
rij = 0j + Rij
(between-unit model)
0j = + U0j
(r)
(grand mean)
.370 ( = .370) (fixed effect) (intercept: )
(r) .01 (t = 16.845)
(random effect)
(Intercept: )
.01 (2 = 3147.380) .109
.7064 .2935
4.18
4.18 (fixed effect) (random effect)

(r)

(null model)
Fixed Effect
r -intercept, 00
Random Effect
Coefficient
.370
Standard
Deviation
r-intercept, U0j
.277
Level-1, Rij
.179
Standard error
t-ratio
p-value
.022
16.845
.000
Variance
total
2
p-value
Component observed df
variance
.077
.109
179 3147.380 .000
.032
2) (simple model)
(null model) (intercept: )
(r)

(r)
.05
(r) t-test
fixed effect; H0: 00 = 0 H0: 10 = 0 2 - test random effect ; H0: Var
(0j) = 0 H0: Var (1j) = 0
(TOTAL)
(DLEVEL3) / (DMAJOR4)
(DTHEORY)
(DUNIVE2) (DUNIVE3)
(between-unit model) (1j 6j)
(fixed effect)
: (Meta-analysis)
207
(within-unit model)
rij =
0j + (TOTALij)1j + (DLEVEL3ij)2j + (DMAJOR4ij)3j + (DTHEORYij)4j
+ (DUNIVE2ij)5j + (DUNIVE3ij)6j + Rij

0j = + U0j
1j = 10
2j = 20
3j = 30
4j = 40
5j = 50
6j = 50
(Fixed effect) (Intercept:

) .01 (t = 7.037)
(DLEVEL3)
/ (DMAJOR4) (r)
.01 (t = 3.928 6.016 )
(DTHEORY) (DUNIVE3)
(r) .05 (t = 2.133
2.267 )
/
(random effect) (intercept: )

3.12 (R2 = .0312) 4.19
^r = 0.253**+(DLEVEL3 ) 0.187**+0.387**(DMAJOR4 )+0.098*(DTHEORY )

ij
ij
ij
ij
+ 0.140* (DUNIVE3ij)

(DLEVEL3) .281
.187
/ (DMAJOR4) .189
.387
(DTHEORY) .118
.098 (DUNIVE3)
.079 .140
4
(DLEVEL3) /
(DMAJOR4) (DTHEORY)
(DUNIVE3)
.6701
.3299
(null model) .109
(simple model) .097
11.009
: (Meta-analysis)
209

(within-group) (between-group)
(simple model)
Fixed Effect
Coefficient
Standard error
t-ratio
p-value
r -intercept, g00
.253
.036
7.037
.000
TOTAL, 10
-.053
.050
-1.056
.292
DLEVEL3, 20
.187
.048
3.928
.000
DMAJOR4, 30
.387
.064
6.016
.000
DTHEORY, 40
.098
.046
2.133
.033
DUNIVE2, 50
.001
.047
0.004
.997
DUNIVE3, 60
.140
.062
2.267
.023
Random Effect
Standard
Deviation
Variance
Component
Sr-intercept-intercept, U0j
.255
.065
Level-1, Rij
.179
.031
total
observed
variance
.097
df
p-value
179
2562.395
.000
R2 = .0312
3) (hypothetical model)

(NUMPAET) (NUMPAGE) (NUMHYPO)
(1j 4j)
(Fixed effect) (Systematic error)
(within-unit model)
rij = 0j + (DLEVEL3 ij) 2j + (DMAJOR4 ij ) 3 j + (DTHEORY ij ) 4j +
(DUNIVE3ij)6j + Rij
0j = 00 + 01(NUMPAETj) + 02(NUMPAGEj) + 03(NUMHYPOj) + U0j
1j = 10
2j = 20
3j = 30
4j = 40
(MEANr)
(fixed effect)
(r-intercept) .01 (t =
10.005)
.01 (NUMPAET)
(NUMPAGE) (NUMHYPO) (t = 5.202 -4.143 -2.670
)

: (Meta-analysis)
211
(random effect)
(r-intercept)
3.12 (R2 = .0312) 4.20

(within-unit model)
^r = 0.253** + (DLEVEL3 ) 0.187** + 0.387**(DMAJOR4 ) + 0.098*(DTHEORY )
ij
ij
ij
ij
+ 0.140*(DUNIVE3ij)
0j = 0.289** + 0.002**(NUMPAETj) -0.002**( NUMPAGEj) -.012**( NUMHYPOj)
(NUMPAET)
.366 .002
(NUMPAGE) -.363
-.002 (NUMHYPO)
-.089 -.012 3
(NUMPAET)
(NUMPAGE) (NUMHYPO)

.6477
.3522 3
(null model) (simple model) (Hypothetical
Model) (null model)
.109 (hypothetical model) .089
19.266


(within-group) (between-group)
Fixed Effect
Coefficient
Standard error
t-ratio
p-value
r -intercept, 00
.289
.029
10.005
.000
NUMPAET, 01
.002
.000
5.202
.000
NUMPAGE, 02
-.002
.001
-4.143
.000
NUMHYPO, 03
-.012
.004
-2.670
.000
DLEVEL3-slope, 10
.127
.046
2.740
.007
DMAJOR4-slope, 20
.274
.062
4.409
.000
DTHEORY-slope, 30
.106
.038
2.822
.005
DUNIVE3-slope, 40
.140
.058
2.404
.016
Standard
Deviation
Variance
total
Component observed
variance
.057
.088
Random Effect
r-intercept, U0j
.239
Level-1, Rij
.179
R2 = .0312
.031
df
176 2301.812
p-value
.000
: (Meta-analysis)
213
2.3
3
2.3.1 Hunter 2.3.2
Shadish 2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.1 Hunter
1,589
1,589
Hunter and
Schmidt (1990)


3 1
2
1 2
1,589 3
2
1,023

2
3

1 ( )
1
3 1) 2)
3) 4 1)
1 2
.. 2542-2547 .. 2548-2551 2)
2 2

3) 3

4) 4
4.4
-r = .3633
N = 1,589
>
>
42-47
-r = 0.042
48-51
-r = .3989
N = 0.042
N = 665
p2 = 0.042
p2 = 0.068
>
>
>
>
-r = .3330
.
-r = .3415
.
-r = .3434
-r = .4569
N = 407
N = 517
N = 340
N = 325
p2 = 0.041
p2 = 0.110
p2 = 0.066
p2 = 0.056
-r = .3688
-r = .3023
>
>
-r = 2.875
>
-r = .4039
>
>
>
>
>
-r = 2.856
-r = .3822
-r = .4425
-r = .4696
N = 244
N = 163
N = 174
N = 343
N = 165
N = 175
N = 152
N = 173
p2 = 0.041
p2 = 0.089
p2 = 0.074
p2 = 0.440
p2 = 0.060
p2 = 0.042
p2 = 0.116
p2 = 0.035
N = 118
N = 49
p2 = 0.072
p2 = 0.015
N = 125
N = 40
p2 = 0.138
p2 = 0088
N = 167
p2 = 0.108
-r = .3378
N = 70
p2 = 0.041
-r = .4419
N = 105
p2 = 0.038
>
-r = .4799
N = 110
p2 = 0.113
>
N = 175
p2 = 0.109
N = 42
p2 = 0.095
>
-r = .4832
>
N = 105
p2 = 0.074
N = 125
>
-r = .2635
-r = .3359
p2 = 0.053
>
>
N = 58
p2 = 0.099
-r = .4906

r = .3079
-r = .2847
-r = .3580
>
>
-r = .2469
>
>
-r = .1077
>
-r = .2965
>
N = 126
p2 = 0.041
>
>
>
-r = .2754

r = .6389
-r = .4449
N = 151
p2 = 0.033
N = 22
p2 = 0.172
4.4
( 1)

: (Meta-analysis)
215
1 ( : )
2 .. 2542-2547 .. 2548-2551
.. 2548-2551 (.3989)
.. 2542-2547 (.3377) .. 2548-2551
39.89
.. 2542-2547
33.77
2 (: )
.. 2548-2551

(.4569) (.3434)
.. 2542-2547

(.3415 .3330) ( .. 2548-2551)

3 ( )

.. 2548-2551

(.4696) (.4425)

.. 2542-2547
(.2856)
.. 2548-2551

(.4696)
(.4425)

(.3822) (.3023)
.. 2542-2547
(.3688)
(.2875)
(.4039) (.2856)
3

.. 2548-2551
.4696
46.96
4 ()

(.6389)
.. 2548-2551
(.4906)

.. 2542-2547
(.1077)
.. 2542-2547
.. 2548-2551

: (Meta-analysis)
217
(.6389) (.4449)

(.4832)
(.3359)

(.4419) (.3378)

(.3079)
(.2847) .. 2542-2547

(.4799)
(.2635)
(.3580)
(.1077)

(.4906) (.2469)

(.2965) (.2754)
4

.. 2548-2551

.6389

63.89

.. 2548-2551
.. 2542-2547 (.3989 > .3377)

.. 2548-2551
(.4569)
(.3434) .. 2548-2551

(.6389) (.4449)
63.89
.. 2542-2547

(.358 > .1077 )
.. 2548-2551

(.4832 > .3359 ) .. 2542-2547

(.4906 > .2469)

2
()
2
2
3 1
5 1) / 2) 3)
/ 4) 5) 2
2 1)

: (Meta-analysis)
219
/ 2)
/ 3
2 .. 2542-2547
.. 2548-2551 4.5
-r = .3633
N = 1,589
>
>
>
-r = .3902
-r = .4249
-r = .3085
-r = .3333
N = 264
N = 260
N = 744
N = 118
N = 203
p2 = 0.080
p2 = 0.089
p2 = 0.047
p2 = 0.008
p2 = 0.040
-r = .4398
-r = .3057
>
>
-r = .3624
>
>
-r = .5113
>
>
>
>
>
>
-r = .3545
-r = .4677
-r = .3444
-r = .3188
-r = .3469
-r = .3465
-r = .4930
N = 204
N = 60
N = 50
N = 210
N = 690
N = 54
N = 57
N = 61
N = 35
N = 168
p2 = 0.082
p2 = 0.057
p2 = 0.099
p2 = 0.0801
p2 = 0.045
p2 = 0.058
p2 = 0.055
p2 = 0.007
p2 = 0.038
p2 = 0.048
N = 468
N = 222
N = 13
p2 = 0.044 p2 = 0.088
p2 = 0.053
48-51
-r = .3368
42-47
-r = .1369
N = 44
N =9
p2 = 0.051
p2 = 0.038
>
N = 25
p2 = 0.079 p2 = 0.0124
42-47
-r = .2580
>
42-47
48-51
-r = .2755 -r = .3695
>
N = 25
p2 = 0.046 p2 = 0.091
>
N = 140
42-47
48-51
-r = .2610 -r = .4639
>
N = 64
>
42-47
-r = .3869
>
>
>
>
48-51
-r = .2836
48-51
-r = .4191
N = 26
p2 = 0.025
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
48-51
-r = .4041
42-47
-r = .6116
42-47
-r = .4203
48-51
-r = .4626
42-47
-r = .2833
48-51
-r = .4209
42-47
-r = .2726
48-51
-r = .4288
42-47
-r = .4633
48-51
-r = .5424
N = 29
p2 = 0.013
N = 31
p2 = 0.181
N = 113
p2 = 0.111
N = 97
p2 = 0.047
N = 30
p2 = 0.058
N = 24
p2 = 0.021
N = 32
p2 = 0.006
N = 29
p2 = 0.093
N = 105
p2 = 0.048
p2 = 0.043
N = 65
4.5
( 2)
1 ()
5 1) / 2)
3) / 4) 5)

(.4677)
(.4249) / (.3902)
(.3333) / (.3085)
.4677 /

/
46.77
42.49, 39.02, 33.33 30.85
2 () 2 2
/
/

/
/
.5113
/

/
/
/
.4930
.4398
/

/

/ (.4930)
/
(.3465)
/
(.4398)
/ (.3624) /
/
(.3444) /

: (Meta-analysis)
221
(.3057) /
/
(.5113)
/ (.3545)

/ (.3469)
/ (.3188)
2

/
/ .5113

/ .4930
51.13 49.30
3 () 3
2 .. 2542-2547
.. 2548-2551
2

/
/
/
.. 2542-2547 (.6116)

/ .. 2548-2551 (.5424)
/
(.1369)


/
2548-2551 (.5424) 2542-2547 (.4633)
/
25482551 (.4191) 2542-2547 (.1369)

/
.. 2548-2551 (.4626) 2542-2547 (.4203)
/
.. 25482551 (.4639) .. 2542-2547 (.2610)
/
/
.. 2542-2547 (.6116)
.. 2548-2551 (.4041) /
..
2542-2547 (.3869) .. 2548-2551 (.2836)

/
2548-2551 (.4288) 2542-2547
(.2726) /
.. 2548-2551 (.3368)
.. 2542-2547 (.2580)
/
.. 2548-2551
(.4209) .. 2542-2547 (.2833)
/
.. 2548-2551 (.3695)
.. 2542-2547 (.2755)

: (Meta-analysis)
223
3

/
/
.. 2542-2547 .6116
/
.. 2548-2551 .5424
/
/
.. 2542-2547 61.16
/ .. 2548-2551
54.24

1

/
2 2

/
(.5113) /

/
3 2

/
.. 2548-2551
.. 2542-2547

/
/
.. 2542-2547 .. 2548-2551 (.6116
> .4041)
/
.. 2548-2551 .. 2542-2547

/
.. 2548-2551
3
()
3

1,023 3
5 1) 2) / 3) 4)
5) 2 3
6 1) 2)
/ 3) 4) 5) /
6) 2 3
/
3 2
2

4.6
: (Meta-analysis)
225
-r = 0.3641
N = 1,023
-r = 0.3535
-r = 0.3669
-r = 0.3762
-r = 0.3459
-r = 0.3477
N = 355
p2 = 0.0393
N = 258
p2 = 0.0286
N = 345
p2 = 0.0420
N = 55
p2 = 0.0984
p2 = 0.0100
-r = 0.2543 -r = 0.4851 -r = 0.4384
-r = 0.1639
-r = .4194
N = 199
p2 = 0.0722
N = 80
p2 = 0.0137
-r = 0.4559
N = 113
N = 152
p2 = 0.0155 p2 = 0.0271
-r = 0.3586 -r = 0.3224
N =7
N =3
p2 = 0.0123 p2 = 0.0039
N = 139
N = 17
p2 = 0.0230 p2 = 0.0046
N = 10
-r = 0.3295
-r = 0.3267
-r = 0.4667
-r = 0.5867
-r = 0.2584
-r = 0.3734
N =1
N = 15
p2 = 0.00
p2 = 0.0905
N = 72
p2 = 0.0088
N = 39
p2 = 0.0299
N = 85
p2 = 0.0049
N = 101
p2 = 0.0333
-r = 0.3526
N = 69
p2 = 0.0701
-r = 0.2021
N = 130
p2 = 0.0697
-r = 0.3296
N =8
p2 = 0.0333
-r = 0.4738
N =9
p2 = 0.0533
-r = 0.3606
N = 54
p2 = 0.0609
-r = 0.2677
N = 31
p2 = 0.0034
-r = 0.4406
N = 27
p2 = 0.0545
-r = 0.0230
N = 53
p2 = 0.133
-r = 0.3177
N = 63
p2 = 0.0057
-r = 0.5537
N = 89
p2 = 0.0067
-r = 0.3724
N = 23
p2 = 0.0175
-r = 0.5075
N = 116
p2 = 0.0270
-r = 0.3209
N =7
p2 = 0.0672
-r = 0.3301
N = 97
p2 = 0.0332
-r = 0.0528
N =6
p2 = 0.0333
-r = 0.5043
N = 66
p2 = 0.0047
-r = 0.1811
N = 43
p2 = 0.0521
-r = 0.5659
N = 70
p2 = 0.0109
-r = 0.3415
N = 31
p2 = 0.1010
-r = 0.4969
N =6
p2 = 0.0361
4.6
( 3 )

1 ()

/ (.3762 ~ .3669)
(.3535)
(.3477 ~ .3459)

37.62
/
36.69 35.35 34.77 34.59
2 ()
3
/

1)
(.4559)
/ (.4194)
(.1639) 2)
/
(.4667)
/
(.3295 ~ .3267) 3)

/ (.4851)
(.4384)
(.2543) 4)

: (Meta-analysis)
227
(.5867)
1
(.3734)
/
(.2584) / 5)

/
(.3586 ~ .3224)
10
2

/
/ (.4851)
48.51
(.4559)
45.59
/
(.4667)
46.67
/ (.3295 ~
.3267)
3 () 3
2
2


1)
/ /
(.5075 > .3724)

(.4738 > .3295) 2)
(.5043 > .0528) /

/ (.3606 > .2677)
3)
//
(.5659 > .1811)
(.5537 > .3177)

(.4406 > .0230) 4)

(.4969 > .3415)
3

56.59 55.37
/

/

50.75 47.38
/

: (Meta-analysis)
229
/
/
48.51
45.59 /

46.67
/ 55.37 50.43 49.69 47.38

/
56.59 50.75
/
/
3
1 2 3
5 1)
2) / 3) 4)
5)
3 4.21
4.21
3
1
1
1.
48-51 (.3989) > 42-47 (.3377)
2
2.
- 48-51
. (.4569) > .. (.3434)
2
1
1.
(.4677)
2
2.
-
(.5113) > (.3545)
3
3.
-
(.4930) > (.3465)
- 42-47 .
(.4039) >
(.2856)
-
(.4398) > (.3624)
- 42-47 ..
(.3688) >
(.2875)
3
3.
- 48-51 ..
(.3822) >
(.3023)
- 48-51 .
(.4696) >
(.4425)
-
42-47 (.6116) > 48-51 (.4041)
-
48-51 (.4626) > 42-47 (.4203)
-
48-51 (.4209) > 42-47 (.2833)
3
1
1.
(.3762)
2
2.
-
/
(.4851) ~
(.4384) >
(.2543)
-
(.4559) ~
/ (.4194) >
(.1639)
- /
(.4667) >
/ (.3295 ~ .3267)
-
(.5867, N = 1) >
(.3734) > / (.2584)

3
3.
-
(.5537) >
(.3177)
/ (.5659) >
/ (.1811)
(.4406) >

(.0230)
: (Meta-analysis)
231
4.21
3 ()
1
4.
- 42-47 . .
(.4906) >
(.2469)
- 42-47 .. .
2
-

48-51 (.3368) > 42-47 (.2580)
-
48-51 (.4288) > 42-47 (.2726)
(.4799) > -
(.2635)

- 42-47 .. . 48-51 (.5424) > 42-47 (.4633)
(.3580) >
(.1077)
- 48-51 . .
3
-
(.4969) >
(.3415)
- /
(.5043) >
(.0528)
/ (.3606) >
/ (.2677)
-
/ (.5075) >
/ (.3724)
(.4738) >
(.3295)
(.4832) >
(.3359)
- 48-51 .
(.6389) >
(.4449)
1
2 .. 2548-2551
.. 2542-2547
.. 2548-2551

.. 2542-2547


2 .. 2548-2551
/

.. 2542-2547 .. 2542-2547
/
/ ..
2548-2551
/ /
/
3
/
/
/

/

/

1)
(1)

: (Meta-analysis)
233
(2)

(3) /

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

: (Meta-analysis)
235
2)
(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

2.3.2
Shadish
Shadish (1996)


6 1)
2) / 3) 4) 5)
/ 6) 11
6 5
7) 8) / 9) 10)
11)
66
54
r (n) (nr)
(n)
Hunter, Schmidt Jackson (1982) 4.22
4.22 (n)
IV
DV
r = K
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1494
1442
923427
10838
461157
825
335861
1378561
476732
0.2243
0.0937
0.2824
0.4903
0.0435
0.3196
0.7909
-0.0170
-0.0440
3
7
29
41
10
3
8
6
63
: (Meta-analysis)
237
4.22 (n)
()
IV
DV
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
11184
3085
23717
2051
32024
17312
6166
348748
45644
59151
3374
4480
2184
498099
1732
944377
3430
95418
4188124
948071
461703
5548
0.3387
0.0757
0.4315
0.2217
0.5304
0.5813
0.2729
0.7471
0.2808
0.1273
0.2867
0.3586
0.2554
0.3572
0.2761
0.2022
0.2218
0.2843
0.2788
0.4192
0.2258
0.3901
r = K
31
5
63
7
26
22
16
23
54
43
15
7
7
97
6
36
7
189
100
80
5
12
4.22 (n)
IV
DV
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
3
4
6
7
8
10
919630
25233
460889
2282
4498
2782670
502084
2664
1920
64
6529
2465
186
362038
1393083
471625
642
522
426
2400
642
292
0.1830
0.5064
0.0594
0.4529
0.5729
0.1256
0.2381
0.5038
0.3224
0.3426
0.3640
0.4626
-0.1758
0.6956
0.2822
0.1196
0.2374
0.8233
0.3951
0.1640
0.1633
0.5867
r = K
7
118
7
5
9
66
89
8
3
3
13
5
1
116
31
70
1
3
1
10
1
1
: (Meta-analysis)
239
54

(reciprocal effect)

Shadish (1996) 4.23
4.7

4.23
1)
2) /
3)
4)
5) /
6)
7)
8) /
9)
10)
11)
1.0000
0.0937
0.2824
0.4903
0.0435
0.3196
0.7909
-0.0170
-0.0440
0.3387
0.0757
1.0000
0.2217
0.5304
0.5813
0.2729
0.7471
0.2808
0.1273
0.2867
0.3586
3
0.2554
1.0000
0.2761
0.2022
0.2218
0.2843
0.2788
0.4192
4
0.2258
0.3901
0.1830
1.0000
0.0594
0.4529
0.5729
0.1256
0.2381
0.5038
0.3224
5
0.3426
0.3640
0.4626
1.0000
0.6956
0.2822
0.1196
0.2374
0.8233
1.0000
0.1640
0.1633
0.5867
4.7
6
11
(0.8233)
/ (0.7909
0.7471) / (0.3196)

(0.7909) /
/ (0.7471 0.6956
0.5729 0.2843 )
/ /
/ /

: (Meta-analysis)
241
/

/
/
/

(0.4192)
(0.2381)
/ /
/
/
/

(0.5867)
/ (0.5038 0.3387
0.2867 )
/
/
/
/
/ (0.3586 0.3224)
/
/ /
//

/
/
/ (0.2822) /
(0.2808 0.1256 )


/ r
Shadish
(1996) /
0.7-0.8
0.49-0.64 (0.7909) (0.7471)
/ (0.6956) (0.5729)
/
(0.4192)
/
(0.5038) (0.5867)
/ /
2.3.3

(exogeneous variables) 3
(Char_admin) / (Char_teach) (Char_stu)
(mediating variables) 3 (edogeneous
variables) 5 (Qual_stu) /
(Qual_teach) (Qual_admin) (Qual_school)
(Qual_commu)
11
Shadish (1996) 2.3.2
(model validation)
(relax assumptions)
(fit)
(direct and indirect effect)

243
: (Meta-analysis)

10 - 17.51 10
0.064 (GFI) 1.00
(AGFI) 0.99 (RMR)
0.025 (RMSEA) 0.022
4.24 4.25 4.8

4.24

Matrix GA (Gamma)
Char_admin Proc_admin
Char_admin Proc_teach
Char_admin Proc_stu
Char_admin Qual_stu
Char_admin Qual_teach
Char_admin Qual_admin
Char_admin Qual_school
Char_admin Qual_commu
Char_teach Proc_admin
Char_teach Proc_teach
Char_teach Proc_stu
Char_teach Qual_stu
Char_teach Qual_teach
SE
0.44
0.01
0.27
0.38
0.01
0.01
0.01
-0.49
0.56
0.23
0.47
0.12
0.05
<-->
0.05
0.09
<-->
<-->
<-->
-0.05
0.05
0.05
0.09
0.08
8.17***
<-->
5.13***
4.18***
<-->
<-->
<-->
-9.52***
10.46***
4.45***
4.18***
1.61
4.24 ()

SE
0.01
0.01
0.30
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.01
0.19
0.38
---
<-->
<-->
<-->
<-->
0.07
0.05
0.05
0.06
<-->
0.05
0.05
---
4.53***
0.98
1.42
1.78
<-->
3.58***
6.98***
---
Char_teach Qual_admin
Char_teach Qual_school
Char_teach Qual_commu
Char_stu Proc_admin
Char_stu Proc_teach
Char_stu Proc_stu
Char_stu Qual_stu
Char_stu Qual_teach
Char_stu Qual_admin
Char_stu Qual_school
Char_stu Qual_commu
*p < .05, ** p < .01, *p < .001; <--> = SE t

(constrained parameters) -- =
245
: (Meta-analysis)
4.25

Matrix BE (Beta)
Proc_admin Proc_teach
Proc_admin Qual_stu
Proc_admin Qual_teach
Proc_admin Qual_admin
Proc_admin Qual_school
Proc_admin Qual_commu
Proc_teach Qual_stu
Proc_teach Qual_teach
Proc_teach Qual_admin
Proc_teach Qual_school
Proc_teach Qual_commu
Proc_stu Qual_stu
Proc_stu Qual_teach
Proc_stu Qual_admin
Proc_stu Qual_school
Proc_stu Qual_commu
SE
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.12
0.35
0.12
0.40
0.16
0.01
--0.01
0.04
-0.48
--
<-->
<-->
<-->
<-->
<-->
<-->
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.08
<-->
--<-->
0.05
-0.05
--
2.33*
6.91***
1.98*
6.21***
2.14*
<-->
--<-->
0.83
-9.05***
--
*p < .05, **p < .01, *p < .001; <--> = SE t

(constrained parameters) -- =
4.8
(direct effect) (indirect effect)

5 (Qual_stu)
/ (Qual_teach) (Qual_admin) (Qual_school)
(Qual_commu)
(Qual_stu)
(Qual_stu)
(Char_admin) / (Char_teach)
/ (Proc_teach)
: (Meta-analysis)
247
81 / (Char_teach) (total
effect) 0.70 / (Proc_teach)
(Char_admin) (total effect)
0.40
(Char_admin)
(Qual_stu) .001
(Proc_admin) / (Char_teach)
(Qual_stu)
0.38 0.47
/ (Proc_teach)
(Qual_stu) 0.40
/ (Char_teach) (Char_stu)
(Proc_admin) / /
(Char_teach) / (Proc_teach)
.001 0.56
(total effects = TE) (Direct effect = DE)
(indirect effect = IE) (Qual_stu)
(Char_admin) (0.38) (0.01)
/
(Char_teach) (0.47) 2 (0.23)
/ (Proc_teach) (0.40)
(Qual_stu)
/
/
/ (Qual_teach)
/ (Qual_teach)
/ (Char_teach) (Char_stu)
/ (Qual_teach) 13
/ (Char_teach) (total effect) 0.23
(Char_stu)
/ (Qual_teach) .01
0.19 / (Proc_teach)
/ (Qual_teach) .05
0.16
(indirect effect = IE) / (Qual_teach)
/ (Char_teach) (0.12)
(0.10)
(Char_stu) (0.19) /
(Qual_teach) /
(Char_teach) (Char_stu) / (Qual_teach)
/ (Char_teach) /
(Qual_teach) (Char_stu) /
(Qual_teach) / (Proc_teach)
(0.16) / (Qual_teach)
/
/
(Qual_admin)
(Qual_admin)
(Char_stu)

: (Meta-analysis)
249
(Qual_admin) 19 (Char_stu) (total

effect) 0.39
(Char_stu) (Qual_admin)
.001 0.38
(Proc_admin) (Qual_admin)
.05 0.12
(Proc_admin) / (Char_teach)
(Char_admin) .001
0.49 0.44
(indirect effect = IE) (Qual_admin)
(Char_stu) (0.38) (Qual_admin)
(Char_admin) /
(Char_teach) (Qual_admin) (0.06)

(Qual_school)
(Qual_school)
(Proc_stu) (Proc_admin)
(Qual_school) 46
(Proc_stu) (total effect) 0.48
(Proc_admin) (total effect) 0.35 (Char_admin)
/ (Char_teach) (total effect) 0.30
(Qual_school)
(Proc_stu)
(Proc_admin) 0.48 0.35


(indirect effect = IE) (Qual_school)
(Qual_school) (0.29 0.28
) 2
(Proc_admin)
(Proc_stu) (0.35 0.48 ) (Qual_school)

/
(Qual_commu)

/ (Char_teach) (Qual_commu)
0.14 / (Char_teach) (total effect)
0.36
/ (Char_teach)
(Qual_commu) .001
0.30 (Proc_admin)
(Qual_commu) .05
0.12
(indirect effect = IE) (Qual_commu)
(Char_admin) (Qual_commu)
/ (Char_teach) (0.30) 6
(0.06) (Qual_commu)
(Proc_admin) (0.12)
(Qual_commu)

: (Meta-analysis)
251

(direct effect) (indirect effect) 4.26
4.26
Char_admin
Proc_admin
TE
0.44***
(0.05)
IE
DE
0.44***
(0.05)
Proc_teach
TE
0.01
IE
DE
0.01
Proc_stu
TE
0.27***
(0.05)
IE
DE
0.27***
(0.05)
Qual_stu
TE
0.39**
(0.09)
IE
0.01
(0.00)
DE
0.38**
(0.09)
Qual_teach
TE
0.03
(0.02)
IE
0.02
(0.02)
DE
0.01
-
Char_teach
0.49***
(0.05)
0.49***
(0.05)
0.57***
(0.05)
0.01
0.56***
(0.05)
0.23**
(0.05)
0.23**
(0.05)
0.70***
(0.05)
0.23***
(0.04)
0.47***
(0.07)
0.23***
(0.05)
0.10*
(0.04)
0.12
(0.08)
Char_stu Proc_admin Proc_teach Proc_stu

0.05
(0.05)
0.05
(0.05)
0.07
(0.05)
0.07
(0.05)
0.10
(0.06)
0.10
0.04
(0.02)
0.03
(0.02)
0.01
0.21**
(0.05)
0.02
(0.01)
0.19**
(0.05)
0.01
0.01
-
0.01
-
0.40***
(0.06)
-
0.01
-
0.01
0.01
-
0.40***
(0.06)
0.16*
(0.08)
-
0.01
0.04
(0.05)
-
0.01
_
0.16*
(0.0)
0.04
(0.05)
R2
0.48
0.34
0.17
0.81
0.13
4.26 ()
Char_admin
Qual_Admi
TE
0.06*
(0.02)
IE
0.05*
(0.02)
DE
0.01
Qual_school
TE
0.30***
(0.04)
IE
0.29***
(0.04)
DE
0.01
Qual_comm
TE
0.06*
0.03)
IE
0.06*
(0.03)
DE
-
Char_teach
Char_stu Proc_admin Proc_teach Proc_stu
0.07*
0.39***
0.12
0.01
(0.03)
(7.15)
(0.05)
0.06*
0.01
(0.03)
(0.01)
0.01
0.38***
0.12
(0.05)
(0.05)
0.29***
0.07
0.35***
(0.04)
(0.04)
(0.05)
0.28***
0.07
(0.04)
(0.04)
0.01
0.35***
(0.05)
0.36***
0.01
0.12*
(0.05)
(0.01)
(0.06)
0.06*
0.01
(0.03)
(0.01)
0.30***
0.12*
(0.07)
(0.06)
2 = 17.59 df = 10 p = 0.062 GFI = 1.000 AGFI = 0.99 RMR = 0.013
R2
0.19
0.48***
(0.05)
0.48***
(0.05)
-
0.46
0.14
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001 (standard

error) TE = (total effect), IE = (indirect effect), DE =
(direct effect)
2.3.4
2 1
2
: (Meta-analysis)
253
1

1,589
(aggregate)
6 x 11 = 66 13
1.00 6
47 47
(coefficient of variation = cv)
aggregate SPSS

( 40 ) (
40.00 )

3 /
/ ( 0.37 0.26 0.51
; 0.36 0.28 0.28 ;
23 189 116
96.03 108.15 74.88 ) /
/ (
0.36 0.33 0.50 ; 0.25, 0.23 0.25
; 54 100 66

69.71 69.58 50.40 )

/
/ ( 0.32 0.18 0.16
0.55 0.57 ; 0.23 0.29 0.41 0.25 0.40
; 63 43 80 89 70
71.74 157.45 252.06 44.34 71.47 )

(
0.82 0.10
3 12.66)
/ ( 0.75
0.33 7
46.22)

180

(one-way ANOVA)
11
(2,7), (3,7), (5,7), (2,8), (3,8), (4,8), (1,9), (2,9), (3,9), (4,9)
(5,9) 4.27
: (Meta-analysis)
255
4.27

1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.05; (0.17)
7; 359.47
0.27; (0.17)
29; 63.42
0.42; (0.35)
41; 82.80
0.20; (0.30)
10; 146.47
0.33; (0.26)
3; 79.29
0.40; (0.32)
8; 80.60
0.05; (0.09)
6;177.12
0.32; (0.23)
63; 71.74
0.34; (0.34)
31; 99.11
2
0.08; (0.05)
5; 62.47
0.20; (0.13)
7; 63.38
0.52; (0.29)
26; 56.47
0.54; (0.19)
22; 34.33
0.30; (0.31)
16; 105.22
0.37; (0.36)
23; 96.03
0.36; (0.25)
54; 69.71
0.18; (0.29)
43; 157.45
0.26; (0.24)
15; 94.21
0.36; (0.13)
7; 35.10
4
0.39; (0.09)
5; 24.04
0.25; (0.06) 0.38; (0.24)
7; 24.27
12; 63.64
0.33; (0.15)
7; 46.22
0.26; (0.09)
6; 35.82
0.41; (0.24) 0.75; (0.33)
36; 58.27 7; 44.02
0.29; (0.40) 0.51; (0.29)
7; 139.43 5; 55.38
0.26; (0.28) 0.47; (0.31)
189; 108.15 9; 65.96
0.33; (0.23) 0.50; (0.25)
100; 69.58 66; 50.40
0.16; (0.41) 0.55; (0.25)
80; 252.06 89; 44.34
0.50; (0.22)
8; 44.37
0.32; (0.09)
3;27.03
0.42; (0.39)
3; 93.73
0.36; (0.49)
13; 137.63
0.51; (0.29)
5; 57.30
0.51; (0.38)
116; 74.88
0.27; (0.32)
31;118.02
0.57; (0.40)
70; 71.47
0.24
1
0.82; (0.10)
3; 12.66
0.09; (0.14)
10; 153.66
0.16
1
0.59
1
x.xx; (x.xx)
x; xxx.xx
1.
2. /
3.
4.
5. /
6.
7.
8. /
9.
10.
11.


1,589
2.2 11

/ (work)
11 11
0.3
(minimum practical significance)
(statistical significance) 95% (95% CI)
0
1) / ( 2, 7)
/
/ (4 ) /

0.752 ( 56.55%)

0.635 ( 40.32%)
/
0.307 ( 13.83%)
/ 0.3
0.95 (95% CI)
2 4
/ 4 (Levene test = 2.283, df =

3,19, p = 0.112)

: (Meta-analysis)
257
/ 4
(F = 5.271, df = 3,19, p = 0.008) Bonferrnoni
2
/ ( 0.752 0.143)
/ ( 0.635
0.143)

2
/ 4.28 4.9
4.28 /
95%
r
0.752
0.236
0.166
1.339
0.530 1.000
0.635
0.139
0.463
0.808
0.403 0.744
0.143
0.293
-0.082
0.368
-0.071 0.715
0.307
0.363
-0.074
0.688
0.000 0.779
23
0.372
0.358
0.218
0.527
-0.071 1.000
Sov.
SS
1.278
df MS
Sig.
3 .426 5.271 .008 11 > 18
1.535 19 .081
15 > 18
2.813 22
Levene test = 2.283, df = 3,19, p = 0.112
4.9 /
1) 11 = /
37 =
15 =
100 =
18 = /
2) 1

2) ( 3, 7)
(11 ) /

0.410 ( 16.81%)
//
0.375 0.335 (
14.06% 11.22%)
0.3 0.95 (95% CI)
7
11

11 (Levene test =
3.459, df = 10,178, p = 0.00)
11
(F = 3.792, df = 10,178, p = 0.00)
Games-Howell 7
/ ( 0.410 0.053)
/ (
0.053 0.175)

7
/ / //
/
4.29 4.10
259
: (Meta-analysis)
4.29
/
/
//
r
3
28
38
17
13
32
6
4
95%
0.178
0.691
-1.539
1.895
0.293
0.315
0.171
0.416
0.410
0.184
0.349
0.471
0.335
0.296
0.182
0.487
0.053
0.096
-0.005
0.112
0.172
0.265
0.076
0.267
0.030
0.168
-0.146
0.207
0.198
0.201
-0.122
0.519
-0.460
-0.258
0.125
-0.122
-0.129
-0.190
-0.159
-0.073
0.913
1.000
0.826
0.845
0.191
1.000
0.305
0.377
0.175
0.105
0.088
0.263
0.064 0.324
22
18
0.375
0.159
0.303
0.313
0.241
0.003
0.509
0.314
-0.103 1.000
-0.174 0.974
189
0.263
0.284
0.222
0.304
-0.460 1.000
Sov.
SS
2.669
mdf MS
10
12.526 178
Sig.
.27 3.792 .000

.07
15.195 188
11,
13 > 14
12 > 14,
15, 20, 23
35 > 14
Levene test = 3.459, df = 10,178, p = 0.00
4.10
1) 10 =
20 =
11 = /
21 =
12 = /
23 = /
13 = //
35 =
14 =
36 =
15 =
100 =
2) 1

3) /
( 5, 7)
/
/ (3 )

0.940 ( 88.36%)

0.689 0.681 0.632 (
47.47% 46.38% 39.34% ) 0.95 (95% CI)
3

/ 3 (Levene
test = 2.669, df = 6,109, p = 0.019)
/ 3
(F = 2.518, df = 6,109, p = 0.025)
Games-Howell 8
( 0.940 0.133)
/
( 0.408 0.133)

4

4.30 4.11
: (Meta-analysis)
261
4.30 /
95%
r
28
0.513
0.398
0.627
-0.258
1.000 0.398
53
0.408
0.292
0.523
-0.498
1.000 0.292
0.940
0.396
1.484
0.897
0.983 0.396
16
0.689
0.520
0.859
0.000
1.000 0.520
10
0.632
0.351
0.913
-0.197
1.000 0.351
0.681
0.434
0.929
0.484
1.000 0.434
0.133
-0.270
0.536
0.101
0.165 -0.270
116
0.507
0.438
0.577
-0.498
1.000 0.438
Sov.
SS
df
MS
Sig.
.337 2.52 .025 27 > 25, 26

25, 26,
14.582 109 .134
27, 28, 29,
16.603 115
30 > 34
2.021
Levene test = 2.669, df = 6,109, p = 0.019
4.11 /
25 =
26 =
27 =
28 =
29 =
30 =
34 =
100 =
4) //
( 2, 8)
//
/ (5 ) /
/
0.654 ( 42.77%)
//
/ 0.573 (
32.83%) /
/
0.371 0.322 ( 13.76% 10.37%)
0.3
0.95 (95% CI)
2 5

/ 4 (Levene test = 2.016, df = 4,49,
p = 0.107)
/ 5 (F = 3.184,
df = 4,49, p = 0.021) Bonferrnoni
/
( 0.654 0.161)
/
/ 2
/ 4.31
4.12
: (Meta-analysis)
263
4.31 /
95%
r
0.654
0.304
-0.102
1.409
0.431 1.000
0.573
0.375
-0.358
1.505
0.296 1.000
11
0.322
0.131
0.234
0.410
0.112 0.520
0.161
0.198
-0.022
0.345
0.000 0.466
30
0.371
0.248
0.278
0.463
-0.139 1.000
54
0.361
0.251
0.292
0.429
-0.139 1.000
Sov.
SS
df
MS
Sig.
.691
.173 3.184 .021 11 > 18
2.657 49
3.348 53
.054
Levene test = 2.016, df = 4,49, p = 0.107
4.12 /
1) 11 = /
14 = /
15 =
18 = /
37 =
100 =
2) 1
5) / ( 3, 8)
/
(7 ) //
/
0.633 ( 40.07%)

/ 0.431 0.418
( 18.58% 17.47%)
0.3 0.95 (95% CI)
7 (Levene test
= 3.571, df = 6,93, p = 0.003)
7
(F = 18.988, df = 6,93, p = 0.00)
Games-Howell 7
// ( 0.633
0.155) //
( 0.053 0.431)
/
/ 7
//

4.32 4.13
: (Meta-analysis)
265
4.32
95%
r
0.321
0.297
0.047
0.595
0.122 0.961
//
15
0.633
0.188
0.529
0.737
0.262 0.934
0.202
0.122
0.108
0.296
-0.087 0.341
21
0.431
0.094
0.388
0.474
0.284 0.609
0.187
0.104
0.078
0.296
0.091 0.374
11
0.418
0.068
0.372
0.463
0.341 0.551
31
0.155
0.177
0.090
0.220
-0.232 0.393
100
0.331
0.230
0.285
0.377
-0.232 0.961
Sov.
SS
df
MS
Sig.
2.894
.48 18.98 .000
2.362
93
.02
5.256
99
17 > 15,
19, 20, 35
13 > 15,
17, 19, 20, 35
19 > 35
20 > 19
Levene test = 3.571, df = 6,93, p = 0.003
4.13
10 =
13 =
15 =
17 =
20 =
35 =
100 =
//
6) /
( 4, 8)
/
(4 )
/
0.604 ( 36.48%)

/ 0.531 (
28.20%) /
/
0.440 0.313 ( 19.36%
9.76%) 0.95 (95% CI)
4
4 (Levene test = 0.083, df =

3,62, p = 0.969)
4 (F = 2.531, df = 3, 62,
p = 0.065) 4.33
4.14
: (Meta-analysis)
267
4.33
45

8
4
/
9
66
95%
0.531
0.251
0.455
0.606
0.604
0.244
0.400
0.808
0.440
0.213
0.101
0.780
0.313
0.230
0.136
0.489
0.504
0.254
0.442
0.567
Sov.
SS
df
MS
.458
.153 2.53 .065
3.742 62 .060
0.116
0.429
0.270
0.062
0.062
1.000
1.000
0.717
0.718
1.000
Sig.
4.200 65
Levene test = 0.083, df = 3,62, p = 0.969
4.14
16 =
24 =
32 =
39 = /
100 =
7) ( 1, 9)
(6 ) /

0.407 (
16.56%)

0.329 0.333 ( 10.82% 11.09%)
0.3 0.95

(95% CI)
3 6
6 (Levene test
= 11.538, df = 5,57, p = 0.00)
6
(F = 5.692, df = 5,57, p = 0.00) GamesHowell 2 /
( 0.407 0.012)
/
( 0.218 0.012)

4
/ /
4.34 4.15
4.34
95%
r

33
0.407
0.139
0.357
0.456
0.176 0.635
2
6
6
8
8
63
0.280
0.218
0.329
0.333
0.012
0.318
0.141
0.115
0.332
0.356
0.038
0.228
-0.985
0.097
-0.019
0.036
-0.020
0.260
1.545
0.338
0.677
0.631
0.044
0.375
0.180
0.139
0.079
0.001
-0.056
-0.056
0.380
0.448
0.994
0.735
0.077
0.994
: (Meta-analysis)
Sov.
df
MS
1.073
.215 5.692 .000 15 > 62
57 .038
SS
2.149
269
Sig.
39 > 62
3.221 62
Levene test = 11.538, df = 5,57, p = 0.00
4.15
1) 15 = / ,
61 =
19 =
62 =
39 = /
100 =
60 =
2) 1
8) / ( 2, 9)
/
/ (6 )

0.681 ( 46.37%) /

0.363 ( 13.18%)
0.3 0.95 (95% CI)
2 5
/ 5 (Levene
test = 5.296, df = 4,38, p = 0.002)
/ 5
(F = 5.6913.199, df = 5,57, p = 0.00)

Game-Howell /
( 0.681 0.039)
/ ( 0.681 0.093)

2
/
4.35 4.16
4.35 /
/
//
95%
r
2
0.363
0.513
-4.248
4.974
4
0.213
0.398
-0.420
0.847
6
0.681
0.134
0.540
0.822
0.000
0.000
0.439
0.726
0.809
0.827
0.714
17
0.093
0.167
0.007
0.179
0.000
14
43
0.039
0.181
0.109
0.285
-0.024
0.093
0.102
0.269
-0.120 0.390
-0.120 0.827
Sov.
SS
1.985
1.429
3.413
df MS F Sig.
4 .496 13.19 .000 15 > 18
38 .038
15 > 37
42
Levene test = 5.296, df = 4,38, p = 0.002
4.16 /
1) 11 = /
18 = /
13 = //
37 = /
15 =
100 =
2) 1
: (Meta-analysis)
271
9) ( 3, 9)
(8 ) //

0.671 ( 45.02%)
/
0.587 ( 34.46%)

0.431
0.425 ( 15.29% 14.67%)
0.3 0.95 (95% CI)
3
7
8 (Levene test = 0.760, df = 7,72, p

= 0.622)
8 (F = 9.975,
df = 7,72, p = 0.00) Bonferroni
8 ///
( 0.671 -0.243)
/ ( 0.391
-0.027)

3
/ /
4.36 4.17
4.36
/
/
///

r
4
17
6
95%
0.104
-0.083
0.158
0.798
0.877
1.000
0.431
0.391
0.587
0.337
0.307
0.279
-0.104
0.233
0.295
0.967
0.549
0.880
0.671
0.290
-0.049
1.391
0.454 1.000
6
2
29
13
80
0.383
0.425
-0.027
-0.243
0.164
0.339
0.134
0.344
0.211
0.413
0.027
-0.779
-0.158
-0.370
0.072
0.739
1.629
0.104
-0.115
0.256
0.005
0.330
-0.882
-0.493
-0.882
Sov.
SS
df MS
6.64
7 .949 9.98 .000
6.85
72 .095
13.45
79
0.848
0.520
0.478
0.084
1.000
Sig.
10,
15 > 36
11, 12,
13 > 35, 36
Levene test = 0.760, df = 7,72, p = 0.622
4.17
1) 10 =
19 =
11 = /
35 =
12 = /
36 =
13 = ///
100 =
15 =
2) 1 //
: (Meta-analysis)
273
10)
( 4, 9)
(3 ) /

0.594 (
35.28%) /
/
0.368 0.348 ( 13.54% 12.11%)
0.95 (95% CI)
3
4 (Levene test = 1.365, df =

2,86, p = 0.261)
4 (F =
6.828, df = 3, 62, p = 0.002) Bonferroni
/
/ ( 0.594 0.348)

3
/
/ 4.37 4.18
4.37
95%
r

74
0.594
0.243
0.538
0.651
-0.347 0.918
0.368
0.192
0.063
0.674
0.206 0.644
11
0.348
0.129
0.261
0.434
0.216 0.702
89
0.554
0.246
0.502
0.605
-0.347 0.918
Sov.
SS
df MS
Sig.
.727
2 .363 6.83 .002 16 > 39
4.577
86 .053
5.304
88
Levene test = 1.365, df = 2,86, p = 0.261
4.18
1) 16 = /
32 =
39 = /
100 =
2) 1
: (Meta-analysis)
275
11) /
( 5, 9)
/
/ (5 )

0.725 ( 52.56%)

0.601 (
36.12%) /
0.597
0.536 ( 35.64% 28.73%)
0.95 (95% CI)
5
/ 5 (Levene test = 1.270, df =

4,65, p = 0.291)
/ 5
(F = 2.538, df = 4,65, p = 0.048) Bonferroni

( 0.725 0.319)

5
/
4.38 4.19
4.38 /
95%
r
20
0.725
0.406
0.535
0.916
-0.168 1.000
11
0.597
0.320
0.382
0.812
-0.005 1.000
0.536
0.438
0.076
0.995
0.061 1.000
17
0.601
0.331
0.431
0.771
-0.037 0.972
16
0.319
0.439
0.085
0.552
-0.342 0.930
70
0.566
0.404
0.469
0.662
-0.342 1.000
Sov.
SS
df MS
Sig.
1.525
4 .381 2.54 .048 25 > 30
65 .150
9.761
11.286 69
Levene test = 2.669, df = 6,109, p = 0.019
4.19 /
25 =
26 = /
28 =
29 =
30 =
100 =
(One-Way ANOVA)

11

/ (r = 0.293) /
(r = 0.410) // (r = 0.335)

: (Meta-analysis)
277
(r = 0.375 /
/ (r = 0.752)
(r = 0.635) /

(r = 0.940)
CAI (r = 0.689)
(r = 0.681)
/
/
(r = 0.321) // (r = 0.321)
(r = 0.321) (r = 0.431) (r =
0.418) /
/ (r = 0.322) /
(r = 0.371)
/ (r
= 0.531) (r = 0.604) (r =
0.440) / (r = 0.313)

/ (r = 0.407)
(r = 0.333) /

(r = 0.681)
/ (r = 0.391)
/ (r = 0.587) (r = 0.383)

/
(r = 0.594) (r = 0.368) /
(r = 0.348)


(r = 0.725) /
(r = 0.597) CAI
(r = 0.536) (r = 0.601)
CAI (r = 0.319)

/ /

( 0.410) ( 0.375)
( 0.335) /

/
/ /

/

/
/
/

/

: (Meta-analysis)
279

/
/
/

/ /
( 0.172, 0.202, 0.383 0.635, 0.322, 0.681 )

/
/

/
/ 4.39
4.39
0.178
0.293
0.410
0.335
0.053
0.172
0.175
/
0.321
0.321
0.431
0.391
0.587
0.671
0.202
0.431
0.383
0.671
4.39 ()
/
/
0.030
0.198
0.175
0.375
0.159
0.752
0.143
0.635
0.143
0.307
/
0.187
0.418
0.425
0.155
-0.027
-0.243
0.654
0.573
0.363
0.573
0.322
0.161
0.371
0.213
0.093
0.681
0.093
0.039
0.407
0.280
0.407
0.218
0.329
0.333
0.012
: (Meta-analysis)
281
4.39 ()

/

CAI

0.513
0.408
0.940
0.689
0.632
0.681
0.133
0.725
0.597
0.536
0.601
0.319
0.531*
0.604*
0.440*
0.313*
0.594
0.594
0.368
0.348

/
//
/
/ 31
/
3
1) 0.6 1.00 /
4 1.1)
(direct experience)
4 MAT 1.2) (research
by technology)

1.3) / (practice)

1.4)
(integration)
2) 0.3 0.5 /
7 2.1)
(direct experience)

4 MAT 2.2) (research by technology)

3 2.3) / (practice)
/
2.4) (cooperative)
2.5)
(measurement and evaluation)

: (Meta-analysis)
283
2.6) (integration) 2.7)

(child center)
(STAD)
3) 0.3 5 3.1)
(direct experience)
3.2)
(research by technology)

3.3) / (practice)

3.4) (integration)
3.5) (other)

/ 1
/
2
/ 3
4.40
4.40 /
509
805
1408
1105
806
106
1601
1409
404
903
902
807
1407
607
1009
1111
804
702
906
908
508
703
608
808
708
907
905
801
1606
307
506
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.930
0.850
0.764
0.745
0.680
0.610
0.565
0.565
0.550
0.545
0.480
0.450
0.400
0.396
0.350
0.320
0.315
0.313
0.290
0.289
0.280
0.220
0.170
0.110
0.110
0.080
0.035
-0.500

4 MAT
(STAD)
4 MAT

: (Meta-analysis)
285
(cross-impact
matrix analysis) Gordon (1999) Weerakkody
Tremblay (2003)
8

1.

8

.. 2549 (, 2549)
(
, 2548)
.. 2542
2548 (, 2549)
(, 2549)
(, 2549)
(
, 2549)
(
, 2550)
2548 (,

2549) (documentary research)

/
(external criticism)
8

(internal criticism)

/

/

2. (Metaethnography)

8
(causes and effects)

: (Meta-analysis)
287

3
/

3.
.. 2549

7

: (Meta-analysis)
289

.. 2542
2548
9

7
/


/

/

: (Meta-analysis)
291

2

2548
4

8

4.
8
3

/
4

5 1)
2)

3)
4)
5)

6 6)
7)
/
8) //
///

9)
10)
11)

: (Meta-analysis)
293
///

4 12)

/
13)
14) 15)
/ /

3 16)
/
17)
18) /

3
19)

20) ///
21)
4 21
3 8 4.41
4.41

1.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2.

3.

4.
5.

6.
7. /

295
: (Meta-analysis)
4.41 ()

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8. / / //
/

9.
10.
11. ///

12.

/

13.
14.
15.
/ /

4.41 ()

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

16.
/
17.
18. /

19.
20. ///
21.

1 = , 2549
3 = , 2549
5 = , 2549
7 = , 2550
2 = , 2548
4 = , 2549
6 = , 2549
8 = , 2549
: (Meta-analysis)
297
5. (Cross-impact matrix analysis)

(cause and effect)

Gordon (1999) Weerakkody
Tremblay (2003)
4
18 3

6
2 1) 2)
3
3) 4)
5)
3 6) 7)
/ 8) ///
3
9)
10) 11) /
/ 3
12) 13)
14)
15)

2 16)
17)

18) /

3 19)
20) /// 21)

21
18 3
21
8 3
. 0
. 1

. 2

21

11
1)
2)
4) 5)
7)
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/ 9)
10)
11) //
15)

18) / 11

: (Meta-analysis)
299
12)
13)
3)

17)
18
/
4)

14)

4)
15)

13)
4)
12) 15)

11

12) 14)

13)

3)
17) /
4.42
(cause and effect)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0
0
2
2
2
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
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2
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2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
0 2
0 2
2 2
14
11
10
36
21
17
19
17
25
18
20
16
10
11
32
7
6
15
8
5
8
30
15
13
13
11
19
12
14
11
6
8
26
4
2
9
27
28
34
: (Meta-analysis)
301
1 =
2 =
3 =
4 =
5 =
6 =
7 = /
8 = ///
9 =
10 =
11 = //
12 =
13 =
14 =
15 =
16 =
17 =
18 = /
19 =
20 = ///
21 =
0
1

2

6. (cause and effect)

8
( 1-3) ( 4-5)
( 6-8) ( 9-11)
( 12-14) ( 15)
( 16-17) (
18) 3 19)
20) 21)

18 3

0.00-2.00
0.00-0.50 0.51-1.50
1.51-2.00
4.43 4.20
: (Meta-analysis)
303
4.43
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
1.00
0.33
0.83
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2
3
1.00 0.33
0.89
0.89
1.11 1.67
0.78 0.33
2.00 2.00
0.33 0.00
0.67 0.33
1.67 0.67
1.33 2.00
1.67 2.00
4
5
6 7
0.83 0.00 0.00 0.00
1.22 0.67 2.00 0.33
1.67 0.33 2.00 0.00
0.00 2.00 0.17
0.00
2.00 0.00
2.00 2.00
0.00
0.17 0.00 0.00
0.33 0.33 2.00 0.50
2.00 1.00 2.00 0.50
2.00 1.33 2.00 0.00
2.00 1.67 2.00 2.00
8
0.00
0.67
0.33
0.33
0.33
2.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
4

3

5

2

8

(1-2)
(3-5)
(19)
(6-8)
(9-11)
(21)
(12-14)
(15)
(20)
(12-14)
(18)
4.20

8
1)
1.1
1.2

2)

: (Meta-analysis)
305
2.1
2.2
2.3

3)
3.1 3.2
/
3.3 /
////

4)
4.1
4.2
4.3 /
//

5)
5.1
/
5.2
5.3 6)
6.1
/ /
7)
7.1
/
7.2
8)
8.1 /


4

//
/

: (Meta-analysis)
307
1)
2)

11 1)

68 2)
6 5
3)

200 4)

180 8 5)
4 22
2550- 2551 6)

7)
8) 8.1)

(d) Glass, McGraw and Smith (1981)

Hunter, Schmidt and Jackson (1982)
442 1,147

Hedges & Olkin (1985 ) 1,589 8.2)
(HLM) 8.3)
8.4)

(SEM) 9)
10)
8 3
11 6-10 2551 11)

2550
22 1
4 1 2
3
4

: (Meta-analysis)
309
1
3 1) 2)
3)
1.
.. 2542 2551
23 11
10 14
/

28

180
162 (universe) 29,139
400 20
109 2 (universe)
305
12
4 596
17
3 476 21
3,772
678,840 459,235 1
3 477 13 1
3 8
180


2.
( 80)

87.2 ( 1.14)

180
45 ( 25.0) 75
( 41.7) 54 ( 30.0) 6
( 3.3) 2.88
30
180 2.79

3.

1-2

(EFA, PA,
HLM, LISREL)

: (Meta-analysis)
311

2
3 1)
2)

3)
1.

180
0.325 0.363
-0.3
0.3
709 ( 44.62)
-0.3 -0.5 0.3 0.5 319 ( 20.07)
-0.51 -0.80 0.51
0.80 385 ( 24.23)
0.8 -0.8 176 ( 11.08)

880 ( 55.35)
2.

3 1)


2)

3)
2.1

24

2.2

.05

.05

correlation

: (Meta-analysis)
313

(correlation)

(factor analysis)
(path analysis) (HLM)
(LISREL)

2.3
(Hierarchical Linear
Model = HLM) HLM
2
1,589 13

/
180 16

(within group) .6477
(between group) .3522

3 (null model)
(simple model) (hypothetical model)
(null model) .109

(hypothetical model) .088

19.266
3.
4
1) Hunter (Hunter, Schmidt
and Jackson, 1982) 2)
Shadish (1996) 3)
4)
3.1 Hunter
(Hunter, Schmidt and Jackson, 1982)
1
2 .. 2548-2551
.. 2542-2547
.. 2548-2551

.. 2542-2547

2 .. 2548-2551
/

.. 2542-2547 .. 2542-2547

: (Meta-analysis)
315
/
/ .. 2548-2551

//
/
3
/
/
/

/

/
3.2 Shadish
(1996)
Shadish (1996)
/
0.7-0.8
0.49-0.64 (0.7909) (0.7471)
/ (0.6956) (0.5729)
/
(0.4192)
/
(0.5038) (0.5867)
/ /
3.3
5
1) (Qual_stu)
(Qual_stu) (Char_admin)
81 /
(total effect) 0.40
/
/
2) / (Qual_teach)
/ (Qual_teach) / (Char_teach)
(Char_stu) /
(Qual_teach) 13 / (Char_teach)
(total effect) 0.23 (Char_stu)
(total effect) 0.21
/ /

3) (Qual_admin)
(Qual_admin) (Char_stu)
(Qual_admin) 19
4) (Qual_school)
(Qual_school) (Proc_stu)
(Proc_admin) (Char_admin) /
(Char_teach) (Qual_school)

: (Meta-analysis)
317
46 (Proc_stu) (total effect)

0.48 (Proc_admin) (total effect)
0.35 (Char_admin) / (Char_teach)
(total effect) 0.30

/
5) (Qual_commu)
/ (Char_teach)
(Qual_commu) 0.14 /
/
3.4

180

(one-way ANOVA)

47 11
( 2,3,5) ( 7)
3 ( 2,3,4) /
( 8) 3 ( 1-5)
( 9) 5

/ /

( 0.410)
( 0.375)
( 0.335) /

/
/ /

/

/
/
/

/

/
/
/

/ /

: (Meta-analysis)
319
( 0.172, 0.202, 0.383 0.635, 0.322, 0.681 )

/
/

/
/
3
8
3
/
4

5 1)
2)

3)
4)
5)


6 6)
7)
/
8) //
///

9)

10)
11) ///

4 12)

/
13)
14) 15)
/ /

3 16)
/
17)
18) /

: (Meta-analysis)
321

3 19)

20) ///
21)

4

3

5

2
8

4

. =
. =
4 2 (1)
2.2.1 (2) 2.2.3 2 (3) 2.2.3
3 (4) Hunter 2.3.1
(5) Shadish 2.3.2
(6) 2.3.3 (7)


3 (8) 5.1

.. 2542
1) 2) 3) (
) 4)
5) / 6) 7)
5.1
_
/ () ; r
- (8) .= 2.00
- (8) .= 2.00
- (8) .= 2.00
- (8) .= 2.00
- (8) .= 2.00
- (8) .= 2.00
- (8) .= 2.00
- (6)TE=0.04 TE=0.03 IE=0.01

_
(7) ( r =0.410)
_
(7) ( r =0.335)
_
(7) ( r =0.375)
_
(7) ( r =0.293)
_
(7) ( r =0.175)
- (6) TE=DE=0.01
- (6) TE=0.21 IE=0.02 DE=0.19
_
(7) ( r =0.431)
_
(7) (r =0.418)
_
_
(4) ( r =0.3209); (7) ( r =0.321)
- (6) TE= DE=0.04 IE=0
: (Meta-analysis)
323
5.1
()
_
/ () ; r
_
- (5) ( r =0.4192) ; (6) TE=0.39 IE=0.31 DE=0.38
_
_
/ (4) ( r =0.04); (7) ( r =0.587)
_
/ ( r =0.230)(4)
_
(7) ( r =0.391)
_
(7) ( r =0.383)
_
(7) ( r =0.431)
- (6) TE=IE 0.07
_
_
- (6) TE=DE=0.48, (4) ( r =0.5867), (5) ( r =0.5867)
- (6) TE=IE=0.01
- (6) TE=0.39, IE=0.01 DE=0.38; (8) .= 1.00

- (6) TE=DE=0.01; (8) .= 2.00
_
- (4) r =0.0528; (6) TE=DE=0.01
_
_
- (4) r =0.5043; (5) r =0.1256; (6) TE=0.03, IE=0.02, DE=0.01
_
(7) r =0.531
_
(7) r =0.604
_
(7) r =0.313
_
- (4) r =0.3177; (6) TE=0.06, IE=0.05, DE=0.01
_
/ (4) r =0.407
_
/ (4) r =0.333
_
(4) r =0.329
_
_
- (4) r =0.5537; (5) r =0.2381; (6) TE= DE =0.12
- (8) .= 2.00
- (8) .= 2.00
_
- (5) r =0.3387; (6) TE=0.30, IE=0.29, DE=0.01

_
- (5) r =0.5038; (6) TE=DE=0.35
- (6) TE=IE=0.06
_
_
- (4) r =0.3224; (5) r =0.3220; (6) TE=DE=0.12
5.1
()
_
/ () ; r
/
- / (6) TE=0.70, IE=0.23, DE=0.47; (8) .= 0.67
_
(7) ( r =0.752)
_
(7) ( r =0.635)
_
/ (7) ( r =0.307)
- / (6) TE=DE=0.40 (8) .= 2.00
_
(7) ( r =0.940)
_
CAI (7) ( r =0.689)
_
(7) ( r =0.681)
_
(7) ( r =0.632)
_
(7) ( r =0.513)
_
(7) ( r =0.408)
_
_
- / (4) r =0.3606; (5) r =0.2808; (6) TE=0.23, IE=0.10, DE=0.12
_
/ (7) r =0.322
_
(7) r =0.371
_
_
- / (4) r =0.2677; (5) r =0.2822; (6) TE=DE=0.16
_
- (4) r =0.324
_
- / (4) r =0.1811; (6) TE=0.07, IE=0.06, DE=0.01
_
- / (4) r =0.1811; (6) TE=0.07, IE=0.06, DE=0.01
_
/ (7) r =0.681
_
- / (7) r =0.363
_
/ (4) r =0.5659; (6) TE=DE=0.01
_
(7) r =0.725
_
(7) r =0.597
_
CAI (7) r =0.536
_
(7) r =0.601
_
(7) r =0.319
/ (8) = 2.00
/ (8) .= 2.00
_
- / (5) r =0.2867 (6) TE=0.29, IE=0.28, DE=0.01

_
_
- / (4) r =0.3566; (5) r =0.3586; (6) TE=0.36, IE=0.06, DE=0.30
: (Meta-analysis)
325
5.1
()
_
/ () ; r
- / (8) .= 2.00
- / (8) .= 2.00
/
7
_
- (7) r =0.440
- (8) .= 2.00
- (8) .= 2.00
- (8) .= 2.00
- (8) .= 2.00
.
1.
1.1
- (2) =0.199
- (2) =0.103
1.2 .
_
- (1) r =0.471
_
_
- / (1) r =0.643; (3) r =0.387
_
- (5) r =0.140
2.
2.1
- (2) =0.115
2.2 .
_
_
- (1) r =0.403; (3) r =0.980
3.
3.1
- (2) =0.154
- (2) =-0.156
- (2) =-0.190
- / (2) =0.152
- (2) =0.044
- (2) =-0.438
- (EFA, PA, HLM, SEM) (2) =-0.275

5.1
()
_
/ () ; r
. 3.2 ._
_
(5) r =0.791

- (1) r =0.709;
_
() - _ (1) r =0.427
- (1) r =0.341
_
- (1) r _=0.427
_
-
(1)
r =0.427; (5) r =0.187
_
- (1) r =0.436 _
- (1) r =0.362
_
- KR (1) r =0.528
_
- Cronbach (1) r =0.368
_
- _/ (1) r =0.527
- Z-test, t-test (1) r =0.380
_
- one group pretest-posttest (1)_r =0.642
- (1) r =0.650
1.
1.1
- (2) =0.439
- (2) =0.239
1.2 . _
- (1)_r =0.471 _
- / (1) r =0.643; (3) r =0.387
2.
2.1
- (2) =-0.183
- (2) =0.391
2.2 .
_
_
- (1) r =0.403; (3) r =0.980
3.
3.1
- (2) =0.101
- (2) =0.139
- (2) =0.522
- (EFA, PA, HLM, SEM) (2) =-0.286
3.2 .
: (Meta-analysis)
327
4 2 (1)
2.2.1 (2) 2.2.3 2 (3)
2.2.3 3 (4)
Hunter 2.3.1 (5)
Shadish 2.3.2 (6)
2.3.3 (7)
3 (8) .=

3

1.

1.1

1.2

/ /

1) /

2)

: (Meta-analysis)
329
3) /

4) /

/

/

5)
/

6)

7)

1.3 /

/ /
/
/

1) /

: (Meta-analysis)
331
/

2) /

3) /

/

4) /

5) /

/
1.4

/

1)

2)

3) /
/ /
4)

1.5

/ /

: (Meta-analysis)
333
1)

2)

2.

1.

/

2.
45 ( 25.0) 180

3.

/

(interaction effect)

24 (
)

/

3.

: (meta-analysis) 19
.. 2552 9.00-13.00 .

: (Meta-analysis)
335
1.
2. (.)

3.

3
1) 2)
3)

1.
Glass, McGaw, & Smith (1981); Cooper and Hedges (1994)

(conceptual framework)
68

6
6
5 2

(SEM analysis) 4
(empirical data)

/
81, 13, 19, 46 14
/

2.
(meta analysis)
4 1)
2)

: (Meta-analysis)
337
3) 4)
2.1

(moderators)
5
4
5 (Cooper and Hedges, 1994)

(representativeness) (sufficiency)
188
180
2542-2551 /
27
/
/ 6
//
/

(unit of
analysis)
180
1,589
(Hair , 2006)
180 678,840
(universe)
(population of population)
2.2
( 63.30)

: (Meta-analysis)
339

t-test ANOVA, ANCOVA correlation, regression

(factor analysis) (path analysis)
(HLM) (LISREL)

2.3

22

3 1)

2)

3)

22

5 1)
(stem leaf plot)

2) (crosstabs)


3)

4)

5)
(HLM) (SEM)

2.4
3
1) 2)
3)

5

6 1)
(13 ) 2) / (11 ) 3)
(13 ) 4) (4 ) 5) / (6 )
6) (6 ) 3
(mediators) 5
1) (3 ) 2) / (3 ) 3)

: (Meta-analysis)
341
(7 ) 4) (4 ) 5) (1 ) 6) (1
)
/
50
10 355
/
2

/

/
(condition) (moderating variables)
/

(Glass,
McGaw and Smith, 1981; Hunter, Schmidt and Jackson, 1982; Cooper and Hedges,
1994; , 2542)

180 1,589
0.363 0.331
/
1,023 0.364
0.302

1,589

24 9

Hunter (Hunter, Schmidt and Jackson, 1982)

16
16
38.2 (HLM)
0.7064
0.2935

7
3
/
1,023 Hunter (Hunter,
Schmidt and Jackson, 1982)

/
(SEM)

Shadish (1996)
(SEM)

(mediator) Cheung (2008);
Cantisano, G.T., Morales Domnguez, J.. and Depolo, M (2008) Kammeyer-Mueller,
J.D. and Judge, T.A. (2008)
4

: (Meta-analysis)
343
180 678,840

(SEM)

/

(SEM)

/

(SEM) Cheung (2008); Cheung and Chan (2005)
meta-analytic structural equation modeling MASEM
Cantisano, G.T.,
Morales Domnguez, J.. and Depolo, M (2008) Kammeyer-Mueller, J.D. and Judge,
T.A. (2008) MASEM

(valid) Cheung (2008)
(meta-analysis) (SEM analysis)

(SEM based meta-analysis)


.. 2542
( 2) .. 2545

(large-scale
quantitative research)

(.) (.)
(.)

. . (policy research)

(feasibility)

(research university)

: (Meta-analysis)
345
EGM (Emerging Global Model = EGM) Mohrmana, Mab and

Bakerc (2008) 21
EGM 8 (global mission)
(research intensity)
(new roles for professors)

(diversified funding) /
(worldwide recruitment) (increasing complexity)

(new relationships with government
and industry) (global collaboration
with similar institutions) - (nation-states)
EGM
3.
3 1)
2)
3)

3.1

8

8 3
Noblit
and Hare (1988)


(generalization to concept/theory)
(grounded theory) (generalization to population)

8

4

(metaphore)
8

4 8
5 4

5
/
6
4
3
18
3
21

: (Meta-analysis)
347

8

(macro level)
(micro level)

3.2
Noblit and Hare (1988)

(metaphores) (issues or aspects)
3 (reciprocal
translation) (refutational translation)
(in-line-of argument translation)

(content
analysis) 8
21

381

(cross-impact matrix analysis) Gordon (1999)
Weerakkody and Tremblay (2003)
381

21 x 18

21 11 4

21

3.3
(Cooper and Hedges, 1994; Noblit and Hare, 1988)

21
8

18 3
3
: (Meta-analysis)
349

21
11

21
11
(symmetry)
(two-way causal
relationships) (pattern)
(magnitude) (Weerakkody and
Tremblay, 2003)

2 2)
4) 1.11
4) 2)
1.22

5)
2) 0.67
2) 5)
0.78


8
3

4

4

8
5

5

: (Meta-analysis)
351

4

4

2
4

1.

2.

3.

: (Meta-analysis)
353
. (2538). . :
.
. (2544). . :
.
. (2537). .

.
. (2543). .
.
. (2548).

3 .
.
. (2547). -.
. : .
. (2550).
3 :
.
.
. (2547).
.
.
. (2545).
.
.

. (2544). .

.
. (2539). . 67 : 19-20.
. (2546).
: .

.
, , . (2547).

.
27(3) : 53-69.
. (2545).
.
.
. (2547).
.
.
. (2539).
.. 2529-2538.
.
. (2548).
: .
.
. (2545). .

.

: (Meta-analysis)
355
. (2550).

.
.
. (2545).
5
.
.
. (2544).
.
.
. (2546).
.
.
. (2535).
. .
. (2548).
.
().
.
. (2547).
15.

.
. (2539). . :
.
. (2540). : :
. :
.
. (2550). : .
5. : .
. (2545). .
().
( 77-102). : .
. (2550).

2 .
.
. (2538).
: .
.
. (2538). .

.
. (2529). . . 8(23) : 26-36.
. (2535). (Analysis of
variance component estimation). . 15(4) : 9-14.
. (2542). (Meta-analysis). :
.
. (2541).
. :
.
: (Meta-analysis)
357
. (2533). .
12 : 43-72.
, , . (2551).
. .

28-29 2551
() ().
. (2545).
2 .
.
. (2545).

5.
.
. (2550).
.
.
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.
.
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: .

.
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.
.

. (2550).
.
.
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. : ...
. (2548).
4-6 .
.
. (2547).
.
.
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4.
.
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2. : .
. (2549).
5 .
.
. (2539).
.
.
. (2546).
.
.
: (Meta-analysis)
359
. (2546). 3.

.
. (2544).

12. .
.
. (2531). :
. : .
. (2540). . : .
. (2548).
.
.
. (2546).
.
.
. (2544). :
3 .
.
. (2550).

2
.
.
. (2545). :
. , 14(1) : 52-61.
. (2527).
.
.
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.
.
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.
.
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.
. (2545).
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.
. (2545).
6
4 MAT .
.
. (2546).
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. (2548).
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. (2547).

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. .
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6.
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: (Meta-analysis)
395
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1 .
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:
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1
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.
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1.
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1.
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:
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: (Meta-analysis)
397
. (2542).
1 .
.
. (2549).
1.
.
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5 .

.
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3 /
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.
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.

. (2545).
2 .

. (2549). 5-7 .
.
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4.
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5
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: (Meta-analysis)
399
................................................................................................................. .............................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1 2 3 4
: (Meta-analysis)
401
1.
0
1
2
2.
0
1
()
3. /
0 /
1 /
2 /
3 /
4 /

4.
0
1
2
3
4
5.
0
1

2

3

4 1

: (Meta-analysis)
403
()
6.
0
1 1
2 2

3 3

4 4

generalize
7.
0
1
2
3
4
8.
0
1
2
3
4
()
9.
0
1
2
3
4
10.
0
1
3

4

11.
0 5
1 5-10
2 10-15
3 15-20
4 20
: (Meta-analysis)
405
()
12.
0
1

2
3

4

13.
0 1-5
1 1-5 30%
2 1-5 30%
50%
3 1-5 50%
70%
4 1-5 70%
14.
0
1
2 80%
20%
3 50%
50%
4 30%
70%

()
15.
0
1
2
3
4

16.
0
1
2
3
4
17.
0
1
2
3
: (Meta-analysis)
407
()
18.
0
1
2
3
19.
0
1 /
2 /

3 /

4 /

20.
0
1
2
3

4

()
21.
0 /
1 /
2 /
3 /

4 /

22.
0
1
2

3

4

23.
0
1

2

3

4

: (Meta-analysis)
409
()
24.
0
1
2
3

4

25.
0
1
26.
0
1
2

3
4
()
27.
0
1
2
3
4
28.
0
1
2
3
4
29.
0 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5

30.
0
1
2
3
4

: (Meta-analysis)
411
............................................................................................. ...................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
1.
2. Record
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. 10.
11.
1) 2) 3) 4)
5) 6) 7) 8)
12.
13.
15. 15.1 15.2
16. 16.1 16.2
17. 17.1 design 17.2
17.3 17.4
17.5 17.6 ()
18.
18.1 18.2
18.3 (1) (2) /
(3) / (4)
(5) (6)
(7) (8) (9)
19.
19.1 19.2
19.3
(1) content analysis (2) descriptive stat (3) t-test
(4) dependent t-test (5) simple corr/regression
(6) ANOVA, ANCOVA (one-way) (7) ANOVA, ANCOVA
(two-way)
(8) ANOVA (three-way) (9) multiple corr/regression
(10) factor analysis (11) path analysis
(12) LISREL (13) HLM
(1-3) (4)
(5-6) (7-8)
(9-10) (11-12)
(13) (14-16)
(17-19) (20)
(21) (22) (23) (24)

(25) (26) (27) (28)
(29-30)
(31-32)
(33) (34-35)
(36) (37-38)
(39-40) (41)
(42) (43)
(44-45) (46-49)
(50) (51-52)
(53) (54)
(55) (56)
(57) (58)
(59) (60) (61)
(62) (63)
(64) (65) (66)

(67) (68)
(69) (70)
(71) (72)
(73) (74)
(75) (76)
/
1. 2. Record
(1-3) (4)
3.
(5-6)
(7-10)
4. ()
(11)
4.1 4.1.1
(12) . (13-15) (16)
4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4
5. ()
(17-20)
(21)
5.1 5.1.1
(22) . (23-25) (26)
5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4
. (27-31)
6. / 6.1 Mean ()
. (32-36) . (37-41)
6.2 Mean () 6.3 SD ()
. (42-46) (47-49)
6.4 SD () 6.5 n ()
6.6 n ()
(50-52)
(53)
7.
(54) . (55-59)
8. 8.1 8.2
- (60-67) (68)
8.3 prob 8.4
9. 9.1
(69)
3.
(5-6)
(7-10)
4. ()
(11)
4.1 4.1.1
(12) . (13-15) (16)
4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4
(17-20)
5. ()
(21)
5.1 5.1.1
(22) . (23-25) (26)
5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4
6. / 6.1 Mean ()
. (27-31)
. (32-36) . (37-41)
6.2 Mean () 6.3 SD ()
. (42-46) (47-49)
6.4 SD () 6.5 n ()
(50-52)
6.6 n ()
(53)
7.
(54) . (55-59)
8. 8.1 8.2
8.3 prob 8.4
- (60-67) (68)
9. 9.1
(69)

: (Meta-analysis)
413
1.
2. Record
(1-3) (4)
(5-6)
3.
4. ()
(7-10)
(11)
4.1 4.1.1
4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4
(12) . (13-15) (16)
5. ()
(17-20)
(21)
5.1 5.1.1
(22) . (23-25) (26)
5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4
6. 6.1
. (27-29)
(30-32)
7. sample size
8. 8.1 8.2 8.3 -prob (33) (34) - (35-42)
3.
(5-6)
(7-10)
4. ()
(11)
4.1 4.1.1
4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4
(12) . (13-15) (16)
(17-20)
5. ()
(21)
5.1 5.1.1
5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4
(22) . (23-25) (26)
. (27-29)
6. 6.1
(30-32)
7. sample size
8. 8.1 8.2 8.3 -prob (33) (34) - (35-42)
3.
4. ()
4.1 4.1.1
4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4
5. ()
5.1 5.1.1
5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4
6. 6.1
7. sample size
8. 8.1 8.2 8.3 -prob (33) (34)
(5-6)
(7-10)
(11)
(12) . (13-15) (16)
(17-20)
(21)
(22) . (23-25) (26)
. (27-29)
(30-32)
- (35-42)
()
1.
2. Record
3.
4.
CODE
REC
YEAR
UNIVER
5.
MAJOR
6.
OFFICE
7.
SEX
001-999
2 ..
01 =
10 =
02 =
11 =
03 =
12 =
04 =
13 = .
05 =
14 = .
06 =
15 = .
07 =
16 =
08 =
17 = .
09 =
18 = .
01 =
07 = /
02 = / 08 =
03 =
09 =
04 = 10 =
05 =
11 =
06 = /
01 = (.) 07 =
02 = (.) 08 =
03 = (.) 09 = .
04 = (.) 10 =
05 =
11 =
06 = 12 =
.
0 = , 1 =
8.
NUMPAGE T
001-999
9.
NUMPAGE
001-999
19 = .
20 = .
21 = .
22 = .
23 = .
24 =
25 = .
26 = . &
27 = K.
12 =
13 = /
14 = /

15 =
13 =
14 =
15 =
16 =
: (Meta-analysis)
()
10.
TYPERES
11.
RESOBJ
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
12.
DSGN
13.
THRORY1
1 = Thesis .
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
01 =
02 =
03 =
04 =
415
2 = dissert .
3 =
05 =
06 =
07 = R & D
08 =
09 =
10 =
10 =
11 =
12 =
13 =
14 =
20 =
22 =
23 =
30 =
31 = //
32 =
33 =
34 =
35 =
36 =
37 =
40 =
41 =
()
50 =
51 =
52 =
53 =
54 = /
55 =
56 =
57 =
58 =
59 =
14.
14.1
14.2
NUMDV
NUMIV
15.
15.1
TYPEHYPO
0 = , 1 = , 2 = 3 =

15.2
NUMHYPO
00 - 99
EXDESIGN
01 = True control group posttest - only design

02 = True control group pretest - posttest design
03 = True control group pretest - posttest time series
04 = Pretest - posttest non randomized design
05 = The one group pretest - posttest design
06 = Time series
07 = Posttest only group design
08 = Quasi Experimental
09 = Empirical group study
10 =
16.
16.1 design
1-9
01-99/00 = /
: (Meta-analysis)
16.2

16.3
16.4

()
METSELE
STATUS
LEVEL
16.5 INSTITUTE

16.6
()
17.
17.1
17.2
417
1 =
2 =
3 =
4 =
5 =
6 =
7 =
8 =
1 = ../.
2 =
1 = /
2 =
3 =
01 = (.)
02 = (.)
03 = (.)
04 = (.)
3 =
4 =
4 = ./.
5 = (.)
6 =
05 = /.
06 = ./.
07 =
08 = /
5 =
6 = .
7=/
09 =
10 =
.
11 =
SUMSIZE
0001-9999
QUAINSU
0 = 1 = 2 =
3 = 4 = 5 =
NUMINS
01-99
17.3
TYPEINSTU

(1)
(2) /
(3) /
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
18.
18.1
18.2
()
NUMANA
COMPUTER
18.3
TYPEANA
(1) content analysis

(2) descriptive stat
(3) t-test
(4) dependent
t-test
(5) simple
corr/regression
(6) ANOVA,
ANCOVA (one-way)
(7) ANOVA,
ANCOVA (two-way)
(8) ANOVA
(three-way)
(9) multiple
corr./regression
0-9
0 = ,
1 =
2 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
0 = , 1 =
(10) factor analysis
0 = , 1 =
(11) path analysis
0 = , 1 =
(12) LISREL
0 = , 1 =
(13) HLM
0 = , 1 =
: (Meta-analysis)
419
()
1.
CODE
2. Record
REC
3.
TEST
01-99
4.
IV/DV
10 =
11 =

12 = IQ EQ

13 =
14 =
15 = Self-

16 =

17 =
18 =

19 = /
20 =
21 = needs assessment
22 = ()

23 = ()
24 =
25 =

26 =
27 =
28 = Module CAI
001-999
()
29 =
30 =
31 =
32 =
33 = /
34 =
35 =

36 =
37 =
38 = /
39 =
40 = /
41 =
60 = . . . .
61 =
.
62 =
63 =
80 = /
81 =
82 =
83 =
84 =
85 = /
5. (DV)
5.1
5.1.1

TYPEINS
1 =
2 = /
3 = /
4 =
5 =
6 =
7 =
8 =
9 = ...................
: (Meta-analysis)
()
5.1.2
TYPEREL
5.1.3
5.1.4
RDV
VALID
.000 - .999
0 =
1 =
2 =
3 =
4 =
5 =
TYPEINS
1 =
2 = /
3 = /
4 =
6.1.2
TYPEREL
0 =
1 = Test - retest
2 = Parallel form
3 = Split - half
4 = Kuder - Richardson
5 = - coefficient
6.1.3
6.1.4
RDV
VALID
6. (IV)
6.1
6.1.1

0 =
1 = Test - retest
2 = Parallel form
3 = Split - half
5 = - coefficient
.000 - .999
0 =
1 =
2 =
3 =
4 =
5 =
421
6 = Hoyts Analysis of Variance

7 = The Spearman Rank
Correlation Coefficient
8 = Kappa of Kohen
6 =
7 =
8 =

9 =
5 =
6 =
7 =
8 =
9 = ...................
7 = The Spearman Rank
Correlation Coefficient
8 = Kappa of Kohen
6 =
7 =
8 =

9 =

7. /
()
SAMPLE/
CONTROL
7.1 Mean ()
Mean E
7.2 Mean ()
Mean C
7.3 SD ()
SD E
7.4 SD ()
SD C
7.5 n ()
nE
7.6 n ()
nC
8.
TYPECOMPA
9.
9.1
STATTYPE
0.00 - 9.99
0.00 - 9.99
0.00 - 9.99
0.00 - 9.99
000 - 999
000 - 999
1 = t-dependent
2 = ANOVA (Oneway)
3 = ANOVA (twoway)
4 = pretest posttest
5 = ANCOVA
6 =
7 = (Comparative study)
8 =
1 = Z-test
2 = t-test dependent
3 = t-test independent
4 = one-way ANOVA
5 = two-way ANOVA
6 = three-way ANOVA
7 = ANCOVA
8 = -
9.2
9.3
(p)
STAT
PROB
0.00-0.99
0.00-0.99
9.4
SIGNF
0 =
1 = .01
2 = .05
3 = .01
4 = .05
5 = < .01
6 = > .05
1 = randomization
2 = blocking
3 = matching
4 = elimination
5 = stat control
6 = /
7 =
10.
10.1.
CONTROL
: (Meta-analysis)
423
()
1.
CODE
2. Record
REC
3.
CORR
01-99
4.
IV/DV
5. (DV)
5.1
5.1.1

001-999
TYPEINS
1 =
2 = /
3 = /
4 =
5 =
6 =
7 =
8 =
9 = ..................
5.1.2
TYPEREL
0 =
1 = Test - retest
2 = Parallel form
3 = Split - half
5 = - coefficient
6 = Hoyts Analysis of
Variance
7 = The Spearman
Rank Correlation
Coefficient
8 = Kappa of Kohen
5.1.3
RDV
.000 - .999
5.1.4
VALID
0 =
1 =
2 =
3 =
4 =
5 =
6 =
7 =
8 =
9 = ............................................................

6. (IV)
6.1
6.1.1

()
TYPEINS
1 =
2 = /
3 = /
4 =
5 =
6 =
7 =
8 =
9 = ..................
6.1.2
TYPEREL
0 =
1 = Test - retest
2 = Parallel form
3 = Split - half
5 = - coefficient

7 = The Spearman
Rank Correlation Coefficient
8 = Kappa of Kohen
6.1.3
RDV
.000 - .999
6.1.4
VALID
0 =
1 =
2 =
3 =
4 =
5 =
6 =
7 =
8 =
9 = ............................................................
7.
7.1
CORR
.000 - .999
8. sample size
SAMPLE
000 - 999
: (Meta-analysis)
9.
9.1
9.2
()
STAT
1 = Phi
2 = Tetrachoric
3 = Point biserial
4 = Biserial
5 = Spearman ranks order
SIGNF
0 =
1 = .01
2 = .05
3 = .01
4 = .05
5 = < .01
6 = > .05
425
6 = Kendalls Tau
7 = .
Kendall
8 = Pearson
9 = Cramers v
10 = Gamma
: (Meta-analysis)
427
HLM
Program:
Authors:
Publisher:
HLM 6 Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling

Stephen Raudenbush, Tony Bryk, & Richard Congdon
Scientific Software International, Inc. (c) 2000
techsupport@ssicentral.com
www.ssicentral.com
------------------------------------------------Module: HLM2.EXE (6.03.26284.1)
Date:
12 November 2008, Wednesday
Time:
16:57:54
------------------------------------------------SPECIFICATIONS FOR THIS HLM2 RUN
Problem Title: null model
The data source for this run
= sys1.mdm
The command file for this run
= H:\g\meta_HLM\SYSMETA\null.hlm
Output file name
= H:\g\meta_HLM\SYSMETA\null_model.txt
The maximum number of level-1 units = 1589
The maximum number of iterations = 100
Method of estimation: restricted maximum likelihood
Weighting Specification
------------------------------------------------Weight
Variable
Weighting? Name Normalized?
Level 1 no
Level 2 no
Precision no
The outcome variable is
R
The model specified for the fixed effects was:
------------------------------------------------Level-1
Level-2
Coefficients
Predictors
--------------------------INTRCPT1, B0 INTRCPT2, G00
The model specified for the covariance components was:
-------------------------------------------------
: (Meta-analysis)
429
Sigma squared (constant across level-2 units)

Tau dimensions
INTRCPT1
Summary of the model specified (in equation format)
------------------------------------------------Level-1 Model
Y = B0 + R
Level-2 Model
B0 = G00 + U0
Iterations stopped due to small change in likelihood function
******* ITERATION 7 *******
Sigma_squared = 0.03189
Tau
INTRCPT1, B0 0.07680
Tau (as correlations)
INTRCPT1, B0 1.000
--------------------------------------------------------Random level-1 coefficient Reliability estimate
--------------------------------------------------------INTRCPT1, B0 0.877
------------------------------------------------The value of the likelihood function at iteration 7 = 2.538668E+002
R
Final estimation of fixed effects:
------------------------------------------------Standard
Approx.
Fixed Effect
Coefficient Error
T-ratio d.f. P-value
------------------------------------------------For INTRCPT1, B0
INTRCPT2, G00 0.370475 0.022055 16.797 179 0.000
------------------------------------------------The outcome variable is
R
Final estimation of fixed effects
(with robust standard errors)
-------------------------------------------------
Standard
Approx.
Fixed Effect
Coefficient Error
------------------------------------------------For INTRCPT1, B0
INTRCPT2, G00 0.370475 0.021993 16.845 179 0.000
------------------------------------------------Final estimation of variance components:
------------------------------------------------Random Effect
Standard
Variance
df
Chi-square
Deviation
Component
------------------------------------------------INTRCPT1, U0
0.27714
0.07680
179
3147.38044
level-1, R
0.17857
0.03189
------------------------------------------------Statistics for current covariance components model
------------------------------------------------Deviance
= -507.733515
Number of estimated parameters = 2
Program:
Authors:
Publisher:

www.ssicentral.com
------------------------------------------------Module: HLM2.EXE (6.03.26284.1)
Date:
Time:
17:3:21
Problem Title: simple model
= sys1.mdm
= H:\g\meta_HLM\SYSMETA\simple.hlm
Output file name
= H:\g\meta_HLM\SYSMETA\simple_model.txt
P-value
0.000
: (Meta-analysis)
431
------------------------------------------------Weight
Variable
Level 1 no
Level 2 no
Precision no
R
------------------------------------------------Level-1
Level-2
Coefficients
Predictors
--------------------------INTRCPT1, B0
INTRCPT2, G00
# % S_TOTAL slope, B1
INTRCPT2, G10
# D_LEVEL slope, B2
INTRCPT2, G20
# D_MAJOR slope, B3
INTRCPT2, G30
# D_THEORY slope, B4
INTRCPT2, G40
# D_UNIVE2 slope, B5
INTRCPT2, G50
INTRCPT2, G60
# - The residual parameter variance for this level-1 coefficient has been set to zero.
% - This level-1 predictor has been centered around its grand mean.
------------------------------------------------Sigma squared (constant across level-2 units)
Tau dimensions
INTRCPT1
------------------------------------------------Level-1 Model
Y = B0 + B1*(S_TOTAL) + B2*(D_LEVEL) + B3*(D_MAJOR) + B4*(D_THEORY) + B5*(D_UNIVE2) +
B6*(D_UNIVE3) + R
Level-2 Model
B0 = G00 + U0
B1 = G10
B2 = G20
B3 = G30
B4 = G40
B5 = G50
B6 = G60
******* ITERATION 7 *******
Tau
INTRCPT1, B0 1.000
------------------------------------------------Random level-1 coefficient Reliability estimate
------------------------------------------------INTRCPT1, B0 0.860
R
------------------------------------------------Standard
Approx.
Fixed Effect
Coefficient Error
------------------------------------------------For INTRCPT1, B0
INTRCPT2, G00 0.252710 0.033343 7.579 179 0.000
For S_TOTAL slope, B1
INTRCPT2, G10 -0.052559 0.053854 -0.976 1582 0.330
For D_LEVEL slope, B2
INTRCPT2, G20 0.187036 0.045892 4.076 1582 0.000
For D_MAJOR slope, B3
INTRCPT2, G30 0.386649 0.083413 4.635 1582 0.000
For D_THEORY slope, B4
INTRCPT2, G40 0.097633 0.079450 1.229 1582 0.220

: (Meta-analysis)
For D_UNIVE2 slope, B5
INTRCPT2, G50 0.000164 0.048689 0.003
INTRCPT2, G60 0.140337 0.068203 2.058
R
------------------------------------------------Standard
Fixed Effect
Coefficient Error
T-ratio
------------------------------------------------For INTRCPT1, B0
INTRCPT2, G00 0.252710 0.035911 7.037
For S_TOTAL slope, B1
INTRCPT2, G10 -0.052559 0.049777 -1.056
INTRCPT2, G20 0.187036 0.047621 3.928
INTRCPT2, G30 0.386649 0.064274 6.016
INTRCPT2, G40 0.097633 0.045781 2.133
INTRCPT2, G50 0.000164 0.046581 0.004
INTRCPT2, G60 0.140337 0.061903 2.267
------------------------------------------------Final estimation of variance components:
------------------------------------------------Random Effect
Standard
Variance
Deviation
Component
------------------------------------------------INTRCPT1, U0
0.25467
0.06486
level-1, R
0.17859
0.03189
------------------------------------------------Deviance
= -517.059009
1582
0.997
1582
0.039
433
Approx.
d.f. P-value
179
0.000
1582
0.292
1582
0.000
1582
0.000
1582
0.033
1582
0.997
1582
0.023
df
Chi-square
P-value
179
2562.39521
0.000
Program:
Authors:
Publisher:

www.ssicentral.com
------------------------------------------------Module: HLM2.EXE (6.03.26284.1)
Date:
Time:
17: 8:26
Problem Title: hypo model
= sys1.mdm
= H:\g\meta_HLM\SYSMETA\hypo.hlm
Output file name
= H:\g\meta_HLM\SYSMETA\hypo_model.txt
------------------------------------------------Weight
Variable
Level 1 no
Level 2 no
Precision no
R
------------------------------------------------Level-1
Level-2
Coefficients
Predictors
--------------------------INTRCPT1, B0
INTRCPT2, G00
$
NUMPAET, G01
$
NUMPAGE, G02
$
NUMHYPO, G03
: (Meta-analysis)
435
# D_LEVEL slope, B1
INTRCPT2, G10
# D_MAJOR slope, B2
INTRCPT2, G20
# D_THEORY slope, B3
INTRCPT2, G30
INTRCPT2, G40
# - The residual parameter variance for this level-1 coefficient has been set to zero.
$ - This level-2 predictor has been centered around its grand mean.
------------------------------------------------Sigma squared (constant across level-2 units)
Tau dimensions
INTRCPT1
------------------------------------------------Level-1 Model
Y = B0 + B1*(D_LEVEL) + B2*(D_MAJOR) + B3*(D_THEORY) + B4*(D_UNIVE3) + R
Level-2 Model
B0 = G00 + G01*(NUMPAET) + G02*(NUMPAGE) + G03*(NUMHYPO) + U0
B1 = G10
B2 = G20
B3 = G30
B4 = G40
******* ITERATION 8 *******
Tau
INTRCPT1, B0 1.000
------------------------------------------------Random level-1 coefficient Reliability estimate
------------------------------------------------INTRCPT1, B0 0.845
R
-------------------------------------------------
Standard
Fixed Effect
Coefficient Error
------------------------------------------------For INTRCPT1, B0
INTRCPT2, G00 0.289489 0.028240
NUMPAET, G01 0.001640 0.000407
NUMPAGE, G02 -0.002146 0.000668
NUMHYPO, G03 -0.011980 0.007106
INTRCPT2, G10 0.127149 0.045706
INTRCPT2, G20 0.273992 0.079605
INTRCPT2, G30 0.106203 0.073643
INTRCPT2, G40 0.140126 0.062698
R
------------------------------------------------Standard
Fixed Effect
Coefficient Error
------------------------------------------------For INTRCPT1, B0
INTRCPT2, G00 0.289489 0.028934
NUMPAET, G01 0.001640 0.000315
NUMPAGE, G02 -0.002146 0.000518
NUMHYPO, G03 -0.011980 0.004487
INTRCPT2, G10 0.127149 0.046400
INTRCPT2, G20 0.273992 0.062144
INTRCPT2, G30 0.106203 0.037635
INTRCPT2, G40 0.140126 0.058286
-------------------------------------------------
Approx.
10.251
4.031
-3.214
-1.686
176
176
176
176
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.093
2.782
1581
0.006
3.442
1581
0.001
1.442
1581
0.149
2.235
1581
0.025
Approx.
10.005
5.202
-4.143
-2.670
176
176
176
176
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.009
2.740
1581
0.007
4.409
1581
0.000
2.822
1581
0.005
2.404
1581
0.016
: (Meta-analysis)
Final estimation of variance components:
------------------------------------------------Random Effect
Standard
Variance
Deviation
Component
------------------------------------------------INTRCPT1, U0
0.23904
0.05714
level-1, R
0.17862
0.03191
------------------------------------------------Deviance
= -511.306884
df
Chi-square
P-value
176
2301.81299
0.000
437
: (Meta-analysis)
439
LISREL
DATE: 11/20/2008
TIME: 20:53
L I S R E L 8.53
BY
Karl G. J reskog & Dag S rbom
This program is published exclusively by
Scientific Software International, Inc.
7383 N. Lincoln Avenue, Suite 100
Lincolnwood, IL 60712, U.S.A.
Phone: (800)247-6113, (847)675-0720, Fax: (847)675-2140
Copyright by Scientific Software International, Inc., 1981-2002
Use of this program is subject to the terms specified in the
Universal Copyright Convention.
Website: www.ssicentral.com
The following lines were read from file C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\Desktop\meta analysis\final
completed_fitted.LS8:
TI
DA NI=11 NO=1589 MA=KM
LA
RCHAR_AD RCHAR_TE RCHAR_ST RPROC_AD RPROC_TE RPROC_ST Q_ST Q_TE Q_AD
Q_school Q_commu
KM
1.0000
0.0937 1.0000
0.2824 0.2217 1.0000
0.4903 0.5304 0.2761 1.0000
0.0435 0.5813 0.2022 0.0594 1.0000
0.3196 0.2729 0.2218 0.4529 0.0000 1.0000
0.7909 0.7471 0.2843 0.5729 0.6956 0.1640 1.0000
-0.0170 0.2808 0.2788 0.1256 0.2822 0.1633 0.0000 1.0000
-0.0440 0.1273 0.4192 0.2381 0.1196 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
0.3387 0.2867 0.0000 0.5038 0.0000 0.5867 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
0.0000 0.3586 0.0000 0.3224 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
: (Meta-analysis)
441
SE
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 /
MO NX=3 NY=8 BE=FU GA=FI PS=SY te=fu th=fu
FR ga 1 1 ga 3 1 ga 4 1 ga 1 2 ga 2 2 ga 3 2 ga 4 2 ga 5 2
fr ga 8 2 ga 1 3 ga 2 3 ga 3 3 ga 5 3 ga 6 3
fr be 6 1 be 7 1 be 8 1 be 4 2 be 5 2 be 5 3 be 7 3
va 0.005 be 2 1 be 4 1 be 4 3 ga 7 1 ga 7 2 ga 4 3 be 5 1 ga 2 1 ga 5 1 ga 6 1
fr te 4 7 te 4 5 te 4 8 te 6 4 te 3 4 te 1 2 te 1 3 te 5 7 th 1 6 th 3 7 te 2 8 te 7 8 te 2 7 te 6 7
va 0.01 ga 6 2
fr te 3 2 te 5 6 te 5 8 te 6 8 te 3 8 te 3 6 th 1 4
va 0.005 be 6 2
PD
OU SE TV EF SS MI RS FS MI
TI
Number of Input Variables 11
Number of Y - Variables 8
Number of X - Variables 3
Number of ETA - Variables 8
Number of KSI - Variables 3
Number of Observations 1589
TI
Covariance Matrix
RPROC_AD RPROC_TE RPROC_ST
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
RPROC_AD
2.00
RPROC_TE
0.06 2.00
RPROC_ST
0.45
- - 2.00
Q_ST
0.57 0.70 0.16 2.00
Q_TE
0.13 0.28 0.16
- - 2.00
Q_AD
0.24 0.12 - -- - 2.00
Q_school
0.50
- - 0.59
---Q_commu
0.32
-----RCHAR_AD 0.49 0.04 0.32 0.79 -0.02 -0.04
RCHAR_TE
0.53 0.58 0.27 0.75 0.28 0.13
RCHAR_ST
0.28 0.20 0.22 0.28 0.28 0.42
Covariance Matrix
Q_school
Q_commu RCHAR_AD RCHAR_TE RCHAR_ST
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
Q_school
2.00
Q_commu
-2.00
RCHAR_AD 0.34 - - 2.00
RCHAR_TE
0.29 0.36 0.09 2.00
RCHAR_ST
-- - 0.28 0.22 2.00
TI
Parameter Specifications
BETA
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
RPROC_AD
0
RPROC_TE
0
RPROC_ST
0
Q_ST
0
Q_TE
0
Q_AD
4
Q_school
5
Q_commu
7
BETA
Q_school
......................
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Q_commu
......................
RPROC_AD
0 0
RPROC_TE
0 0
RPROC_ST
0 0
Q_ST
0 0
Q_TE
0 0
Q_AD
0 0
Q_school
0 0
Q_commu
0 0
GAMMA
RCHAR_AD RCHAR_TE RCHAR_ST
...................... ...................... ......................
: (Meta-analysis)
443
RPROC_AD
8
9 10
RPROC_TE
0 11 12
RPROC_ST
13 14 15
Q_ST
16 17 0
Q_TE
0 18 19
Q_AD
0
0 20
Q_school
0
0 0
Q_commu
0 21 0
PHI
...................... ...................... ......................
RCHAR_AD 22
RCHAR_TE 23
RCHAR_ST 25
PSI
RPROC_AD
......................
28
PSI
Q_school
......................
34
TI
24
26 27
RPROC_TE RPROC_ST
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
29 30 31 32 33
Q_commu
......................
35
Number of Iterations = 28
LISREL Estimates (Maximum Likelihood)
BETA
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
RPROC_AD
RPROC_TE
RPROC_ST
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
Q_school
Q_commu
-0.01
-0.01
(0.06)
6.21
0.01
(0.08)
2.14
0.12
(0.05)
2.33
0.35
(0.05)
6.91
0.12
(0.06)
1.98
BETA
Q_school
......................
---0.40
---0.01
-----
-----
-----
0.16
(0.05)
0.83
0.01
0.04
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-(0.05)
9.05
--
0.48
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Q_commu
......................
RPROC_AD
--RPROC_TE
--RPROC_ST
--Q_ST
--Q_TE
--Q_AD
--Q_school
--Q_commu
--GAMMA
...................... ...................... ......................
: (Meta-analysis)
445
RPROC_AD
0.44 0.49 0.05

(0.05) (0.05) (0.05)
8.17 9.52 0.98
RPROC_TE
0.01 0.56 0.07
(0.05) (0.05)
10.46 1.42
RPROC_ST
0.27 0.23 0.10
(0.05) (0.05) (0.06)
5.13 4.45 1.78
Q_ST
0.38 0.47 0.01
(0.09) (0.07)
4.18 7.17
Q_TE
0.01 0.12 0.19
(0.08) (0.05)
1.61 3.58
Q_AD
0.01 0.01 0.38
(0.05)
6.98
Q_school
0.01 0.01
-Q_commu
-0.30
-(0.07)
4.53
Covariance Matrix of Y and X
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
RPROC_AD
1.01
RPROC_TE
0.32
1.00
RPROC_ST
0.28
0.17
Q_ST
0.57
0.70
Q_TE
0.19
0.28
Q_AD
0.23
0.12
Q_school
0.49
0.20
Q_commu
0.28
0.21
RCHAR_AD
0.48
0.06
RCHAR_TE
0.52
0.58
RCHAR_ST
0.27
0.18
Covariance Matrix of Y and X
Q_school Q_commu RCHAR_AD
...................... ...................... ......................
1.00
0.32
0.15
0.12
0.58
0.11
0.31
0.26
0.22
0.98
0.27
0.18
0.36
0.29
0.43
0.73
0.28
1.00
0.12
0.14
0.10
0.09
0.27
0.26
1.00
0.14
0.07
0.17
0.15
0.42
RCHAR_TE RCHAR_ST
...................... ......................

Q_school
1.00
Q_commu 0.16 1.00
RCHAR_AD 0.33 0.08
RCHAR_TE 0.31 0.36
RCHAR_ST
0.20 0.09
PHI
RCHAR_AD RCHAR_TE
...................... ......................
RCHAR_AD
RCHAR_TE
RCHAR_ST
1.00
(0.07)
14.07
0.06
(0.05)
1.22
0.27
(0.05)
5.38
1.00
(0.07)
14.09
0.20
(0.05)
4.12
1.00
0.06
0.27
1.00
0.20
1.00
RCHAR_ST
......................
1.00
(0.07)
14.10
PSI
Note: This matrix is diagonal.
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
0.53
(0.07)
7.71
0.66
(0.07)
9.34
0.83
(0.07)
11.94
0.19
(0.07)
2.52
0.87
(0.07)
12.60
0.81
(0.07)
11.64
PSI
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... ......................
0.54
0.85
(0.07) (0.07)
8.05 12.29
Squared Multiple Correlations for Structural Equations
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
: (Meta-analysis)
0.48
0.34
0.17
0.81
Squared Multiple Correlations for Structural Equations
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... ......................
0.13
447
0.19
0.46
0.14
Squared Multiple Correlations for Reduced Form
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
0.48
0.34
0.17
0.70
Squared Multiple Correlations for Reduced Form
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... ......................
0.20
0.11
0.18
0.14
Reduced Form
...................... ...................... ......................
RPROC_AD
RPROC_TE
RPROC_ST
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
0.44
(0.05)
8.17
0.01
(0.00)
26.66
0.27
(0.05)
5.13
0.39
(0.09)
4.25
0.02
(0.02)
1.37
0.06
(0.02)
2.48
0.49
(0.05)
9.52
0.57
(0.05)
10.50
0.23
(0.05)
4.45
0.70
(0.05)
13.74
0.23
(0.05)
4.46
0.07
(0.03)
2.76
0.05
(0.05)
0.98
0.07
(0.05)
1.43
0.10
(0.06)
1.78
0.03
(0.02)
1.66
0.21
(0.05)
3.95
0.39
(0.05)
7.15
Q_school
Q_commu
0.29
(0.04)
7.90
0.06
(0.03)
1.92
0.29
(0.04)
7.99
0.36
(0.05)
7.04
0.07
(0.04)
1.84
0.01
(0.01)
0.87
Goodness of Fit Statistics

Degrees of Freedom = 10
Minimum Fit Function Chi-Square = 17.59 (P = 0.062)
Normal Theory Weighted Least Squares Chi-Square = 17.51 (P = 0.064)
Estimated Non-centrality Parameter (NCP) = 7.51
90 Percent Confidence Interval for NCP = (0.0; 23.23)
Minimum Fit Function Value = 0.011
Population Discrepancy Function Value (F0) = 0.0047
90 Percent Confidence Interval for F0 = (0.0; 0.015)
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.022
90 Percent Confidence Interval for RMSEA = (0.0; 0.038)
P-Value for Test of Close Fit (RMSEA < 0.05) = 1.00
Expected Cross-Validation Index (ECVI) = 0.082
90 Percent Confidence Interval for ECVI = (0.077; 0.092)
ECVI for Saturated Model = 0.083
ECVI for Independence Model = 1.32
Chi-Square for Independence Model with 55 Degrees of Freedom = 2074.54
Independence AIC = 2096.54
Model AIC = 129.51
Saturated AIC = 132.00
Independence CAIC = 2166.62
Model CAIC = 486.28
Saturated CAIC = 552.48
Normed Fit Index (NFI) = 0.99
Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI) = 0.98
Parsimony Normed Fit Index (PNFI) = 0.18
Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 1.00
Incremental Fit Index (IFI) = 1.00
Relative Fit Index (RFI) = 0.95
Critical N (CN) = 2096.89
: (Meta-analysis)
449
Root Mean Square Residual (RMR) = 0.025

Standardized RMR = 0.013
Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 1.00
Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI) = 0.99
Parsimony Goodness of Fit Index (PGFI) = 0.15
TI
Fitted Covariance Matrix
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
RPROC_AD 2.01
RPROC_TE
0.07 2.00
RPROC_ST
0.45 0.00
Q_ST
0.57 0.70
Q_TE
0.19 0.28
Q_AD
0.23 0.12
Q_school
0.49 0.01
Q_commu
0.28 0.01
RCHAR_AD 0.48 0.06
RCHAR_TE 0.52 0.58
RCHAR_ST
0.27 0.18
Fitted Covariance Matrix
Q_school Q_commu
...................... ......................
Q_school
2.00
Q_commu 0.00 2.00
RCHAR_AD 0.33 0.08
RCHAR_TE 0.31 0.36
RCHAR_ST -0.01 0.09
Fitted Residuals
RPROC_AD RPROC_TE
...................... ......................
2.00
0.16
0.15
0.00
0.58
0.01
0.31
0.26
0.22
1.98
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.77
0.73
0.28
2.00
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.09
0.27
0.26
2.00
0.00
0.01
-0.06
0.15
0.42

...................... ...................... ......................
2.00
0.06
0.27
2.00
0.20
2.00
RPROC_ST
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
RPROC_AD -0.01
RPROC_TE -0.01 0.00
RPROC_ST
0.00 0.00
Q_ST
0.01 0.00
Q_TE
-0.06 0.01
Q_AD
0.01 0.00
Q_school
0.01 -0.01
Q_commu 0.04 -0.01
RCHAR_AD 0.01 -0.02
RCHAR_TE 0.01 0.00
RCHAR_ST
0.01 0.02
Fitted Residuals
Q_school Q_commu
...................... ......................
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
-0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
-0.04
0.00
0.00
-0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
-0.02
-0.02
-0.11
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.00
-0.01
0.01
-0.02
0.00

...................... ...................... ......................
Q_school
0.00
Q_commu
0.00 0.00
RCHAR_AD 0.01 -0.08 0.00
RCHAR_TE -0.03 0.00 0.04 0.00
RCHAR_ST
0.01 -0.09 0.01 0.03 0.00
Summary Statistics for Fitted Residuals
Smallest Fitted Residual = -0.11
Median Fitted Residual = 0.00
Largest Fitted Residual = 0.04
Stemleaf Plot
- 10|6
- 8|2
- 6|80
- 4|
- 2|9872
- 0|9763328865322110000
0|11111233334555777788889111223468
2|001366
4|0
Standardized Residuals
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
: (Meta-analysis)
451
RPROC_AD
-1.31
RPROC_TE
-0.55
0.79
RPROC_ST
0.34
0.47
-0.03
Q_ST
0.56
-0.16
2.06
2.13
Q_TE
-1.48
0.94
2.17
-2.24
0.82
Q_AD
0.52
0.01
0.00
-0.12
0.71
0.02
Q_school
0.60
-0.99
0.73
-0.10
-2.31 0.04
Q_commu
2.70
-2.69
-2.09
-1.91
-3.02 -1.03
RCHAR_AD0.60
-0.39
0.64
1.70
-2.38
2.07
RCHAR_TE
0.61
1.37
1.03
1.94
1.17 -0.54
RCHAR_ST
1.14
1.16
1.15
0.32
2.70
0.86
Q_school Q_commu RCHAR_AD RCHAR_TE RCHAR_ST
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
Q_school
0.46
Q_commu -0.13 1.72
RCHAR_AD 0.37 -1.98 0.45
RCHAR_TE -0.80 -0.66 2.21 0.69
RCHAR_ST
1.30 -2.01 1.70 1.52
Summary Statistics for Standardized Residuals
Smallest Standardized Residual = -3.02
Median Standardized Residual = 0.47
Largest Standardized Residual = 2.70
Stemleaf Plot
- 3|0
- 2|7432100
- 1|985300
- 0|87554211100000
0|3345555666667778899
1|012223457779
2|1112277
Largest Negative Standardized Residuals
Residual for Q_commu and RPROC_TE -2.69
Residual for Q_commu and Q_TE -3.02
Largest Positive Standardized Residuals
Residual for Q_commu and RPROC_AD 2.70
Residual for RCHAR_ST and Q_TE 2.70
-1.82
TI
Qplot of Standardized Residuals
3.5..........................................................................
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: (Meta-analysis)
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453
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-3.5..........................................................................
-3.5
3.5
TI
Modification Indices and Expected Change
Modification Indices for BETA
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
RPROC_AD
- - 0.03 0.37
RPROC_TE
0.62 0.66 0.16
RPROC_ST
0.37 6.83 - Q_ST
0.17 - - 0.17
Q_TE
4.26 - - - Q_AD
- - 0.04 0.32
Q_school
- - 0.73 - Q_commu
- - 5.48 8.38
Modification Indices for BETA
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... ......................
RPROC_AD
RPROC_TE
RPROC_ST
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
Q_school
Q_commu
0.50
0.41
0.36
0.17
4.34
0.32
0.48
8.33
0.03
0.62
7.03
0.17
6.70
0.16
0.81
6.80
0.90
0.42
6.70
0.17
6.43
0.15
0.80
5.59
0.32
0.00
0.39
0.17
4.49
0.22
0.25
5.14
7.06
0.62
0.37
0.17
4.27
0.32
0.72
-
Expected Change for BETA
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
RPROC_AD
- - -0.04 0.09
RPROC_TE -0.09 -5.94 -0.08
RPROC_ST
0.14 4.16 - Q_ST
0.08 - - -0.23
Q_TE
-0.14 - - - Q_AD
- - -0.01 -0.25
Q_school
- - -0.10 - Q_commu
- - -1.72 -0.63
Expected Change for BETA
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... ......................
0.05
-0.11
10.47
-5.64
-0.38
-0.04
-0.10
-0.47
-0.05
1.48
0.50
-0.12
-16.59
-0.09
-0.28
-0.60
0.07
0.00
1.25
-0.06
-1.14
-2.37
-0.49
-0.32
RPROC_AD 0.07 0.25

RPROC_TE -0.11 -0.69
RPROC_ST
0.15 1.15
Q_ST
0.40 0.61
Q_TE
-0.39 -1.10
Q_AD
-0.50 -0.13
Q_school
-9.46 -0.19
Q_commu -1.27 - Standardized Expected Change for BETA
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
RPROC_AD
- - -0.04 0.09 0.05 -0.05
RPROC_TE -0.09 -5.95 -0.08 -0.11 1.48
RPROC_ST
0.14 4.16 - - 10.58 0.50
Q_ST 0.08
- - -0.23 -5.75 -0.12 -0.07
Q_TE -0.14 - - - - -0.38 -16.61 -1.14
Q_AD
- - -0.01 -0.25 -0.04 -0.09
Q_school
- - -0.10 - - -0.10 -0.28
Q_commu
- - -1.72 -0.63 -0.48 -0.60
Standardized Expected Change for BETA
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... ......................
0.07
0.00
1.25
-2.37
-0.49
-0.32
: (Meta-analysis)
455
RPROC_AD 0.07 0.25

RPROC_TE -0.11 -0.69
RPROC_ST
0.15 1.15
Q_ST
0.41 0.62
Q_TE
-0.39 -1.10
Q_AD
-0.50 -0.13
Q_school
-9.48 -0.19
Q_commu -1.27 - Modification Indices for GAMMA
...................... ...................... ......................
RPROC_AD
-- -- -RPROC_TE
0.66 - - - RPROC_ST
-- -- -Q_ST
- - - - 0.17
Q_TE
6.69 - - - Q_AD
0.33 0.32 - Q_school
0.03 0.72 0.15
Q_commu 5.93 - - 5.06
Expected Change for GAMMA
...................... ...................... ......................
RPROC_AD
-- -- -RPROC_TE -0.04 - - - RPROC_ST
-- -- -Q_ST
- - - - -0.02
Q_TE
-0.14 - - - Q_AD
0.14 -0.04 - Q_school
0.01 -0.06 -0.15
Q_commu -0.18 - - -0.12
Standardized Expected Change for GAMMA
...................... ...................... ......................
RPROC_AD
-- -- -RPROC_TE -0.04 - - - RPROC_ST
-- -- -Q_ST
- - - - -0.02
Q_TE
-0.14 - - - Q_AD
0.14 -0.04 - Q_school
0.01 -0.06 -0.16
Q_commu -0.18 - - -0.12
No Non-Zero Modification Indices for PHI
Modification Indices for PSI
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
RPROC_AD
-RPROC_TE
0.03 - RPROC_ST
0.37 6.72 - Q_ST
0.17 0.17 - Q_TE
0.94 6.44 6.69
Q_AD
0.32 0.01 - Q_school
0.56 - - 0.34
Q_commu 7.06 - - - Modification Indices for PSI
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... ......................
------
-----
----
Q_school
-Q_commu
-- -Expected Change for PSI
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
RPROC_AD
RPROC_TE
RPROC_ST
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
Q_school
Q_commu
--0.03
0.08
0.03
-0.05
0.05
0.06
0.22
-2.71
0.21
10.92
0.00
---
--0.44
-0.12
--
------
-----
----
: (Meta-analysis)
457
Expected Change for PSI

Q_school
Q_commu
...................... ......................
Q_school
-Q_commu
-- -Standardized Expected Change for PSI
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
RPROC_AD
-RPROC_TE -0.03 - RPROC_ST
0.08 2.71 - Q_ST
0.03 0.21 - - - Q_TE
-0.05 10.93 0.44 - Q_AD
0.05 0.00 - - - Q_school
0.06 - - 0.12 - Q_commu 0.22 - - - - - Standardized Expected Change for PSI
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... .....................
-----
----
Q_school
-Q_commu
-- -Modification Indices for THETA-EPS
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
RPROC_AD 2.57
RPROC_TE
- - 0.29
RPROC_ST
- - - - 0.76
Q_ST
0.17 0.17 - - - Q_TE
0.94 6.44 6.69 - Q_AD
0.32 0.01 - - - Q_school
0.56 - - 0.34 - Q_commu 7.06 - - - - - Modification Indices for THETA-EPS
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... .....................
-----
----
Q_school
-Q_commu
-- -Expected Change for THETA-EPS
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
RPROC_AD -0.31
RPROC_TE
- - -0.68
RPROC_ST
- - - - -0.38
Q_ST
0.03 0.21 - - - Q_TE
-0.05 10.92 0.44 - Q_AD
0.05 0.00 - - - Q_school
0.06 - - 0.12 - Q_commu 0.22 - - - - - Expected Change for THETA-EPS
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... .....................
-----
----
Q_school
-Q_commu
-- -Modification Indices for THETA-DELTA-EPS
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
RCHAR_AD 0.12 0.23 0.01 - - 4.81 - RCHAR_TE 0.01 0.13 0.16 0.17 0.42 0.36
RCHAR_ST
0.81 0.14 6.98 0.17 6.74 0.07
Modification Indices for THETA-DELTA-EPS
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... .....................
RCHAR_AD 0.01 3.95
RCHAR_TE 0.83 1.68
RCHAR_ST
- - 3.64
Expected Change for THETA-DELTA-EPS
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
: (Meta-analysis)
459
RCHAR_AD 0.04 -0.02 0.01 - - -0.11 RCHAR_TE -0.01 -0.15 0.05 -0.13 0.07 -0.03
RCHAR_ST
0.14 0.03 -1.82 -0.02 0.52 0.13
Expected Change for THETA-DELTA-EPS
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... .....................
RCHAR_AD 0.00 -0.10
RCHAR_TE -0.04 -0.23
RCHAR_ST
- - -0.09
Modification Indices for THETA-DELTA
...................... ...................... ......................
RCHAR_AD 0.74
RCHAR_TE 4.45 0.43
RCHAR_ST
2.12 1.08 4.70
Expected Change for THETA-DELTA
...................... ...................... ......................
RCHAR_AD 0.81
RCHAR_TE 0.16 0.16
RCHAR_ST
0.16 0.07 -1.62
Maximum Modification Index is 8.38 for Element (8, 3) of BETA
TI
Factor Scores Regressions
Y
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
RPROC_AD
RPROC_TE
RPROC_ST
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
Q_school
Q_commu
0.39
0.05
-0.06
0.07
-0.02
-0.01
0.05
0.01
0.09
0.40
0.03
0.17
0.02
-0.01
0.04
0.05
-0.02
0.04
0.45
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.13
0.03
0.08
0.22
0.12
0.36
0.14
0.07
0.15
0.13
0.03
0.07
0.04
0.08
0.49
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.06
0.02
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.49
0.06
0.03
Y
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
RPROC_AD 0.13 0.07 0.09 0.06 0.03
RPROC_TE
0.08 0.09 -0.11 0.04 0.01
RPROC_ST
0.18 0.06 0.02 -0.02 0.03
Q_ST
0.12 0.11 0.02 0.10 0.02
Q_TE
0.08 0.05 -0.05 -0.01 0.04
Q_AD
0.06 0.03 0.04 -0.02 0.08
Q_school
0.46 0.07 -0.01 -0.04 0.04
Q_commu 0.07 0.50 -0.05 0.01 -0.01
X
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
RCHAR_AD 0.10 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.08
RCHAR_TE 0.08 0.11 0.04 0.23 0.06 0.03
RCHAR_ST
0.00 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.11
X
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... .....................
RCHAR_AD 0.06 0.01 0.45 -0.05 0.04
RCHAR_TE 0.10 0.11 -0.12 0.31 0.01
RCHAR_ST
0.09 0.02 0.03 -0.01 0.45
TI
Standardized Solution
BETA
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
RPROC_AD
RPROC_TE
RPROC_ST
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
Q_school
Q_commu
-- -- -0.01 - - - -- -- -0.01 0.40 0.01

0.01 0.16 0.04
0.12 0.00 - 0.35 - - 0.48
0.13 - - - -
---------
---------
---------
: (Meta-analysis)
BETA
Q_school
......................
RPROC_AD
-RPROC_TE
-RPROC_ST
-Q_ST
-Q_TE
-Q_AD
-Q_school
-Q_commu
-GAMMA
RCHAR_AD
......................
461
Q_commu
.....................
--------RCHAR_TE RCHAR_ST
...................... ......................
RPROC_AD 0.44 0.49 0.05

RPROC_TE
0.01 0.56 0.07
RPROC_ST
0.27 0.23 0.10
Q_ST
0.38 0.47 0.01
Q_TE
0.01 0.12 0.19
Q_AD
0.00 0.01 0.38
Q_school
0.01 0.00 - Q_commu
- - 0.30 - Correlation Matrix of Y and X
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
RPROC_AD
RPROC_TE
RPROC_ST
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
Q_school
Q_commu
RCHAR_AD
RCHAR_TE
RCHAR_ST
1.00
0.32
0.28
0.57
0.19
0.23
0.49
0.28
0.48
0.52
0.27
1.00
0.17
0.71
0.28
0.12
0.20
0.21
0.06
0.58
0.18
1.00
0.32
0.15
0.12
0.58
0.11
0.31
0.26
0.22
1.00
0.28
0.19
0.36
0.29
0.44
0.74
0.28
1.00
0.12
0.14
0.10
0.09
0.27
0.26
1.00
0.14
0.07
0.17
0.15
0.42
Correlation Matrix of Y and X
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
Q_school
1.00
Q_commu 0.16 1.00
RCHAR_AD 0.33 0.08 1.00
RCHAR_TE 0.32 0.36 0.06 1.00
RCHAR_ST
0.20 0.09 0.27 0.20 1.00
PSI
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
0.52 0.66 0.83 0.19 0.87 0.81
PSI
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... .....................
0.54 0.86
Regression Matrix Y on X (Standardized)
...................... ...................... ......................
RPROC_AD 0.44 0.49 0.05
RPROC_TE
0.01 0.57 0.07
RPROC_ST
0.27 0.23 0.10
Q_ST
0.39 0.71 0.03
Q_TE
0.02 0.23 0.21
Q_AD
0.06 0.07 0.39
Q_school
0.29 0.29 0.07
Q_commu 0.06 0.36 0.01
TI
Total and Indirect Effects
Total Effects of X on Y
...................... ...................... ......................
: (Meta-analysis)
463
RPROC_AD
0.44 0.49 0.05

(0.05) (0.05) (0.05)
8.17 9.52 0.98
RPROC_TE
0.01 0.57 0.07
(0.00) (0.05) (0.05)
26.66 10.50 1.43
RPROC_ST
0.27 0.23 0.10
(0.05) (0.05) (0.06)
5.13 4.45 1.78
Q_ST
0.39 0.70 0.03
(0.09) (0.05) (0.02)
4.25 13.74 1.66
Q_TE
0.02 0.23 0.21
(0.02) (0.05) (0.05)
1.37 4.46 3.95
Q_AD
0.06 0.07 0.39
(0.02) (0.03) (0.05)
2.48 2.76 7.15
Q_school
0.29 0.29 0.07
(0.04) (0.04) (0.04)
7.90 7.99 1.84
Q_commu 0.06 0.36 0.01
(0.03) (0.05) (0.01)
1.92 7.04 0.87
Indirect Effects of X on Y
...................... ...................... ......................
RPROC_AD
RPROC_TE
RPROC_ST
Q_ST
Q_TE
-0.00
(0.00)
8.17
-0.01
(0.00)
9.43
0.02
(0.02)
1.04
-0.00
(0.00)
9.52
-0.23
(0.04)
6.09
0.10
(0.04)
2.33
-0.00
(0.00)
0.98
-0.03
(0.02)
1.42
0.02
(0.01)
1.49
Q_AD
0.05 0.06 0.01

(0.02) (0.03) (0.01)
2.27 2.37 0.99
Q_school
0.29 0.28 0.07
(0.04) (0.04) (0.04)
7.76 7.85 1.84
Q_commu 0.06 0.06 0.01
(0.03) (0.03) (0.01)
1.92 1.98 0.87
Total Effects of Y on Y
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
RPROC_AD
RPROC_TE
RPROC_ST
Q_ST
-- -- -0.01 - - - -- -- -0.01 0.40 0.01

(0.00) (0.06)
21.67 6.21
Q_TE
0.01 0.16 0.04
(0.00) (0.08) (0.05)
15.45 2.14 0.83
Q_AD
0.12 0.01 - (0.05)
2.33
Q_school
0.35 - - 0.48
(0.05) (0.05)
6.91 9.05
Q_commu 0.12 - - - (0.06)
1.98
Total Effects of Y on Y
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... .....................
RPROC_AD
RPROC_TE
RPROC_ST
Q_ST
-----
-----
-----
-----
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
-----
: (Meta-analysis)
465
Q_TE
-- -Q_AD
-- -Q_school
-- -Q_commu
-- -Largest Eigenvalue of B*B (Stability Index) is 0.367
Indirect Effects of Y on Y
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
RPROC_AD
RPROC_TE
RPROC_ST
Q_ST
-- -- --- -- --- -- -0.00 - - - (0.00)

6.21
Q_TE
0.00 - - - (0.00)
2.14
Q_AD
0.00 - - - Q_school
-- -- -Q_commu
-- -- -Indirect Effects of Y on Y
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... .....................
-----
-----
-----
--
--
--
----
----
----
RPROC_AD
-- -RPROC_TE
-- -RPROC_ST
-- -Q_ST
-- -Q_TE
-- -Q_AD
-- -Q_school
-- -Q_commu
-- -TI
Standardized Total and Indirect Effects
Standardized Total Effects of X on Y
...................... ...................... ......................
RPROC_AD 0.44 0.49 0.05
RPROC_TE
0.01 0.57 0.07
RPROC_ST
0.27 0.23 0.10
Q_ST
0.39 0.71 0.03
Q_TE
0.02 0.23 0.21
Q_AD
0.06 0.07 0.39
Q_school
0.29 0.29 0.07
Q_commu 0.06 0.36 0.01
Standardized Indirect Effects of X on Y
...................... ...................... .....................
RPROC_AD
-- -- -RPROC_TE
0.00 0.00 0.00
RPROC_ST
-- -- -Q_ST
0.01 0.23 0.03
Q_TE
0.02 0.10 0.02
Q_AD
0.05 0.06 0.01
Q_school
0.29 0.28 0.07
Q_commu 0.06 0.06 0.01
Standardized Total Effects of Y on Y
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
RPROC_AD
-- -- -- -RPROC_TE
0.01 - - - - - RPROC_ST
-- -- -- -Q_ST
0.01 0.40 0.01 - Q_TE
0.01 0.16 0.04 - Q_AD
0.12 0.00 - - - Q_school
0.35 - - 0.48 - Q_commu 0.13 - - - - - Standardized Total Effects of Y on Y
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... .....................
---------
---------
: (Meta-analysis)
467
RPROC_AD
-- -RPROC_TE
-- -RPROC_ST
-- -Q_ST
-- -Q_TE
-- -Q_AD
-- -Q_school
-- -Q_commu
-- -Standardized Indirect Effects of Y on Y
Q_ST
Q_TE
Q_AD
...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ....................
RPROC_AD
-- -- -- -RPROC_TE
-- -- -- -RPROC_ST
-- -- -- -Q_ST
0.00 - - - - - Q_TE
0.00 - - - - - Q_AD
0.00 - - - - - Q_school
-- -- -- -Q_commu
-- -- -- -Standardized Indirect Effects of Y on Y
Q_school
Q_commu
...................... .....................
---------
---------
RPROC_AD
-- -RPROC_TE
-- -RPROC_ST
-- -Q_ST
-- -Q_TE
-- -Q_AD
-- -Q_school
-- -Q_commu
-- -Time used: 0.078 Seconds
: (Meta-analysis)
469
1.
2.
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
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.

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2.
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6.
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10.
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: (Meta-analysis)
471
1. -
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10330
02-218-2586 02-218-2578
e-mail address: wnonglak@chula.ac.th
2. -

10330 0-2865-9088, 0-1425-4548
0-2218-2577 0-2218-2578
email address: rauyporn@chula.ac.th
3. -

10330 02-2182535
4. -

16
10330
02-218-9909
02-218-9923
5. -

638 . 109 .
() 02-689-0105 () 081-3550619
e-mail address: Fred_reet@hotmail.com

6. -
7.
8. -
9. -
10. -
328 10400
() 02-610-5369 () 086-5105979
e-mail address: siripornmax@gmail.com

10900
0-2579-1111 e-mail address: sirin.si@spu.ac.th

10210
02-534-4405 02-534-6209
e-mail address: pongsuwan_sri@yahoo.com

47/99 . . . .
() 02-525-3136 () 089-1310107
e-mail address:Doungnetre@yahoo.com,
Doungnetre@hotmail.com, Doungnetre9@gmail.com

1110/5 . 10900
: 02-938-7058 65 256
: 02-583-8096, 02-962-0641
: 081-436-8292
e-mail: bathani@stjohn.ac.th
: (Meta-analysis)
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e-mail address: jariya_03@yahoo.com

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083-2965899 e-mail address: tunya2521@gmail.com

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การสังเคราะห์อภิมาน (Meta analysis)

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การสังเคราะห์อภิมาน (Meta analysis)

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: (Meta-analysis)

0.8 -0.8 176 (

(between group) .3522

(stem and leaf plot)

normal Q-Q plot

effects or effect sizes)

Cooper & Hedges (1994)

Kulik & Kulik (1989) (narration)

2) (Vote-Counting Method Yielding

Hedges & Olkin (1985)

2) (two-group, pretest posttest

Hedges & Olkin (1985)

Hedges & Olkin -

Glass (1976); Glass, McGaw Smith

cognitive approach, cognitive avoidance, behavioral approach, behavioral avoidance,

Shadish (1996) Brown

(hierarchical linear model = HLM)

Noblit and Hare (1988 , 2542)

3.2 (Cross-impact matrix analysis)

Crosby (1979) Juran

Kohler (1925 . 2533)

(enactive stage) (iconic stage)

Longstreet and Shane (1993)

Todd Dewett and Melissa L. Gruys (2007)

(organizing) (staffing) (directing) (co-ordination)

(situational theory) leadership contingency model

1.2-Corad and Blackbum (1985)

Cliff Liao (2004)

Cantisano, Dominguez and Depolo (2008)

1.00(0) 0.93(2) 1.00(0) 1.00(0) 0.97(1)

0.97(1) 0.93(2) 0.93(2) 0.90(3) 0.93(2)

0.93(2) 0.93(2) 0.93(2) 0.97(1) 0.97(1)

0.87(4) 0.97(1) 0.97(1) 1.00(0) 0.97(1)

0.90(3) 0.93(2) 0.93(2) 0.97(1) 0.97(1)

0.97(1) 0.90(3) 0.97(1) 0.97(1) 0.97(1)

0.93(2) 1.00(0) 0.93(2) 0.90(3) 0.97(1)

1.00(0) 0.93(2) 0.93(2) 1.00(0) 0.93(2)

0.97(1) 1.00(0) 0.90(3) 1.00(0) 0.97(1)

One group pretest-posttest

True control group posttest-only design

Mean Median Mode

%CV. Skewness Kurtosis Min

472 100.00 1117 100.00

472 100.00 1117 100.00

472 100.00 1117 100.00

%C.V. Skewness Kurtosis Min

41.7) 54 ( 30.0) 6 ( 3.3)

.439 .685 1.000

.017 .251 1.000

.177 .570 .220 .046 1.000

.163 .500 .307 -.117 .671 1.000

.108 .408 .371 .015 .358 .398 1.000

.028 -.124 1.000

1. r 0.128 p < .05 r 0.162 p < .01

0.3 Hair (1998)

r 0.128 p < .05 r 0.162 p < .01

FACTOR ANALYSIS, PATH

1,589 (stem and leaf plot)

3.00 Extremes (=<-.81)

4.1 (stem and leaf plot)

4.2 normal Q-Q plot

4.3 (box plot)

Correlation, regression ( r = 0.365, SD = 0.317)

1299 0.326 0.300 12.259 0.000* 41.122 0.000*

0.342 19.216 0.000* 13.322 0.000*

0.000* 23.986 0.000*

0.000* 7.597 0.000*

0.249 13.559 0.000* 7.860 0.000*

0.000* 30.412 0.000*

0.000* 16.715 0.000*

0.481 15.369 0.000* 17.394 0.000*

0.263 10.580 0.000* 11.721 0.000*

0.257 10.100 0.000* 3.768 0.001*

0.000* 23.550 0.000*

0.335 0.275 10.915 0.000* 8.283 0.000*

0.001* 21.358 0.000*

0.278 15.790 0.000* 69.466 0.000*

0.347 12.384 0.000* 16.367 0.000*

0.343 27.353 0.000* 21.234 0.000*

0.332 10.613 0.000* 49.796 0.000*

0.285 32.397 0.000* 38.213 0.000*

0.000* 47.579 0.000*

0.355 21.143 0.000* 29.659 0.000*

0.155 56.047 0.000* 145.234 0.000*

0.000* 10.331 0.000*

23 0.650 0.306 10.967 0.000* 14.989 0.000*