-1 \ 35

Ts = short span of slab / 35

10.
Dead load
= own weight of slab + cover
= tS * 2.5 + 0.15 . Assume tS = 12 cm
= 200/ 2 400/ 2 500/2

1000/.2

Live load

= 300 kg./m .

Total load = 2.5*0.12 + 0.15 + 0.30 = 0.75 t/m2.

) ( :

m1 * Lx
m * Ly

=R

Where :
R : Rectangularity Ratio.
m1 and m could be 0.87 or 0.76
(m and/or m1) = 0.87
(m and/or m1) = 0.76
Lx and Ly are the slab dimensions in X and Y directions.
R < 2 2 >R
:

-1 300/ 2 :

= 0.50 R 0.15
0.35
R2

And

.
-2 < 300/ 2 Grashoff

1
R +1
4

And

-3 .Marcus

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

R
R +1
4

1.0
1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.0
0.395 0.473 0.543 0.606 0.660 0.705 0.745 0.778 0.806 0.830 0.849
0.395 0.323 0.262 0.212 0.172 0.140 0.113 0.093 0.077 0.63 0.055

1
.

Design of R.C. sections:

Fc

c
d`

Cs
Yct

Cc

T
b

Fs / n

Notations:

Breadth of the rectangular section

Total depth of the cross section

Theoretical depth of cross section, from the center of

tension steel to the outside fiber of the compression zone.

d`

Distance from compression steel to the outside fiber of the

compression zone.

Distance from the Neutral Axis to the outside fiber of the

compression zone.

YCT

Arm of resisting moment of internal force = distance

between the compression and tension internal forces.

AS

Cross sectional area of tension steel

AS`

Cross sectional area of compression steel

Notations, Cont.
M

External moment acting on the section

CC

Compression force on concrete

CS

Compression force on compression steel

= CS + CC = Total compression force on the section

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

Tensile force on tension steel

Strain of outside fibers of concrete

Strain of tension steel

FC

Maximum compressive stress of concrete in compression

FS

Tensile stress of steel in tension

FS`

Compressive stress of steel in compression

Modular ratio =

(zeta) =

z
d

(beta) =

d`
d

ES
, where E is the modulus of elasticity
EC

FS
FC

Ratio of tension steel reinforcement in the cross section

=

AS
b.d

Ratio of compression steel reinforcement in the cross

A
section = S `
b.d

Assumptions:

-1

( Strain) .

-2

.
.

C
z
=
S d z

and

.. for the elastic stage

. (1)

Stress
= const. = E
Strain

FS
= ES
S

and

FC
= EC
C

(1) S C
Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

FC E S
z
.
=
FS EC d z

z
dz

or

EC

FC
FS

ES
F
z
= n. C
FS d z

). (2
) (2 N.A

FS
z
.
n dz

). (3

= FC

T T = FS . AS )(3
dz
dz
T = n.FC .
. AS
or T = FC .
) .(n. AS
). (4
z
z
AS n.AS .
FS
=r
FC

and

z=.d

)(2

n n. = .r

)n = (n + r
). (5

n
.d

=
=
r d-.d 1-
n(1-) = .r
n
n+r

1- Case 1
Rectangular section with tension steel only:
M, b, d, and AS.
FS, and FC.

Given :
Required :

.
:
-1
-2

Transformed Section method

Internal Forces method

Transformed section method

4

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

12-

Fc
`d

Yct

Fs

n.As

Equivalent area of concrete = n.AS

= )The virtual area of the section (as if the section was made of one material
= b.t + n.AS.
z

M of areas about the N.A = 0.0

)b.z (z/2) = n.AS (d-z

) (z :

(b/2) z2 + (n.AS) z n.AS d = 0.0

b b 2 4ac
=x
2a

n. AS
n 2 . AS2 + 2.b.n. AS .d

b
b2

z=

n. AS
n 2 . AS2 2.b.d

+
.1 +
b
n. AS
b 2

z=

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

z=

z=

n. AS n. AS
2.b.d
+
. 1+
b
b
n. AS

n. AS
b

2.b.d
. 1 + 1 +
n. AS

. (1-1)

(AS / b.d) = z = .d
.d =

n. .b.d
2
. 1 + 1 +
b
n.

2
= n. .d . 1 + 1 +
n.

. (1-2)
.

IX =

b.z 3
z
2
+ b.z. + n. AS .(d z )
12
2

FC = M .
3-

z
Ix

and

FS = M .

(d z )
IX

. (1-3)

Internal forces method

Internal moment = external applied moment

.T

C.YCT = M
but the force = (stress * area)
C = FC .dA

C = FC .b.dy

()

C = b. FC .dy = b . area of stress diagram

the compression force ( C ) = width of the section * area of stress diagram

C = (0.5 FC.z) . b
M = (0.5 FC.z) . b . YCT
FC =

2M

bz d z

)
3

and YCT = d z/3

. (1-4)

substituting for z with .d

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

FC =

2.M

b..d d . d

putting

.1
3

M
FC = C1 . 2
b.d

where C1 =

M
2
.1 b.d
3

= C1

. (1-5)

2
.

taking the moment about the line of action of compression force:

T . YCT = M

AS .FS d z
FS =

)= M

AS d z

Putting

FS =

)
3

. (1-6)

AS = . b . d

&

z=.d

M
M
= C2 . 2
b.d
.b.d 2 1
3

Where

then

C2 =

.1
3

1
C2 =
.

. (1-7)

& = 1

2- Case (2)
Given
required

: M, b, d, AS & AS`
: FS , FC

Moment of areas about the N.A = 0.0

b 2
.z + n. AS ` ( z d `) = n. AS .(d z )
2

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

b 2
.z + n.( AS ` + AS ).z n.( AS .d + AS ` .d `) = 0.0
2
z

n( AS ` + AS )
2.n
n.( AS ` + AS )
( AS .d + AS `.d `)
z=
+
+
b
b
b

z=.d

AS = .b.d

= `/

= d`/d

AS` = `.b.d

nb.d ( `+ )
2n
n.b.d ( `+ )
+
.b.d 2 + `.b.d .d `
+
b
b
b

.d =

. (2-1)

.d = n.d . .(1 + ) + n 2 .d 2 . 2 (1 + ) + 2.n. .d 2 (1 + . )

2

2(1 + . )
2
.d = n.d . (1 + ). n 2 .d 2 . 2 (1 + ) 1 +
2
n. .(1 + )

= n. (1 + ). 1 +

2(1 + . )
1 +
n. .(1 + )2

. (2-2)
.z

d`

Stresses in concrete and steel:

Cs

C = CS + CC

2/3 Z

Z - d`

M about tension steel = 0.0

z

M = C C d + C S (d d `)
3

1
z

M = .FC .z.b d + AS` .FS` (d d `)

2
3

but

Z/3

Fc

. (2-3)

FC
z
=
`
z d`
FS
n

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

FS` =

n.FC . z d `
z

FS` =

n.FC .( )

or FS` =

n.FC .(.d .d )
.d
. (2-4)

n.F z d `
z
1

M = .FC .z.b d + AS` d d ` . C

2
3
z

FC =

FC =

FC =

M
b.z
z
` z d`
d d`
d + n. AS .
2
3
z

z=.d
= `/
FC =

(3-2) ( 4-2) FS`

,
,

AS = .b.d
= d`/d

. (2-5)

AS` = `.b.d

M
.d
.d d `
b..d
`
(d .d )
d
+ n. .b.d .
.d
2
3

M
-
1
.1 .b.d 2 + n. .
2 3

.(1 ).b.d 2

1
M
.
2
b.d 1
-
. 1 + n. .
2 3

FC = C1 .

.(1 )

M
b.d 2

where : C1 =

. (2-6)

. (2-7)
1
-
1
. 1 + n. .
2 3

.(1 )

. (2-8)

.FC
.(4-2) ( 7-2) FC

FS` =

n.( )
M
.C1 . 2

b.d

. (2-9)

to find FS

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

FC
z
=
FS
dz
n

FS =

(z = .d)

n.(1 )
.FC

. (2-10)
(10-2) ( 6-2) FC

FS =

FS =

M
1
.
2
b.d 1
-
.1 + n. .
2 3

.(1 )

M
n(1 )
.
2
b.d 1 2
-
. 1 + n. .
2 3

FS = C 2 .

n(1 )

.(1 )

M
b.d 2

. (2-11)

where:
C2 =

n(1 )
-
1 2
. 1 + n. .
2 3

.(1 )

. (2-12)

Case 3
Design of Rectangular section with tension steel only:
3-1 Free design (the depth is unlimited)

Given
Required

: M, b, FC, and FS
: d, and AS

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

10

Fc

Yct

d`

T
b

Fs / n
:

FC
z
=
FS
dz
n

. (3-1)

of moment about tension steel

C.YCT = M
z
1

.FC .z.b. d = M
2
3

. (3-2)

z=

and from equation 3-1

z=

n+

n
FS

.d

and

FC

FS
=r
FC

n
.d
n+r

1
n
1 n

.FC .b.
.d . d
=M
2
n+r
3 n+r

(3-2) z

and

n
=
n+r

1

.FC .b..d 2 .1 = M
2
3
d=

2
FC ..1
3

M
b

putting

2
FC ..1
3

= K1

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

11

d = K1 .

M
b

. (3-3)

(Balanced Depth) ( 3-3)

.FS FC K1

M about C = 0.0
M = T . YCT
z

M = AS .FS . d
3

AS =

z = .d

M
FS .d .1
3

AS =

M
.FS .d

AS =

M
K 2 .d

.FS = K 2

. (3-4)

3-2 Fixed design (the depth is given)

3-2-1 The given depth > the balanced depth

Fc

Yct

d`

T
b
Given
Required

Fs / n

: M, b, d, FC, and FS
: AS

( Balanced Depth)
.AS FS

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

12

so we can know K1

d
M

= K1

b
1- from the curves between K1 on Y-Axis, and FC on X-Axis we can get FC.
2- from knowing FC we can determine if it is allowable or not (in this case of design FC
must be < FC all.).
4from the curves between FC, and K2, we can find K2.
M
-5
= AS
K 2 .d
) (Balanced Depth

FC FS
.

so we can know K1

d
M

= K1

b
from the maximum allowable FC on X-Axis, and the value of K1 on Y-Axis, draw two
horizontal and vertical lines respectively, and the two lines will intersect on a curve with
the maximum FS of certain , so we can get K2.
Design of T-Sections
=
=
:

effective width of T-Sec

or

T FC

:
-1 B
.
-2 ) ( T
) ( ) (
.
-3 ) ( T )
(
]FC (all.) [in case of T-Sec.] = 0.5 ~ 0.75 of FC (all.) [in case of R-Sec.
FC .

13

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

Examples:
For the plan shown in the following figure, find the loads on all beams knowing
that:
1- Slab thickness
= 12.0 cm
2- Weight of cover
= 150.0 kg/m2
3- Live load
= 200.0 kg/m2
4- Wall height
= 3.0 m
5- Depth of all beams
= 60.0 cm
6- Breadth of beams ab, cde = 12.0 cm
7- Breadth of the remaining beams = 25.0 cm

60

60

3.00

And the draw the absolute shearing force and bending moment of the main beam
(fbd), and design the critical sections, the draw to scale 1:20 the details of reinforcement of
a longitudinal section of the beam (fbd).

B
4.00

2.00

5.00

5.00

2.00

5.00

5.00

e
6.00

2.00

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

14

Absolute bending moment of a continues beam

3.0 t
3.0 t/m

3.0 t/m

2.0 t/m

16.33

13.0

10.55

8.26

2.5

-3.74

-12.74

-1.45

-9.28

-2.17
-10.23

-4.01
-15.67

21.41

17.48

16.45

-8.27

2.99
-4.23

-8.0

-10.45

9.99

3.77

20.9

-0.3

-9.63

-1.8
-19.22

16.67

15.91

9.89

7.04

2.89
-1.83

-4.96

-4.11

-13.96

-15.33

23.75

20.25

-4.63

13.9

3.91

3.4

-4.09

-2.59
-10.09

-7.1
-16.09
23.82

20.54
-0.73

-2.12

-18.2

-18.38

-6.47

-23.82

-23.75

9.63

8.27
19.22

Prepared By:/ Amr A. El-Sayed, Civil Eng Dept., El-Minia Univ., Eg.

15