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CHIU SNG
1. GII THIU ............................................................................................... 1
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2. CC LOI H THNG CHIU SNG ................................................. 5 3. NH GI H THNG CHIU SNG ............................................... 16 4. GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU .......................... 30 5. BNG DANH SCH GII PHP.......................................................... 38 6. BNG TNH.............................................................................................. 39 7. TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................ 39
1. GII THIU
Phn ny gii thiu ngn gn kin thc c s v chiu sng v nhng thut ng cng khi nim c bn s dng trong ngnh lin quan n chiu sng.
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Thit b in: Chiu sng Nng sng Cc cht rn v cht lng pht ra bc x c th nhn thy c khi chng c nung nng n nhit khong 1000K. Cng nh sng tng ln v mu sc b ngoi tr nn sng hn khi nhit tng. Phng in Khi mt dng in chy qua cht kh, cc nguyn t v phn t pht ra bc x vi quang ph mang c tnh ca cc nguyn t c mt. Pht quang in: nh sng c to ra khi dng in chy qua nhng cht rn nht nh nh cht bn dn hoc photpho. Pht sng quang in: Thng thng cht rn hp th bc x ti mt bc sng v pht ra tr li ti mt bc sng khc. Khi bc x c pht ra c th nhn thy c, hin tng c gi l s pht ln quang hay s pht hunh quang. Nh c th quan st trn di quang ph in t Hnh 1, nh sng nhn thy c th hin l mt di bng t tn hp nm gia nh sng ca tia cc tm (UV) v nng lng hng ngoi (nhit). Nhng sng nh sng ny c kh nng kch thch vng mc ca mt, gip to nn cm gic v th gic, gi l kh nng nhn. V vy, quan st c cn c mt hot ng bnh thng v nh sng nhn thy c.
Tia c c tm
Hnh 1. Bc x nhn thy c (Cc s dng nng lng hiu qu, 2005) 1.3 Cc khi nim v thut ng thng dng Lumen: n v ca quang thng; thng lng c pht ra trong phm vi mt n v gc cht rn bi mt ngun im vi cng sng u nhau l mt Candela. Mt lux l mt lumen trn mi mt vung. Lumen (lm) l ng lng trc quang ca Ot, c tng ln ph hp vi phn ng mt ca ngi quan st chun 1 W = 683 lumen ti bc sng 555 nm. Hiu sut ti lp t y l chiu sng duy tr trung bnh c cung cp trn mt mt phng lm vic ngang trn mi Ot cng sut vi chiu sng ni tht chung c th hin bng lux/W/m.
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Thit b in: Chiu sng H s hiu sut ti lp t: y l t s ca hiu sut ti mc tiu v ti lp t. Ngun pht sng: B n l mt n v pht sng hon chnh, bao gm mt hoc nhiu n cng vi cc b phn c thit k phn phi nh sng, nh v v bo v n, v ni n vi ngun in. Lux: y l n v o theo h mt cho chiu sng ca mt b mt. chiu sng duy tr trung bnh l cc mc lux trung bnh o c ti cc im khc nhau ca mt khu vc xc nh. Mt lux bng mt lumen trn mi mt vung. cao lp t: cao ca vt hay n so vi mt phng lm vic. Hiu sut pht sng danh ngha: T s gia cng sut lumen danh ngha ca n v tiu th in danh ngha, c th hin bng lumen trn ot Ch s phng : y l mt h s thit lp quan h gia cc kch thc d kin ca c cn phng v cao gia b mt lm vic v b mt ca c. Hiu sut ti mc tiu: Gi tr ca hiu sut ti lp t c xem l c th t c vi hiu sut cao nht, c th hin bng lux/W/m. H s s dng (UF): y l t l ca quang thng do n pht ra ti mt phng lm vic. y l n v o th hin tnh hiu qu ca s phi hp chiu sng. Quang thng v cng sng: n v quc t ca cng sng I l Candela (cd). Mt lumen bng quang thng chiu sng trn mi mt vung (m2) ca mt hnh cu c bn knh mt mt (1m) khi mt ngun nh sng ng hng 1 Candela (ngun pht ra bc x u nhau ti mi hng) c v tr ti tm ca hnh cu. Do din tch ca hnh cu c bn knh r l 4r2, mt hnh cu c bn knh l 1m c din tch l 4m2 nn tng quang thng do ngun 1 cd pht ra l 41m. V vy quang thng do mt ngun nh sng ng hng c cng I s c tnh theo cng thc: Quang thng (lm) = 4 cng sng(cd) S khc nhau gia lux v lumen l lux ph thuc vo din tch m quang thng tri ra. 1000 lumen, tp trung ti mt din tch mt mt vung, chiu sng din tch vi chiu sng l 1000 lux. Cng 1000 lumen chiu sng trn din tch mi mt vung s to ra chiu sng m hn, ch c 100 lux. nh lut t l nghch vi bnh phng nh lut t l nghch vi bnh phng xc nh quan h gia cng sng t mt im ngun v khong cch. nh lut pht biu rng cng nh sng trn mi n v din tch t l nghch vi bnh phng ca khong cch tnh t ngun (v bn cht l bn knh). E=I/d2 Trong E = chiu sng, I = cng sng v d = khong cch
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP
Thit b in: Chiu sng Mt cch vit khc i khi thun tin hn ca cng thc ny l: E1 d1 = E2 d2 Khong cch c o t im kim tra n b mt pht sng u tin dy tc ca bng n trong, hoc v thy tinh ca bng n m. V d: Nu o cng sng ca mt bng n ti khong cch 1,0 mt c 10,0 lm/m th mt thng lng ti im chnh gia ca khong cch s l bao nhiu? Li gii: E1m = (d2 / d1) * E2 = (1.0 / 0.5) * 10.0 = 40 lm/m Nhit mu Nhit mu, c th hin theo thang tnh Kelvin (K) l biu hin mu sc ca n v nh sng m n pht ra. Tng tng mt tng st c nung u cho n khi n rc ln nh sng da cam u tin, v sau l vng, v tip tc cho n khi n tr nn nng trng Ti bt k thi im no trong qu trnh nung, chng ta c th o c nhit ca kim loi theo Kelvin ( C + 273) v gn gi tr vi mu c to ra. y l nn tng l thuyt v nhit mu. i vi n nng sng, nhit mu l gi tr thc; i vi n hunh quang v n c ng phng in cao p (HID), gi tr ny l tng i v v vy c gi l nhit mu tng quan. Trong cng nghip, "nhit mu v nhit mu tng quan thng c th c s dng hon i cho nhau. Nhit mu ca n lm cho n tr thnh cc ngun sng m, trung tnh hoc mt. Ni chung, nhit cng thp th ngun cng m, v ngc li. hon mu Kh nng hon mu b mt ca ngun nh sng c th c o mt cch rt tin li bng ch s hon mu. Ch s ny da trn tnh chnh xc m chic n c xem xt m phng mt tp hp cc mu kim tra so vi chic n mu, kt qu ca ph hp hon ho l 100. Ch s CIE c mt s hn ch nhng vn l n v o c tnh hon mu ca ngun nh sng c cng nhn rng ri nht.
Nhm hon mu 1A 1B 2 3 4
Bng 1. ng dng ca cc nhm hon mu (Cc s dng nng lng hiu qu, 2005) Ch s hon mu ng dng c trng
chung CIE(Ra) Ra > 90 80 < Ra < 90 60 < Ra < 80 40 < Ra < 60 20 < Ra < 40 Bt k ni no cn c s hon mu chnh xc, v d vic kim tra in mu Bt k ni no cn nh gi mu chnh xc hoc cn c s hon mu tt v l do th hin, v d chiu sng trng by Bt k ni no cn s hon mu tng i Bt k ni no s hon mu t quan trng nhng s biu hin mu sc sai lch r rt l khng th chp nhn c Bt k ni no s hon mu khng h quan trng v s biu hin mu sc sai lch r rt l chp nhn c.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
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Thit b in: Chiu sng Vic cho rng nhit mu v hon mu u cng m t nhng c tnh ging nhau ca n l mt quan nim sai lm. Cn nhc li rng nhit mu m t s biu hin mu sc ca ngun nh sng v nh sng c pht ra t . hon mu m t mc chnh xc m nh sng biu hin mu trn cc vt th.
2.1 n si t (GLS)
n nng sng hot ng nh mt vt th xm, pht ra cc bc x c la chn, hu ht din ra vng c th nhn thy c. Bng n c mt b phn chn khng hoc np kh. Mc d b phn ny ngn s oxy ha ca dy tc n bng vonfam, n khng ngn nga bay hi. Bng n b ti i l do vonfam b bay hi ngng li trn b mt tng i mt ca bng. Nh b phn np kh tr, tnh trng bay hi s c ngn chn v trng lng phn t cng ln th hiu qu ca n cng cao. i vi nhng loi n thng, hn hp agon nit vi t l 9/1 c s dng do chi ph thp. Kripton hoc Xenon ch c s dng trong nhng ng dng c bit nh n chu k khi bng n kch thc nh gip b p li chi ph cao v khi hiu sut l vn cc k quan trng. Vic np kh c th lm dn nhit t dy tc, v vy dn nhit thp l rt quan trng. n np kh thng hp nht cc dy ch trong dy dn chnh. Mt khe h nh c th gy phng in, c kh nng ko theo dng in mnh. V khe nt ca dy tc thng bo hiu kt thc tui th ca n nn cc cu ch mch s khng d b h hng.
Hnh 2. n si t v s nng lng ca n si t (y ban v s dng nng lng hi u qu, 2005) c im Hiu sut 12 lumen/Ot Ch s hon mu 1A Nhit mu m (2.500K 2.700K) Tui th ca n 1 2.000 gi
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP
2.2 n Halogen-Vonfam
n halogen l mt loi n nng si t. Loi n ny c dy tc bng vonfam ging nh n si t bnh thng m bn s dng ti nh, tuy nhin bng n c bm y bng kh halogen. Nguyn t vonfam bay hi t dy tc nng v di chuyn v pha thnh mt hn ca bng n. Cc nguyn t vonfam, oxy v halogen kt hp vi nhau ti thnh bng to nn phn t vonfam oxyhalogen. Nhit thnh bng gi cho cc nguyn t vonfam oxyhalogen dng hi. Cc phn t ny di chuyn v pha dy tc nng ni nhit cao hn tch chng ra khi nhau. Nguyn t vonfam li ng li trn vng mt hn ca dy tc-khng phi chnh xc nhng v tr m chng b bay hi. Cc khe h thng xut hin gn cc im ni gia dy tc vonfam v dy u vo bng molypen, ni nhit gim t ngt.
Hnh 33 n halogen vonfam c im Hiu sut 18 lumen/Ot Ch s hon mu 1A Nhit mu m (3.000K- 3.200K) Tui th ca n 2 4.000 gi
2.3 n hunh quang 2.3.1 c im ca n hunh quang n hunh quang c hiu sut ln hn n si t tiu chun t 3 n 5 ln v c tui th t 10 n 20 ln. Dng in chy qua cht kh hoc kim loi bay hi c th gy ra bc x in t ti nhng bc sng nht nh tu theo thnh phn cu to ho hc v p sut kh.
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
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B khi ng
Chn lu
Hnh 4a. n hunh quang
Bc x nhn thy c
Tht thot do dn nhit v i lu Hnh 4b. S dng nng lng ca n hunh quang Pha bn trong thnh thy tinh c mt lp photpho mng, c chn hp thu bc x UV v truyn bc x ny vng c th nhn thy c. Quy trnh ny c hiu sut khong 50%. n hunh quang l loi n catt nng, do catt c nung nng l mt phn trong quy trnh ban u. Catt l nhng dy tc Vonfam vi mt lp bari cacbonat. Khi c nung nng, lp ny s cung cp cc electron b sung gip phng in. Lp pht x ny khng c nung qu, nu khng tui th ca n s gim xung. n s dng thy tinh natri cacbonat, mt cht truyn tia cc tm km. Lng thy ngn nh, thng l 12mg. Nhng loi n mi nht ang s dng hn hp thy ngn, do liu lng gn t n 5mg. iu ny gip duy tr p sut thy ngn ti u trn di nhit rng hn. c tnh ny rt hu ch cho chiu sng bn ngoi v chiu sng cc c nh gn hc tng. 2.3.2 n hunh quang T12, T10, v T5 khc nhau nh th no? Bn loi n ny khc nhau v ng knh (t 1,5 inch hay 12/8 inch i vi T12 n 0,625 hay 5/8 inch i vi n T5). Hiu sut ca cc loi n ny cng khc nhau. n T5 & T8 cho hiu sut cao hn 5 phn trm so vi n T12 40 Ot, v hai loi ny c a chung lp t nhiu hn trong cc h thng chiu sng. 2.3.3 nh hng ca nhit
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
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Thit b in: Chiu sng n hunh quang t c hiu sut hot ng tt nht khi nhit mi trng vo khong 20 n 30C. Nhit thp hn c th lm gim p sut thy ngn, c ngha l nng lng tia cc tm to ra s gim; v vy s c t nng lng tia cc tm tc dng vi photpho v kt qu l to ra t nh sng hn. Nhit cao c th lm dch chuyn bc sng ca tia cc tm, lm cho bc sng gn vng quang ph nhn thy c. Bc sng di hn ca tia cc tm s c t tc dng vi photpho hn, v v vy hiu sut sng s b gim. nh hng chung l hiu sut sng gim hn nu nhit mi trng ln hn hoc nh hn mc nhit ti u. c im Halogen photphat Hiu sut 80 lumen/Watt (b iu khin HF tng hiu sut thm 10%) Ch s hon mu 2-3 Nhit mu Bt k Tui th ca n 7 15.000 gi Photpho ha tr ba Hiu sut 90 lumen/Ot Ch s hon mu -1B Nhit mu Bt k Tui th ca n 7 15.000 gi
c im Hiu sut 60 lumen/Ot Ch s hon mu 1B Nhit mu- m, Trung bnh Tui th ca n 7 10.000 gi Hnh 5 : CFL
2.4 n hi Natri
2.4.1 n hi Natri cao p
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org UNEP
Thit b in: Chiu sng n hi Natri cao p (HPS) c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng chiu sng ngoi tri v chiu sng cng nghip. Hiu sut cao l c im u vit hn ca loi n ny so vi n halogen kim loi v nhng ng dng ny khng i hi hon mu cao. Khc vi n thy ngn v n hologen kim loi, n HPS khng c cc in cc khi ng, balat chn lu bao gm tc-te in t cao p.ng h quang c lm bng gm, c th chu c nhit ln n 2372F. ng c np kh xenon gip to h quang cng nh hn hp kh thy ngn v natri.
ng h quang
B khi ng
Hng dn s dng nng lng hiu qu trong cc ngnh cng nghip Chu www.energyefficiencyasia.org
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c im