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(Vnmath - Com) Bo de Toan Roi Rac Luyen Thi Cao Hoc
(Vnmath - Com) Bo de Toan Roi Rac Luyen Thi Cao Hoc
com
I HC QUNG NGI
TON RI RC
Dng cho sinh vin khoa Cng ngh thng tin
v cho th sinh luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Bi ton m
Bi 1. m s n gm 2 ch s, nu:
a. n chn
Gi AB l s tha mn yu cu
Vy A c 9 cch chn {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(khng chn 0, v chn 0 th s ny c 1 ch s)
B c 5 cch chn {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}
Theo nguyn l nhn, ta c : 9 x 5 = 45 s
b. n l gm 2 ch s khc nhau
Gi AB l s tha mn yu cu
V l s l, nn B c 5 cch chn {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Sau khi ta chn B, th A c 8 cch chn
Theo nguyn l nhn, ta c : 5 x 8 = 40 s
c. n chn gm 2 ch s khc nhau
Gi AB l s tha mn yu cu
Khi B = {0}. A c 9 cch chn {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
S cch chn trong trng hp ny l : 9 cch
Khi B = {2, 4, 6, 8}. A c 8 cch chn
S cch chn trong trng hp ny l : 4 x 8 = 32 cch
Theo nguyn l cng, ta c : 9 + 32 = 41 s
Cch khc:
Theo cu a ta c 45 s n chn. Ta c 4 ch s chn gm 2 ch s ging
nhau: 22, 44, 66, 88. => 45 4 = 41 s n chn gm 2 ch s khc nhau.
: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
a.
abc
a
n Ngc
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
a xong, b
Sau k
a, b
a)
c
a, b)
b.
abc
c
: {0, 2, 4}.
+ Khi c
b nh sau:
a
c =0, a
a, c
+ Khi c
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.
b
b nh sau:
c, a
a, c
c
b
a)
10!
1!.4!.4!.1!
Xu COMPUTER
n Ngc
, nn lp c 8! xu.
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
N ( B) N ( A)
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Ank
n!
(n k )!
20!
(20 11)!
20!
9!
b. Ch co mot cau thu c ch nh lam thu mon, cac cau thu khac chi v tr
nao cung c ?
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Mot cau thu a ch nh lam thu mon, vay ta can chon ra 10 cau thu trong 19 cau
thu con lai xep vao 10 v tr. So cach chon bang chnh hp khong lap chap 10
cua 19 phan t :
Ank
n!
(n k )!
19!
(19 10)!
19!
9!
3352212864 00 cach.
c. Co 3 cau thu ch co the lam thu mon c, cac cau thu khac chi v tr nao
cung c ?
Co 3 cach chon 1 cau thu e lam thu mon t 3 cau thu. Sau khi ta chon thu mon
xong, ke en chon 10 cau thu trong 17 cau thu con lai e xep vao 10 v tr, co:
n!
17!
17!
Ank
7057290240 0 cach
(n k )! (17 10)! 7!
Theo nguyen ly nhan, ta co: 3 7057290240 0 = 211718707200 cach.
Bi 8. Co 8 ngi i vao 1 thang may cua mot toa nha 13 tang. Hoi co bao nhieu
cach e :
a. Moi ngi i vao 1 tang khac nhau.
So cach i vao 8 tang khac nhau cua 8 ngi nay la so cach chon 8 trong so 13
tang khac nhau (moi tang c anh so t 1 en 13). o la so chnh hp khong
lap chap 8 cua 13 phan t:
n!
13!
13!
Ank
51891840
(n k )! (13 8)! 5!
b. 8 ngi nay, moi ngi i vao 1 tang bat k nao o.
Moi ngi co 13 cach la chon t tang 1 en 13. Ma co 8 ngi. Vay so cach
chon la 813.
Bi 9. C bao nhiu xu c di 10 c to t tp {a, b, c} tha mn t nht 1
trong 2 iu kin:
- Cha ng 3 ch a & chng phi ng cnh nhau
- Cha ng 4 ch b & chng phi ng cnh nhau
Gi A l s xu c di 10 c cha ng 3 ch a ng cnh nhau.
B l s xu c di 10 c cha ng 4 ch b ng cnh nhau.
Nh vy: A B l s xu m ta phi tm.
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
ND = N NA NB - NC
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
1
k 1
C33 51 1
C 72
7!
(7 2)!.2!
6.7
2
21
n Ngc
4!
(2)!.2!
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3.4
2
6 cch b
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
4!
(2)!.2!
3!
1!.2!
3.4
2
6 cch b bi
3 cch b bi
N(B) = 26.
N(A B) = 25
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
n
.
n
- 526
- 527
- 528
- 52n
+ (628- 528)
6
+ (368 268)
15. ( thi cao hc H KHTN-1999)
Xt 3 chui k t trn tp mu t {a, b, c} ( vi a < b < c) : s1 = ac, s2 = aacb, s3
= aba.
a. Hy sp xp chng theo th t tng i vi th t t in.
a < b < c, nn s2 < s3 < s1)
b. Cho bit gia s1 v s3 c bao nhiu chui k t c chiu di 6.
s3 = aba < ab * * * * < s1 = ac
10!
(10 2)!.2!
9.10
2
45 cnh.
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10
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
x2
x3
20 vi x1 0 ; x2
x4
0; x3 0; x4 0
x2
x1 6 0
x2 3 0
x3 9 0
x4 + 2 0
x2
x3
x4
x3
20 vi x1 6 ; x2
x4
t :
a = x1 - 6 => x1 = a + 6
b = x2 - 3 => x2 = b + 3
c = x3 - 9 => x3 = c + 9
d = x4 + 2 => x4 = d - 2
a + 6 + b + 3 + c + 9 + d 3 = 20
a + b + c + d = 5 vi a 0; b 0; c 0; d 0
20
n 1
Vy c : C n k
C 44 51 1
8!
(8 3)!.3!
C83
c. Bt phng trnh x1 + x2 + x3 11 vi x1
Thm n ph x4
0; x4
8!
5!.3!
0; x2
6.7.8
2.3
0; x3
56 nghim
0.
0.
ng ng
x3
3; x3 9; x4 -2
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 11 vi x1
0; x2
0;
0.
C nn
1
k 1
1
C 44 11
1
14!
11!.3!
C143
d. Phng trnh x + y + z = 10 vi 0
12.13.14
2.3
2, 0
364 .
4, 0
6.
Gi:
C nn
1
k 1
1
C 33 10
A l tp nghim vi x
n Ngc
3, y
C122
0, z
12!
10!.2!
11.12
2
66 .
0.
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11
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
B l tp nghim vi x
0, y
5, z
0.
C l tp nghim vi x
0, y
0, z
7.
N (x
0, y
0, z
0)
C
A
x
3
B
y
N*
C = A + B + C + A B + A C + B C - A B C
A l tp nghim vi x 3, y 0, z
0, t x=x-3, y=y, z=z, phng trnh
cho tng ng vi x + y + z = 7 vi x 0, y 0, z 0.
=> A = C(9,2) = 9!/7!.2! = 8.9/2 = 36.
Tng t :
A B :x
3, y
5, z
0 : => x + y + z = 2
vi x 0, y 0, z 0.
3, y
0, z
7 : => x + y + z = 0
vi x 0, y 0, z 0.
A C =C(2,2) = 2!/0!2! = 1.
B C :x
5, z
=>
B C =0.
A B C :x
=>
Vy : A
7 : => x + y + z = -2 vi x 0, y 0, z 0.
0, y
3, y
5, z
7 : => x + y + z = -5
vi x 0, y 0, z 0.
A B C =0.
C = 28 + 21 + 10 + 6 + 1 + 0 0 = 60
=> N* = 66 60 = 8.
l cc nghim: (0,4,6); (1,3,6); (1,4,5); (2,2,6); (2,3,5); (2,4,4);
n Ngc
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12
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
e. Phng trnh x1
x2
x3
x4
16!
13!.3!
14.15.16
2.3
7.5.16
560.
Ta tm r nh sau:
t: x1= x1 - 4, x2 = x2 2, x3 = x3 5, x4 = x4.
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh: x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 9 (3)
S nghim nguyn khng m ca (3) chnh bng s nghim ca (1) tha mn
(***). M s nghim ca (3) l: C nn k1 1 C 44 91 1 C123
12!
9!.3!
10.11.12
2.3
5.11.4
220
n Ngc
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13
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
C nn
1
k 1
1
C55 21
1
25!
(25 4)!.4!
4
C 25
25!
21!.4!
22.23.24.25
12650
2.3.4
b.
x5<4.
x1 3
(II)
x1 3, x5 4
(III)
r.
(1)
x1 3
a = x1 - 3
x1 = a + 3
a + 3 + b + c + d + e = 21
a + b + c + d + e = 18 (2)
3.
n 1
q = Cn k
1
C55 18
1
4
C 22
22!
22! 19.20.21.22
(22 4)!.4! 18!.4!
2.3.4
7315
x3 0, x4 0, x5 4.
x1 3
x5 4
x5 4 0
-3
e = x5 4
x1 = a + 3
x5 = e + 4
a + 3 + b + c + d + e + 4 = 21
a + b + c + d + e = 14 (3
x1 3, x5 4.
n Ngc
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14
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
n 1
r = Cn k 1
1
C55 14
1
C184
18!
18! 15.16.17.18
(18 4)!.4! 14!.4!
2.3.4
3060
.(
Ta c :
0
3
10
x1 = x 1 1 0
x1 = x1 + 1 (a)
x2 = x 2 1 0
x2 = x2 + 1 (b)
x3 = x 3 1 0
x3 = x3 + 1 (c)
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15
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
gm n k t phn bit,
c di p cha t mt k t a.
c di p cha ch mt k t a.
c di p cha ch mt k t a l: p (n 1) p 1
c di p c ng q k t a.
S tp hp gm q v tr trong s p v tr ca chui c di p l:
C pq
p!
( p q )!.q!
Vy s chui c xy dng t
c di p cha q k t a l:
p!
(n 1) p
( p q)!.q!
20!
cch
(15)!.5!
Sau khi chn 5 cun b vo ngn 2, s sch cn li l 15. Chn tip 5 cun
b vo ngn 2, c: C155
n Ngc
15!
cch.
(10)!.5!
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16
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
10!
cch
(5)!.5!
5!
1 cch.
(0)!.5!
20!
15!
10!
1
(15)!.5! (10)!.5! (5)!.5!
20!
cch b sch.
(5!) 4
20!
(5!) 4 4!
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17
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
B
F
C
D
+ Ngc li, tam gic BCD khng c cnh mu , th tam gic ny phi mu
xanh.
Vy lun lun tn ti 3 im ni vi nhau tng i 1 bi cc on thng cng mu
n Ngc
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18
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
(1)
149. (2)
qi
n-1 i=1..n
qi
n-1 i=1..n
C hai trng hp trn n c qi nhn n-1 gi tr. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet, c i j sao
cho qi=qj. Hay c t nht 2 trong s n my tnh c s my kt ni vi chng bng
nhau.
b. Trong mt mt phng c 17 im phn bit c ni vi nhau tng i mt
bi cc on thng mu xanh, hoc mu , hoc mu vng. CMR lun tn ti
ba im ni vi nhau bi cc on thng cng mu
Chn 1 im bt k, gi s l P, t P ta ni vi 16 im cn li bi cc on thng
l mu xanh, hoc mu , hoc mu vng.
Theo nguyn l Dirichlet, trong 16 on thng ny s c 6 on thng c cng
mu. Gi s 6 on thng ni P vi 6 im A, B, C, D, E, F c 2 trng hp:
n Ngc
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19
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
x1 x2 y1 y 2
. Cc ta ny nguyn khi:
,
2
2
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20
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
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21
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
b1
b2
bn
a1
a1b1
a1b2
..
a1bn
a2
a2b1
a2b2
a1bn
..
..
..
..
an
anb1
anb2
anbn
n v bk=aik vi mi k 1..m.
n Ngc
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22
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
c[i,j]:=c[i,j-1];
RecMaxSubSeq :=C;
End;
n Ngc
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23
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
(1)
an = b3n + d.n.3n
b 1
3b 3d
=> b = 1, d = 1
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24
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
x3 2x2 -5x+ 6 =0
(x-1)(x2 x 6) = 0
c 3 nghim phn bit : x1 = 1 ; x2 = 3 ; x3 = -2
an = b + d.3n + c.(-2)n
b d c 0
b 3d 2c
4
b 9d 4c 8
=> b = -24/15, d = 1/5, c=22/15
Vy : an
24
15
3n
5
22
( 2) n
15
x2 - x - 6 = 0
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25
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
9A + 5B = 43
A - 5B = - 23
=> A = 2 v B = 5
Vy nghim tng qut ca h thc l: an = b(-2)n + c3n + n(-2)n(2n + 5)
Vi a0 = 8, ta c:
8 = b(-2)0 + c30 + 0(-2)0(2.0 + 5)
b + c = 8 (1)
Vi a1 = 5, ta c:
5 = b(-2)1 + c31 + 1(-2)1(2.1 + 5)
-2b + 3c = 19 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c h phng trnh:
b+c =8
- 2b + 3c = 19
=> b = 1 v c = 7.
Vy nghim ca h thc qui l: an = (-2)n + 7.3n + n(-2)n(2n + 5)
n Ngc
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26
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
1
b(
b
1
) d(
2
1 1 5
(
), d
2
5
5
2
) 2
1 1 5
(
)
2
5
n 1
Vy: Fn
1 1
5
2
5
n 1
1 1 5
2
5
-2
s c mt
, s chui l: S(n-1)
, s chui l: S(n-2)
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27
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Dn-1 = 1,002.Dn-2 vo Dn
Dn-2 = 1,002Dn-3 vo Dn-1
..
Cui cng ta c : Dn = (1,002)n.D0 = 86.(1,002)n triu ngi.
Theo bi, ta c: n = 2020 2007 = 13
Nh vy sau 13 nm dn s Vit Nam l:
D13 =86.(1,002)13 triu ngi.
Bi 7. Gi s li sut ngn hng l 2% mt nm. Tnh tng s tin c trong ti
khon sau 10 nm, nu tin gi ban u ti 10 triu.
P0 l s tin ban u : P0 = 10 triu
P1 l tng s tin sau 1 nm gi: P1 = P0 + 0,02P0 = 1,02P0
P2 l tng s tin sau 2 nm gi: P2 = P1 + 0,02P1 =1,02P1
= 1,02 . 1,02 P0 = (1,02)2P0
n Ngc
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28
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
..
Pn l tng s tin sau n nm gi: Pn = Pn-1 + 1,02Pn-1
.
= (1,02)nP0
Vi n=10, ta c: P10 = (1,02)10P0 = (1,02)10.10 = 12,189 triu ng.
Bi 8. Tm h thc truy hi v iu kin u tnh s chui nh phn di n
c 4 bt 0 lin tip. ng dng tnh s chui vi n=8.
Gi Sn l s chui nh phn di n (n 4) c 4 bit 0 lin tip. Sn s c mt trong
cc dng sau:
A1: Trong A cha 4 bit 0 lin tc, s chui l: S(n-1)
B10: B cha 4 bt 0 lin tc, s chui l: S(n-2)
C100: C cha 4 bt 0 lin tc, s chui l: S(n-3)
D1000: D cha 4 bt 0 lin tc, s chui l: S(n-4)
E0000: E ty c di n-4, s chui l 2(n-4)
Ta c cng thc truy hi: Sn=S(n-1)+S(n-2)+S(n-3)+S(n-4)+2(n-4)
iu kin u l:
S1=S2=S3=0; S4=1 (Ngha l, vi n=1, 2, 3 khng c chui no, n=4 c duy nht
1 chui, l: 0000).
Dng phng php th gii, nh sau:
s5 = s4+s3+s2+s1+2 = 1+0+0+0+2 = 3 (chui di 5 c 3 trng hp 0000
k nhau: 00000, 10000, 00001)
s6 = s5 + s4 + s3 + s2 + 22 = 3 + 1 + 0 +0+4 = 8
s7 = s6 + s5 + s4 + s3 + 23 = 8 + 3 + 1+0 + 8 = 20
s8 = s7 + s6 + s5 + s4 + 24 = 20 + 8 + 3 + 1 + 16 = 48
Vy c 48 chui nh phn c di 8 cha 4 bits 0 k nhau.
n Ngc
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29
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
n Ngc
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30
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Logic mnh
Bi 1. Vit bng gi tr chn l ca cc php ton mnh
n Ngc
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31
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Bi 3. Chng minh
a. ( p q)
(p
q)
(p
(p
r)
r)
(p
q) ( p
(/n
r)
( p q) (( p r ) ( p r ))
(Lut De Morgan v /n )
(q
p) (( p r ) ( p r ))
(Lut kt hp)
q ( p (( p r ) ( p r ))
p) r ) (( p
q ((T
q (T
(Lut b)
r ) ( p r ))
(Lut nut)
( p r ))
q ( p r)
( Lut ng nht)
p q r
b. ( p
q) [q (r
q)]
(p
q) [q (r
q)] ( p
(q
p)
q) [( q r ) (q
q)]
( p q) [( q r ) q]
(p
q) [( r T ) q]
( p q) [T
q]
( p q) q
p q
p q
p q
n Ngc
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32
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
c. [( p
[( p
p) (q
p) (q
p)]
p)]
q 1
q [0 (q
p)]
(q
p)
(q
p) q
(q
p) q
(q q)
1 p
1
(Lut ng sai)
(Lut ng nht)
(/n )
(Lut De Morgan)
(Lut kt hp)
(Lut ng sai)
(Lut tri)
Hoc :
p : Bn c php li xe my.
q : Bn cao di 1,5 m
r : Bn 18 tui.
s : Bn c giy php li xe.
q
p.
b. t P, Q ln lt l cc mnh :
P := Minh hc chm, Q:= Minh c kt qu hc tp tt
Hy vit li cc mnh sau di dng hnh thc trong c s dng cc php
ni.
* Minh hc chm v c kt qu hc tp tt:
P Q
P Q
(R Q)) ( P
(Q
(R P))),
l php ph nh.
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33
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
- Kh php ko theo
F = (P
v rt gn mnh F.
(R Q)) ( P
(Q
(R P)))
= ( P (R Q))
( P ( Q (R P)))
= ( P (R Q))
( (P
= P (R Q)
= P (P
Q)
(P
Q) (P
Q)
(R Q)
= P
(T (T Q )
= P
(R Q)
(R P)))
(R Q)
P ( R Q)
P
(R
Q)
(Lut b kp)
P ( R Q)
(Lut De Morgan)
P ( R Q)
(Lut De Morgan)
(P
R) ( P Q)
(P
R) ( P Q)
(Lut De Morgan)
(P
R ) ( P Q)
(Lut De Morgan)
x y P(x,y)
y P(x,y)
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34
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
B C
A B C
A B C
A B C
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n Ngc
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35
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
s: V ng Minh mt vic;
s: b mp ln.
Suy lun c vit li nh sau:
q
p
p (1)
(2)
s
(3)
-------------------q r
n Ngc
r
s
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36
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
(4)
(5)
(Tam on lun 1 v 2)
(Tin )
(Do 4, 5 v lut ph nh)
(Lut De Morgan )
q r
Vy suy lun trn l ng.
1. pqr
p
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
q
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
2. (p
q(q r))
(p r) l ng nht ng:
q r
q(q r)
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
q)
3. (p
p
0
0
n Ngc
r
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
q
0
1
pqr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
p+q
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
q(q r))
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
p q
1
1
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pqr
p+q
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
p r
(p
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
(p
q(q r))
(p r)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
q)
0
0
37
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
1
1
4. (p
0
1
1
1
(q
(q+r))
0
1
q+r
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
p
(q+r)
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
pr
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
pr
(p
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
(q+r))
( q pr)
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
xy
x+y
Bi 10. Hy kim tra cc suy lun sau v cho bit s dng quy tc suy din
no?
c,
a.
((p q)
r
n Ngc
q)
p
(r
p
p)
(Quy tc ph nh)
(De Morgan)
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
b.
(/n
(Lut phn o)
(Lut rt gn)
p
c.
(1)
(s
t)
( p q)
(s
(2)
r
(3)
u)
(4)
______________
p
( Do tin (4) v lut De Morgan )
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
ni lin)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(s
t)
p
p
n Ngc
(13)
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39
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
i s Boole
Bi 1. Trnh by cc tnh cht ca cc php ton Boole
1. Tnh giao hon:
a.b = b.a
a+b = b+a.
2. Tnh kt hp:
(a.b).c = a.(b.c)
(a+b)+c = a+(b+c).
a.(b+c) = (a.b)+(a.c)
a+(b.c) = (a+b).(a+c).
4. Tnh ng nht:
a.1 = 1.a = a
a+0 = 0+a = a.
5. Tnh b:
a.a
a.a
a a
6. Tnh nut
a a
a.0 = 0
a+1 = 1
7. Tnh lu ng
a.a = a
a+a = a.
8. H thc De Morgan
ab
a b
a b
9. Tnh b kp
10. Tnh ht
ab
a.(a+b) = a
a+(a.b) = a.
n Ngc
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40
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
xy z
x yz
x yz
x yz
Vic nhm thnh cc khi cho thy rng: C 2 cp hnh vung k nhau, cp ngang
biu din cho x z , cp ng biu din cho y z v 1 hnh vung c lp biu din
cho x yz ; v vy: x z , y z v x yz l cc nguyn nhn nguyn t ca F(x,y,z). Do
, ta c hm tuyn chun tc ti thiu l:
F ( x, y, z )
xz
yz
F ( x, y, z )
F ( x, y, z )
n Ngc
x yz
y xz
y z
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41
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
F ( x, y, z )
x
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
y
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
z
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
xy z
z
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
xy
xy z
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
b. Ti thiu hm Boole
F ( x, y)
xy
xy
y( x
x) x y
xy
y.1 x y
xy
F ( x, y)
xy z
yz
x
x
x yz
F ( x, y)
x yz
yz
yz
n Ngc
x yz
yz
xz
xz
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Bi 4: Tm dng chun tc ca hm
F ( x, y, z )
(x
y) z
Ta lp bng gi tr ca hm F nh sau:
x
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
y
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
z
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
x+y
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
z
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
(x
y) z
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
F ( x, y, z )
xy z
x yz
xy z
(x
y) x
b. F ( x, y )
(x
n Ngc
z) x y z
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Bi 6.
a, Dng tuyn y ca F
Tp cc th hin lm cho gi tr ca F(x,y,z) bng 1 l: {000, 010, 100, 110, 111}.
T tp cc th hin ny ta lp cc t ti thiu tng ng : x y z , x y z , x y z , xy z ,
xyz . Nh vy, dng tuyn chun tc y ca F nh sau:
F(x,y,z) = x y z + x y z + x y z + xy z + xyz
b, Dng chun tc ti thiu
F(x,y,z)
= x y z + x y z + x y z + xy z + xyz
= x z ( y + y ) + x z ( y + y ) + xyz
= x z + x z + xyz
= ( x + x ) z + xyz
= z + xyz
Bi 7.
a, Dng tuyn y ca F
Tp cc th hin lm cho gi tr ca F(w,x,y,z) bng 1 l: {1111, 1101, 1100,
1010, 1000, 0110, 0101, 0100, 0010}. T tp cc th hin ny ta lp cc t ti
thiu tng ng : wxyz, wx yz , wx y z , w x y z , wx y z , wxy z , wx yz , wx y z , w x y z . Nh
vy, dng tuyn chun tc y ca F nh sau:
F(x,y,z) = wxyz + wx yz + wx y z + w x y z + wx y z + wxy z + wx yz + wx y z + w x y z
b, Dng chun tc ti thiu
F(x,y,z)
n Ngc
= wxyz + wx yz + wx y z + w x y z + wx y z + wxy z + wx yz + wx y z + w x y z
= wxz ( y + y ) + wx z ( y + y ) + wx y z + z ( wxy + w x y ) + wx y (z + z )
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
= wxz + wx z + wx y z + z ( w y ( x + x )) + wx y
= wx( z + z ) + wx y z + wy z + wx y
= wx + wx y z + wy z + wx y
Bi 8. Tm dng chun tc ca biu thc
f ( x, y, z)
( xy)z( x
= ( xy
z)( y
z )( ( x
z)
z)
(y
z) )
(Lut De Morgan)
= ( xy z )( x z + yz)
(Lut De Morgan)
= xyxz xyyz x z z yz z
= xy z xzy x z + 0
= xy( z z ) x z
(Lut b z z 1 )
= xy x z
Bi 9. Tm dng chun tc y ca biu thc
a,
f ( x, y, z )
yz
xz
= yz ( x
x)
= xyz
b,
f ( x, y, z )
= x( z
n Ngc
x yz
x z( y
xy z
y)
x yz
xz
z)
xz
= xz
xz
xz
= xz
xz
y
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
= xz( y
y) x z ( y
y)
y( xz ( x z ))
= xyz
x yz
xy z
x yz
xyz x y
yz
= xyz
x yz
xy z
x yz
x y( z
z)
y z ( x x)
xyz x yz
xy z
x yz
x yz
xy z
x yz
x yz
x yz
xy z
= xyz
xy z
xy z
xy z
f ( x, y, z )
X
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
Y
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
y xz
Z
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
Z
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
XZ
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
X+Y
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
X+Y+XZ
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
F ( x, y, z )
xyz xy z
x yz
x yz
x yz
xy z
a,
E1 xy x y
x( y
y)
b,
E2
xy x y
xy
xy x( y
E2
xy x.1 xy x
(Lut hp th x x y
n Ngc
x.1 x
y, x
xy
(Lut b y y 1 )
(Lut ng nht x.1=x)
y)
x , x( x
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y)
x , x( x y )
xy )
46
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
c,
E4
xy
xy
xy
x( y
xy
xy
y)
a,
E1 x
yz
z xy
E1 x(1 yz )
yxz
yz (1 x)
E1 x(1 yz ) yz (1 x)
E1 x.1 yz.1
E1 x yz
b,
E2
xyz xy z
xy z
xy(1 z ) x y z
xy x y z
(Lut nut 1 + x = 1)
(Lut ng nht 1.x =x)
x yz
x yz
x yzv
y ( x x z ) x yz
y ( x z ) x yz
xy
c,
yz
E3 xyz xy z
xy( z
n Ngc
xy
y)
x yz
x yz
x yz
x yz
z ) x yz
xz ( y
y)
xy x yz
x( y
(Lut hp th
xz
yz ) xz
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
x( y
z ) xz
xy xz xz
xy ( x
xy z
d,
x) z
E3 xyz xy z
xy( z
xy z
x yz
z) xy z
x yz
xy x y z
x yz
y ( x x z ) x yz
y ( x z ) x yz
xy
yz
x yz
xy
yz
x yz
A,
E1 w x wxy w x y wxy z
x( w w y) xy( w wz )
x( w y) xy(w z )
xw x y
xyw xy z
w( x xy) x y
w( x
xw
n Ngc
xy z
y) x y xy z
yw x y
xy z
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
b,
E2 wxyz wxy z wx y z wx yz
wxy( z
z ) w x y z w x yz
wxy wx y z wx yz
Bi 13. Cho bng gi tr
x
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
y
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
z
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
F(x, y, z)
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
F ( x, y, z )
x yz
xy z
x yz
xy z
xyz
yz
yz
yz
x
F ( x, y, z )
n Ngc
yz
xy z
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
F ( x, y, z, t )
y)
x y zt
x yz t
xz x yzt
y zt ( x
y zt
x yz
x zt ( y
x y z (t
t)
x y zt
x y zt
x y zt
xyzt
xz( y
x y zt
xyz x yz x yzt
x y zt
xyz(t t ) x yz (t t ) x yzt
x y zt
xyzt
xyzt
x yzt
x yz t
x yz t
xy zt
x y zt
x y zt
x y zt
x y zt
xy zt
x y zt
xyzt
x yzt
x yz t
x yz t
xy zt
x y zt
x y zt
x y zt
x y zt
xy zt
xyzt
xy zt
x y zt
y)
xyt
x y zt
xy zt
x)
x zt
x y zt
x y zt
xyt ( z
x y zt
x y zt
z)
xy zt
x y zt
xyzt
xyzt
xy zt
xyzt
xyzt
xyzt
xyzt
xyzt
x y zt
xyzt
x yzt
x yz t
x yz t
xy zt
x y zt
x y zt
x y zt
x y zt
xy zt
yz
tx
yz
1
yz
yz
tx
tx
tx
Vy hm ti thiu : F ( x, y, z, t ) x y z yt
b. V s mng cc cng logic tng ng vi f(x,y,z,t) da trn mt cng
thc a ti thiu ha ca hm Boole f
Ta c:
F ( x, y, z, t )
yz
yt
x
z
t
n Ngc
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50
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
a.
,
= 1.
sau:
khi x.y=1
x
x
=1
z 1
z
F(x,y,z)
nh sau:
F ( x, y, z )
xyz xy z
:
F ( x, y, z )
xyz xy z
xy( z
b.
z)
xy.1 xy
,
y = 0.
x 1, y 1
z 1
x 1, y 1
x yz , x y z
Dng tuyn chun tc y ca
F(x,y,z) nh sau:
F ( x, y, z )
x yz
x yz
x y( z
x yz
:
F ( x, y, z )
n Ngc
x yz
z)
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x y.1 x y
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
th v cy
Bi 1. ( thi cao hc H Nng 2/2009)
Cho th
X1`
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
b. Bc vo ca nh X3
nh X3 c 2 cung i vo, nn bc ca n l: deg+(x3) = 2
Bc ra ca nh x6:
nh X6 c 1 cung i ra, nn bc ca n l: deg-(x6) = 1
c. G c phi l th lin thng khng ? V sao?
Khng lin thng v trong G c 1 nh c lp l x5
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
d. Tm n nh ngoi (G)
X1`
X2
X4
X3
X5
X6
(x5)
(x4)
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
b. Tm s n nh trong ca th
Tp cc n nh trong 2 phn t
A1={x1, x5}
A2={x1, x6}
A3={x1, x7}
A4={x2, x5}
A5={x2, x6}
A6={x2, x7}
A7={x3, x5}
A8={x3, x6}
A11={x4,x6}
A12={x4, x7}
A9={x3, x7}
A10={x4, x5}
Tp cc n nh trong 3 phn t
A13={x1, x5, x7}
A15={x3, x5, x7}
Tp cc n nh trong 4 phn t A10 = {x2, x4, x5, x7}; A11 = {x2, x4, x6, x7}
V khng c tp n nh trong c trn 4 phn t. Vy s n nh trong l (G) = 4.
c. Tm s n nh ngoi ca th
Ta c tp nh V={x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7}
Xc nh nh x
(x1) ={x1, x2, x3, x4}
(x2) ={x1, x2, x3}
(x3) ={x1, x2, x3, x4}
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
(x5)
(x7) = V
(x1)
(x6)
(x7) = V
(x3)
(x5)
(x7) = V
(x3)
(x6)
(x7) = V
Vy ta c 4 tp :
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
b. Tm s n nh ngoi ca th
Ta c tp nh V = {x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6}
Xc nh nh x
(x1) ={x1}
(x2) ={x1, x2, x3}
(x3) ={ x3}
(x4) ={x4}
(x5) ={x2, x3, x4, x5, x6}
(x6) ={x1, x6}
T cc tp (xi) trn ta c:
(x1) U (x5) = V
(x2) U (x5) = V
(x5) U (x6) = V
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
2
4
X
3
6
X
6
7
X
6
3
X
4
1
1
2
5
X
5
Ta c bc ca cc nh nh sau:
Deg(x1) = 4,
Deg(x2) = 4,
Deg(x3) = 5,
Deg(x5) = 5,
Deg(x6) = 4,
Deg(x7) = 4
Deg(x4) = 6
4
X
3
1
1
2
6
X
6
7
X
6
5
X
5
3
X
4
8
X
6
Ta c bc ca th:
Deg-(1) = Deg+(1)= 3;
Deg-(2) = Deg+(2)= 2;
Deg-(3) = Deg+(3)= 2;
Deg-(4) = Deg+(4)= 2;
Deg-(5) = Deg+(5)= 3;
Deg-(6) = Deg+(6)= 3;
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Deg-(7) = Deg+(7)=2;
Deg-(8) = Deg+(8)= 3;
c. V hng
Ta c bc ca cc nh nh sau:
Deg(A) = 4,
Deg(B) = 4,
Deg(C) = 4,
Deg(E) = 4,
Deg(F) = 4,
Deg(G) = 2
Deg(D) = 4
Bi 5.
a. Mt n th lin thng c 10 mt, tt c cc nh u c bc bng 4,
tm s nh ca th.
Gi f l s min ca mt phng b chia bi biu din phng ca th,
e l s cnh v v l s nh ca th
Ta c tng bc ca th bng 2 ln s cnh, tc l : 2e = 4v => e=2v
Mt khc, ta c : f = e v + 2 10 = 2v v + 2 => v=8
Vy th c 8 nh v 16 cnh.
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
f = e - v + 2 = 14 - 9 + 2 = 7 mt
t T=
) thc hin:
10
4
4
a
10
e
6
3
3
f
6
5
11
T=
5
l
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Cnh
di
c,d
1
c,f
2
d,g
3
f,g
3
a,e
4
b,e
4
a,b
5
b,c
5
g,m
5
m,l
5
a,k
6
f,l
6
g,h
6
k,l
7
e,k
8
d,h
10
Bc lp
Cnh c chn v a vo T
Trng s
C,D
C,F
D,G
A,E
B,E
B,C
G,M
10
L,M
11
A,K
12
13
G,H
e,f
10
Tng trng s:
41
d
3
4
a
6
e
5
5
k
n Ngc
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h,m
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
b
4
3
a
2
d
1
2
3
15
12
3
b
4
2
3
a
e
2
15
g
12
9
k
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Cnh c chn v a vo T
Trng s
E,F
K,L
A,K
D,G
A,E
B,F
F,G
H,M
10
11
12
13
14
15
(L,M)
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
9
3
2
3
a
2
3
1
Bi 8.
a. Trnh by thut ton Prim
Cc bc chnh ca thut ton Prim tm cy ph nh nht T ca th lin
thng c trng s G c m t nh sau:
Bc 1 :
T := {v} v l nh bt k.
Bc 2 :
Lp n-1 ln
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
Tv
Khi
to
(16,x1)
(15,x1)*
(23,x1)
(19,x1)
(18,x1)
(32,x1)
(20,x1)
X1
(13,X3)*
(13,X3)
(19,x1)
(18,x1)
(20,X3)
(19,X3)
X1, X3
n Ngc
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X1X3
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
2
(13,X3)
(19,x1)
(18,x1)
(19,X2)
(11,X2)
*
(12,X8)*
(19,x1)
(14,x8)
(18,X8)
(19,x1)
(14,x8)*
(18,X8)
(19,x1)
(17,x6)*
(19,x1)
*
X1, X3,
X2
X1, X3,
X2, X8
X1, X3,
X2, X8,
X4
X1, X3,
X2, X8,
X4, X6
X1, X3,
X2, X8,
X4, X6,
X7
X1, X3,
X2, X8,
X4, X6,
X7, X5
X1X3, X3X2
X1X3, X3X2,
X2X8
X1X3, X3X2,
X2X8, X8X4
X1X3, X3X2,
X2X8, X8X4,
x8x6
X1X3, X3X2,
X2X8, X8X4,
x8x6, x6x7
X1X3, X3X2,
X2X8, X8X4,
x8x6, x6x7,
x1x5
X7
X5
X3
X2
X6
X8
X4
Bi 9.
a. Trnh by thut ton Dijkstra
Cc bc chnh ca thut Dijkstra tm ng i ngn nht t nh a n
nh z trn th G=(V,E,W) c m t nh sau:
Bc 1 :
T=V; Da = 0; Di = , Vi a.
Bc 2 :
Lp cho n khi z
T:
- Ly ra khi T nh Vi c Di nh nht
- nh nhn li cho mi Vj k Vi v Vj
Dj = min{Dj, Di+Wij}
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
b. Tm ng i ngn nht t nh x1 n cc nh cn li ca th v
hng
B.lp
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
X9
X10
X11
0, x1*
,x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
,x1
9, x1
, x1
9, x1
6, x1*
, x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
8,x5*
, x1
9, x1
13, x5
, x1
, x1
14,x5
10,x5
, x1
13,x2
9, x1*
14,x2
, x1
14,x5
10,x5
, x1
13,x2
14,x2
, x1
13,x4
10,x5*
, x1
13,x2*
14,x2
, x1
11,x10
17,x10
13,x2*
14,x2
16,x3
17,x10
14,x2
16,x3
17,x10
14,x2
16,x3
17,x10
16,x3
17,x10
10
17,x10
Khi
to
1
13,
x5Ux2
13,
x5Ux2
13,
x5Ux2
13,
x5Ux2
13,
x5Ux2
X1X4 (9);
X1X5X2X7 (14);
X1X5X10 (10);
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
c. Tm ng i ngn nht t nh A n cc nh cn li ca th c
hng
B.lp
0, A*
,x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
, x1
,x1
7, A
, A
, A
4,A
, A
, A
1, A*
, A
, A
, A
7, A
, A
, A
3,H*
, A
, A
3,H
, A
, A
6, E
, A
, A
, A
, A
3,H*
, A
, A
6, E*
, A
, A
7,I
, A
12,I
, A
9,B
, A
7,I*
, A
12,I
, A
9,B
F*
, A
, A
12,I
, A
17,C
15,C
11,C*
, A
17,C
14,K*
16,K
16,G*
16,K
10
16,K*
Khi
to
1
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
AHIFC (9);
AHIFCKG (14);
AHIFCKM (16)
AHIFKGD (16);
AH (1);
AHE (3)
AHI (3);
Bi 10. Cho th
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
X9
X10
X11
X12
X13
X14
X15
X1
7,x1
6,x1
7,x1
7,x1
7,x1
17,x2
12,x2
7,x1
17,x2
8,x6
10,x6
15,x5
10,x5
10,x6
15,x5
17,x8
10,x6
18,x8
15,x5
17,x8
18,x8
26,x9
17,x8
18,x8
26,x9
18,x8
23,x7
25,x7
10
21,x10
25,x7
23,x10
11
25,x7
23,x10
25,x11
28,x11
12
25,x7
25,x11
U x13
28,x11
Khi
to
1
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
X9
X10
X11
X12
X13
X14
X15
X1
7,x1
6,x1
7,x1
7,x1
7,x1
17,x2
12,x2
7,x1
17,x2
8,x6
10,x6
15,x5
10,x5
23,
x9x8
24,
x9x8
32,
x8x9
24,
x9x8
29,x7
31,x7
35,x12
27,x10
31,x7
29,x10
35,x12
10
31,x7
29,x10
31,
x11
34,
x11
11
31,x7
31,
x10
U x13
34,
x11
Khi
to
1
10,
x6
U x5
10,
x6
U x5
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
X9
X10
X11
X12
X13
X14
X15
X1
7,x1
6,x1
7,x1
7,x1
7,x1
17,x2
12,x2
7,x1
17,x2
8,x6
10,x6
Khi
to
1
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
5
15,x5
10,x5
10,x6
15,x5
17,x8
10,x6
18,x8
15,x5
17,x8
18,x8
26,x9
17,x8
18,x8
26,x9
21,x7
23,x7
25,x7
10
23,x7
25,x7
26,x10
11
25,x7
26,x10
27,x11
30,x11
12
26,x10
27,x11
28,x12
13
27,x11
28,x12
V1
V2
V3
V4
V5
V6
V7
V8
V9
V10
V1
V1,
V1,
V1,
V1,
V1,
V1,
V1,
V1,
V1,
32,v1
V1,
17,v1
V1,
V1,
V1,
V1,
V1,
V1,
32,v1
35,v4
27,v4
V1,
V1,
21,v4
V1,
V1,
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
3
32,v1
35,v4
27,v4
V1,
80,v8
25,v8
V1,
32,v1
35,v4
27,v4
V1,
80,v8
37,v9
32,v1
35,v4
55,v5
80,v8
37,v9
35,v4
55,v5
80,v8
37,v9
55,v5
40,v3
37,v9
55,v5
37,v9
43,v10
b. Tm cy ph nh nht ca G.
Sp xp cc cnh ca th theo th t trng s tng dn, nh sau:
(v4,v8), (v8,v9), (v3,v7), (v6,v10), (v4,v5), (v9,v10), (v1,v4), (v3,v4), (v5,v9),
(v5,v6), (v1,v2), (v2,v5), (v7,v8).
Trng s tng ng: 4, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12, 17, 18, 25, 28, 32, 45, 59.
Bc lp
Cnh c chn v a vo T
Trng s
(v4,v8)
(v8,v9)
(v3,v7)
(v6,v10)
(v4,v5)
10
(v9,v10)
12
(v1,v4)
17
(v3,v4)
18
10
11
(v1,v2)
Tng trng s:
n Ngc
32
108
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
7
a
11
5
7
W0
4
b
6
11
P0
a
c
c
d
d
a
n Ngc
c : C(d,a) + C(a,c) = 9
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
5
7
W1
4
6
11
P1
a
b
b
b
d
d
7
W2
4
c
c
d
d
:
d : C(a,b) + C(b,d) = 13
c : C(d,b) + C(b,c) = 8 < W1(d,c)=9
d : C(d,b) + C(b,d) = 7
5 13
7 6
11
8 7
c
c
c
c
P2
a
b
d
d
b
7
W3
4
5 13
7 6
11
8 7
P3
a
b
d
d
b
W4
17 7 5 13
10 7 7 6
15 12 19 11
4 1 8 7
P4
b b c b
d d c d
d d b d
a b c b
*=W4
4
: i1= P(b,a) = d, i2 =
d
c
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
b. th c hng
7
4
W0
2
1
4
3
4
2
8
2
5
6 10
W4
2
4
8
1
n Ngc
7 11 2
4
1
3
4
9
1
7 11 2
4
4
9
1
3
W1
W2
5
4 10
2
7 13
7
3
5 11
9 5
2 8
2
5
W3
W5
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7
2
4
8
1
14
7
2
5
3
5 11
4 10 5
2 8
6
9
9
3
2
5
4
8
2
4
4
6
4
9
7 12
1 6
3
5 10
9 5
2 7
73
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
W * W6
9 6 9 2 7 12
3 7 3 5 1 6
7 4 7 9 5 3
7 4 7 9 5 10
2 6 2 4 7 5
4 1 4 6 2 7
4
5
a. V th
5
5
2
3
7
1
7
1
2
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
f(2,6) =1;
f(6,5) = 1;
f(5,4) = 1
5
(1)
(1)
3
7
(1)
1
7
(1)
2
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
f(2,4) =4;
(1)
(1)
3
7
(1)
1
7
(5)
(4)
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Aomori
25
20
4
Yamagata
17
Sendai
15
20
Toyama
30
Hiroshima
12
20
Fukushi
ma
Tokyo
15
7
15
17
Nagoy
a
30
Yokoham
a
17
25
15
Kochi
30
Nagasaki
Cnh c chn v a vo T
Trng s
(Ya,Se)
(Nago,Yo)
(Toky, Yo)
(Fu,Se)
(Toky,Fu)
12
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
(Naga,Hi)
10
(Toky,To)
11
12
(Nago,Ko)
13
14
(Se,Ao)
15
(Nago,Hi)
16
17
15
17
17
20
125
Yamagata
Toyama
Sendai
7
17
12
Hiroshima
Fukushim
a
Tokyo
20
7
15
Nagoya
6
17
Yokoham
a
Kochi
Nagasaki
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
b.
Cnh c chn v a vo T
Trng s
(Naga,Hi)
(Nago,Ko)
17
(Se,Ao)
20
(Nago,Hi)
20
15
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Aomori
20
Yamagata
Sendai
15
20
Toyama
17
12
Hiroshima
20
Fukushim
a
Tokyo
15
7
Nagoya
15
Yokohama
17
Kochi
Nagasaki
c.
Ao (10)
1
1
Ya (11)
Se (9)
1
1
To (5)
1
Hi (4)
1
Fu (8)
Toky(6)
1
Nago(3)
Yo (7)
1
1
Ko(2)
Naga(1)
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
0
1
1
1
W0
1
0
1
W
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
0
1
1
1
W2
2
1
2
1
0
1
W4
1
0
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
0
1
2
2
1
0
1
1
2
3
2
1
0
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1
1
n Ngc
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
0
1
1
0
1
2
W1
1
1
1
0
1
1
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
W3
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
0
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
0
1
2
2
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
W5
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
0
1
2
3
2
1
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
0
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1
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2
3
2
1
0
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
2
1
1
2
1
0
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
0
1
1
3
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
3
4
3
2
1
1
4
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
81
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
W6
W8
W10
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
0
1
2
3
2
1
3
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
2
2
3
2
3
2
1
0
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
0
1
3
3
2
3
2
1
1
0
3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
0
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
2
2
3
2
3
2
1
0
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
0
1
3
2
2
3
2
1
1
0
3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
0
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
2
2
3
2
3
2
1
0
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
0
1
3
2
2
3
2
1
1
0
3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
0
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
2
2
3
2
3
2
1
0
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
0
1
3
2
2
3
2
1
1
0
3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
4
4
3
4
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
3
4
3
3
4
3
2
3
2
3
4
2
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
0
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
2
2
3
2
3
2
1
0
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
0
1
3
2
2
3
2
1
1
0
3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
4
4
3
4
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
0
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
0
1
2
2
3
2
3
2
1
0
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
0
1
3
2
2
3
2
1
1
0
3
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
4
4
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
4
3
3
4
3
2
3
2
3
4
2
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
3
4
3
3
4
3
2
3
2
3
3
2
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
W7
W9
W11
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
10
11
6
4
3
7
2
1
12
5
10
d
20
8e
6
u
d
5
v
c4
14
f
15
10
h
22
j
4
8
5
0
10
14
15
22
10
0
y
9
z
14
0
9
15
4
9
0
a
b
c
d
u
v
t
y
z
n Ngc
a
0
5
10
b
5
0
9
20
c
10
9
0
12
2
8
20
12
0
u
6
22
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
T := {v} v l nh bt k.
Bc 2 :
Lp n-1 ln
o Tm nh ra v c cnh e ni T vi trng s nh nht
o a e vo T
a
Kh
i to
1
Tv
5,a
-
10,a
9,b
2,u
-
,a
20,b
20,b
12,c
6,a
6,a
-
,a
,a
,a
8,c
,a
,a
22,u
22,u
,a
,a
,a
,a
,a
,a
,a
,a
a
a,b
a, b, u
a, b, u, c
5,v
10,v
14,v
15,v
a, b, u, c, v
10,v
4,d
15,v
a, b, u, c, v, d
10,v
9,y
a, b, u, c, v, d, y
4,z
a, b, u, c, v, d,
y, z
a, b, u, c, v, d,
y, z, t
Te
ab
ab, au
ab, au, uc
ab, au,
uc, cv
ab, au,
uc, cv, vd
ab, au,
uc, cv,
vd, dy
ab, au,
uc, cv,
vd, dy, yz
ab, au,
uc, cv,
vd, dy,
yz, zt
5
a
8e
2
u
z
h
n Ngc
c4
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Cnh c chn v a vo T
Trng s
T,Z
A,B
D,V
A,U
C,V
B,C
Y,Z
V,T
10
n Ngc
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10
56
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Cy khung c v nh sau:
b
5
a
a
9
c
8 e
5
f
9
10
6
u
z
t
j
4
G
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
4
1
6
8
- Khi to T:=
- Sp xp cc cnh ca th theo th t trng s tng dn, tr cnh uc v dy
nh sau:
Z={(a,p 1), (a,b 2), (c,n 2), (a,n 3), (n,p 3), (x,t 3), (b,n 4), (c,x 4), (x,z
4), (m,n 4), (x,y 5), (m,t 5), (b,c 6), (c,m 6), (y,z 7), (m,x 8), (t,z 9)}.
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Bc lp
Cnh c chn v a vo T
Trng s
A,P
A,B
C,N
A,N
X,T
C,X
X,Z
10
M,N
11
X,Y
12
Tng trng s:
28
Cy khung c v nh sau:
a
p
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
14
16
15
14
16
15
20
12
20
12
20
7
3
20
5
9
a. V th G
4
5
15
20
16
14
12
20
6
3
7.
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
X1
X2
X3
X4
X5
X6
X7
X8
x1
(,x1)
(,x1)
(,x1)
(,x1)
(,x1)
(,x1)
(,x1)
14,x1
16,x1
15,x1
,x1
,x1
,x1
,x1
16,x1
15,x2
34,x2
28,x2
,x1
,x1
16,x1
34,x2
28,x2
22,x4
,x1
34,x2
17,x3
22,x4
,x1
34,x2
19,x7
22,x6
34,x2
22,x6
ng i ngn nht t nh 1 n nh 8 l: 1
3 6 8.
di ng i l: 22.
d. Dng thut ton Prim tm cy khung nh nht ca th
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7
x8
Tv
,x1
,x1
,x1
,x1
x1
Te
Kh
i to
16,x1
5,x2
20,x2 12,x2
,x1
,x1
x1, x2
x1x2
5,x4
20,x2 12,x2
7,x4
,x1
x1, x2, x4
x1x2, x2x4
20,x2
1,x3
7,x4
,x1
20,x2
2,x6
5,x6
20,x2
5,x6
3,x8
x1x2, x2x4,
x4x3
x1x2, x2x4,
x4x3, x3x6
x1x2, x2x4,
x4x3, x3x6,
x6x7
x1x2, x2x4,
x4x3, x3x6,
x6x7, x6x8
x1x2, x2x4,
x4x3, x3x6,
x6x7, x6x8,
x8x5
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Tp cnh ca cy khung nh nht l: x1x2, x2x4, x4x3, x3x6, x6x7, x6x8, x8x5.
di ca cy khung nh nht bng 35.
Cy khung c v nh sau:
4
5
5
7
14
1
2
6
3
9/2011)
1.
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
b. Mi nh u c bc 2.
c. C 6 nh bc 2 v 2 nh bc 1.
6 nh bc 2 v 2 nh bc 1
d. C 1 nh bc 7 v 7 nh bc 1.
nh bc 7 v 7 nh bc 1
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
24.
- Trung
-
K.
DGBEACIHKF.
GDEBIKHFCA.
+
/
/
*
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
=
=
=
5 3 + 12 4 + * 6 2 * +
8 16* 12 +
128 12 +
140.
x y 2 x y */
a.
; o: 1010; h:1011; n: 110; r: 1110; d: 1111
b.
hoc: 1011 1010 001;
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
M ny l: t o a n r o i r a c
26.
a.
{s, a, b, c, d, e, t}
n Ngc
f(b,t) = 4
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
2: s
= min(cf(s, a), cf(a, b), cf(b, c), cf(c, e), cf(e, t))
= min(c(s, a) f(s, a),c(a,b) f(a,b), c(b,c) f(b,c), c(c,e) f(c,e),c(e,t)
f(e,t))
= min(6 4, 7 4, 4 0, 3 - 0, 12 - 0) = 2
f(a,b) = 6;
3:s
f(b,c) = 2;
f(c,e) = 2;
f(e,t) = 2
n Ngc
f(e,t) = 3
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
:s
:s
f(e,t) = 10
n Ngc
f(d,e) = 9;
f(e,t) = 12
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
b.
x1
x4
z:
=4
x2
x5
x1
x4
z:
=2
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
x1
x5
x3
x6
z:
=2
x2
x5
x3
x6
z:
=2
x3
x6
z:
=2
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
x3
x5
x2
x6
z:
=2
f(x2,x6) = 2; f(x6,z) = 8
+2+4 = 1
A = {xo} : C(x0,x1) + C(x0,x2) + C(x0,x3) = 8+ 2 + 4 =14
Bi 27.
Bng di y cho khong cch tnh theo km ca 6 i truyn hnh (nh s t
1 n 6). Hi phi cn bao nhiu knh khc nhau pht sng, bit rng mi
i ph sng trong phm vi bn knh 90 km. Hy lp k hoch c th phn
chia cc knh.
n Ngc
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Ton ri rc - Ti liu dng luyn thi cao hc ngnh Khoa hc my tnh
Vng
85
1
65
xanh
75
3
45
6
50
55
n Ngc
90
xanh
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103