Math 142, Spring 2012.

HW1 Solutions
3. () Suppose the f : X Y is continuous, with X , Y metric spaces. Thus, for each x X , and any > 0, > 0 such that dX (x , y ) < = dY (f (x ), f (y )) < . Let U Y be open and assume that f 1 (U ) = - the case f 1 (U ) = being trivial. Let x f 1 (U ). Then, as U is open in Y , there is some r > 0 such that Br (f (x )) U . Take r > 0 such that f (Br (x )) Br (f (x )) - such an r exists by our assumption on f above. Thus, Br (x ) f 1 (U ). Since x f 1 (U ) was arbitrary we see that each point of f 1 (U ) is an interior point so that f 1 (U ) is open. () Suppose the f 1 (U ) X is open, for each open U Y . Let x X . Then, for any > 0 the ball B (f (x )) Y is open in Y , so that f 1 (B (f (x )) X is open in X . Thus, by denition of an open set in a metric space, there is some > 0 such that B (x ) f 1 (B (f (x ))) = f (B (x )) B (f (x )), so that f is continuous at x X . This holds for any x X so that f is continuous. 5. Let denote the conite topology. This is a topology: - since is nite we have X = X ; by denition, - for a family of nite sets (F )A in X we have X F = X (
A A

F ),

and F is nite (its a subset of a nite set). Hence, is closed under arbitrary unions. - let X F1 , X F2 , with F1 , F2 nite. Then, (X F1 ) (X F2 ) = X (F1 F2 ), and a nite union of nite sets is again nite, so that is closed under nite intersections. Furthermore, since each singleton set {x }, for x X , is nite, we have that {x } is closed. Let be any topology in which points are closed. Let X F , with F nite: we will show that X F , so that . Suppose F = {x1 , ... , xn }. Then,
n

X F =

(X {xi }) ,
i =1

since X {xi } is open, for each i , and this is a nite intersection. The result follows.
1 1 7. a) We have id X (U ) = U , for any U X . In particular, for U we have idX (U ) = U . 1 b) Suppose that . Thus, if U then U and id X (U ) = U , so that idX is continuous. 1 c) Suppose that is strict. Then, there is some open U \ . Hence, id / X (U ) = U so that idX is not continuous.