1-86 Protection Tasks+Principles Qazvin

Qazvin Seminar on
Selective coordination of power systems

Tehran, 26 27 January 2008
Lecturer: Gerhard Ziegler Siemens Erlangen
Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.
Seminar Contents:
1. Tasks and principles of power system protection 2. Typical protection schemes 3. Protection of MV and LV Distribution networks 4. Transformer protection 5. Basics of Current and Voltage transformers
Page 1
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI
Tasks and Principles of Power System Protection
Page 2
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Tasks of Power System Protection

Protection cannot prevent faults,
but: minimise the consequences by: fast and selective tripping of the faulted system component automatic reclosing in case of transient faults providing information for fast fault analysis and system restoration in case of permanent faults
This would not have happened with appropriate protection!

Page 3
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Requirements on system protection
Fast means: As fast as necessary, i. e. tripping of short-circuit within the critical fault clearing time (z. B. <100 ms in transmission networks) to minimise damage and to ensure system stability Negative example: Reliable means: New York dark (1965 u. 1977) Reliable tripping in case of internal faults (high availability,no under-function) Reliable non-tripping, in case of load or external faults (high security, no over-function) Selective means: Tripping of only faulty system components, leaving the healthy parts in service to continue energy supply
Page 4
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Typical protection objects
Generators Transformers Busbars Lines Motors
< 1MVA to 1500 MVA 0,1 MVA to 1000 MVA MV to EHV 1kV to 750 kV
ca. 100 kW to ca. 20 MW
Page 5
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Fault current, influencing factors

(three phase short-circuit as an example)
Infeed Line Load Example (RF neglected):
G E
E= 1,1 U N 3
E=
ZS
USC
2
ISC
ZSC
RF
1,1 110kV = 70kV 3 110kV 2 = 2,4Ohm ZS = 5000MVA
U ZS = N SK ''
Z SC = z L ' [Ohm / km] l (km)
Z SC = 0,4[Ohm / km] 20(km) = 8Ohm

ISC-3-ph = 70kV (2,4 + 8,0)Ohm = 6,7kA
ISC-3-ph
E = ZS + ZSC + RF
Short-circuit power of the infeed (source impedance ZS) Line impedance to fault location (short-circuit impedance ZSC) Fault resistance (RF) Neutral earthing (earth current limitation, e. g. to 2 kA)
Page 6 2007-08 Author: G. Ziegler Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI
Fault currents: Ph-Ph and Ph-E short-circuit
Generator
Transformer
Busbar
Load
Grid
In case of ph-ph faults, the short-circuit current is normally much higher thn the load current. The earth short-circuit current can be higher or lower than laod current dependent on system neutral earthing and the fault resistance. High resistance neutral earthing: IE< 10% of nominal CT current
IE
Page 7
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Earth fault System neutral earthing
ZE
ISC
Compen sation coil
ICE
Free star point
ICE
ILE
Low impedance (solid) grounding Earth fault = short-circuit ZE=0: normal over-current protection trips . ZE>0 (IE < In): Sensitive earth-current step (0.1 to 0.5 x In) required
Page 8 2007-08
Compensated
Isolated system
Earth fault = no short-circuit Small current service can be continued Fault indication by sensitive directional earth fault relays Normally no tripping, only alarm Manual tripping
Author: G. Ziegler
Capture of earth-current IE und and neutral displacement voltage UE for earth-fault protection
IE
ZE
IL1 IL2 IL3 IE
Core balance CT 60/1 A
UL1 UL2 UL3 Mp
For sensitive directional earthfault relaying
IE
UE
I E = I L1 + I L2 + I L3
Page 9 2007-08 Author: G. Ziegler
U E = U L1 + U L2 + U L3
Typical Fault criteria
Overcurrent I> Earth-current IE> Undervoltage U< Unterimpedanz Z< Overvoltage U> Leakage (Differential) current I Over- and Under-frequency Current unbalance (negative sequence current I2>) Special criteria for machine protection
Page 10
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Protection Criterion: Overcurrent Applicable when:

Infeed
ISC-min > 2,5 x Iload-max. ISC-min
I>, t2
Iload-max.
I>, t1
Add-on criterion: Time (t) (to gain selectivity)
t
Fuse
DT IT
Protection methods:
Fuse Definite time (DT) over-current relay Inverse time (IT) overcurrent relay
ISC
Page 11
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Typical fault causes
Line faults
Atmospheric impact (lightning, icing, wind) Growing plants (trees, bush fire) Mechanical impact (crane, flying objects) Thermal overload (too large sag of line conductors)
Cable faults
Insulation flash through (for example due to water treeing, water in cable sealings) Mechanical damage (for example during digging works ) Thermal overload
Power transformer faults and instrument transformer failures

Insulation failure (due to aging, transient overvoltages) External short-circuits Thermal overload
Busbar faults
Short-circuits caused by foreign objects (dropping line conductors, animals) False switching actions (e. g. switching to earth, opening an isolator under load)
Page 12
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Causes of Faults
German Disturbance Statistics, 1986
20 kV:
110 kV:
380kV
18042 2385 357 disturbances (13 per 100 km) (4,9 per 100 km) (3,4 per 100 km) of which: 60 % 11 % 2% 23 % 4% of which: 31 % 4% 5% 40 % 20 % of which: 51 % 4% 8% 11 % 26 % atmospheric impact foreign impact internal reasons no obvious reason reaction from other networks
Page 13
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Fault types
3-phase short-circuit
HV 5% EHV 1%
3-phase interruption
2-phase short-circuit
25 % 6%
1-phase earth short-circuit

70 % 93 %
Page 14
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Requirements on system protection Fast means:

As fast as necessary, i. e. tripping of short-circuit within the critical fault clearing time (z. B. <100 ms in transmission networks) to minimise damage and to ensure system stability Negative example:
New York dark (1965 u. 1977)
Reliable means:
Reliable tripping in case of internal faults (high availability,no under-function) Reliable non-tripping, in case of load or external faults (high security, no over-function)
Selective means:
Tripping of only faulty system components, leaving the healthy parts in service to continue energy supply
Overcurrent protection,
Fuses, Current limitation
Fault occurs
Maximum possible assymetric peak on bolted fault without fuse
Peak let through current
Time
a c
b
a = Melting time b = arcng time c= Total clearing time
Page 16
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Fuses, Coordination
Time
Minimum melting time Maximum clearing time
Infeed Fuse
t2 Fuse 2 t1 Fuse 1 I
Fuse 1
Current Criteria for fuse-fuse coordination: t1< 0.75 t2
The maximum clearing time of main fuse 1 should not exceed 75% of the minimum melting time of the backup fuse 2.
Current-Time graded Protection : (Example definite time)
20 MVA 100 kV Grid
A
20 kV
350 A 3500 A
1 MVA I>,t 0,7 s
0,3 s I>,t 0,3 s I>,t
0,1 s I>>,t
M
I>>,t
1700 A 0,7 s I>, t
1700 A 0,4 s
I>,t
Time grading
6000 A
1700 A 0,1 s I>>,t0 150 A I>,t 1,0s
Current grading I>>C, I>A, I>B I>C
3500 A
ISC
350 A
1700 A
A
Page 18 2007-08
B
Author: G. Ziegler
150 A
Protection criterium Impedance
The relay determines the impedance:

In the fault case, the
Grid E
Z = U/I
I ZS U D ZL RF
from voltage and current at the relay location.
measured impedance corresponds to the fault distance additional criterion (for selectivity and backup)
Time is used as
X Fault area
Z2, t=0,4 s Z1, t=0
characteristic:
Operating
Load area
Page 19
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Distance protection: Graded zones
A Infeed
Z<
Z<
t t3 Z2 t2 t1 A Z1 B
Author: G. Ziegler
Z3
Page 20
2007-08
Line protection using communication (Signal transmission) Absolutely selective! Instantaneous fault clearance on 100% line length
Forward Protection Relay A
Forward Protection Relay B
U N D
ZOR-A ZOR-B
ZOR-B ZOR-A
Communication (Signal transmission) Protection range
U N D
A ZOR-B
ZOR-A
Page 21
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Options for signal transmission
Wire
- Short distances up to 20 km (50/60 Hz oder voice frequency), (Influence of ground short-circuit currents to be considered) - Pilot wire differential protection, distance teleprotection, protection command transmission
PLC (Power Line Carrier)) - up to 400 km

- for transmisiion of binary (YES/NO) signals - distance teleprotection, protection command transmission
S/R
S/R
Microwave 2 - 10 GHz (digital)

- up to about 50 km (Sight connection) - Digital communication (n times 64 kbit/s), Line differential protection, Digital line differential protection, Distance teleprotection, protection command transmission
- Optic Fibers
- Digital communication (n times 64 kbit/s), PCM coded data transmission Save against electromagnetic interferance, - Direct relay-to-relay communicatin up to ca 100 km with dedicated fibers - Communication via data communication networks -Digital line differential protection, Distance teleprotection, protection command transmission
Principle of Differential Protection

Detection of a leakage (current difference)
Leakage current
I1 i1
I2
Protected object
I1 i1 i1 i2
I2
Protected object
i2
I> I=I1 - I2 =0
i2
I> I=I1 + I2
External fault or load (Through flowing current)
Internal fault
Page 23
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Stabilised Differential Protection
Node criterion (Kirchhoffs law): I1 + I2 + I3 + ... In = Idiff = 0; I 0 Fault In creased security by current dependent restraint: |I1|+|I2|+ ... |In| = Irestraint Operating characteristic: Iopertion = Idiff kIrestraint
Idiff Trip Istab
Protection objekt
Advantage: Absolute zone selective (zone borders are CT locations) Disadvantage: No backup protection for external faults Application: Differential protection for Generators, Motors, Transformers, Lines/Cables and busbars
Pilot wire differential protection
I1
Current differential
I2
I2
Three pilot wires up to ca. 15 km

I
I1 I1
Voltage comparison
I U1
I2
Two pilot wires (Twisted pair) up to ca. 25 km
I U2
Page 25
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Digital line differential protection using data communication
I1
Line differential relay 87L O.F.
I2
I
Dedicated optic fibers up to ca. 100 km
Communication options
Line differential relay 87L O.F.
Modem
G703-Interface
Modem
G703-Interface
Other Services
PCM MUX
Data communication network
PCM MUX
Other Services
Page 26
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Transformer differential protection
I
*)
87T
I
*)
87T
87T
I
*)
ZweiwickelTrafo
Zweiwickel-Trafo mit doppelter Einspeisung
DreiwickelTrafo
*) Intermediate CTs for ratio- and vector group adaptation (not necessary with digital relays, as they perform these functions internally by numerical calculation )
Page 27
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Transformer Differential Protection

Three-phase function diagram
L1
IA1 IA2 IA3
IB1 IB2 IB3
UA
(110 kV)
L2 L3
UB
(20 kV)
Digital relays contain: Adaptation of

7UT6 I I I
Voltage ratio(s) UA / UB vector group(s) e.g. Ynd1
Numerical adaptation
Page 28
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Busbar differential protection
Electromechanical and static relays 7SS10/11/13
Digital Protection 7SS52

I Central Unit
Optic fibers
I
0
BU
BU
BU
BU
BU: Bay Unit
G
Grid infeed
G
Grid infeed
Consumers
Consumers
Page 29
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Protection of multiple busbar configurations

Double busbar as an example
Bus 1 Bus 2
Isolator Replica
I1 I2
The digital busbar protection (7SS5) uses a software based isolator replica. Contact switching is therefore no more necessary!
Page 30
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
High impedance differential protection: Principle

Behaviour during external fault
with CT saturation
with ideal current transformers
ISC
RCT
RCT
ISC
ISC UR
ISC
ECT 1 = (RL + RCT ) iSC
ECT 1 = 2 (RL + RCT ) iSC
UR = 0
ECT 2 = (RL + RCT ) iSC
U R = (RL + RCT ) iSC
Page 31
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
High impedance differential protection: Principle

Behaviour during internal fault
Em UKN
10% 50% Relay set point = IR-pick-upRR ImR Im
ISC
RCT
RCT
ISC
URS
CT requirement:
UKN 2 times URS
E CT 1 = U KN
U R U KN
E CT 2 = U KN
Page 32
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
High impedance differential protection:

Calculation example (busbar protection)
Given: n = 8 feeders rCT = 600/1 A UKN = 500 V RCT = 4 Ohm ImR = 30 mA (at relay pick-up value) RL= 3 Ohm (max.) IR-pick-up.= 20 mA (fixed value) RR = 10 kOhm Ivar = 50 mA (at relay pick-up value)
Pick-up sensitivity:
I F min = rCT I R pick up + IVar + n I mR
Stability:
I F through max < rCT
I F min =
I F min = 186 A (31% )
600 (0.02 + 0.05 + 8 0.03) 1
RR I R pick up RL + RSW
I F throuh max <
600 10,000 0.02 1 3+ 4
I F through max < 17 kA = 28 I n
Page 33
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
High impedance differential protection:

Application notes
HI protection can only be used for a galvanically connected circuit (not for transformer differential protection!) Other protection relays cannot be connected in series as the CTs saturate heavily in case of internal faults Special CT requirements: CTs must all have the same ratio and construction, normally Class PX according to IEC 60044-1 with low secondary resistance and leakage reactance A voltage limiting device (varistor) may be necessary because high voltage occurs in case of internal faults Preferred Application cases: Restricted earth fault protection (winding earth-fault protection) Differential protection of single busbars Differential protection of motors and generators
Page 34
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Backup protection
Remote backup
Infeed Protection Protection
Backup zones
Local backup
Infeed
Protection
Protection
Protection
Protection
Local Backup protection
Breaker failure protection
Page 35
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Local backup protection
If the circuit breaker fails, the infeeding CB is tripped after tBFP
t BFP=100-200ms dependent on CB time and I> reset time
I>, t BFP
I>, t BFP
I>, t BFP
I> &
AUS BFP Logic
t BFP
Trip
Page 36
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Protection system
Circuit breaker 600 A
CTs and VTs
Wiring
1A
110 kV
100 V
Distance protection Battery Protection relay
S R
Remote end
Communication
Each system is only as strong as its weakest component !
Page 37
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Current and Voltage transformers
i1
Load
i1 w1 = i2 w2
w1
w1
u1
w2 w2 i2 u2
u1 u 2 = w1 w2
Protection relay
Page 38
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Current transformers for protection
Current transformers transform from primary to 1 or 5 A secondary define the position of the relay define the border of the protection range
87 BB 21
Relays can be connected in series to the CT cores
CT burden in operation:
POB = Pleads +
PRe lays
CT cores
Page 39 2007-08
On transmission level, each main protection is connected to a separate CT core (redundancy), for example 87BB and 21
Author: G. Ziegler
Current transformer:
Principle, transformation ratio, polarity
i1 u1 i2 u2 w2 Function principle i1 u1 i2 w1 1
i1
i2 u2
i1 w1 = i2 w2
u1 u 2 = w1 w2
u1
Polarity marks
P1 i1 u2 S1 i2 S2
P2
Equivalent electrical circuit
Designation of CT terminals according to IEC 60044-1

Page 40
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Design of protection CTs
CT standard: IEC 60044-1: 5P oder 10P CT specification: Ratio: In -prim. / In -sec. 5% Accuracy up to I= ALF x In 300/1 A
Pi = I sec .2 R CT
5P10, 30 VA RCT 5 Ohm Rated power (Rated burden) PRB Accuracy limit factor ALF Auslegungskriterium:
I ALF' SC max . K TF In
The accuracy limit factor in operation depends on the actually connected burden: Pi + PRB Accuracy limit in operation: ALF' = ALF Pi + POB
KTF (Transient overdimensioning factor) considers the dc offset of the short-circuit current ISC, (Relay specific requirements, as provided by the manufacturer)
Page 41
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Voltage transformes for protection
Voltage transformers (VTs) are necessary for Direction determination Impedance measurement, Distance to fault location Power measurement Synchro-check and Synchronising U<, U>, f<, f> protection Practice: In distribution: VTs only at the busbar(s) In HV and EHV: VTs at each feeder Sezification according to IEC60044-2 1% accuracy sufficient for protection
100 V 110 kV / 100 V / 100 V / 3
Open delta winding
Micro circuit breakers
Earth fault relaying Protection 1 Protection 2 Measurement
Page 42
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Auto-reclosure
Fast clearance of transient faults
Trip 1-pole 3-pole
Close Open
Close
Open finally
Distribution: Further 40 % successful
CB On
tSC-1
Short ARDead time
tK2
Long ARDead time
CB Off Tgrading time 2nd shot
1st shot
Page 43
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Success rate of Auto-reclosure

(German utilities, 1986)
Disturbances per 100 km line length 68,5%
In Germany: MV: HV: EHV: 3-pole AR ( multi-shot) 3-pole AR 1-pole AR
15
10
59,1%
Self extinguishing earth faults Unsuccessful AR
85,3% 89,1% 95,1%
Successful AR
Page 44
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
History of applied protection technology
Electromechanical Technology
Analog electronic Technology
Digital Technology
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Page 45
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Historic development of relay design (HV)
Analog statisch Static (analog electronic)
digital digital
electromechanical
elektromechanisch
Page 46
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Legacy relaying technology

Induction relay Rectifier bridge comparator with moving coil relay
I1
Protection object
I2
I1 i1
Protection object
I2 i2
I Re s
IOp
i1
i2
I Re s = k (I 1 I 2 )
I = I Op I Re s
I Op = I 1 + I 2
+
N S
Page 47
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Digital relay structure
A AI D BO
Tripping
MP
System
BI Signal from remote line end
Alarms
Serial interfaces
Page 48
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Capture of measuring data (principle)

IN=1A oder 5A UN=(100...125V)/3 1 1 1ms 1kHz clock 1 1
L1 L2 L3 E
UL1 UL2 UL3 UE
Input data
L1 L2 L3 E
UL1 UL2 UL3 UE
S&H MUX
Digital values
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 A D
S&H Sample & Hold MUX Multiplexer A/D Analog/Digital-Converter
Analog
Digital Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI
Page 49
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Sampling theorem
a) Spectra
x(f)
Requirement: fmax <
fS 2
x(f)
- f S/ 2
fS/ 2
fA
- f S/ 2
f S/ 2
fS
Sampling theorem fulfilled!
Sampling theorem violated!
b) Sampling of different waveforms (fS = 400Hz)

x(t) x(t) = sin (f50,t)
t/ms
x(t)
x(t) = sin (f 350,t)
t/ms
Page 50
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Dynamic range of A/D conversion

15 bit + sign A/D converter 15 Bit= 215 =32.768 steps resolution The measuring error corresponds to LSB (Last Significant Bit) Currents:
15 32.768 steps = 100 x IN
Voltages:
15 32.768 steps = 140 V 234 steps = 1.0 V Error: 0.2 % of the measuring value
33 steps = 0.1 x In Error: 1.5 % of the measuring value
1 step = 0.00305 x IN = 0.3 % x IN
1 step = 0.00427 V
Page 51
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Fourier analysis of measured values
Sampled signal i(t)
Processing with two orthogonal filters
I(k) = IS(k) + j IC(k)
10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000
IS =
1 2
- 360
2,000
I ( t) sin t dt
0,000 0 -2,000 -4,000 -6,000 20 40 60 80 100
1 IC = 2
- 360
I ( t) cos t
dt
Page 52
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Fourier analysis: Filtering characteristics
Full cycle (20 ms at 50 Hz)

1 1
Half cycle (10 ms at 50 Hz)
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
50 100
200
300
400
500Hz
50 100
200
300
400
500Hz
Page 53
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Fourier transform Determination of Voltage and current phasors

Time domain
+T/2
T 2
diL (t) uL (t) = RL iL (t)+ LL dt

1 Re{ UL } = T
+T/2 T/2
+T/2
T 2
uL(t) cos(0 t )dt
1 Re{I L } = iL (t) cos(0 t )dt T T/2
1 Im{U L } = uL (t) sin(0 t )dt T T/2
1 Im{I L } = iL (t) sin(0 t )dt T T/2
+T/2
t=0
Data window
U L = Re{UL }+ jIm{UL }
I L = Re{I L }+ jIm{I L }
U L = U L e j U = U L e j t U
UL = UL [cos( t + U ) + jsin( t + U )] = UL e j(t+U)

IL = IL [cos( t + I ) + jsin( t + I )] = IL e j(t+I )
Frequency domain
U = tU
I L = I L e j I = I L e j t I
I = t I
t=0
Page 54
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Fault impedance calculation from complex U- and I-phasors for distance protection
U L = U L e j U = U L e jt U
Impedance plane
X
RL
ZL
XL
U = tU
I L = I L e jI = I L e jt I
Z = U I
I =tI
jU
t =0
R
R L = Re{Z L } =
X L = Im{Z L } =
ZL =
UL IL
UL e
I L e jI
U L j(U I ) e IL
UL cos( U I ) IL
UL sin ( U I ) IL
= R L + jXL
Page 55
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Differential protection with current phasors (principle)

A
IA
Protection Object
IB
I trip
I
jIAS
IA
I>
Operating quantity :
restraint I
I = I A + I B
I
IBC IAC
Restrainin g quantity : I = I A + I B
IB
Page 56 2007-08
jIBS
Author: G. Ziegler
Power System Protection: Digital relay design (different manufacturers)
Page 57
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Modern digital protection relay, design
Modem
Modem
Page 58
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Relay series SIPROTEC 4 Communication interfaces (1)

PC-interface, front side electric RS 232 Analog output 20 mA or teleprotection interface electric or optic
System interface electric or optic IEC60870-5-103,IEC61850, Profibus FMS, DNP3.0 or Modbus; alternatively analog output 20 mA
Service interface electric RS232 / RS485 DIGSI 4 / modem Time synchronisation GPS (IREC-B) or DCF-77
Page 59
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Relay series SIPROTEC 4 Communication interface (2)
Teleprotection 1
Teleprotection 2
IEC 870-5-103 61850, Profibus DNP, Modbus,
Local control
Remote operation Local operation GPS Synchr.
Page 60
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Main processing bord and communication interface modules (SIPROTEC 4 relay series)
O.F. Double ring Exchangeable communication modules Wired IEC61850 Ethernet 100 Mbit
Page 61
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Development of relay processing hardware
Begin of delivery 1992 2000
Relay generation SIPROTEC 3 SIPROTEC 4
Memories RAM/EPROM 256/512 k 512k/4MB + 4MB D-RAM
Bus width 16 bit 32 bit
Clock frequency 16 MHz 80 MHz
Processing power 1.0 MIPS *) 35 MIPS *)
*) MIPS: Million Instructions per second
Page 62
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Digital Relay, Data aquisition SIPROTEC 4 relay series
Sampling rate: Samples per period: Anti-aliasing filter: A/D-conversion: Measuring value storage: Program language:
1000 Hz (1200 Hz at 60 Hz nominal frequency) 20 500 Hz (600 Hz) limiting frequency 16 bit, corresponding to 65536 steps 15 s C/C++
Page 63
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Multi-function digital relay

Example Feeder protection
Close Trip
59 21
Backup prot.
25
FL
79
M
ST
= =
49 67N
FR
85
59 25 79 ST 21 FL FR M 49 67N 85
Overvoltage Synchro-check Auto-reclosure Control Distance protection Fault locator fault recording Measurement Overload Directional EF protection Teleprotection supplement
Modem Remote line end
Page 64
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Combined Protection and Control devices
Scope of functions:
Protection Monitoring Measuring (Load monitoring) Control Automisation Data capture and storage Communication
Page 65
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Distribution Switchgear Innovation

One IED replaces a conglomeration of black box devices Traditional panels with mechanical relays and control Modern panels with digital multifunction relays
Page 66
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Relays as components of Substation Automation
Remote relay opertion
Office DIGSI
Substation control DIGSI central relay opertion
Telefon/Modem connection Ethernet, IEC 61850
Modem
RUN
7SJ61-0000DE ERROR
RUN
7SJ61-0000DE ERROR
DIGSI Local relay opertion
F1 F2 F3 F4
7 4 1 .
8 5 2 0
9 6 3 +/-
F1 F2 F3 F4
7 4 1 .
8 5 2 0
9 6 3 +/-
Page 67
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Relay communication options
Protection using communication
0 I O V
50 100 %
Mobile Service
0 I O V
50 100 %
Intranet ISDN, Internet Engineering Office

0 I O V 50 100%
Substation control Local operation
Page 68
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
PC controlled relay operation
Page 69
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Software marshalling matrix
Page 70
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
PLC (Progammable logic control)
Page 71
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Digital relays: Fault reporting
Detailed information for fault analysis

Fault history Time tagged event recording Fault recording Distance to fault
Fast fault clearance Short outage times

SIGRA Fault analysis Programm
Page 72
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Protection examples
Page 73
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
ANSI Device function numbers

(Selection of most important functions)
51, 51N 50, 50N 21, 21N 85 87 87N 27 59 79 81 49 46 Time delayed phase and earth overcurrent protection Instantaneous phase and earth overcurrent protection Phase and earth fault distance protection Supplement (Logics) for teleprotection Differential Protection Earth differential protection (Restricted E/F protection) Undervoltage protection Overvoltage protection Automatic reclosing Frequency protection Overload protection Unbalanced load protection
Page 74
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Line protection, Overview
OH-lines
Cables
51 if signalling links available, else as OH-lines
MV:
Radial: I>, t 51 Ring: I>-directional, t 67 Meshed: Z< 21
IL+ I>, t
HV:
Z< with communication 21 + I>-directional, t 67
IL + Z< 87
21 with communication
EHV:
2 x Z< 21 + 21
or IL + Z< 87
IL + Z<
87
21
+ 21
each with communication
each with communication

Earth fault protection
Solid grounding
Earth fault current Phase short-circuit current: Earth overcurrent, distance, differential protection Sensivity IE>: 0.25 to 0.5 x In
Impedance grounded
Same as above but higher sensivity: 0,1 to 0,2 x In
High impedance grounded

Special earthfault protection necessary!
Compensated (Peterson coil)
UE> for alarming (20 to 50% of 3xU0) Sensitive directional earth current relays (10 to 50 mA) Core balanced CTs required
isolated
Page 76
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Application of Time-Overcurrent Protection

Example: Radial feeders with Definit Time O/C relays
0.4 kV 20 kV
1 MVA
1 MVA 3 MVA
100 kV I>> I>, t
30 MVA
I>, t
I>, t
I>, t
tI>> =0,1 s tI> =tLV+ 0,4 s
t = 1,0 s
t = 0,7 s
t = 0,4 s
Fuse
Advantage: Simple relays, no VTs required

Disadvantage: Tripping time increase in infeed direction
I>, t I>> I>, t
51 50 51
Page 77
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Application of Directional O/C Protection

Example: Ring network
x I>> I>, t x I>, t t = 1,2 s x I>, t t = 1,2 s x I>, t t = 0,0 s x I>, t t = 0,0 s x I>> I>, t tI>> =0,1 s tI> =tLV+ 0,4 s x I>, t t = 0,8 s x I>, t t = 0,8 s I>, t t = 0,4 s x I>, t t = 0,4 s tI>> =0,1 s tI> =tLV+ 0,4 s x x I>> I>, t tI>> =0,1 s tI> =tLV+ 0,4 s
I>, t I>> I>, t I>, t
I>, t 50 I>, t
51 51 67
Page 78
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Application of Distance Protection

Example: HV Double circuit lines
x Z< x Z< t1 = 50 ms Z< Z<
x Z< Z<
x Z< t1 = 50 ms Z<
t1 = 50 ms
t1 = 50 ms
Instantaneous fault clearance on protected line and backup for folloeing lines Disadvantage: Higher cost
Advantage:
Page 79
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Application of line differential protection

Example: Cable feeders
I
Backup
I
Backup
x x I>, t
I
Backup
I
Backup
t = 0ms
I
87L
Backup
Pilot wire differential or Digital differential with optic fibers MV: HV: I>, t Z< 51 21
Page 80
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Protection of distribution transformers
< ca. 500 kVA

Short-circuit and overload protection
> ca. 500 kVA

Short-circuit and overload protection
HH-Fuse Type: GTr
I>> I>, t 2
Relay
I t
LV-Fuse or ? LV-CB with I>, t
LV-Fuse or LV-CB with I>, t
Page 81
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Protection of larger transformers
x 50
I>> I>, t
51
Main protection: Current differential

Overload protection
>
49 87T
>
BU
x
2007-08
>
I
I>, t
Backup protection Time-overcurrent
>
BU
Thermal monitoring Gas pressure relay (Buchhulz relay)
Page 82
Author: G. Ziegler
Busbar protection
Single busbars without feedback MV: I>, t with reverse interlocking Busbar differential High impedance type
Single busbars with feedback Busbar differential
Multiple busbars
Busbar differential
HV/ EHV:
Busbar differential High impedance type or Low impedance type
Busbar differential Low impedance type
High impedance differential protection requires special Class X current transformers!

Page 83
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Busbar protection
Reverse interlocking method
Infeed
2
I>, t
t0= 50ms t2= 0.3 s
Blocking
x I>, t1 + I>
x I>, t1 + I>
x I>, t1 + I>
1 2
Feeder protection blocks 50 ms element of infeed protection and trips faulted feeder Infeed 50 ms step trips bus as there is no protection pick-up in the feeders
Page 84
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Dual service with transformation

Choice of protection ranges
Infeed 1
Infeed 2
Page 85
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Dual service with transformation

Protection functions
79 79
A
Infeed 1 87L 21 87B 50 50N 87N 87T D 51 51N 51 51N T> BU
B
87B 51 51N T> BU E 51 51N 51 51N 50 50N
C
87L 21 Infeed 2
87T
87N
Remote end
Remote end
87B 51 51N 51 51N
87B 51 51N 51 51N
Page 86
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

1-86 Protection Tasks+Principles Qazvin

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1-86 Protection Tasks+Principles Qazvin

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Qazvin Seminar on

Selective coordination of power systems

Lecturer: Gerhard Ziegler Siemens Erlangen

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Tasks and Principles of Power System Protection

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Tasks of Power System Protection

This would not have happened with appropriate protection!

Requirements on system protection

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Typical protection objects

Generators Transformers Busbars Lines Motors

ca. 100 kW to ca. 20 MW

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Fault current, influencing factors

1,1 110kV = 70kV 3 110kV 2 = 2,4Ohm ZS = 5000MVA

Z SC = z L ' [Ohm / km] l (km)

Z SC = 0,4[Ohm / km] 20(km) = 8Ohm

Fault currents: Ph-Ph and Ph-E short-circuit

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Earth fault System neutral earthing

Compen sation coil

Free star point

IL1 IL2 IL3 IE

Core balance CT 60/1 A

UL1 UL2 UL3 Mp

For sensitive directional earthfault relaying

Typical Fault criteria

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Protection Criterion: Overcurrent Applicable when:

ISC-min > 2,5 x Iload-max. ISC-min

Add-on criterion: Time (t) (to gain selectivity)

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Typical fault causes

Power transformer faults and instrument transformer failures

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

1-phase earth short-circuit

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Requirements on system protection Fast means:

Maximum possible assymetric peak on bolted fault without fuse

Peak let through current

Minimum melting time Maximum clearing time

Current Criteria for fuse-fuse coordination: t1< 0.75 t2

20 MVA 100 kV Grid

1 MVA I>,t 0,7 s

0,3 s I>,t 0,3 s I>,t

1700 A 0,7 s I>, t

1700 A 0,1 s I>>,t0 150 A I>,t 1,0s

Current grading I>>C, I>A, I>B I>C

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Protection criterium Impedance

The relay determines the impedance:

from voltage and current at the relay location.

Z2, t=0,4 s Z1, t=0

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Distance protection: Graded zones

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Forward Protection Relay A

Forward Protection Relay B

Communication (Signal transmission) Protection range

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved. PTD SE PTI

Options for signal transmission

PLC (Power Line Carrier)) - up to 400 km