Introduction

Basic Thermodynamics Concepts

Heat. System. State. Path. Process. Cycle. Property.

Contd..
Process - Any change that a system undergoes from

one equilibrium state to another is called a process.

Path - The series of state through which a system

passes during a process is called a path

Cycle - A process with identical end states is called a

cycle.

A review of basic thermodynamics: A refresher

The ball represents mass exchange The arrow represents energy exchange

Zeroth Law of thermodynamics

The Zeroth Law deals with thermal equilibrium

and provides a means for measuring temperatures.

Difference between thermal equilibrium and

Thermodynamic equilibrium.

Zeroth Law of thermodynamics

First Law of thermodynamics

The first law is the law of conservation of energy.
The algebric sum of the work transfers is

proportional to the algebric sum of heat transfer.

Limitations of First Law

It does not place any distinction on the direction

of the process under consideration.

It will not help to predict, whether the system

would undergo a change or no. It simply states that in a certain process heat and work are mutually convertible.

Second Law of thermodynamics

The Second law of clausis states that
It is impossible to construct a device that operates

in a cycle and produces no effect other than the removal of heat from a body at one temperature and the absorption of an equal quantity of heat by a body at a higher temperature.

Second Law of thermodynamics contd..

The Second law of Max Plancks states that
It is impossible to construct an engine working on

a cyclic process whose sole purpose is to convert all the heat supplied to it into equivalent amount of work.

Few Examples
Some common examples.
All processes in nature occur unaided or

spontaneously in one direction. But to make the same process go in the opposite direction one needs to spend energy.

Third Law of Thermodynamics

It is impossible by any procedure no matter how

idealized, to reduce any system to the absolute zero temperature in a finite number of operations.

Summation of three laws

You cant get something for nothing
To

get work output you must give some thermal energy get some work output there is a minimum amount of thermal energy that needs to be given much work you are willing to give 0 K cant be reached.

You cant get something for very little

To

You cant get every thing

However

Definitions of Reversible Process

A process is reversible if after it, means can be found to restore the system and surroundings to their initial states. Some reversible processes: Constant volume and constant pressure heating and cooling -the heat given to change the state can be rejected back to regain the state

Reversible Process (contd)

Isothermal and adiabatic processes -the work

derived can be used to compress it back to the original state. Elastic expansion/compression (springs, rubber bands)

Some Irreversible Process

Thermodynamic Processes A process in which the volume remains constant constant volume process. Also called isochoric process / isometric process A process in which the pressure of the system remains constant. constant pressure process. Also called isobaric process A process in which the temperature of the system is constant. constant temperature process. Also called isothermal process A process in which the system is enclosed by adiabatic wall. Adiabatic process

Rankine Vapor power cycle

T-s diagram Rankine power cycle

P-V diagram Rankine power cycle

Rankine Cycle

contd

Process 1-2: Water from the condenser at low pressure is

pumped into the boiler at high pressure. This process is reversible adiabatic. Process 2-3: Water is converted into steam at constant pressure by the addition of heat in the boiler. Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatic expansion of steam in the steam turbine. Process 4-1: Constant pressure heat rejection in the condenser to convert condensate into water. The steam leaving the boiler may be dry and saturated, wet or superheated. The corresponding T-s diagrams are 1-2-3-4-1; 1-2-3-4-1 or 1-23-4-1.

Thermal efficiency of rankine cycle

Consider one kg of working fluid, and applying first law

to flow system to various processes with the assumption of neglecting changes in potential and kinetic energy, we can write, q - w = dh For process 2-3, w = 0 (heat addition Process), we can write, (q )boiler= (dh )boiler =(h3-h2)