Locating Principles & Devices

LOCATING PRINCIPLES
To position the work piece w.r.t. to tool, to ensure precision in machinin Locatin ! "imensional an" positional relation# ship $%w work piece an" tool Locator! "e&ice to esta$lish an" maintain position o' a part in a (i or 'i)ture

*ASIC PRINCIPLES
Positionin the locator Accurac+ , tolerances -ool proo'in .uplicate location /otion econom+

0# Positionin the locators

Locators shoul" contact the work 1pre'era$l+ machines sur'ace2 on a soli" an" sta$le point!
This permits accurate placement o' the part in the tool , ensures the repeata$ilit+ o' the (i an" 'i)ture

The+ shoul" $e place" as 'ar as possi$le!

This permits the use o' 'ewer locators Ensures complete contact o&er the locatin sur'ace

3# Accurac+ an" Tolerance

The workpiece itsel' "etermines the o&erall si4e o' a locatin element. locators must $e ma"e to suit the //C 1/a)imum#/aterial Con"ition2 o' the area to $e locate". 1The //C o' a 'eature is the si4e o'
the 'eature where is has the ma)imum amount o' material2.

5ith e)ternal 'eatures, like sha'ts, the //C is the lar est si4e within the limits. 5ith internal 'eatures, like holes, it is the smallest si4e within the limits.

-OOL PROO-ING
Ensures that the part 'its into the tool in its correct position onl+ The simplest an" most cost e''ecti&e metho" is positionin a 'ool proo' pin.

6# .uplicate locators
Re"un"ant, or "uplicate, locators shoul" $e a&oi"e".
a) Flat surface can be redundantly located. The part should be located on only one, not both, side of surfaces. b) Both the hub and the flange locating the same parallal surface

c) Difficulty with combining hole and surface location: Either locational method (locating from the holes or locating from the edges) wor s well if used alone.
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7. /otion Econom+
It in&ol&es use o' eas+, 8uick an" economic loa"in o' work pieces.

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.e rees o' -ree"om

9ere we consi"er 03 "e rees o' 'ree"om1not :2.

6 alon each a)is;3 translational an" two rotational.

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Restriction o' /o&ement!

Si)#pin metho"1<#3#0 metho"2!
/otion is restricte" usin clamps an" locators. A three pin $ase can restrict 'i&e motions. =Rotation a$out >,? a)es.16 motions2 =Translation alon #&e 4#a)is 10 motion2 .irections nine, ten an" ele&en are restricte" $+ a clampin "e&ice. 1< motions2

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Cont..
To restrict the mo&ement o' the part aroun" the @@# a)is an" in "irection ei ht, two more pin# t+pe locators are positione" in a &ertical plane.1< motions2 A sin le pin locator in &ertical plane restricts motion alon "irection A.1 0 motion2 So motion in all 03 "irections are restricte".

Locatin Principles an" .e&ices

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Si)#pins# restrict nine motions. Other three are restricte" $+ usin a clamp.

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==cont". This is the most common locatin metho" emplo+e" 'or s8uare or rectan ular parts. -lat $ases ma+ also $e use", $ut these shoul" $e installe" rather than machinin into the $ase. *ut pin%$utton t+pe locators o''ers more accurac+ as the area o' contact is less. /oreo&er, the+ raise the work a$o&e the $ase so that chips wont interrupt the operation.

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5orkpieces with holes!

9oles pro&i"e an e)cellent metho" 'or locatin . A roun" pin insi"e the hole1primar+2 an" a "iamon" pin1secon"ar+2 can restrict 00 motionsB

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Locatin /etho"s!
!ocating from a Flat "urface:
There are three primary methods of locating wor from a flat surface: soli" supports a"(usta$le supports, e8uali4in supports

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Soli" supports!

Easiest an" cheapest. Less accurate. Cse" where machine" sur'ace acts as a locatin point.

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A"(usta$le supports!

Cse" where sur'aces are une&en1castin ,'or in ..2 Threa"e" st+le is the easiest an" more economical. A"(usta$le locators are normall+ use" with one or more soli" locators to allow an+ a"(ustment nee"e" to le&el the work.

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E8uali4in supports!

The+ pro&i"e e8ual support throu h two connecte" contact points. As one point is "epresse", the other raises an" maintains contact with the part. This 'eature is especiall+ necessar+ on une&en cast sur'aces.

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Locatin 'rom an Internal .iameter

Locatin a part 'rom a hole or pattern is the most e''ecti&e wa+ to accuratel+ position work. Nine o' the twel&e "irections o' mo&ement are restricte" $+ usin a sin le pin, an" ele&en "irections o' mo&ement are restricte" with two pins. 5hen possi$le, it is lo ical to use holes as primar+ part locators.

Locatin Principles an" .e&ices

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Locatin C+lin"rical Sur'aces1E)ternall+2 DEF#locators

Eee locators are use" mainl+ 'or roun" work. The+ can locate 'lat work with roun"e" or an ular en"s an" 'lat "iscs. Two t+pes!-i)e" an" A"(usta$le!

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Locatin 'rom Irre ular Sur'aces1E)ternal2

Locatin work 'rom an e)ternal pro'ile, or outsi"e e" e, is the most common metho" o' locatin work in the earl+ sta es o' machinin .

-or simple components,a si htin plate ma+ $e use". Location is "one $+ a"(ustin the workpiece in such a wa+ that it has e8ual mar ins on all si"es. In lar e parts c+lin"rical pins can $e use".
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cont..1irre ular sur'aces2

I' there are lar e &ariations 'rom $atch to $atch, eccentric locators can $e use", whose eccentricit+ can $e &arie" accor"in to the pro'ile. Eccentricit+ is &arie" (ust $+ rotatin the locator until it hol"s the workpiece in position.

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Locatin 'rom an E)ternal Pro'ile

1cont; irre ular pro'iles2

#esting locators position a part $+ enclosin it in a "epression, or recess, o' the same shape as the part. Nestin is the most accurate locatin "e&ice 'or pro'ile location. O$&iousl+, the hei ht o' the nest shoul" $e lesser than the hei ht o' the workpiece. In case o' sheet#metals or thin workpieces, 'in er slots or e(ector pins shoul" $e pro&i"e".
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Pin an" $utton locator locator use" to support or hol" the workpiece in position. Pins locators are lon er an" 'or hori4ontal locations. *utton locators shorter,&ertical locations. Locatin $uttons#press 'it an" screwe"1wear an" tear more G replacea$le2

Rest pa"s an" plates

Cse" with hea&ier an" lar er workpiece. To support an" locate the work &erticall+. 9ol" (i or 'i)ture $ase plate $+ socket#hea" cap screws.

.iamon" pin locator

5ork piece with the "rille" holes use two roun" pins I' "imension &ariation $etween centre to centre "istance o' the holes, one roun" an" "iamon" pin locators are use" *in"in is eliminate" Pre&ents mo&ement aroun" the pin an" are relie&e" on two si"es to allow &ariation

Nestin locator or ca&it+ locator

use" to position the work piece Accurate metho" 'or pro'ile location No nee" o' supplementar+ locatin "e&ices *ut it is "i''icult to li't out o' ca&it+ Common t+pes!#

Rin Nest Cse" 'or c+lin"rical workpiece. It encloses the workpieces 'ull+.

0.-ull Nest
-or work pieces other than c+lin"ers. Encloses the work completel+.

Partial Nest -or lar er work pieces a nest ma+ not $e possi$le to enclose it completel+. In such cases partial nests are use" which encloses certain contours o' the work.

Spherical locator

Sphercal location re"uces contact area. /aterial not in "irect contact with the work piece. *in"in not possi$le in this case

Split contact locator

Relie&e" locator use" in thick workpiece Locator is relie&e" in the mi""le Onl+ top an" $ottom areas come in contact with workpiece

Raise" contact locator

Raise" contact "esi n re"ucin the chance o' $in"in Contact point is raise" to the mi""le o' the workpiece an" contact area re"uce" /o&in the contact area 'rom the $ase plate re"uces the e''ect o' "irt,chip an" $urrs

Split pin or roo&e pin

Cse" in place o' "owel pins to re"uce cost an" time Not so accurate as the+ "onHt emplo+ the reame" hole as in the case o' "owel pins

.owel pin locator

/ost common t+pe o' 'i)e" locator

C+lin"rical pin
Cse" when the workpiece contains holes "rille" into it Pin will $in" unless centreline o' the hole is per'ectl+ ali ne" with cetreline o' locator

/achine" -i)e" stop locator

Cse" 'or parts that cannot $e use" in either a nest or E#locator Are usuall+ machine" into the tool $o"+ Since the+ are machine" into the tool $o"+ the entire $o"+ has to $e chan e" when locator is worn out

Installe" 'i)e" stop locator

/ost economical to use Since it is installe" into the tool $o"+ an" not machine" it can $e easil+ replace" when worn out No nee" to make the locator $o"+ entirel+ a ain Sa&es time

Stan"ar" parts (i $utton

Commonl+ ma"e 'rom case har"enin steel 10:/nCr7 or 3I/nCr7C072 9a&e a har"ness &alue o' a$out :I 9RC 9a&e a case "epth o' I.< to I.7 mm

Ji $ush
Ji $ushes locate an" ui"e cuttin tools Se&eral t+pes like linear,renewa$le,slip an" screw $ushes e)ist /a"e 'rom "irect har"enin t+pe steel such as En<0,TKI,3I/nEL 9ar"ness is usuall+ :I 9RC with case har"ene" "epth o' I.7 to I.Lmm

E(ectors

M M

Cse" to remo&e the workpiece 'rom close 'itte" locators an" are present $ehin" the workpiece Spee" up the operation $+ re"ucin unloa"in time The+ are o' 3 t+pes!
/echanical t+pe Sprin plun er

Ji 'eet $olt an" nuts

Csuall+ purchase" as stan"ar" parts an" the+ are $uilt into (i $o"+ e)cept in castin construction Ji 'eet is $oun"e" with lu an" roun"e" in or"er to make eometricall+ true sur'ace

Pressure pa"s
Cse" a$o&e or $elow the workpiece "epen"in on si4e an" shape o' workpiece Necessar+ when workpiece contains sharp corners or irre ular sur'aces Also use" to a$sor$ shocks Pressure 'or pa"s applie" $+ sprin s,air or h+"raulics Crethane pa"s re8uire less space than sprin s since the+ withstan" reater pressure with less "e'lection compare" to sprin s

washer
Cse" 'or positi&e clampin 'orce The+ shoul" ha&e har"ness &alue less than the matin sur'ace Cse" 'or compensatin len th in $olt si4ean" to rip the clampin 'orce C washer,swin C washer,spherical washer,lock washer ,internal star washer

9an" rip screws

Cse" 'or positi&e clampin Cse" to ti hten the part C+lin"rical en", roo&e en",'loatin en" are the &arious t+pes

5in or 'l+ screws

use" 'or li ht positi&e ti htenin C+lin"rical en", roo&e en",'loatin en" are the &arious t+pes

Nuarter turn screw

Also calle" thum$screw latch .esi ne" in such a wa+ that the operator can easil+ turn the screws e&en i' the threa"s are co&ere" with "r+ oil,"ust an" chips It is kept perpen"icular to con'irm ti htenin

Si ht Locators!
Cse" 'or rou h machinin . Less accurate. 5ork 'its into speci'ic slots on the locatin plate known as si htin plates. 3 t+pes Si ht location $+ slots on the ta$le. Si ht location $+ lines etche" on the tool.