Chapter 14 Mass Transfer

14-107 A raindrop is falling freely in atmospheric air. The terminal velocity of the raindrop at which the
drag force equals the weight of the drop and the average mass transfer coefficient are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The low mass flux model and thus the analogy between heat and mass transfer is applicable
since the mass fraction of vapor in the air is low (about 2 percent for saturated air at 300 !. 2 The raindrop
is spherical in shape. 3 The reduction in the diameter of the raindrop due to evaporation when the terminal
velocity is reached is negligible.
Properties "ecause of low mass flux conditions# we can use dry air properties for the mixture. The
properties of air at $ atm and the free%stream temperature of 2&'( (and the dynamic viscosity at the surface
temperature of )'(! are (Table A%$&!

*s m $0 &+2 . $
,g*m $-. . $
2 &
3

,g*m.s $0 /&) . $
,g*m.s $0 -.) . $
&
2-2 0
#
&

At $ atm and the film temperature of (2&1)!*2 2 $/'( 2 2)0 # the ,inematic viscosity of air is# from Table
A%$$# *s m $0 .-- . $
2 &
# while the mass diffusivity of water vapor in air is# 3q. $.%$&#
D D
T
P
AB


4 5%air
2
2

atm
m s $-/ $0 $-/ $0
2)0
$
2 3/ $0
$0
2 0/2
$0
2 0/2
&
. .
( !
. *
. .
Analysis The weight of the raindrop before any evaporation occurs is
6 $0 3- . $ ! m*s - . ) (
+
m! (0.003
! ,g*m $000 (
. 2
3
3

1
]
1

Vg mg F
D
The drag force is determined from F C A
u
D D N

2
2
where drag coefficient
C
D
is to be determined
using 7ig. $0%20 which requires the 8eynolds number. 9ince we do not ,now the velocity we cannot
determine the 8eynolds number. Therefore# the solution requires a trial%error approach. :e choose a
velocity and perform calculations to obtain the drag force. After a couple trial we choose a velocity of -
m*s. Then the 8eynolds number becomes
$&3+
*s m $0 &+2 . $
m! m*s!(0.003 (-
8e
2 &

D V
The corresponding drag coefficient from 7ig. $0%20 is 0.&. Then#
.
2 3 2 2
$0 3. . $
2
! m*s - !( ,g*m $-. . $ (
.
! m 003 . 0 (
! & . 0 (
2


1
]
1

u
A C F
N D D
which is sufficiently close to the value calculated before. Therefore# the
terminal velocity of the raindrop is V = 8 m/s. The 9chmidt number is
+2- . 0
*s m $0 2.3/
*s m $0 .-- . $
9c
2 &
2 &
A"

Then the 9herwood number can be determined from the forced heat
convection relation for a sphere by replacing ;r by the 9c number to be

[ ]
( ) ( ) [ ]( ) ) . 2$
$0 /&) . $
$0 -.) . $
+2- . 0 $&3+ 0+ . 0 $&3+ . . 0 2
9c 8e 0+ . 0 8e . . 0 2 9h
. * $
&
&
. . 0 3 * 2 2 * $
. * $
0.. 3 * 2 2 * $

,
_

+ +

,
_

+ +

s AB
mass
D
D h

Then the mass transfer coefficient becomes

m/s 0.173

m 0.003
! *s m $0 3/ . 2 !( ) . 2$ ( 9h
2 &
mass
D
D
h
AB
$.%+.
Air
2&(
$ atm
8aindrop
)(
D 2 3 mm
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-108 :et steel plates are to be dried by blowing air parallel to their surfaces. The rate of evaporation
from both sides of a plate is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The low mass flux model and thus the analogy between heat and mass transfer is applicable
since the mass fraction of vapor in the air is low (about 2 percent for saturated air at 300 !. 2 The critical
8eynolds number for flow over a flat plate is &00#000. 3 The plates are far enough from each other so that
they can be treated as flat plates. 4 The air is dry so that the amount of moisture in the air is negligible.
Properties The molar masses of air and water are M 2 2) and M 2 $- ,g*,mol# respectively (Table A%$!.
"ecause of low mass flux conditions# we can use dry air properties for the mixture. The properties of the air
at $ atm and at the film temperature of (20 1 2&! 2 22.&'( are (Table A%$&!
2 $.&3)<$0
%&
m
2
*s
2 $.$). ,g *m
3
Cp 2 $00/ = * ,g
;r 2 0./303
The saturation pressure of water at 20'( is 2.33) ,;a (Table A%)!. The mass diffusivity of water vapor in
air at 22.&'( 2 2)&.& is determined from 3q. $.%$& to be
( )
*s m $0 .+ . 2
atm $
& . 2)&
$0 -/ . $ $0 -/ . $
2 &
0/2 . 2
$0
0/2 . 2
$0
air % 5 4
2


P
T
D D
AB
Analysis The 8eynolds number for flow over the flat plate is
)+. # $03
*s m $0 &3) . $
m! m*s!(0.. . (
8e
2 &

L V
which is less than &00#000# and thus the air flow is laminar
over the entire plate. The 9chmidt number in this case is
+2+ . 0
*s m $0 2..+
*s m $0 &3) . $
9c
2 &
2 &

AB
D

Therefore# the 9herwood number in this case is determined from Table $.%$3 to be
( ) ( ) $ . $-3 +2+ . 0 )+. # $03 ++. . 0 9c 8e 0.++. 2 9h
3 * $ & . 0 $*3 0.&

L
>sing the definition of 9herwood number# the mass transfer coefficient is determined to be
m*s 0.0$$3
m 0..
*s! m $0 .+ . 2 !( $ . $-3 ( 9h
2 &
mass

L
D
h
AB
6oting that the air at the water surface will be saturated and that the saturation pressure of water at 20'( is
2.33) ,;a# the mass fraction of water vapor in the air at the surface of the plate is# from 3q. $.%$0#
( )
0$.33 . 0
,mol ,g* 2)
,mol ,g* $-
,;a $0$.32&
,;a 33) . 2
# #

,
_

air
A sat A
s A s A
M
M
P
P
M
M
y w
and
w
A#
0
Then the rate of mass transfer to the air becomes
kg/s 10 6.19
&
3
# # mass evap.
! 0 0$.33 . 0 !( m . . 0 m . . 0 2 !( ,g*m $). . $ !( m*s 0$$3 . 0 (
! (

A s A
w w A h m
Discussion This is the upper limit for the evaporation rate since the air is assumed to be completely dry.
$.%+&
Air
2&(
. m*s
"rass
plate
20(
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-109E Air is blown over a square pan filled with water. The rate of evaporation of water and the rate of
heat transfer to the pan to maintain the water temperature constant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The low mass flux model and thus the analogy between heat and mass transfer is applicable
since the mass fraction of vapor in the air is low (about 2 percent for saturated air at -07!. 2 The critical
8eynolds number for flow over a flat plate is &00#000. 3 :ater is at the same temperature as the air.
Properties The molar masses of air and water are M 2 2) and M 2 $- lbm*lbmol# respectively (Table A%
$3!. "ecause of low mass flux conditions# we can use dry air properties for the mixture at the specified
temperature of -07 and $ atm# for which 2 0.$/ <$0
%3
ft
2
*s# and 2 0.0/. lbm*ft
3
(Table A%$&3!. The
saturation pressure of water at -0'7 is 0.&0/3 psia# and the heat of vapori?ation is $0.- "tu*lbm. The mass
diffusivity of water vapor in air at -0'7 2 &.0 8 2 300 is determined from 3q. $.%$& to be
( )
*s ft $0 2./. 2 *s m $0 &. . 2
atm $
300
$0 -/ . $ $0 -/ . $
2 . 2 &
0/2 . 2
$0
0/2 . 2
$0
air % 5 4
2


P
T
D D
AB
Analysis The 8eynolds number for flow over the free surface is

&30 # /3
*s ft $0 0.$/
! ft $2 * $& !( ft*s $0 (
8e
2 3

L V
which is less than &00#000# and thus the flow is laminar over the entire surface. The
9chmidt number in this case is

+22 . 0
*s ft $0 2./3.
*s ft $0 $/ . 0
9c
2 .
2 3

AB
D

Therefore# the 9herwood number in this

case is determined from Table $.%$3 to be
( ) ( ) / . $&3 +22 . 0 &30 # /3 ++. . 0 9c 8e 0.++. 2 9h
3 * $ & . 0 $*3 0.&
@

>sing the definition of 9herwood number# the
mass transfer coefficient is determined to be
ft*s 0.033+
ft $&*$2
*s! ft $0 /3. . 2 !( / . $&3 ( 9h
2 .
mass

L
D
h
AB
6oting that the air at the water surface will be saturated and that the saturation pressure of water at -0'7 is
0.&0/3 psia (2 0.03.& atm!# the mass fraction of water vapor in the air at the surface and at the free stream
conditions are# from 3q. $.%$0#

00+.3 . 0
lbmol lbm* 2)
lbmol lbm* $-
psia $../
psia! &0/3 . 0 !( 3 . 0 (
# #

,
_

air
A sat A
s A s A
M
M
P
P
M
M
y w
02$.2 . 0
lbmol lbm* 2)
lbmol lbm* $-
psia $../
psia! &0/3 . 0 !( 0 . $ (
# #

,
_

air
A sat
air
A
A A
M
M
P
P
M
M
y w

Then the rate of mass transfer to the air becomes
( ) ( )( )( )( ) lbm/s 10 5.83
5

00+.2 . 0 02$.2 . 0 ft $2 * $& lbm*ft 0/. . 0 ft*s 033+ . 0

2 3
# # mass evap A s A s
w w A h m
6oting that the latent heat of vapori?ation of water at -0'7 is hfg 2 $0.- "tu* lbm# the required rate of heat
supply to the water to maintain its temperature constant is

( . !( !
.
Q m h
evap fg

&-3 $0 $0.-
&
lbm* s "tu * lbm 0.0611 Btu / s = 220 Btu / h
Discussion Af no heat is supplied to the pan# the heat of vapori?ation of water will come from the water# and
thus the water temperature will have to drop below the air temperature.
$.%++
Air
-07
$ atm
$0 ft*s
30B 84
3vaporation
9aturated
air
ater
80!
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-110E Air is blown over a square pan filled with water. The rate of evaporation of water and the rate of
heat transfer to the pan to maintain the water temperature constant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The low mass flux model and thus the analogy between heat and mass transfer is applicable
since the mass fraction of vapor in the air is low (about 2 percent for saturated air at +07!. 2 The critical
8eynolds number for flow over a flat plate is &00#000. 3 :ater is at the same temperature as air.
Properties The molar masses of air and water are M 2 2) and M 2 $- lbm*lbmol# respectively (Table A%
$3!. "ecause of low mass flux conditions# we can use dry air properties for the mixture at the specified
temperature of +07 and $ atm# for which 2 0.$&)<$0
%3
ft
2
*s# and 2 0.0/+ lbm * ft
3
(Table A%$&3!. The
saturation pressure of water at +0'7 is 0.2&+3 psia# and the heat of vapori?ation is $0+0 "tu*lbm. The mass
diffusivity of water vapor in air at +0'7 2 &20 8 2 2--.) is determined from 3q. $.%$& to be

( )
*s ft $0 2.&3 2 *s m $0 3& . 2
atm $
) . 2--
$0 -/ . $ $0 -/ . $
2 . 2 &
0/2 . 2
$0
0/2 . 2
$0
air % 5 4
2


P
T
D D
AB
Analysis The 8eynolds number for flow over the free surface is

+20 # /-
*s ft $0 0.$&)
! ft $2 * $& !( ft*s $0 (
8e
2 3

L V
which is less than &00#000# and thus the
flow is laminar over the entire surface.
The 9chmidt number in this case is

+2- . 0
*s ft $0 2.&3
*s ft $0 $&) . 0
9c
2 .
2 3

AB
D

Therefore# the 9herwood number in this case

is determined from Table $.%$3 to be
( ) ( ) ) . $&- +22 . 0 +20 # /- ++. . 0 9c 8e 0.++. 2 9h
3 * $ & . 0 $*3 0.&
@

>sing the definition of 9herwood number# the
mass transfer coefficient is determined to be
ft*s 0.0322
ft $&*$2
*s! ft $0 &3 . 2 !( ) . $&- ( 9h
2 .
mass

L
D
h
AB
6oting that the air at the water surface will be saturated and that the saturation pressure of water at +0'7 is
0.2&+3 psia# the mass fraction of water vapor in the air at the surface and at the free stream conditions are#
from 3q. $.%$0#

0032& . 0
lbmol lbm* 2)
lbmol lbm* $-
psia $../
psia! 2&+3 . 0 !( 3 . 0 (
# #

,
_

air
A sat A
s A s A
M
M
P
P
M
M
y w
0$0-2 . 0
lbmol lbm* 2)
lbmol lbm* $-
psia $../
psia! 2&+& . 0 !( 0 . $ (
# #

,
_

air
A sat
air
A
A A
M
M
P
P
M
M
y w

Then the rate of mass transfer to the air becomes
( ) ( )( )( )( ) lbm/s 10 2.35
5

0032& . 0 0$0-2 . 0 ft $2 * $& lbm*ft 0/+ . 0 ft*s 0322 . 0

3 3
# # mass evap A s A
w w A h m
6oting that the latent heat of vapori?ation of water at +0'7 is hfg 2 $0+0 "tu* lbm# the required rate of heat
supply to the water to maintain its temperature constant is

( . !( ! Q m h
fg

evap
lbm* s "tu * lbm 2 3& $0 $0+0
&
0.0249 Btu / s = 89.5 Btu / h
Discussion Af no heat is supplied to the pan# the heat of vapori?ation of water will come from the water# and
thus the water temperature will have to drop below the air temperature.
$.%+/
Air
+07
$ atm
$0 ft*s
30B 84
3vaporation
9aturated
air
ater
60!
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer
14-111C An steady operation# the mass transfer process does not have to involve heat transfer. 4owever# a
mass transfer process that involves phase change (evaporation# sublimation# condensation# melting etc.!
must involve heat transfer. 7or example# the evaporation of water from a la,e into air (mass transfer!
requires the transfer of latent heat of water at a specified temperature to the liquid water at the surface (heat
transfer!.
14-112C At is possible for a shallow body of water to free?e during a cool and dry night even when the
ambient air and surrounding surface temperatures never drop to 0(. This is because when the air is not
saturated ( C $00 percent!# there will be a difference between the concentration of water vapor at the
water%air interface (which is always saturated! and some distance above it. (oncentration difference is the
driving force for mass transfer# and thus this concentration difference will drive the water into the air. "ut
the water must vapori?e first# and it must absorb the latent heat of vapori?ation from the water. The
temperature of water near the surface must drop as a result of the sensible heat loss# possibly below the
free?ing point.
14-113C During evaporation from a water body to air# the latent heat of vapori?ation will be equal to
convection heat transfer from the air when conuction from the lower parts of the water body to the surface
is negligible# and temperature of the surrounding surfaces is at about the temperature of the water surface
so that the raiation heat transfer is negligible.
$.%+-
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-114 Air is blown over a Eug made of porous clay to cool it by simultaneous heat and mass transfer. The
temperature of the water in the Eug when steady conditions are reached is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The low mass flux conditions exist so that the (hilton%(olburn analogy between heat and
mass transfer is applicable since the mass fraction of vapor in the air is low (about 2 percent for saturated
air at 300 !. 2 "oth air and water vapor at specified conditions are ideal gases (the error involved in this
assumption is less than $ percent!. 3 8adiation effects are negligible.
Properties "ecause of low mass flux conditions# we can use dry air properties for the mixture at the
average temperature of ( ! * T T
s
+ 2 which cannot be determined at this point because of the un,nown
surface temperature Ts! :e ,now that T T
s
<

and# for the purpose of property evaluation# we ta,e Ts to be
20(. Then# the properties of water at 20( and the properties of dry air at the average temperature of 2&(
and $ atm are (Tables A%) and A%$&!

*s m $0 $.$ . 2 # ( ,=*,g 00/ . $ F ( 2& at air Dry
,;a ..2& 2 (# 30 at Also# ,;a. 3. . 2 # ,=*,g 2.&. F ( 20 at :ater
2 &
( 30 0

p
sat v fg
C
P P h
Also# the mass diffusivity of water vapor in air at 2&( is D
4 5%air
2
2
m s

2 &0 $0
&
. * (Table $.%.!# and
the molar masses of water and air are $- and 2) ,g*,mol# respectively (Table A%$!.
Analysis The surface temperature of the Eug can be determined by rearranging (hilton%(olburn equation as

T T
h
C
M
M
P P
P
s
fg
p
v v s v

@e
2 3 *
# #
where the @ewis number is

-&+ . 0
*s m $0 2.&0
*s m $0 $.$ . 2
@e
2 &
2 &

AB
D

6ote that we could ta,e the @ewis number to be

$ for simplicity# but we chose to incorporate it
for better accuracy.
The air at the surface is saturated# and thus the vapor
pressure at the surface is simply the saturation pressure of
water at the surface temperature (2.3. ,;a!. The vapor pressure
of air far from the surface is determined from
P P P
v T #
( . ! ( . !( . .

sat0 sat030 (
,;a! ,;a 0 3& 0 3& . 2& $.--
6oting that the atmospheric pressure is $ atm 2 $0$.3 ;a# substituting the ,nown quantities gives
C 15.9

,;a 3 . $0$
,;a ! .-- . $ 3. . 2 (
,g*,mol 2)
,g*,mol $-
(!(0.-&+! ,=*,g. 00/ . $ (
,=*,g 2.&.
( 30
2*3
s
T
Therefore# the temperature of the drin, can be lowered to $&.)( by this process.
Discussion The accuracy of this result can be improved by repeating the calculations with dry air properties
evaluated at (301$+!*2 2 $-( and water properties at $+.0(. "ut the improvement will be minor.
$.%+)
4ot dry air
30(
3&B 84
:ater that
lea,s out
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-115 "!PROBLEM 14-115"
"GIVEN"
P=101.3 "[kPa]"
T_infini!=30 "["]"
"#$i=0.35 #a%a&''% ( )' *a%i'+"
"PROPERTIE,"
-./i+0=12'a&_NB,1
$_f='n$a.#!3-./i+04 T=T_24 5=06
$_7='n$a.#!3-./i+04 T=T_24 5=16
$_f7=$_7-$_f
P_2a_2=P%'22/%'3-./i+04 T=T_24 5=06
P_2a_infini!=P%'22/%'3-./i+04 T=T_infini!4 5=06
"_#_ai%="P3ai%4 T=T_a*'6
T_a*'=189:3T_infini!;T_26
a.#$a=9.1<E-5 "[&=982]4 f%(& $' a).'2 in $' '5"
>_?B=9.50E-5 "[&=982]4 f%(& $' '5"
MM_@9O=&(.a%&a223@9O6
MM_ai%=&(.a%&a223ai%6
"?N?LA,I,"
L'=a.#$a8>_?B
P_*_infini!=#$i:P_2a_infini!
P_*_2=P_2a_2
T_2=T_infini!-$_f783"_#_ai%:L'=398366:MM_@9O8MM_ai%:3P_*_2-P_*_infini!68P
"s #C$
0.$ $2./2
0.$& $..0&
0.2 $&.32
0.2& $+.&3
0.3 $/.+-
0.3& $-./)
0.. $).-&
0..& 20.-/
0.& 2$.-&
0.&& 22.-
0.+ 23./$
0.+& 2..&-
0./ 2&..3
0./& 2+.2&
0.- 2/.0&
0.-& 2/.-2
0.) 2-.&/
0.)& 2).2)
$ 30
$.%/0
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
0.1 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.B 0.C 0.< 0.D 1
10
14
1<
99
9B
30

T
s


[
C
]

$.%/$
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-116E An a hot summer day# a bottle of drin, is to be cooled by wrapping it in a wet cloth# and blowing
air to it. The temperature of the drin, in the bottle when steady conditions are reached is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The low mass flux conditions exist so that the (hilton%(olburn analogy between heat and
mass transfer is applicable since the mass fraction of vapor in the air is low (about 2 percent for saturated
air at -07!. 2 "oth air and water vapor at specified conditions are ideal gases (the error involved in this
assumption is less than $ percent!. 3 8adiation effects are negligible.
Properties "ecause of low mass flux conditions# we can use dry air properties for the mixture at the
average temperature of ( ! * T T
s
+ 2 which cannot be determined at this point because of the un,nown
surface temperature Ts! :e ,now that T T
s
<

and# for the purpose of property evaluation# we ta,e Ts to be
+07. Then the properties of water at +07 and the properties of dry air at the average temperature of
(+01-0!*2 2 /07 and $ atm are (Tables A%)3 and A%$&3!

*s ft $0 2.2& 2 *h ft -0)3 . 0 # 7 "tu*lbm 2. . 0 F 7 /0 at air Dry
psia 0.&0/3 2 7# -0 at Also# psia. 2&+3 . 0 # "tu*lbm $0+0 F 7 +0 at :ater
2 . 2
7 -0 0

p
sat v fg
C
P P h
Also# the molar masses of water and air are $- and 2) lbm*lbmol# respectively (Table A%$3!# and the mass
diffusivity of water vapor in air at -07 (2 2)... ! is
( )
ftG*s $0 2.+3 2 mG*s $0 .. . 2
atm $
. . 2).
$0 -/ . $ $0 -/ . $
. &
0/2 . 2
$0
0/2 . 2
$0
air % 5 4
2


P
T
D D
AB
Analysis The surface temperature of the Eug can be determined by rearranging (hilton%(olburn equation as

T T
h
C
M
M
P P
P
s
fg
p
v v s v

@e
2 3 *
# #
where the @ewis number is

-&+ . 0
*s ft $0 2.+3
*s ft $0 2& . 2
@e
2 .
2 .

AB
D

6ote that we could ta,e the @ewis number

to be $ for simplicity# but we chose to
incorporate it for better accuracy.
The air at the surface is saturated# and thus the vapor
pressure at the surface is simply the saturation pressure of water at
the surface temperature (0.2&+3 psia!. The vapor pressure of air
far from the surface is determined from
P P P
v T # 0
( . ! ( . !( . ! .

sat sat0-0' 7
psia psia 0 3 0 3 0&0/3 0$&2
6oting that the atmospheric pressure is $ atm 2 $../ psia# substituting the ,nown quantities gives

( )( )
( )
! 58.4%

,
_

psia / . $.
psia $&2 . 0 2&+3 . 0
lbm*lbmol 2)
lbm*lbmol $-
-&+ . 0 7 "tu*lbm. 2. . 0
"tu*lbm $0+0
7 -0
3 * 2
s
T
Therefore# the temperature of the drin, can be lowered to &-..7 by this process.
Discussion 6ote that the value obtained is very close to the assumed value of +07 for the surface
temperature. Therefore# there is no need to repeat the calculations with properties at the new surface
temperature of &-./7
$.%/2
Air
-07
30B 84
2-& 'r()k
:rapped
with a wet
cloth
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-117 Hlass bottles are washed in hot water in an uncovered rectangular glass washing bath. The rates of
heat loss from the top and side surfaces of the bath by radiation# natural convection# and evaporation as
well as the rates of heat and water mass that need to be supplied to the water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The low mass flux conditions exist
so that the (hilton%(olburn analogy between heat
and mass transfer is applicable since the mass
fraction of vapor in the air is low (about 2 percent
for saturated air at 300 !. 2 "oth air and water
vapor at specified conditions are ideal gases (the
error involved in this assumption is less than $
percent!. 3 The entire water body and the metal
container are maintained at a uniform temperature
of &&(. 4 4eat losses from the bottom surface are
negligible. 5 The air motion around the bath is
negligible so that there are no forced convection
effects.
Properties The air%water vapor mixture is assumed to be
dilute# and thus we can use dry air properties for the
mixture at the average temperature of
( ! * T T
s
+ 2
2
(2&1&&!*2 2 .0( 2 3$3 . The properties of dry air at
.0( and $ atm are# from Table A%$&#

*s m $0 /0 . $ *s m $0 3& . 2
/2+ . 0 ;r # ( :*m 02++ . 0
2 & 2 &



"
The mass diffusivity of water vapor in air at the average temperature of 3$3 is determined from 3q. $.%
$& to be
( )
mG*s $0 // . 2
atm $
3$3
$0 -/ . $ $0 -/ . $
&
0/2 . 2
$0
0/2 . 2
$0
air % 5 4
2


P
T
D D
AB
The saturation pressure of water at 2&( is
P
sat02& (
,;a.

3$+) .
;roperties of water at &&( are
h P
fg v
23/$ $&/+ ,= * ,g and ,;a .
(Table A%)!. The specific heat of water at the average temperature
of ($&1&&!*2 2 3&( is Cp 2 ..$/- ,=*,g.(.
The gas constants of dry air and water are #air 2 0.2-/ ,;a.m
3
*,g. and #water 2 0..+$& ,;a.m
3
*,g. (Table
A%$!. Also# the emissivities of water and the sheet metal are given to be 0.+$ and 0.)&# respectively# and the
specific heat of glass is given to be $.0 ,=*,g.(.
Analysis (a! The mass flow rate of glass bottles through the water bath in steady operation is
m m
bottle bottle
"ottle flow rate 2 (0.$&0 ,g * bottle!(-00 bottles * min! 2 $20 ,g * min 2 2 ,g * s

Then the rate of heat removal by the bottles as they are heated from 2& to &&( is
( )( )( ) : 0#000 + ( ' 2& && ( ,=*,g.' $ ,g*s 2
bottle bottle
T C m Q
p

The amount of water removed by the bottles is

( )( )
( )( ) ,g*s $0 - 2 g*min 0 .- g*bottle 0.+ min * bottles -00
bottle per removed :ater bottles of rate 7low
3
out water#

m
6oting that the water removed by the bottles is made up by fresh water entering at $&(# the rate of heat
removal by the water that stic,s to the bottles is

( !( !( !' Q m C T
p water removed water removed
3
$0 ,g * s = * ,g ' ( ( :

- .$/- && $& $33/

Therefore# the total amount of heat removed by the wet bottles is

# Q Q Q
total# removed glass removed water removed
+ + +0 000 $33/ 61*337
$.%/3
Air# 2&(
$ atm
&0B 84
8esistance heater
ater
bath
55C
+eat
suppl(e'
Q
evap
Q
rad
Q
conv
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
($! The rate of heat loss from the top surface of the water bath is the sum of the heat losses by radiation#
natural convection# and evaporation. Then the radiation heat loss from the top surface of water to the
surrounding surfaces is

( ! ( . !( !( . !I( ! ( ! J Q A T T
s rad#top surr
. 2 2 .
m :* m : + +

. - . .
0 )& - &+/ $0 && 2/3 $& 2/3 2023
The air at the water surface is saturated# and thus the vapor pressure at the surface is simply the saturation
pressure of water at the surface temperature ($&./+ ,;a at &&(!. The vapor pressure of air far from the
water surface is determined from
P P P
v T #
( . ! ( . !( . .

sat0 sat02& (
,;a! ,;a 0&0 0&0 3$+) $&-&
Treating the water vapor and the air as ideal gases and noting that the total atmospheric pressure is the sum
of the vapor and dry air pressures# the densities of the water vapor# dry air# and their mixture at the water%
air interface and far from the surface are determined to be
At the surfaceF

v s
v s
v s
a s
a s
a s
s v s a s
P
# T
P
# T
#
#
#
#
# #
.
( .
.
( . . !
( .
.
. . .

+ +
$&/+
0 .+$&
0$0.$
$0$32& $&/+
0 2-/
0 )0)0
0$0.$ 0 )0)0 $0$3$
,;a
,;a. m * ,g !(&&12/3 !
,g * m
,;a
,;a. m * ,g !(&&12/3 !
,g * m
,g * m
3
3
3
3
3
and
Away from the surfaceF

v
v
v
a
a
a
v a
P
# T
P
# T
#
#
#
#
# #
.
( .
.
( . . !
( .
.
. . .

+ +
$&-&
0 .+$&
00$$&
$0$32& $&-&
0 2-/
$$++2
00$$& $$++2 $$///
,;a
,;a m * ,g !(2&12/3 !
,g * m
,;a
,;a m * ,g !(2&12/3 !
,g * m
,g * m
3
3
3
3
3
6ote that

>
s
# and thus this corresponds to hot surface facing up. The area of the top surface of the
water bath is As 2 2 m . m 2 - m
2
and its perimeter is p 2 2(2 1 .! 2 $2 m. Therefore# the characteristic
length is
m ++/ . 0
m $2
m -
2

p
A
L
s
Then using densities (instead of temperatures! since the mixture is not homogeneous# the Hrashoff number
is determined to be

Hr
m* s !($.$/// ,g * m !(0.++/ m!
,g * m J($./0 m s
ave
2 3 3
3 2

g L
s
( ! ( . .
I( . . ! * * !
.


3
2 & 2
)
) -$ $0$3$
$$/// $0$3$ 2 $0
$&$ $0
8ecogni?ing that this is a natural convection problem with hot hori?ontal surface facing up# the 6usselt
number and the convection heat transfer coefficients are determined to be
$&& ! /2+ . 0 $0 &$ . $ ( $& . 0 ;r! Hr ( $& . 0 6u
3 * $ ) 3 * $

and ( :*m $/ . +
m ++/ . 0
(! :*m 02++ . 0 !( $&& ( 6u
2
conv



L
"
h
Then the natural convection heat transfer rate becomes
1480

( 2&! !(&& m (!(- :*m $/ . + ( ! (
2 2
conv
conv
T T A h Q
s s

(c! >tili?ing the analogy between heat and mass convection# the mass transfer coefficient is determined the
same way by replacing ;r by 9c. The 9chmidt number is determined from its definition to be
9c
m s
m s
2
2

D
AB
$/0 $0
2 // $0
0 +$.
&
&
. *
. *
.
The 9herwood number and the mass transfer coefficients are determined to be
9h Hr9c 0$& 0$& $&$ $0 0 +$. $.+
$ 3 ) $ 3
. ( ! . ( . . !
* *
$.%/.
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
h
D
L
AB
mass
2
9h m * s!
m
m* s

( !( .
.
.
$.+ 2 // $0
0 ++/
000+0+
&
Then the evaporation rate and the rate of heat transfer by evaporation become
,g*h $+.$ 2 ,g*s 00..- . 0
!,g*m 0$$+ . 0 !(0.$0.$ m m*s!(- 00+0+ . 0 (
! (
3 2
# # mass

v s v s
v
A h m
and
,g * s!(23/$ ,= * ,g! ,: $0#+00 :
evap

( . . Q m h
v fg
0 00..- $0 +
Then the total rate of heat loss from the open top surface of the bath to the surrounding air and surfaces is
14*103 + + + + +00 # $0 $.-0 2023
evap conv rad top total#
Q Q Q Q

Therefore# if the water bath is heated electrically# a $. ,: resistance heater will be needed Eust to ma,e up
for the heat loss from the top surface.
(c! The side surfaces are vertical plates# and treating the air as dry air for simplicity# heat transfer from them
by natural convection is determined to be
)
2 2 &
3 2
2
3
$0 2& . 3
! s * m $0 ($./0
m! !($ 2&! !(&& !($*3$3 m*s -$ . ) ( ! (
Hr

L T T g
s
$33 ! /2+ . 0 $0 2& . 3 ( $ . 0 ;r! Hr ( $ . 0 6u
3 * $ ) 3 * $

( :*m &. . 3
m $
(! :*m 02++ . 0 !( $33 ( 6u
2
conv



L
"
h
: $2/& ( 2&! !(&& m $ (!($2 :*m &. . 3 ( ! (
2 2
conv
side conv#


T T A h Q
s s

The radiation heat loss from the side surfaces of the bath to the surrounding surfaces is
: 2.)- J ! 2/3 $& ( ! 2/3 && !I( :*m $0 +/ . & !( m $ m $2 !( +$ . 0 ( ! (
. . . 2 - .
surr
.
side rad#
+ +

T T A Q
s s

and
3773 + + 2.)- $2/&
rad conv side total#
Q Q Q

(! The rate at which water must be supplied to the maintain steady operation is equal to the rate of water
removed by the bottles plus the rate evaporation#
. . m m m
ma,e%up removed evap
+ + 000-00 000..- 0.01248 kg / s = 44.9 kg / h

6oting that the entire ma,e%up water enters the bath $&(# the rate of heat supply to preheat the ma,e%up
water to &&( is

( . !( !( !' Q m C T
p preheating water ma,e%up water
,g * s = * ,g ' ( ( : 00$2.- .$/- && $& 20-+
Then the rate of required heat supply for the bath becomes the sum of heat losses from the top and side
surfaces# plus the heat needed for preheating the ma,e%up water and the bottles#
( ) ( )
79*962 + + +
+ + + + + +
20-+ 3//3 $03 # $. 000 # +0
water ma,eup side conv rad
top
evap conv rad bottle total
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Therefore# the heater must be able to supply heat at a rate of -0 ,: to maintain steady operating conditions
$.%/&
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
14-118 Hlass bottles are washed in hot water in an uncovered rectangular glass washing bath. The rates of
heat loss from the top and side surfaces of the bath by radiation# natural convection# and evaporation as
well as the rates of heat and water mass that need to be supplied to the water are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The low mass flux conditions exist so that
the (hilton%(olburn analogy between heat and mass
transfer is applicable since the mass fraction of vapor in
the air is low (about 2 percent for saturated air at 300 !. 2
"oth air and water vapor at specified conditions are ideal
gases (the error involved in this assumption is less than $
percent!. 3 The entire water body and the metal container
are maintained at a uniform temperature of &0(. 4 4eat
losses from the bottom surface are negligible. 5 The air
motion around the bath is negligible so that there are no
forced convection effects.
Properties The air%water vapor mixture is assumed to be
dilute# and thus we can use dry air properties for the
mixture at the average temperature of
( ! * T T
s
+ 2
2
(2&1&0!*2 2 3/.&( 2 3$0.& . The properties of dry air at
3$0.& and $ atm are# from Table A%$&#

*s m $0 +- . $ *s m $0 3$ . 2
/2+ . 0 ;r # ( :*m 02+. . 0
2 & 2 &



"
The mass diffusivity of water vapor in air at the average temperature of 3$0.& is# from 3q. $.%$&#
( )
mG*s $0 /2 . 2
atm $
& . 3$0
$0 -/ . $ $0 -/ . $
&
0/2 . 2
$0
0/2 . 2
$0
air % 5 4
2


P
T
D D
AB
The saturation pressure of water at 2&( is
P
sat02& (
,;a.

3$+) .
;roperties of water at &0( are
h P
fg v
23-3 $2 3& ,= * ,g and ,;a .
(Table A%)!. The specific heat of water at the average temperature
of ($&1&0!*2 2 32.&( is Cp 2 ..$/- ,=*,g.(.
The gas constants of dry air and water are #air 2 0.2-/ ,;a.m
3
*,g. and #water 2 0..+$&
,;a.m
3
*,g. (Table A%$!. Also# the emissivities of water and the sheet metal are given to be 0.+$ and 0.)&#
respectively# and the specific heat of glass is given to be $.0 ,=*,g.(.
Analysis (a! The mass flow rate of glass bottles through the water bath in steady operation is
m m
bottle bottle
"ottle flow rate 2 (0.$&0 ,g * bottle!(-00 bottles * min! 2 $20 ,g * min 2 2 ,g * s
Then the rate of heat removal by the bottles as they are heated from 2& to &&( is
( )( )( ) : 0#000 + ( ' 2& && ( ,=*,g.' $ ,g*s 2
bottle bottle
T C m Q
p

The amount of water removed by the bottles is

( )( )
( )( ) ,g*s $0 - 2 g*min 0 .- g*bottle 0.+ min * bottles -00
bottle per removed :ater bottles of rate 7low
3
out water#

m
6oting that the water removed by the bottles is made up by fresh water entering at $&(# the rate of heat
removal by the water that stic,s to the bottles is

( !( !( !' Q m C T
p water removed water removed
3
$0 ,g * s = * ,g ' ( ( :

- .$/- && $& $33/

Therefore# the total amount of heat removed by the wet bottles is

# Q Q Q
total# removed glass removed water removed
+ + +0 000 $33/ 61*337
($! The rate of heat loss from the top surface of the water bath is the sum of the heat losses by radiation#
natural convection# and evaporation. Then the radiation heat loss from the top surface of water to the
surrounding surfaces is
$.%/+
Air# 2&(
$ atm
&0B 84
8esistance heater
ater
bath
50C
+eat
suppl(e'
Q
evap
Q
rad
Q
conv
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer

: $/2+ J ! 2/3 $& ( ! 2/3 &0 !I( :*m $0 +/ . & !( m - !( )& . 0 ( ! (
. . . 2 - 2 .
surr
.
top rad#
+ +

T T A Q
s s

The air at the water surface is saturated# and thus the vapor pressure at the surface is simply the saturation
pressure of water at the surface temperature ($2.3& ,;a at &0(!. The vapor pressure of air far from the
water surface is determined from
P P P
v T #
( . ! ( . !( . .

sat0 sat02& (
,;a! ,;a 0&0 0&0 3$+) $&-&
Treating the water vapor and the air as ideal gases and noting that the total atmospheric pressure is the sum
of the vapor and dry air pressures# the densities of the water vapor# dry air# and their mixture at the water%
air interface and far from the surface are determined to be
At the surfaceF

v s
v s
v s
a s
a s
a s
s v s a s
P
# T
P
# T
#
#
#
#
# #
.
( .
.
( . . !
( .
.
. . .

+ +
$2 3&
0.+$&
0 0-2)
$0$32& $2 3&
02-/
0)&)-
0 0-2) 0 )&)- $0.2/
,;a
,;a. m * ,g !(&0 12/3 !
,g * m
,;a
,;a. m * ,g !(&0 12/3 !
,g * m
,g * m
3
3
3
3
3
and
Away from the surfaceF

v
v
v
a
a
a
v a
P
# T
P
# T
#
#
#
#
# #
.
( .
.
( . . !
( .
.
. . .

+ +
$&-&
0 .+$&
00$$&
$0$32& $&-&
0 2-/
$$++2
00$$& $$++2 $$///
,;a
,;a m * ,g !(2&12/3 !
,g * m
,;a
,;a m * ,g !(2&12/3 !
,g * m
,g * m
3
3
3
3
3
6ote that

>
s
# and thus this corresponds to hot surface facing up. The area of the top surface of the
water bath is As 2 2 m . m 2 - m
2
and its perimeter is p 2 2(2 1 .! 2 $2 m. Therefore# the characteristic
length is
m ++/ . 0
m $2
m -
2

p
A
L
s
Then using densities (instead of temperatures! since the mixture is not homogeneous# the Hrashoff number
is determined to be

)
2 2 & 3
3 3 2
2
ave
3
$0 2/ . $
! s * m $0 J($.+- ,g*m 2 * ! 0.2/ . $ $/// . $ I(
m! !(0.++/ ,g*m 0.2/ . $ !($.$/// m*s -$ . ) ( ! (
Hr
+

L g
s
8ecogni?ing that this is a natural convection problem with hot hori?ontal surface facing up# the 6usselt
number and the convection heat transfer coefficients are determined to be
$.+ ! /2+ . 0 $0 2/ . $ ( $& . 0 ;r! Hr ( $& . 0 6u
3 * $ ) 3 * $

and ( :*m /- . &
m ++/ . 0
(! :*m 02+. . 0 !( $.+ ( 6u
2
conv



L
"
h
Then the natural convection heat transfer rate becomes
: $$&+ ( 2&! !(&0 m (!(- :*m /- . & ( ! (
2 2
conv
conv


T T A h Q
s s

(c! >tili?ing the analogy between heat and mass convection# the mass transfer coefficient is determined the
same way by replacing ;r by 9c. The 9chmidt number is determined from its definition to be
+$- . 0
s * m $0 /2 . 2
s * m $0 +- . $
9c
2 &
2 &

AB
D

The 9herwood number and the mass transfer coefficients are determined to be
$3- ! +$- . 0 $0 2/ . $ ( $& . 0 ! Hr9c ( $& . 0 9h
3 * $ ) 3 * $

$.%//
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer
m*s 00&+. . 0
m ++/ . 0
*s! m $0 /2 . 2 !( $3- ( 9h
2 &
mass

L
D
h
AB
Then the evaporation rate and the rate of heat transfer by evaporation become
,g*h $$.+ 2 ,g*s 00323 . 0
!,g*m 0$$+ . 0 !(0.0-2) m m*s!(- 00&+/ . 0 (
! (
3 2
# # mass

v s v s
v
A h m
and
,g * s!(23-3 ,= * ,g! ,: /+/0 :
evap

( . . Q m h
v fg
0 00323 / +/
The total rate of heat loss from the open top surface of the bath to the surrounding air and surfaces is
10*552 + + + + /+/0 $$&+ $/2+
evap conv rad top total#
Q Q Q Q

Therefore# if the water bath is heated electrically# a $0.&& ,: resistance heater will be needed Eust to ma,e
up for the heat loss from the top surface.
(c! The side surfaces are vertical plates# and treating the air as dry air for simplicity# heat transfer from them
by natural convection is determined to be
)
2 2 &
3 2
2
3
$0 -3 . 2
! s * m $0 ($.+-
m! !($ 2&! !(&0 !($*3$0.& m*s -$ . ) ( ! (
Hr

L T T g
s
$2/ ! /2+ . 0 $0 -3 . 2 ( $ . 0 ;r! Hr ( $ . 0 6u
3 * $ ) 3 * $

( :*m 3+ . 3
m $
(! :*m 02+. . 0 !( $2/ ( 6u
2
conv



L
"
h

: $00/ ( 2&! !(&0 m $ (!($2 :*m 3+ . 3 ( ! (
2 2
conv
side conv#


T T A h Q
s s

The radiation heat loss from the side surfaces of the bath to the surrounding surfaces is
: $++2 J ! 2/3 $& ( ! 2/3 &0 !I( :*m $0 +/ . & !( m $ m $2 !( +$ . 0 ( ! (
. . . 2 - .
surr
.
side rad#
+ +

T T A Q
s s

and
2669 + + $++2 $00/
rad conv side total#
Q Q Q

(! The rate at which water must be supplied to the maintain steady operation is equal to the rate of water
removed by the bottles plus the rate evaporation#

. . m m m
ma,e%up removed evap
+ + 0 00-00 000323 0.01123 kg / s = 40.4 kg / h

6oting that the entire ma,e%up water enters the bath $&(# the rate of heat supply to preheat the ma,e%up
water to &0( is

( . !( !( !' Q m C T
p preheating water ma,e%up water
,g * s = * ,g ' ( ( : 00$$23 .$/- &0 $& $+.2
Then the rate of required heat supply for the bath becomes the sum of heat losses from the top and side
surfaces# plus the heat needed for preheating the ma,e%up water and the bottles#
( ) ( )
74*863 + + +
+ + + + + +
$+.2 2++) &&2 # $0 000 # +0
water ma,eup side conv rad
top
evap conv rad bottle total
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q

Therefore# the heater must be able to supply heat at a rate of /& ,: to maintain steady operating conditions

$.%/-