2009 HIvtSm-_¿ 24 i\n
\Ω-f{X ]cn-jvIm-cn-I-sfm-∂p-a√!
1430 Zp¬J-AZv 5 1185 Xpemw 8
tImgn-°-S-Ønse
\nIp-Xn-sh-´n∏v
kwÿm-\sØ sN°v t]mkv‰p-Isf Agn-aXn
hnap-‡a- m-°p-∂X - n\v Xo{h-b⁄ - ]
k¿°m¿ \S-∏m-°n-h-cp-∂-Xv. k¿°m-cns‚ Cu
{]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ Du¿÷nX-ambn apt∂-dp-∂X
bmWv \S-∏pWn sN°v t]mÃv tI{µo-Ic- n®v \S-∂p-
h-∂n-cp∂ \nIp-Xn-sh-´n-∏ns‚ \mdp∂ IY-Iƒ
]pdØp h∂n-cn-°p-∂X - .v
tIc-fo-b¿ `£n-°p∂ tImgn-I-fn¬ alm-`q-cn-]-
£hpw hcp-∂Xv Xan-gv\m-´n¬ \n∂m-Wv, tIc-fØ
e°v tImgn-If - p-am-sb-Øp∂ h≠n-Is
Øn IS-°p-∂Xv \Sp-∏pWn sN°v t]mÃn-ep-sSbpam-
Wv. \nIpXn C\Øn¬ \evIp∂ XpI°v hymP
Unam‚ v{Um-^v‰p-Iƒ \evInbpw a‰v Ir{Xna tcJ-
Iƒ \evInbpw \S-Ønb Cu X´n-∏ns‚ apgp-h≥
Nn{Xhpw ]pd-Øp-hc- m-\n-cn-°p-∂tX-bp-≈p. kwÿm-
\ JP-\m-hn\v tImSn-If - psS \jvSa- mWv CXnepsS
D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂X - .v Nne ]pXp-Xe - a- pd _m¶p-If
sN°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v skmssk‰n-If
hy‡n-If - p-sSbpw t]cn-emWv Cu X´n∏v \S-Øn-bn-
cn-°p-∂-Xv. sN°v t]mÃp-I-fn¬ Unam‚ v {Um^v‰v
F∂ coXn-bn¬ \evInb Cu sN°p-Iƒ _m¶p-If
te°v If-£\v Ab-®-t∏m-gmWv X´n∏v ]pd-Øp-h-
∂-sX-∂ hmZ-߃ Db¿∂n-´p-≠v. Cu X´n∏v A{X
kpK-aa- mbn ]pd-Øp-h∂ H∂s√∂mWv {]mYanI
At\z-jW - ß - f - n¬ hy‡-am-bn-´p-≈X
hymP Unam‚ v {Um^v‰p-Ifpw a‰v Ir{Xna tcJIfpw
Xøm-dm°n \evIp∂ kwL-߃ Xs∂ sN°v-
t]mÃns‚ kao-]Øv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂X
Øn-bn-´p-≠.v kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn-\p-th≠n _m¶nwKv
CS]m-Sp-Iƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-∂Xv s]mXpta-Je
_m¶v BWv. CØc-Øn¬ hymP {Um^v‰p-Iƒ If-
I-j\v FØn-bn´pw Cu hnhcw DØ-ch
Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂pthm F∂v C\nbpw hy‡-am-hm-\n-cn-
°p-∂s - X-bp-≈p. F¥p-Xs - ∂-bm-bmepw hnhn[ Xe-
ß-fn-ep-≈h - c- p-sSXmb Hcp h≥ kwLw Xs∂ Cu
{]h¿Ø-\-߃°v-˛-\n-Ip-Xn-sh-´n-∏n\v˛]pd-In-ep-
s≠∂v hy‡-am-W.v
kwÿm-\sØ sN°v t]mÃp-If
sISp-Im-cy-ÿ-Xbpw \nIp-Xn-sh-´n∏pw hym]-I-am-
sW∂pw CXneq-sS-sb-√m-w kwÿm\ k¿°m-cn\v
D≠m-bn-s°m≠ncn-°p∂ \jvSw \nI-Øp-∂X
Agn-aX - nsb C√mXm-°m-ØX
sN°v t]mÃp-If - psS B[p-\n-Ih
bp≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v k¿°m¿ XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv.
F∂m¬ k¿°m¿ Is≠-Øn-bX
- n-\p-am-bmWv k¿°m¿
- X- °
- n-t\-°mfpw hfsc
hn]p-ehpw kwL-Sn-Xhpw Bg-Øn¬ thcp-≈X
b- kwLSnX {]h¿Ø-\ß - f- mWv sN°v t]mÃp-Iƒ
tI{µo-Ic- n®v \S-Øp-∂s - X∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂X
\Sp-∏pWn sN°v t]mÃv tI{µo-I-cn-®p≈ \nIp-Xn-
sh-´n-∏.v
hymP {Um^v‰p-Iƒ \evIn \nIpXnsh´n∏v \S-
ØnbhcpsS hnh-cß - ƒ hmWnPy\nIpXn hIp-∏n\v
Adn-bm-sa-∂X - n-\m¬ Xs∂ ChcpsS ssek≥kp-
Iƒ d±m°p∂-Xn\pw Ch¿ sh´n∏v \S-Ønb XpI-
bpsS c≠v Cc´n-bn-e-[nIw Chcn¬ \n∂v ]ng
CuSm°p-∂X - n-\p-ap≈ \S-]S- n-If - mWv k¿°m¿ kzoI-
cn-®p-hc - p-∂X - v. k¿°m-cns‚ Cu \o°w hnP-b{- ]-Z-
am-Ip-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°mw. F∂m¬ sN°v t]mÃp-
Iƒ tI{µo-Ic - n®v CØc-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ \nIp-Xn-
sh-´n-∏ns‚ Bghpw ]c-∏pw-˛{- ]-h¿Ø-\X
a\-kn-em-°n-thWw k¿°m¿ sN°v t]mÃv \ho-I-
c-WØ- n-\p≈ I¿Ω ]≤-Xn-Iƒ°v cq]w \evIm≥.
tUmIvS¿am-cn¬ \n∂v
{]Xo-£n-°p-∂Xv
kwÿm-\sØ k¿°m¿ tUmIvS¿am-cpsS
kzImcy {]mIv‰nkv \ntcm-[n-®-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´
hnhm-Z-ß-fpsS XpS¿®-bmbn kwÿm-\sØ Hcp
hn`mKw tUmIvS¿am¿ ho≠pw ]Wn-ap-S°v Bcw-`n-
®n-cn-°p-Ib- m-W.v anXamb `mj-bn¬ ]d-™m¬ Cu
]Wn-ap-S°v bmsXmcp hn[ \ymbo-Ic- W - ß - f - p-an-√m-
Ø- X m- W v . iºf]cn- j v I - c - W - a pƒ∏- s S- b p≈
tUmIvS¿am-cpsS Bh-iy-߃ ]cn-lc- n-°s- ∏-Sp-Ibpw
Cu hnj-bß - ƒ tUmIvS¿am-cpsS kwL-S\ - I- f - p-ambn
N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX tij-amWv k¿°m¿
Xocp-am-\ß- f - p-≠mb-X.v
iºf ]cn-j° v c- W
- a- pƒ∏-sS-bp≈ hnj-bß - f
tUmIvS-¿amcpsS kwL-S\ D∂-bn-® {]iv\-߃
ho≠pw N¿-®s- N-øm≥ XømdmsW∂pw CXp kw_-
‘®v ˛i-ºf ]cn-j° v c- W
- a- pƒ∏-sS-bp≈ {]iv\ß
fnse A]m-I-X-Iƒ˛ Bh-iy-amb DØ-c-hp-Iƒ
]n∂nSv ]pd-Øn-d° - m-sa∂pw k¿°m¿ hyI-Xa- m-°p-
Ibpw Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ C\nbpw N¿®-If - m-hm-sa-∂p-
ap≈ k¿°m¿ kao-]\w \ne-\n-es v °-bWv kacw
Bcw-`n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - .v
kwÿm-\sØ saUn-°¬ tImsf-Pp-I-fnse
t]hm¿Up-If - n¬ tcmKn-Isf {]h-in-∏n-°p-∂Xv Hgnhm-
°nbpw a‰v Nne Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°n-s√∂v
hy‡-am-°n-bp-amWv tUmIvS¿am-cpsS ka-cw. tUmI-
S¿am-cpsS kacw km[m-cW - ° - m-cmb tcmKn-Is- ftbm
Bip-]{- Xn-If - psS ssZ\w-Zn\ {]h¿Ø-\ß - s - ftbm
_m[n-°p-∂n-s√∂ \ymbo-Ic- W - ß
- ƒ Nne ka-c°
Db¿Øn-tb-°mw. CØcw hmZ-߃°v bmsXmcp
bp‡n-`{- Z-Xbpw \oXnbpw C√mØ-Xm-W.v s]mXpP\
tkh-\-sa∂ As√¶n¬ s]mXpk-aq-l-Øns‚
Btcm-Ky-sa∂ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw X߃°p-s≠∂
t_m[-amWv tUmI-S¿am¿°p-th≠-X.v Cu s]mXp
t_m[-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠p≈ {]h¿Øn-I-fmWv
tUmIvS¿am-cn¬ \n∂v kaqlw {]Xo-£n-°p-∂X
kaq-lØ - n¬ ]cn-jI v r-Xcpw A]-cn-jI
cp-ap-≠.v Ccp-]s - Øm-∂mw-\q-‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-°p-
∂- h - s cms° ]cn- j v I r- X - c m- s W- ∂ mWv
s]mXpsh IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. inem-bp-K-
Øn¬ \n∂pw teml-bp-K-Ønepw XpS¿∂v
B[p-\n-I-bq-K-Øn-te°pw ]cnh¿Ø\w
sNø-s∏´ a\p-jy¿ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ Gsd
apt∂-dn. Nm{µ-bm\pw N{µ-\n¬ sh≈-
Øns‚ km∂n-≤yhpw Is≠-Øn-sb-∂`
\n-°p-tºmgpw A]-cn-jvIr-X-a-\- p-ambn
Pohn-°p-∂-h-cmWv `qan-bn¬ alm-`q-cn-]-
- c- n-]m-Sn-If - mWv £hpsa∂v as‰mcp {Klw ]cn-l-kn-®m¬
Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√.
- n-\n-sS- {]mIvNc - n-{X-]T - \
- hpw ]pcm-XX - z-]T
- \- hpw ]c-
kv]c - ]
- q-cI - ß - f - mb c≠p-hn-⁄m-\i - m-JI- f - m-
sW∂v temIsØ ]Tn- ∏ n® tKm¿U≥
ssN¬Uv F∂ Nn¥-Is\ CØ-cp-WØ
Hm¿an-°mw. I√p-Iƒ sIm≠p≈ Bbp-[-
߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v arK-ßsf sIm∂p -Xn∂v
- n- Kpl-I-fnepw h\-ß-fnepw Xpd- m-b -{]-tZ-
i-ß-fnepw {]Ir-Xn-bp-ambn a√n´v Pohn-®p-
- f√mw AXn¿- t]m∂ "\·-hm-\-c≥'- C-∂sØ B[p-\n-I-
a-\p-jy-\m-bn-Øo¿∂ IY shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-
XmWv ]pcm-XX - z-]T - \
- w.
GI-tZiw Hº-Xn-\m-bncw h¿j-߃°p-
apºv am{X-amWv a\p-jy≥ Irjn-sN-øm≥ ]Tn-
®-Xv. FgpØpw hmb-\bpw XpS-ßn-bn´v GI-
tZiw Aøm-bncw h¿j-ßtf Bbn-´p-≈p.
AXn\pw apºv _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ {]-tZ-
- psS iØpw CuPn-]vXnepsams° Irjnbpw
hym]m-chpw t£{X-ßfpw tI{µo-I-cn-®p
- p-sSbpw Nne sIm≠p≈ kwkvIm-c-߃ Db¿∂p h∂p.
"am≥ sabvIvkv lnwsk¬^v" F∂ {KŸ-
Øn¬ tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv apt∂m-´p-sh-®
Nn¥-Iƒ Cßs\ ]e-X-c-Øn¬ A¿∞-h-
- n- Øm-W.v
I\Ø tcmam-hc - Ww sIm≠v ]¿hX-{]-tZ-
i-ß-fnse XWp-∏p-ap-‰n-b-Im-em-h-ÿ-bn¬
Pohn-°m≥ Im´m-Sn\p ]‰p-∂p. BSns‚
tcmaw sImt≠m tXmep-sImt≠m D≠m-
- .v °nb Ip∏m-bß - ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v AtX Np‰p-
]m-Sp-If - n¬ Pohn-°p-hm≥ a\p-jy\pw kzbw
k÷o-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. \o≠ \J-ß-fpw
- mbn Is≠- Iq¿Ø tam¥bpw D]-tbm-Kn®v amf-߃
Ipgn-®p-≠m°n XWp-∏n¬ \n∂pw i{Xp-°-
fn¬ \n∂pw A`bw tXSm≥ apb-ep-Iƒ°v
km[n-°pw. ]n°mkpw Xqº-bpw- sIm≠v A-
Øcw A`-bt- I-{µ-߃ sh´n-bp-≠m-°m\pw
- m-Zs- ∏-´h - sc I√pw CjvSn-Ibpw achpw D]-tbm-Kn®v IqSp-
X¬ \√h ]Wn-bp-hm\pw a\p-jy¿°v Ign-
bpw. X߃°m-hi - y-amb amwkw kºm-Zn-°p-
hm-\p≈ ]√pw \J-ßfpw knwl-߃°p-≠.v
Xs‚ Cc-sb-sIm-√p-hm≥ a\p-jy≥ Aºpw
Ip¥hpw D≠m-°p-∂p.
a\p-jy≥ kzmb-Ø-am-°nb Xncn-®-dn-hp-
- n¬ Agna-Xnbpw
v c- W
- n\pw
- a- pĸ-sS-
Pem-ib Sqdn-khpw hnt\m-Z- k-©m-c hIp∏pw
- p-am- _mknXv lk≥
- mWv AXnYn tZthm- `hx F∂mWv ae-bm-fn-bpsS {]am-Ww.
sk]v‰w-_¿ ap∏-Xns‚ ]I-ek - vXa- n-°sh ssZh-Øns‚
kz¥w \m´n¬ hncp-∂n-s\-Ønb AXn-Yn-I-fp-ambn D√m-
k-\u-Ib - mb Pe-I\ - yI tX°Sn Pem-ib
Wp. 45 Poh-\p-Isf Cu ImWm-°bw X´n-sb-Sp-Øp.
Zpc¥w hcp-Øn-bXv kwÿm\ k¿°m-cns‚ kz¥w
ÿm]-\-amb tIcfm Sqdnkw hnI-k\ tIm¿]-td-js‚
t_m´v. hn]-Øns‚ ImcWw tXSn-bp-ff k¿°m¿ At\z-
jWw apd-t]mse Bcw-`n-®p. t_m´v ss{Uh-sdbpw klm-
bn-sbbpw Ip‰-°m-cmbn ap{Z-IpØn tIkv Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m-
\m-bn-cp∂p A[n-Ir-X-cpsS BZy {iaw. sh´n-s°m∂ kw`-
h-Øn¬ hm°-Øn-s°-Xntc tIkv FSp-°p-∂Xv t]mse.
F∂m¬ s]mXp-k-aq-lhpw am[y-a-ßfpw Hcp t]mse
CXnse s]mf-f-Øcw Xpd-∂p-Im-´n-b-t∏m-ƒ k¿°m-cns‚
ssIs]m-ff - n. KXy-¥c - a
- n-√msX `c-WI - qSw hm°Øn ]nSn®
- e
- Ø- n¬˛ ssIIsf tXSnØpS-ßn. tIc-f-Ønse t_m´p-I-fpsS apgp-
h≥ A[n-Im-cn-bmb No^v C≥kvs]-IvS¿ Hm^v t_m´vkn-
s\-bmWv BZyw At\z-jW - Ø - n\v \ntbm-Kn-®X
bmsXmcp Ipg-∏h - p-an-s√∂v Ct±lw Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n®p. ]n∂o-
SmWv Adn-™Xv CtX t_m´v bm{X°v tbmKy-am-sW∂v
hn[n-sb-gp-Xn-bXv Ct±-la - m-bn-cp-s∂∂v. Zp-c¥
\mfnemWv- (-H-IvtSm-_¿ c≠n\v) ^n‰v\kv \¬In-b-sX∂
hm¿Ø IqSn tI´v tIcfw Xcn®p\n-∂p. Xm≥ \¬Inb
km£y]{Xw sXs‰∂v F{X-t]¿ acn®mepw Ct±-l-Øn\v
]d-bm≥ Ign-bptam Fs∂m∂pw Bcpw Nn¥n-®n-√. As√-
¶n¬ Nn¥n-t°-≠-h¿ Nn¥n-®n-s√∂v \Sn-®p. ]s£ HSp-
hn¬ Cu DtZym-K-ÿ≥ Ad-Ãn-em-bn. ]n∂oSv t_m´v
\n¿ΩmW Iº-\n-bpsS DS-abpw sF B¿ F-kv k¿sh-
bdpw Ad-Ãn-em-bn. tX°-Sn-bnse tK‰v Io∏-tdbpw AI-
Øm-°n.
CXp-sIm≠v Xocptam Cu alm-Zp-c¥ - Ø
- ns‚ DØ-ch
I-fpsS ]´n-I. P≥a\m sshI-ey-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Cu t_m´v
hmßm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®h - ¿°v CXn¬ \n∂pw ssII-gp-Im-\m-
Iptam?. At\z-jWw Atß-Øe hsc FØn-°m-\p-ff
B¿÷hw _‘-s∏-´-h¿°p-≠m-Iptam?. FØn-bm¬ ]e
h≥a¬ky-ßfpw he-bn-em-Ipw.
Pe-I-\y-I°v he-tØ°v c≠v Zimwiw H≥]Xv Un{Kn
sNcn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂mWv sIm®n k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse
hnZ-Kv[≥ Is≠-Øn-b-Xv. Cu sNcnhv \o‰n-en-d-°p-tºmƒ
Xs∂ t_m´ns‚ ÿncw ss{Uh¿ \nco-£n-®n-cp-∂p. CXv
- n¬ At±lw _‘- s ∏- ´ - h - c psS {i≤- b n¬s∏- S p- Ø p- I bpw
sNbvXp. ]s£ ss{Uh-dpsS hm°n\v F¥v hne?. Bcpw
CXv hI-sh-®n-√. hI-sh-®m¬ Hcp Ipg-∏a
®-b-t°≠n hcpw. sNs∂-bnse hnt·jv assd≥ F©n-
- - \o-bd - nwKv Iº-\n-bn¬ \n∂v Ac-t°m-Sn-bn-tesd cq] apS°n
hmßnb t_m´ns‚ hne-bpsS KWy-amb Hcp ]¶pw ]In-
Sn-bmbn ]e-cp-sSbpw Ioi-bn-se-Ønbn´p-≠v. AXv Xncn®v
sImSp-t°≠n hcpw. AXp sIm≠v t_m´v CØncn sNcn-
™n-cn-°s´ F∂v F√m-hcpw [cn-®p. Cu [mc-W°v
\¬tI≠n h∂ hne-bmWv 45 AXn-Yn-I-fpsS hne-s∏´
Poh≥. t]mcm-Ø-Xn\v ASpØ t_m´v CtX Iº-\n-bn¬
\n¿ΩmWw ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-s°m-≠p-an-cn-°p-∂p.
ss^_¿ t_m´v tX°Sn Pem-i-b-Øn\v ]‰n-b-XmtWm
F∂Xns\-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°m-sX-bmWv Cu t_m´v \o‰n-en-d-
°n-b-Xv. \ne-hmcw Ipd™ ss^_-dmWv t_m´v \n¿Ωm-
W-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®-sX∂v t^md≥knIv Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-
°p-∂p. ^n‰v\kv k¿´n-^n-°‰v C√msX Hcp hml-\hpw
\o‰ntem \nc-Øntem Cd-°m-\m-In-√.
tIcfsØ kw_-‘n®v t_m´v A]-I-S-Zp-c-¥-߃ ]pXn-
b-X√ - . 1924¬ ]√-\b - m-‰n¬ XpSßn 2007se Xt´-°mSv A]-
- m¿
ISw hsc \ofp∂p arXyp-\u-II - f
- psS IY. Xt´-°m-Sn-s‚bpw
AXn\v apºv \S∂ Ipa-cIw A]-IS- Ø - n-s‚bpw At\z-jW
dnt∏m¿´p-I-fnt∑emWv \sΩ `cn-°p-∂-h¿ AS-bn-cn-°p-∂-
Xv. t_m´v bm{X kpc-£n-Xa - m-°m-\p-ff Ht´sd \n¿tZ-iß
fmWv Ch-bn¬ Df-f-Xv. Ch-sbm∂v Xpd∂p t\m°m-\p-ff
acymZ t]mepw `c-W-b-{¥-Øns‚ \nb-{¥-I¿°p-≠m-bn-√.
^etam tX°-Sn-bnepw t_m´v bm{X 45 t]cpsS ac-W-bm-
{X-bm-bn.
- .v tX°-Sn Zpc¥Øn\v ap≥ A]-I-S-߃°n-√mØ Hcp
{]tXy-I-X-bp-≠v. Im¿jnI˛]c-º-cm-KX hyh-kmb taJ-
eIƒ XI¿∂, Kƒ^v kz]v\ß - ƒ Icn-™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂
v r-X- e-t»cn apl-ΩZv aue-hn, aW-∏m´v Ip™n-ap-
ka-Zqcw l-ΩZv lmPn, Fw kn kn lk≥ aue-hn,
dkmJv ]b-t{ºm´v Fw A–p-√-°p´n aue-hn, ]d-∏q¿ A–p-d-
lvam≥ aue-hn, ]n sI aqk aue-hn, sI
tIcf apkvenw-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-St - Ømfw k\m-D√m a‡n
X߃ F∂ s]m∂m-\n-°m-c-\n¬ Bcw-`n-°p∂ B
sI Fw Pam-ep-±o≥ aue-hn, Fw ssiJvap-
l-ΩZv aue-hn, F≥ hn A–p-kemw aue-
hn, sI ]n apl-ΩZv aue-hn, ]n skbvZv aue-
- n-am-
ss]XrIw Nmen-e-IØv Ip™-l-ΩZv lmPnbpw h°w
aue-hn-bpw A-S°- a - p≈ ]WvUn-Xc - n-epsS tIcfw s\t©-
hn, apl-ΩZv Aam\n aue-hn, Fw sI lmPn,
FS-hÆ Aehn aue-hn, sI DΩ¿ aue-hn,
‰p-Ib
- m-bn-cp-∂p. 1922¬ cq]o-Ic - n-°s - ∏´ sFIy-kw-Lhpw
sI hn aqk k - p-√a - n, F≥ ]n A–p¬Jm-Z¿
aue-hn, F≥ hn C{_mlnw kmln-_v, sI
Fkv sI X߃, sI Al-ΩZv Ip™n-au-
]n∂oSp-≠mb apPmlnZv {]ÿm-\hpw A[n-Imcw Iøm- e-hn XpS-ßnb FÆ-a‰ aX-]-WvUn-Xcpw
fp-hm≥ apkvenw-eo-Kn\p In´nb Ah-k-c-ß-fp-sa√mw Hcp kmaq- l y- ] - c n- j v I ¿Øm- ° - f p- a m- b - h sc
kaq-lsØ Ah-cd - n-bmsX ]cn-jvIc - n®p. ]n≥]‰n ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-£Øv \ne-bp-d-∏n-®-
Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
- n¬ h¿Ø-am-\I - m-eØ - m-Is´, Cu Nn¥-Iƒ°v
Iƒ, tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b- X-sc-∂v aq{Z-bS- n-°s - ∏-´n-cp∂ Hcp kaq-lsØ CSnhv X´n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. t\Sn-b- hn-Zym-`ym-k-
Xp-t]mse F√m {]Xn-Iq-eXIsfbpw AXn- kmaq-ln-I[ - m-cb
- n¬ hnf-°n-t®¿°m≥ ap∂n- Øns‚ KpWhpw aqeyhpw {]I-Sa - m-Ip-∂n-√.
P-bn-°X - ° - X - m-Wv. "Bbp-[ß - ƒ D]-tbm-Kn- ´n-d-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p \thm-∞m-\-\m-b-I¿. kv { Xo[- \ - s a∂ Zpcm- N mcw ]≠- t Ø-
°p∂ Hcp P¥p-hmWv a\p-jy≥'F∂ At±- tIcf apkvenw-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw °mƒi‡n-{]m-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F√m-X-e-ß-
l-Øns‚ ]cm-a¿iw t]mepw "a\p-jy≥ k\m-D√m a‡n X߃ F∂ s]m∂m-\n-°m- fnepw A‘-hn-izm-kß - fpw A\m-Nm-cß - fpw
kzbw \n¿an-°p∂p' F∂-Xns‚ Xncn-®d - n-hm- c-\n¬ Bcw-`n-°p∂ B ss]XrIw Nmen- s]cp-Ip-∂p. ]e-Im-cy-ßf - nepw CX-ck - a - p-Zm-
Wv. e-IØv Ip™-lΩ - Zv lmPnbpw h°w aue- b- ß ƒ°v amXr- I - b m- b n- c p- ∂ - s Xms°
ssPh-]c - n-Wm-ahpw kmwkvIm-cn-I] - p-tcm-K- hn-bpw A-S° - a
- p≈ ]WvUn-Xc - n-epsS tIcfw apkvenw-ka - q-lØ - n\v ssItamiw h∂n-cn-°p-
Xnbpw hnhn-[-L-´-߃ IS∂v Ccp-]-sØm- s\t©-‰p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1922¬ cq]o-I-cn-°- I-bm-W.v
∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ {]th-in-®n-cn-°p∂ ImeØv s∏´ sFIy- k w- L hpw ]n∂oSp- ≠ mb Hcp ]h≥ kz¿Ww t]mepw AWn-bn-°m≥
a\p-jy¿ ]cn-jvIrXcmtbm F∂ a\\w apPmlnZv {]ÿm-\hpw A[n-Imcw Iøm-fp- tijn-bn-√m-Øh - t- cmSv Ipd-™Xv 100 ]h-s\-
sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏-Smw. Cc-tX-Sepw CW-tN- hm≥ apkvenw-eo-Kn\p In´nb Ah-k-c-ß-fp- ¶nepw D≠m-bmte s]Æns‚ hnhm-l-sØ-
cepw am{X-ambn arK-ß-sf-t]mse Pohn-®n- sa√mw Hcp kaq-lsØ Ah-c-dn-bmsX ]cn- °p-dn®v Nn¥n-°m≥ ]‰p-I-bp≈p F∂p-]-
cp∂ a\p-jy¿ kmaq-lnI P - o-hn-XØ- n-s‚bpw jvIc - n®p. d™v `b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. F√m-Øcw Bcm-[-
]pXp-t_m-[-Øn-s‚bpw kl-h¿Øn-Xz-Øn- apkvenw kv{XoIsf FgpØv ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ \m-e-b-ßfpw hne-]n-Sn® am¿_nƒ kvamc-I-
s‚bpw ]pXnb BIm-iØ - n-te-°p-bc - p-Ibpw ]mSn-s√∂v 1930 ¬ aÆm¿°m´v tN¿∂ kp- ß-fm-Ip-t\zmgpw F√m-k-aq-l-Ønepws]´
]eXpw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. bmYm- ∂n-I-fpsS kwL-S-\-bmb "kakvX' {]ta- al√pw Ic-°mcpw CS-hI - ° - mcpw Xß-fpsS
ÿn-Xn-I-Xbpw \thm-∞m-\ Nn¥-Ifpw bw ]mkm-°n-b-t∏mƒ AXn-s∂-Xnsc t]m- A[o-\X - b- nse ]mh-s∏´ s]¨Ip-´n-If - psS
t\¿°p-t\¿ G‰p-ap´n kmaq-ln-IP - o-hn-XsØ cm-Sm≥ Ckzvemln {]ÿm\w {i≤n-®p. sshhm- l n- I - P o- h nXw km[n- X - a m- ° m≥
\thm- ∞ m- \ - Ø n- t e- ° m- I ¿jn® Imew kv{XoI-fpsS ]≈n {]th-ihpw X¿°-hn-j- bmsXm∂pw sNøm\ns√∂p \Sn-°p-∂p.
ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. b-ß-fm-bn. kv{Xo[\w kp∂-ØmWv F∂ C°m-cy-Øn¬ t]mepw ]pXnb amXr-I-I-
temI-Øm-Ia - m\w AØ-cØ - n-ep≈ am‰-ß- {]Nm-cW - a - m-bn-cp∂p kp∂n- hn`mKw \S-Øn- fm-Im≥ \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m¿
fp-≠m-bn. cmPyØpw AXns‚ {]Xn-^-e\w bn-cp-∂X - v. kv{Xo[-\Ø - n-s\-Xnsc i‡-amb C\nbpw Aam-¥n-°p-tºmƒ Ah¿ A]-
kv^pcn-®p. tIc-fhpw `n∂-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. C¥y- \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn®v AXv A\n-ke v m-an-Is
- a∂v Io¿Øn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Xß-fpsS ]q¿h-kq-cn-
bnse CX-c-kw-ÿm-\-ßsf At]-£n®v {]N-cn-∏n® Ckzvemln {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ I-sf-bm-sW∂tXm¿°-Ww.
\thm-∞m-\m-i-b-߃°v G‰hpw Ffp-∏- Bi-b-߃°v At∂ thtcm´w e`n-®p. Hcp kaq-lsØ ]cn-jI v r-Xc - m- °
- m≥ kzPo-
Ønepw IqSpXepw thtcm´w e`n® aÆmWv ]pØ≥ hmZn-Is - f∂p hna¿in®v AØc-°m- hnXw ad-∂h - ¿ aÆ-Sn-s™-¶nepw Ah-cpsS
tIc-f-Øn-s‚-Xv. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ cpsS IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-ambn sshhm-lnI I¿Ω-^e - a- mWv ]pXn-bX - e - a - pd A\p-`h - n-°p-
Xs∂ AXns‚ Ae- s bm- e n- b pb¿∂p. _‘pXzw t]mepw ÿm]n-°c - p-sX∂v bmYm- ∂-Xv. AXns\ DØ-tcm-Øcw ap¥n-bX - m-°p-
ChnsS Ihn-Ifpw Nn¥-Icpw [mc-mf-ap-≠m- ÿn-Xn-I¿ "^Xvh'- I-fn-d°n. hm≥ Xo¿®-bmbpw ]pXn-bX - e- a - p-d°v _m[y-
bn. sXm´p-Iq-Sm-bvabpw Xo≠epw \n¿am- CXn-s\-sbms° AXn-P-bn®v apt∂-dnb X-bp-≠v. Ah-bpsS Kuchw Dƒs°m≠v
¿÷\w sNøm\pw ÿnXn-k-aXzw bmYm¿- P\X aplΩZv A–p-dl - n-am≥ kmln_v, sI {]h¿Øn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬ \Ω-f{X ]cn-jvIm-
∞y-am-°m\pw H´-\h - [n t]mcm-´ß - ƒ \S-∂p. Fw aue-hn, C sI aue-hn, koXn kmln- cn-Is- fm-∂p-a√ F∂v k¿-h¿°pw kzbw hne-
1921 se ae-_m¿ Iem-]-Øn\p tijw _v, C sambvXp-au-e-hn, Fw kn kn A–p-d- ]n-°mw. Cu Xe-ap-d-bn¬ XpSßn ASpØ
tIc- f - a p- k v e nw- I ƒ°n- S - b n¬ hym]- c n® lvam≥ aue-hn, sh´w A–p-√-lm-Pn, aΩn Xe-ap-dI - f- n-te°v ]q¿h-kq-cn-If - psS \∑-Iƒ
Nn¥m-k-cWn \thm-∞m-\m-i-b-ß-fptSXm- aue-hn, skbvXm-en-°p-´n-am-ÿ, la-Zm\n {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - mbn ssIam-dm≥, AXn-te°p
bn-cp-∂p. ]cn-jvIr-X-k-aq-l-Øn¬ H‰-s∏-´v, X߃, Sn sI aue-hn, Fw kn kn Al- ssI∏n-Sn-°m≥ Bcv Db¿∂p-h-cp-sa-∂mWv
A[xIrXsc-t]mse Xo¿Øpw A]-cn-jvIr- ΩZv aue-hn, ]n A–p¬Jm-Zn¿ aue-hn, I´n- {]Xo-£n-t°-≠X - v?
tIc-f-Øns‚ ]nSn-h-f-fn-bmWv Sqdn-kw. {]IrXn I\n-™- bm{X-°mbn FØp-∂p-s≠-∂mWv IW-°.v F∂n´pw ChnsS
\p-{Kln®v \¬Inb Zriy-`w-Knbpw Imem-hÿ - bpw `q{]tXy- CXp-hsc A]-I-S-ß-fp-≠m-Im-Xn-cp-∂Xv k¿°m-cns‚ anSp-
I-XI - fpw am{Xw aqe-[\ - a
- m°n Sqdnkw hyh-kmbambn amdn- °-√. tIc-f-Øns‚ `mKyw H∂p-sIm≠p am{Xw.
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-Ib - p-am-Wv. hnt\m-Zk- © - mc taJe IqSp-X¬ tImSnIƒ hcp-am\w t\SnØ∂n´pw A¥m-cmjv{S SqdnÃv
Imcy-£-a-am°n am‰m≥ DØ-c-hmZ Sqdnkw F∂ ]pXnb tI{µ-amb tX°-Sn-bnse ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ shfn-hm-Im≥ Hcp
ap{Zm-hmIyw Xs∂ k¿°m¿ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Zpc¥w hsc ImØn-cn-t°≠n h∂p. C{Xbpw AXn-Yn-Iƒ
- Ø - n¬ apßn-Øm-
Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv CXns‚ `mK-ambn A¥m-cmjv{S ktΩ-f\w FØp∂ tX°-Sn-bn¬ F¥n-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂√ F¥p-≠m-
Xs∂ kwL-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. hnt\m-Zk - ©
- mc cwKsØ ]pXnb bn-cp∂p F∂mWv Nn¥n-t°-≠X - v.
IW-°p-Iƒ Cu taJ-e°v ]pØ≥ DW¿hv ]I-cp-∂p≠v. c£m-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ BZy-]-Sn-bmb ^b¿t^mgvkv
12 e£w t]cmWv Ct∏mƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ Sqdnkw taJ-e- kwhn-[m\w t]mepw tX°-Sn-bn¬ C√. AXv 40 Intem-ao-
bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ‰¿ AIse \ns∂-Ø-Ww. Cu 40 Intem-ao-‰¿ AI-se-bp-
ap≥ h¿j-ßsf At]-£n®v hntZi Sqdn-Ãp-Iƒ tIc-f- ff ^b¿ t^mgvkv tk\°v th≠{X kuI-cy-ß-fpan-√.
Øn¬ 20.37 iX-am\w h¿[n-®X - m-bmWv Sqdnkw hIp-∏ns‚ Bip-]{XnIƒ t]cn\v am{Xw. temI Sqdnkw `q]-S-Øn-ep-
IW-°v. kztZin Sqdn-Ãp-I-fpsS FÆ-Ønepw A©v ff tX°-Sn-bn¬ AXy-¥m-[p-\nI k÷oI-cW-ß-tfm-sS-
Zimwiw 93 iX-am\w h¿[-\-bp-≠m-bn. Ign™ h¿jw bp-ff Bip-]{Xn k¿°m¿ taJ-eb - n¬ Xs∂ Ft∂ htc-
5,15,000 hntZi Sqdn-Ãp-Ifpw 66,62,000 B`y-¥c Sqdn-Ãp-I- ≠-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
Sn°s‰SpØpw A√m-sXbpw bm{X-°msc IpØn-\n-d® - mWv
tX°Sn XSm-IØ - n¬ t_m´p-If - psS k©m-cw. Ipa-cI - Øpw
Xt´-°mSpw Db¿∂ hnem-]ß - ƒ tI´n´pw tX°-Sn-bn¬ CXv
- v. t_m´n\v
Hgn-hm-°m≥ DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏-´-h¿ {ian-®n-√. Pe-I-\yI
t_m´n¬ 75 t]¿°p-ff bm{Xm-\p-aX - ntb D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p-
sh∂pw AXnepw Hcmƒ t]mepw IqSp-X¬ Ib-dn-bn-´n-s√-
∂p-amWv A]-ISw \S-∂-bp-S≥ sI.-Sn.-Un.kn sNb¿am≥
- Ø- ns‚ c≠mw
sNdn-bm≥ ^nen∏v {]Xn-I-cn-®-Xv. F∂m¬ CXn\v tijw
t_m´n¬ 87 t]cp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂v ss{Iw{_m©v Is≠-
Øn. Pn√m `c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ IW°v A\p-k-cn®v bm{Xn-I-
cpsS FÆw 94 hsc-bm-bn.
kwÿm-\Øv G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv ssek≥kp-ff 2000-
tØmfw t_m´p-I-sf-¶n-ep-ap-s≠-∂mWv GI-tZi IW-°v.
ssek≥kn-√mØ t_m´p-I-fpsS IW°v BcpsS ]°-ep-
an-√. kwÿm-\sØ apgp-h≥ t_m´p-Iƒ°pw ^n‰v\kv
\¬tI-≠Xv No^v C≥kvs]-IvS¿ Hm^v t_m´vkv BWv.
CXv a\p-jy-km-[y-a-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ggv Pn√-Iƒ°v hoXw
- m-Zn- Hmtcm FIvkn-Iyq-´ohv F≥Pn-\o-b¿am¿°v CXns‚ A[nI
Npa-Xe \¬In-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Ggv Pn√-I-fnse t_m´p-
Iƒ Hcmƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ AsX{X am{Xw Imcy-£-
fpw tIcfw kµ¿in-®p. Cu h¿jw CXns‚ 20 iX-am-\- a-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v ]d-tb-≠X- n-√.
amWv h¿[-\. hcp-am-\-Ønepw 25.28 iX-am-\-Øns‚ Hmtcm Pem-i-b-Øn\pw A\p-Kp-W-ambn cq]I¬∏\
Db¿®bp-≠v. sNbvX t_m´p-Iƒ thWw \o‰nen-d-°m≥. SqdnÃv t_m´p-
Ign™ h¿jw Sqdnkw taJ-e-bn¬ \n∂v am{Xw 11,433 I-fnse kpc£m kwhn-[m\w I¿i-\-am°Ww. ]Øv
tImSn-bpsS hcp-am-\a - mWv k¿°m-cn\v e`n-®X
- v. c≠v h¿j- bm{X-°m¿°v Hcp kpc£m Km¿Uns\ hoXw \ntbm-Kn-
Øn-\nsS 10 e£-Øn-e-[nIw hntZi k©m-cn-Iƒ tIc-f- °Ww. sse^v Pm°‰v \n¿_-‘a - m-°W - w. ^n‰v\kv \¬Ip-
Øn-se-Øn. B`y-¥c Sqdn-Ãp-Iƒ Hcp tImSn 13 e£-hpw. ∂-Xn-\p-ff am\-ZWvUw I¿i-\a - m-°W - w. hm¿jnI ]cn-tim-
tX°-Sn- ASßp∂ CSp°n Pn√-bn¬ am{Xw Hcp e£w [\ IrXy-ambn \S-Ø-Ww. B[p-\nI hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab
hntZi Sqdn-Ãp-Ifpw ]Øv e£w B`y-¥c Sqdn-Ãp-Ifpw kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. Pem-ib SqdnÃv tI{µ-ß-fn-
- p-≠v. t_m´v Xncn-
h∂p-t]m-bn. se√mw Pe-Zp-c¥w t\cn-Sp-∂X - n-\p-ff ap≥I-cp-Xe - p-Iƒ Bip-
DØ-ch - mZ Sqdnkw F∂Xv ap{Zm-hmIyw am{X-ambn tijn- ]-{Xn-If- n¬ G¿s∏-Sp-ØW - w. ASn-b¥ - nc kml-Nc - y-ßf - n¬
°p-tºm-gmWv tX°Sn t]mep-ff Zpc-¥ß - ƒ D≠m-Ip-∂X - v. cwK-Øn-d-°m≥ kv]oUv t_m´v Dd-∏m-°-Ww. Npcp-ßn-bXv
1930-I-fn-emWv tX°Sn Pem-i-b-Øn¬ t_m´nwKv Bcw-`n- C{X-sb-¶nepw sNbvXn-s√-¶n¬ tIc-f-Øn\v apX¬ap-S-°n-
°p-∂X - .v {]Xn-Zn\w icm-icn 2000 t]¿ ChnsS D√m-k\ - uI √msX hcp-am\w sImøm≥ {]IrXn I\n™v \¬In-bn-cn-
°p∂ Pem-ib Sqdn-kw shf-f-Øn-¬ hc® hc-bm-Ipw.
h¿Ø-am\w t]mÃv
°-Ωo-j\ - p-Isf \nb-an-°p-∂X- v. Hmtcm
sslt°m-S-Xnbpw k¿°mcpw kw`-hß - f - p-≠m-Ip-tºmgpw P\-Io-bh
Nm-c-W-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Xe-bq-cm-\mbn
- n-
k ¿°m-cns\ sslt°m-SXn \nc- Xn- I ƒ k¿°m- c ns\ Nne- s Xms° PpUo-jy¬ IΩo-j-\p-Iƒ k¿°m¿
¥cw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ÿnXn-bm-Wp-≈- t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw _m[y-X-s∏-Sp- {]Jym-]n-°pw. At\z-jWw ]q¿Øn-
Xv. Ah-km-\-ambn CSp°n t_m-´-]-I- Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXn¬ ]eXpw bmbn dnt∏m¿´v k¿°m-cn-se-Øn-bm¬
S-Ønepw AXmh¿Øn-®p. k¿°m¿ k¿°m-cns‚ t]mcm-bvaI - f
- mbn Xo¿∂- ]n∂oSv an≠m-´-ap-≠m-hn-√. At∏m-
hyh-ÿm-]n-X-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂n- h- X - s ∂- b m- W v. P\- ß - t fmSv tg°pw kw`-h-ß-fpsS Kuchw Ipd-
s√-∂mWv tImS-Xn-bpsS Is≠-ج. ]pe¿tØ≠ \oXnbpw \∑bpw ™o-´p-ap-≠m-Ipw. CsXmcp ]Xnhv ]cn-
- - hnt\m-Zk
- ©- m-ch
- I
- p-∏ns‚ t]cn-emWv k¿°m-cns‚ hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Iƒ ad-∂p- ]m-Sn-bm-Wv. CXmWv tImSXn k¿°m-
CØ-hW k¿°m-cn\v tImS-Xn-bpsS t]m-Ip-Ib - m-Wv. k¿°m¿ D≠m-°n-sh- cns\ hna¿in-°m≥ tlXp-hm-°n-b-Xv.
"Ae- ° ¬' tIƒt°- ≠ n- h - ∂ - X v. bv°p∂ A\m-h-iy-sN-e-hp-Iƒ IqSn CSp-°n-bnse t_m´-]-I-Shpw CXns‚
k¿°mcpw tImS- X nbpw sImºp- tImSXnbpsS {i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-Ibpw XpS¿®- b mb Zpc- ¥ - a m- s W- ∂ mWv
tIm¿°p-Ibpw kam-¥c - a
- mbn tImS-Xn- tImS-Xn-Iƒ-A-°m-cy-Øn¬ k¿°m- tImSXn \nco-£n-®-Xv. Cßs\ Hmtcm
Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ cn\v ]ng Npa-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Imcy-Ønepw tImSXn k¿°m-cns\
AXv P\- ß ƒ°n- S - b n- e p- ≠ m- ° p∂ AXnepw ]pXpa tXm∂p-∂n-√. e£- imkn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Bi-b° - p-g∏w hep-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. tImS- ߃ Nne-hn-´mWv hnhn[ At\z-j-W- ]n sI kt¥mjv , hen-b-]-dºv