STOICHIOMETRY

Alexandra Thomas

Kathryn Fournier
Xavier Laporte Meagan Sikorsky

ATOMIC MASS
Average Atomic Mass: atoms have masses of whole numbers.
Samples of quadrillions of atoms have a few that are heavier of lighter called

isotopes, due to different numbers of neutrons

Percent Abundance: % of atoms in a natural sample of a pure

element represented by a particular isotope.

# # 100%

It was agreed in 1921 that Carbon 12 would serve as the standard

and be defined as exactly 12 amu.

All other atomic masses are measured relative to this.

MASS SPECTROMETER
Definition: device used for measuring the mass of

atoms/molecules
How it Works:
Atoms/molecules passed into a beam of high-speed e Knocks e off the atoms/molecules making them cations By applying an electric field, cations are accelerated since they are repelled

from the positive pole and attracted to the negative pole

Accelerated cations magnetic field causing it to create its own magenetic

field which disrupts the original field changing the path of the cation

Amount of deflection is proportional to mass

Heavy: deflect a little Light: deflect a lot

Ions hit a detector plate where measurements can be obtained

MORE ABOUT STOICHIOMETRY

The Mole Definition: the SI unit of amount of substance, equal to the quantity containing as many elementary units as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12.
Avogadro's Number: 6.0x10

Molar Mass, Molecular Weight & Formula Weight

Molar Mass: the mass (g) of

which is the number of particles in 1 mole of anything.

Avogadros # of molecules Molecular Weight: sum of all atomic weights of all atoms in the formula in covalent bonding Empirical Formula: ratio in the network for ionic substance Formula Weight: molecular weight in ionic bonding Use two decimal places for all elements!

DIATOMIC MOLECULES (MEMORIZE) Carbon

H2
Horses (Hydrogen) Need (Nitrogen) Oats (Oxygen) For (Fluorine Clear (Chlorine)

Diamond & Graphite (Covalent Networks)

N2
O2 F2 Cl2

Br2
I2 P4 S8

Brown (Bromine)
Eyes (Iodine) Tetratomic form of Elemental Phosphorus (allotrope) Sulfurs Elemental Form (allotrope)

PERCENT COMPOSITION
If the formula of a compound is known, its fairly easy to determine the

percent composition of each element in the compound

Example: Ethanol (C2H5OH)

1. 2.

Calculate the molecular weight 47.07g The mass percent (aka weight percent) of an element in ethanol can be computed by comparing the mass of the element in 1 mole of ethanol to the total moles of 1 mole of ethanol & multiplying by 100%
Mass % of C: Mass % of H:
24.02 46.07 6.048 46.07

x 100% = 52.14% x 100% = 13.13%

Mass % of O:

16.00 46.07

x 100% = 34.73%

Percentages should add up to 100% if done correctly

DETERMINING THE FORMULA OF A COMPOUND

Empirical formula: tells what elements are present in the

compound and the simplest whole-number ratio of elements

Basic procedure to follow: convert each to moles, divide each by

smallest whole number, then use an appropriate multiplier if needed

Empirical formula can then be calculated

If actual molecular mass is known or given, dividing the molecular

mass by the empirical mass gives an integer (rounded) that is used to multiple each of the subscripts in the empirical formula
Gives the molecular (actual) formula Example on next slide

A SAMPLE OF GAS WAS ANALYZED AND FOUND TO CONTAIN 2.34G OF NITROGEN AND 5.34G OF OXYGEN. THE MOLAR MASS OF THE GAS WAS DETERMINED TO BE ABOUT 90 GRAMS. WHAT ARE THE EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAS OF THIS GAS?
2.34g N (
1 ) 14.0 1 ) 16.0

= 0.167 mol N = 0.334 mol O

(0.167) = 1 N (0.167) = 2 O
0.334

0.167

5.34g O (

Thus, empirical formula = NO2 (46g/mol)

Determining molecular formula:

/ (90 ) = 1.96 2 46 /

Therefore, molecular formula is: N2O4

REACTION STOICHIOMETRY
The balanced chemical equation not only indicates which

chemical species are the reactants and products, but also indicates the relative ratio of reactants and products. For example:
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)

Can be read as: 1 N molecule reacts with 3 H

molecules to produce 2 ammonia molecules, OR 1 mol of N reacts with 3 mol H to produce 2 mol of ammonia Various stoichiometric ratios can be formed from the balanced chemical equation:

1 2 2 3 1 2

SAMPLE PROBLEM
How many grams of ammonia could be produced from the reaction of 85.0 grams of hydrogen gas with excess nitrogen?
In this problem well convert from grams of hydrogen to moles of

hydrogen to moles of ammonia using the correct ratios, and finally to grams of ammonia (our desired answer).
85.0 2 1

1 2 2.0158

2 3 3 2

17.0307 1 3

= 479 g NH3

LIMITING REACTANTS
However in the previous example, one of the reactants was

present in excess. One reactant was completely consumed and some of the other reactant would be left over.
Reactant that is used up is called the limiting reactant because it limits how

much of the product can be formed

How to determine which chemical is the L.R.?

The moles of reactant per coefficient of that reactant in the balanced chemical

equation is calculated. The reactant that has the smallest mole to coefficient ratio is the limiting reactant.
Sample problem on the next slide!

LIMITING REACTANTS CONT

Suppose that 50.0 g of nitrogen and 40.0 g of hydrogen were

allowed to react. Calculate the number of grams of ammonia that could be formed.
1.
2.

Write balanced chemical equation:

N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

Convert the grams of each reactant to moles:

50.0 2 1

x 28.014 2 = 1.7848 mol N2

1 2 x 2.0158 x = 19.8432 mol H2 2

1 2

40.0 2 1

3. Divide each by the coefficient in the balanced chemical equation.

The smaller is the limiting reactant.

For N2: 1.7848 mol N2 / 1 = 1.7848 mol/coefficient (limiting reactant) For H2: 19.8432 mol H2/3 = 6.6144 mol/coefficient

Finally base the stoichiometry of the reaction on the limiting

reactant

PERCENT YIELD
In the preceding problems, the amount of product calculated

based on the limiting reactant concept is the max amount of product that could be formed from the given amount of reactants
Called the Theoretical Yield

However, amount that actually forms (actual yield) is rarely the

same as the theoretical yield typically is less.

The efficiency of the reaction can be judged by calculating the

percent yield (actual yield/theoretical yield) x 100%

Consider the problem in which it was calculated that 60.8 g NH3

could be formed. Suppose that reaction was carried, and only 52.3 g NH3 was formed. What is the percent yield?
% yield =
52.3 60.8

x 100% = 86.0%