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wOHhk fmd iy;sl m;% idudkH fm< Nd.h iu;a j w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& .Ks;h
Ih Odrdjg msfik isiqka i`oyd fmr iQodkula f,i w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& .ks;hg
yodrk wdrNlhska i`oyd jQ mok mdGud,dj k jQ fuu fmd; ilia lr we;'
fuu fmdf;ys jeo.;a u ,laIKh jkafka fmd; mrsYS,kfhka w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<&
.Ks; Ih yeoEug meye,s wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsu;a ta i`oyd iajhx Yajdihla ;ud
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fuu fmdf;ys iEu mfohla u cd;sl Ihud,djg wkql+, j meye,s yd th
fmdaIKh jk whqka ,shd olajd we;' fu u.ska isiqkag blauKska yd myiqfjka Ih
.%yKh lr .ekSug w;aje,la imhk w;r u iajhx bf.kqulg u. mdod we;'
fuu fmd; isiqkag fuka u .=rejrekag o uy`.= fia Wmld jkq we;s nj uf.a
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wOHhk fmd iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< .Ks;h yodrk wdrNlhska i`oyd jQ mo0k
mdGud,dj keue;s fuu .%ka:h w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& ixhqla; .Ks;h yeoEug wfmalaIs;
isiqkaf.a wjYH;djla moklr .kska ,shd we;'
ish uQ,sl isoaOdka; iy ixl,am flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlr ta wdY%s; .eg`: i`ug
wjYH wjfndaOh ,ndu;a wNHdi lsug isiqka mqyqKq lsu;a fuys wruqKhs'
fuys jeo.;a u ,laIKh jkafka w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& m%;sM, wfmalaIs; isiqka iajhx
bf.kqulg fhduq lsu i`oyd fmd; ilialr ;suhs'
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u ,laIKhhs' fuys c .Ks;h flfrys jvd;a wjOdkhla fhduqlr we;'
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1. c .Ks;h
1.

oa mo m% i drKh

(a + b)2, (a - b)2 , ( a + b)3 iy (a - b)3 hk tajdfha m%idrKhka" Tn w'fmd'i' idudkH

fm< Ih ksfoaYh hgf;a bf.k f.k we;' oeka wms kej; tu m%idrKhka isysm;a lr
.ksu'q
(a + b)2 = (a + b) (a +b)
= a (a + b) + b (a + b)
= (a2 + ab + ab + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
(1)
(a - b)2 =
=
=
=

(a - b) (a - b)
a (a - b) - b (a - b)
a2 - ab - ab + b2
a2 - 2ab + b2
(2)
fyda
by; ^1& ys ,nd.;a m%;sM,hg b = -b wdfoaYfhka
(a - b) 2

= a2 - 2ab + b2

(a + b)3 = (a + b) (a +b)2
= (a + b) (a2 + 2ab + b2)
= a ( a2 + 2ab + b2) + b ( a2 + 2ab + b2)
= a3 + 2a2 b + ab2 + a2b +2ab2 +b3
= a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3
(3)
(a - b)3 =
=
=
=
=

(a - b) (a - b)2
(a - b) [a2 - 2ab + b2]
a ( a2 - 2ab + b2) - b ( a2 - 2ab + b2)
a3 - 2a2 b + ab2 - a2b +2ab2 - b3
a3 - 3a2 b + 3ab2 - b3
(4)
fyda
by; ^3& ys ,nd.;a m%;sM,hg b = -b wdfoaYfhka
[a + (- b)]3 = a 3 + 3a 2 (-b) + 3a (-b)2 +(-b)3
(a - b)3 = a 3 - 3a 2 b + 3a b2 - b3
1

by; m%idrKj,g oamo m%idrK hehs lshkq ,ef'

by; ^1& ys m%;sM,h Nd;d lr (a + b + c)2 ys m%idrKh ,shuq'
(a + b + c)2 = [(a + b) + c ]2
= (a + b)2 + 2 (a + b)c + c2
= a 2 + 2a b + b2 + 2a c + 2bc + c2
= a 2 + b2 + c2 + 2a b + 2bc + 2ca
(a + b)2
(a - b)2
(a + b)3

= a2 + 2ab + b2
= a2 - 2ab + b2
= a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3

(a - b)3
= a3 - 3a2 b + 3ab2 - b3
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
by; m%;sM, Nd;fhka .eg i`ouq'
WodyrK 1

m%idrKh lr ,shkak'
(i)

(2x + 3y)2

(ii)

(iii)

(3x + 2y)3

(iv)

(v)

(a + b - c) 2

(2xy - 5z)2

(i) (2x + 3y)2 = (2x)2 + 2 2x 3y + (3y)2

= 4x2 + 12 xy + 9y2
(ii) (2xy - 5z)2 = (2xy)2 - 2 2xy 5z + (5z)2
= 4x2y2 - 20 xyz + 25 z2
(iii) (3x + 2y)3 = (3x)3 + 3 (3x)2 (2y) + 3 (3x) (2y)2 + (2y)3
= 27x3 + 54 x2y + 36xy2 + 8y3
(iv)

= (ab)3 - 3 (ab)2

+ 3 (ab)

= a3 b3 (v) (a + b - c)2 = a 2 + b2 + c 2 + 2ab - 2bc - 2ca

WodyrK 1'2

a + b = 4 iy ab
(i) a2 + b2
(i)
(a + b)2 =
a2 + b2 =
=
(ii)

= 5 f,i we;ak"
iy (ii) a3 + b3 w.hkak'
a2 + 2ab + b2
(a + b)2 - 2ab
42 - 2 5 = 16 - 10 = 6

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b 3

a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 - 3a2b - 3ab2
= (a + b)3 - 3ab (a + b)
= 43 - 3 5 4
= 64 - 60 = 4

wNHdih 1

my; i`oyka m%ldYkj, m%idrKhka ,shkak'

1. (2a + 3b)2

2. (3a - 4b)2

3.

4. (2xy + 5z)2

5.

6.

7.

8.

9. (4xy - 3z)2

10. (a + 2b)3

11. (2a - b)3

12. (3a + 2b)3

13.

14.

15. (ab - 2c)3

16.

17.

18. (2xy - 3z)3

19. (a + b + c)2

20. (a + b - c)2

21. (a - b + c)2

22. (a - b - c)2

23. (a - 2b + c)2

24. (a - b - 2c)2

25. oamo m%idrKh Nd;fhka w.h fidhkak'

(i) 1013

(ii) 1983

(iii) 4013

(iv) 9993

26. oamo m%idrK ms<sn`o oekqu Nd;fhka w.h fidhkak'

(i) 1012 + 2 101 99 + 992

(ii) 882 - 2 88 87 + 872

3

27. oamo m%idrK ms<sn`o oekqu Nd;fhka w.h fidhkak'

(a) 513 + 3 512 49 + 3 51 492 + 493
(b) 1013 - 3 1012 99 + 3 101 992 - 993
28. my; i`oyka m%ldYk i;H nj fmkajkak' ^tk" i;Hdmkh lrkak'&
(i)
(a + b)2 + (a - b)2 = 2 (a2 + b2 )
(ii)
(a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 4ab
(iii)
(a + b)3 + (a - b)3 = 2a (a2 + 3b2 )
(iv)
(a + b)3 - (a - b)3 = 2b (3a2 + b2 )
29.

= a k" (a)

iy (b)

a weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak'

30.

x - y = 4 iy xy = 21 k" x3 - y3 w.h fidhkak'

31.

(x + y) =

32.

a-

k" x3 + y3 - xy ys w.h fidhkak'

= - 5 k"

33.

= 4 k"

34.

= 2 k"

- 200 ys w.h fidhkak'

= 76 njx 2fmka
1 jkak'
x
ys w.h fidhkak'

35.

a + b - 3 = 0 k" a3 + b3 + 9ab - 26 ys w.h fidhkak'

36.

a + b - 7 = 0 iy ab = 12 k" a3 + b3 + 4ab(a + b) ys w.h fidhkak'

37.

p = 2q + 4 k" p3 -8q3 - 24pq = 64 nj fmkajkak'

38.

a + b + c = 0 k" a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc nj fmkajkak'

39.

p + q = 1 + pq k" p3 + q3 = 1 + p3q3 nj fmkajkak'

40.

ab(a + b) = p k" a3 + b3 + 3p =

nj fmkajkak'

2.

idOl fiu

2.

h m% l dYkj, idOl fiu

2.1

;s % m o m% l dYk
;s%mo m%ldYk i`oyd WodyrK lsysmhla
x2 - 5x - 6,
2x3 - 5x2 - 3x
3x2 - 5xy - 2y2

WodyrK 2'1

x2 - 5x - 6 ys idOl fidhkak'
= x2 - 6x + x - 6
= x (x-6) + 1 (x - 6)
= (x - 6) (x + 1)
WodyrK 2'2

2x3 - 5x2 - 3x idOlj,g fjka lrkak'

= x [2x2 - 5x - 3]
= x [2x2 - 6x + x - 3]
= x [2x (x - 3) + 1 (x - 3) ]
= x [ (x - 3) (2x + 1)]
= x (x - 3) (2x + 1)
WodyrK 2'3

3x2 - 4xy - 4y 2 ys idOl fidhkak'

= 3x2 - 6xy + 2xy - 4y 2
= 3x (x - 2y ) + 2y ( x - 2y )
= (x - 2y ) (3x + 2y )
WodyrK 2'4

idOl fidhkak' 2 (x + 3)2 - 7 ( x + 3) - 4

x + 3 = a f,i .ksuq'
tg = 2a2 - 7a - 4
= 2a2 - 8a + a - 4
= 2a (a - 4) + 1 (a - 4)
= (2a + 1) (a - 4)
= [2 (x + 3) + 1] [ x + 3 - 4]
= (2x + 7) (x - 1)

WodyrK 2'5

2 (2a + b)2 - 5 (2a + b) (a - 2b) - 3 (a - 2b)2 ys idOl fidhkak'

x = 2a + b o y = a - 2b o hehs .ksuq'
tg = 2x2 - 5xy - 3y2
= 2x2 - 6xy + xy - 3y2
= 2x (x - 3y) + y (x - 3y)
= (x - 3y) (2x + y)
= [ (2a + b) - 3(a - 2b)] [ 2(2a + b) + (a - 2b)]
= (7b - a) 5a = 5a (7b -a)
2.2

j. foll wka ; rh
a2 - b2 = a2 - ab + ab - b2
= a (a - b) + b (a - b)
= (a - b) ( a + b)
a2 - b2 = (a - b) ( a + b)

WodyrK 2'6

a3b - ab3 ys idOl fidhkak'

= ab ( a2 - b2 )
= ab (a - b) (a + b)
WodyrK 2'7

idOl fidhkak' x4 - 1
= ( x2)2 - 12
= (x2 - 1) (x2 + 1)
= (x - 1) (x + 1) (x2 + 1)
WodyrK 2'8

a4 + 4b4 idOlj,g fjka lrkak'

a4 + 4b4 = a4 + 4a2 b2 + 4b4 - 4a2 b2
= (a2 + 2b2 )2 - (2ab)2
= (a2 + 2b2 - 2ab) (a2 + 2ab + b2 )
WodyrK 2'9

1 - a2 + 2ab - b2 ys idOl fidhkak'

= 1 - (a2 - 2ab + b2 )
= 1 2 - ( a - b )2
= [1 - (a - b)] [1 + (a - b)]
= (1 - a + b) ( 1 + a - b)

2.2

a3 + b3 iy

a3 - b3 ys idOl fiu

(a + b) (a2 - ab + b2) ys .=Ks;h i,luq'

(a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
= a (a2 - ab + b2) + b (a2 - ab + b2)
= a3 - a2b + ab2 + a2b - ab2 + b3
= a3 + b3
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
fuf,iu (a - b) (a2 + ab+ b2) iq`: lsfuka a3 - b3 ,ef'
(a - b) (a2 + ab + b2) = a(a2 +ab + b2 ) - b (a2 + ab + b2)
= a3 + a2b + ab2 - a2b - ab2 - b3
= a3 - b3
a3 - b3 = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
a3 - b3 = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)
WodyrK 2'10

81x3 - 3y3 ys idOl fidhkak'

= 3 [27x3 - y3)
= 3 [ (3x)3 - y3 ]
= 3 (3x - y) [ (3x)2 + 3x y + y2 ]
= 3 (3x - y) ( 9x2 + 3xy + y2 )
WodyrK 2'11

idOl fidhkak'

WodyrK 2'12

idOl fidhkak'

WodyrK 2'13

8a3 + (b + c)3 ys idOl fidhkak'

8a3 + (b + c)3 = (2a)3 + (b + c)3
= [ 2a + (b + c)] [ (2a)2 - 2a (b + c) + (b + c)2 ]
= ( 2a + b + c) ( 4a2 - 2ab -2ac + b2 + 2bc + c2 )
= ( 2a + b + c) ( 4a2 + b2 + c2 - 2ab - 2ac + 2bc )
WodyrK 2'14

idOl fidhkak' a3 - 27(b - c)3

a3 - 27(b - c)3 = a3 - {3(b - c)}3
= [ a - 3 (b - c)] [ a2 + 3a (b - c) + 9 (b - c)2 ]
= ( a - 3b + 3c) ( a2 + 9b2 + 9c2 + 3ab - 3ac - 18bc )
WodyrK 2'15

(i)

(a + b)3 + c3 ys idOl fidhkak'

(ii)

(a + b)3 ys m%idrKh ,shd tu`.ska a3 + b3 = (a+b)3 - 3ab(a+b) nj fmkajkak'

(iii)

by; m%;sM, Nd;fhka" a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc ys idOl fidhkak'

(i)

(a + b)3 + c3 = [(a +b) + c ] [(a + b)2 - c (a + b) + c2 ]

= (a +b + c) (a2 + 2ab + b2 -ac - bc + c2)
= ( a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab - ac - bc )

(ii)

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3

(a + b)3 - 3a2 b - 3ab2 = a3 + b3
(a + b)3 - 3ab (a + b) = a3 + b3
a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 - 3ab ( a + b)

(iii)

a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc
= (a+b)3 - 3ab(a+b) +c3 - 3abc; [by; (ii) ka]
= (a+b)3 +c3 - 3ab(a+b) - 3abc
= [(a+b) +c] [(a+b)2 - c (a+b) + c2 ] - 3ab[a+b+c]; [by; (i) ka]
= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab - ac - bc) - 3ab (a + b + c)
= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca)
8

wNHdih 2'1

idOl
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
21.
23.
25.
27.

fidhkak'
x2 - x - 6
x2 + 5x - 6
x2 + x- 42
2x2 + 5x + 3
2x2 + 5x - 3
10 - 7x - 12x2
18x2 - 33x - 216
2x2 - 5xy + 3y2
4x2 + 8xy + 3y2
40x2y2 + 49xy - 24
24a3 - 17a2b - 20 ab2
(a2 - 3a)2 -38 (a2 - 3a )- 80
2 (x+y)2 - 3(x+y) -27
x2 + x - (a-1) (a-2)

2.
4.
6.
8.
10.
12.
14.
16.
18.
20.
22.
24.
26.
28.

x2 + 4x - 96
x2 - 4x - 12
x2 - 9x + 18
2x2 - 5x + 3
2x2 - 5x - 3
15 + x - 2x2
6x2 - 55x + 126
6x2 - 5xy - 6y2
2a2 - 27ab + 13b2
32x2 - 36xy - 35y2
18a3 - 3a2b - 10ab2
(a + b + c )2 -3(a + b + c) - 28
2(2x+y) - 5(2x+y)(x-2y) + 3(x-2y)2
x2 - x - (a-1) (a-2)

29.

x2 -

30.

x2 + 2ax + (a+b) (a-b)

31.
33.
34.
35.

ax2 + (ab-1) x -b
32.
x2 + ax - (6a2 - 5ab + b2 )
4(a2 -b2 )2 - 8ab (a2 - b2 ) - 5a2 b2
10(a+2b)2 + 21(a+2b) (2a-b) - 10(2a-b)2
6 (x + y)2 - 5 (x2 - y2 ) - 6(x-y)2

x +1

wNHdih 2'2

idOl fidhkak'
1.

x2 - 4y2

2.

x3 - x

3.

x2 -

4.
7.
10.
13.
16.
19.
22.
25.

x5 - x
16 - (a+b)2
1 - (a-b)2
x2 - y2 - x + y
a2 - b2 - 4a + 4b
a(a+1) - b(b+1)
a4 + 5a2 b2 + 9b4
x4 + x2 + 1

5.
8.
11.
14.
17.
20.
23.
26.

4 - 9a2
9 - (a-b)2
1 - (a+b)2
x2 - y2 + x + y
a2 - b2 - 4a + 4
x4 -3x2 y2 + y4
x2 -4xy + 4y2 - z2
4a4 + 11a2 b2 + 9b4

6.
9.
12.
15.
18.
21.
24.

(a-4b)2 - 9b2
12a3 - 3ab2
x2 - y2 - x - y
x2 - y2 + x - y
ab + ac - (b+c)2
x4 + x2 y2 + y4
4a2 +b2 - x2 + 4ab

idOl ms<sn`o oekqu Nd;fhka w.h fidhkak'

1.
1002 - 992
2.
942 - 36
4.
6.22 - 3.82
5.
100 99 + 1
7.
10.

3.
6.

12.382 - 7.622
11.7 9.3 + 8.3 9.3

8.

3192 - 318 320

9.

12.52 - 13 12

2.

27a3 - b3

3.

125a3 - 64b3

103 97

wNHdih 2'3

idOl fidhkak'
1.
a3 + 8b3
4.
7.
10.
13.
16.
19.

20.

21.

8a3 b3 - c3

5.

6.

8.

9.

a3 + (b +c)3

a3 + (b - c)3
11.
a3 - (b - c)3
12.
8x3 + (2y - x)3
(a + b)3 + (a - b)3
14.
(a + b)3 - (a - b)3
15.
8(a + b)4 + (a + b)
x6 - y6
17.
x6 + y6
18.
x6 - 27
(a) (a+b)3 + c3 ys idOl fidhkak'
(b) a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 - 3ab (a+b) nj fmkajkak'
(c) by; (a) yd (b) ys ,;a m%;sM, Nd;fhka a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc ys idOl fidhkak'
tkhska" my; i`oyka nyqmoj, idOl fidhkak'
(i)
x3 + y3 - z3 + 3 xyz
(ii)
8 x3 + y3 + z3 - 6 xyz
(iii)
x3 + 8 y3 - 27 z3 + 18 xyz
(iv)
a3 - 28b3 - 9ab2
(v)
8a3 + b3 - 1 + 6ab
(i)
a=b+c
k" a3 - b3 - c3 = 3abc nj fmkajkak'
(ii)
a + b + c = 0 k" a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc nj fmkajkak'
(iii)
z = 2 x - 3 y k" 8 x3 - 27 y3 - z3 = 18 xyz nj fmkajkak'
x + y + z = 0 nj we;' x3 + y3 + z3 = 3 xyz nj fmkajkak' tkhska my; i`oyka
h nyqmoj, idOl fidhkak'
(i)
(a-b)3 + (b-c)3 + (c-a)3
(ii)
(2 x - 3 y)3 + (3 y - 4 z)3 + 8(2 z- x)3
(iii)
a3 (b-c)3 + b3 (c-a)3 + c3 (a-b)3
(iv)
(x - 3 y)3 + (3 y - 4 z)3 + (4 z - x)3

10

3.
3.1

h Nd.

l= v d u fmd .= K dldrh ^l= ' fmd'.= &

tla tla nyqmoh tajdfha idOlj, .=Ks;hka f,i ,shd .ekSfuka" ir, nyqmoj,
l=vd u fmd .=Kdldrh myiqfjka fidhd.; yels h'
WodyrK 3'1

8 x3 , 12 x5 , iy 18 x7 ys l=' fmd' .=' fidhkak'

8 x3 = 23 x3
12 x5 = 22 3 x5
18 x7 = 2 32 x7
l=' fmd' .=' = 23 32 x7 = 72 x7
WodyrK 3'2

2 x2 - 8, 3 x2 + 3 x - 6 iy 6 x2 - 6 x - 12 ys l=' fmd' .=' fidhkak'

2 x2 - 8 = 2( x2 - 4) = 2( x-2) ( x+2)
3 x2 + 3 x - 6 = 3( x2 + x -2) = 3 ( x+2) ( x-1)
6 x2 - 6 x - 12 = 6( x2 - x -2) = 6 ( x - 2) ( x + 1)
( x-1) ( x+1)
l=' fmd' .=' = 6 ( x-2) ( x+2)
h Nd. iq ` : ls u
iq`: lrkak'

WodyrK 3'3

m<uqfjka u ( x2 - 1) iy ( x-1)2 ys l=' fmd' .=' fidhuq'

x2 - 1 = ( x-1) ( x+1)
( x-1)2 = ( x-1)2
l=' fmd' .=' = ( x-1)2 ( x +1)

=
=
=
=
11

WodyrK 3'4

iq`: lrkak'.

=
=
=
=

WodyrK 3'5

iq`: lrkak'
=
=
=

WodyrK 3'6

iq`: lrkak'
=
=
=

12

WodyrK 3'7

WodyrK 3'8

iq`: lrkak'

13

WodyrK 3'9

iq`: lrkak'

=
=

WodyrK 3'10

=
=
=
WodyrK 3'11

iy

f,i we;ak z hkak x weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak'

yd

j,ska y bj;a lsfuka"

14

wNHdih 3

iq`: lrkak'
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

15

11.

12.
13.

14.
15.
16.

17.

18.

19.

iy

20.

k"

21.

iy

22.

iy

, z,x weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak'

, t weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak'

k"

, a weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak'

k"

, c weiqfrka m%ldY lrkak'

16

4.
4.1

ilrK

ta l p,H ilrK
ilrK i`ok O wdldr lsysmhla fuu mfofhka idlPd lruq'

4.1.1 ir, ilrK

WodyrK 4'1

i`okak'

(x-1) ys iy (x + 2) ys l=' fmd' .=' jk (x-1) (x + 2) ka fomi u .=K lsfuka

4.1.2 j.c ilrK

j.c ilrKhl jvd;a idOdrK wdldrh
;d;a;al ixLHd jk w;r a 0 f'
j. mQrKh Nd;fhka

(fomi u a ka fnfuka)

fomig u

tl;= lsfuka

17

f' fuys a, b, c
ilrKfha i` fidhuq'

fyda
tk ilrKfha uQ,"
fyda

fyda f'

WodyrK 4'2

my; i`oyka ilrK i`okak'

(a)
(b)
(a)
fuu ilrKh idOl Nd;fhka i`h yels h'

fyda
fyda
(b)
fuu ilrKh i`ug j. mQrKh Nd; lruq'

18

fyda
4.1.3 j.c ilrK njg W!Kkh l< yels ilrK
WodyrK 4'3

i`okak'
wdfoaYfhka"

fyda
fyda
fyda
fyda
fyda
ilrKfha uQ, jkafka

WodyrK 4'4

i`okak'
hehs .ksuq'
tg"

by; ilrKfhys wdfoaYfhka"

fyda
19

fyda
fyda
fyda
fyda

WodyrK 4'5

wdldrfha ilrK(
i`okak'
hehs .ksuq'
tg

fyda
fyda

fyda
fyda
fyda

fyda

fyda

20

 we;s ilrKfha uQ, jkafka"

WodyrK 4'6

i`okak'
hehs .ksuq'
tg

we;s ilrKh
f,i ,sh yels h'

fyda
fyda
fyda
fyda
fyda

fyda

fyda

we;s ilrKfha i` l=,lh jkafka

j.c wdldrhg W!Kkh l< yels fjk;a O ilrK
WodyrK 4'7

my; i`oyka ilrK i`okAk'

(a)
(b)
(a)

21

hehs .ksuq'
tg by; ilrKh"
f,i ,sh yels h'
fyda
fyda
fyda
fyda
by; ilrKhfha uQ, x = 3, 2 f'
(b)

hehs .ksuq'
tg by; ilrKh

f,i ,sh yels h'

fyda
fyda
fyda
fyda
we;s ilrKfha i` jkafka x = 3, 2
WodyrK 4'8

i`okak'

f,i .ksuq'

22

tg by; ilrKh f,i ,sh yels h'

fyda

fyda

fyda

we;s ilrKfha uq,

f'

WodyrK 4'9

i`okak'
fuu ilrKh j,x.= jkafka"
yd
k yd k u muKs'
yd

k yd k u muKs'

by; wjYH;d fol u imqrd,sh hq;= neka"

fomi u j. lsfuka

kej; fomi u j. lsfuka

fyda
23

h hq;=hs'

= 3 fyda 111 hk i` fol u

wjYH;djh imqrhs'

oeka wms ta tla tla i`u ;yjqre lruq'

x = 3 g"

x = 111 g"

x = 111 by; ilrKh ;Dma; fkdlrhs'

we;s ilrKh i`oyd .e,fmk tlu i`u x = 3 f'
wNHdih 4.1

my; i`oyka ilrK i`okak'

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
24

wNHdih 4.2

my; i`oyka ilrK i`okak'

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
my; i`oyka ilrK j. mQrKfhka i`okak'
13.
14.
15.
16.
wNHdih 4.3

my; i`oyka ilrK i`okak'

1.
2.
3.

25

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

12.
13.

14.

15.

16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

26

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
4'2

p,H follska hq;a ilrK

4'2'1

xl
= c2 ilrK
x yd y p,H follska hq;a ta

tk" ax + by = m, cx + dy = n wdldrfha ilrK i`u uid n,uq'

ksoiqk 4.10

4x + 3y = 17
5x - 2y = 4

(1)x2,
(2)x 3,
(3)+(4)

i`okak'

4x + 3y
5x - 2y
8x + 6y
15x - 6y
23x
x =

=
=
=
=
=

17
4
34
12
46

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

= 2

^1& ys wdfoaYfhka"
8 + 3y = 17
3y = 9
y = 3
x = 2, y = 3

27

4'2'2

tla ilrKhla muKla talc ilrKhla jk wjia:d

ksoiqk 4'11

2x - 3y

= 1
i`okak'

2x - 3y

= 1

(1)
(2)

^1& ilrKfhka"
, ^2& ys wdfoaYfhka"

fyda
g

g"

4'2'3 ilrK fol u j.c ilrK jk wjia:d

ksoiqk 4'12

i`okak'
(1)
(2)

28

(1)x 61,
(2)x 6,

61(x2 -xy) = 61 x 6
6(x2 + y2 ) = 6 x 61
61(x2 - xy )
= 6(x2 + y2 )
55x2 - 61 xy -6y2 = 0
(11x + y) (5x - 6y ) = 0
y = - 11x fyda

y = - 11x g ^1& ka"

g ^1& ka"

g
fyda

x = 6,

y = 5

x = - 6,

y = -5

ksoiqk 4'13

x2 + xy - 2y2 = 0
x2 + 2xy + 3y2 + 4x + 5y = 15 i`okak'
x2 + xy - 2y2 = 0

(1)

x2 + 2xy + 3y2 +4x + 5y = 15

(2)

29

^1& ka

x2 + xy - 2y2 = 0
(x + 2y ) (x - y ) = 0
x = - 2y fyda x = y

x = y (2) ys wdfoaYfhka " y2 + 2y2 + 3y2 +4y + 5y = 15

6y2 + 9y - 15 = 0
2y2 + 3y - 5 = 0
(2y + 5 ) (y - 1) = 0
fyda y = 1
x = y ksid
x =1
y =1

x = -2y (2) ys wdfoaYfhka"

4y2 + 2

-2y

y + 3y2 +4

- 2y + 5y = 15

4y2 - 4y2 + 3y2 - 8y + 5y = 15

x = -2y

4.3.

;j;a wdldrj, ilrKj,g WodyrK ^p,H ;=klska hq;a ilrK o we;=<;aj&

ksoiqk 4'14

x (3y - 5) = 4
y ( 2x + 7) = 27 i`okak'
x (3y - 5) = 4
y ( 2x + 7) = 27

(1)
^2&

30

(1)ka"
tg

oeka ^2& ilrKh my; wdldrhg ,sh yels h'

fyda

y = 3 g

fyda
fyda

31

ksoiqk 4'15

3x + 5y
7x + 4y

= 29 xy
= 37 xy i`okak'
3x + 5y = 29 xy
7x + 4y = 37 xy

(1)
(2)

x = 0, g y = 0 f'
tk, x = 0, y = 0 by; ilrK fol u ;Dma; lrk neka
x = 0, y = 0 tla i`uls'
wfkla i`u i`oyd
k tg"
^1& yd ^2& ilrK fol u xy ka fnfuka"

(3)
(4)

4 x (3) - 5 x (4)

, (3) ys wdfoaYfhka"

32

i` jkafka

fyda
fyda

ksoiqk 4'16

a + 4b + 4c = 7
3a + 2b + 2c = 6
9a + 6b + 2c = 14 i`okak'
a + 4b + 4c = 7
3a + 2b + 2c = 6
9a + 6b + 2c = 14

(1)
(2)
(3)

2 x (2) - (1)

5a = 5
a = 1
3 x (2) - (3)
4c = 4
c = 1
a = 1 iy c = 1 ^1& ys wdfoaYfhka"

1 + 4b + 4 = 7
4b = 2,
i` jkafka"
a = 1

c = 1
ksoiqk 4'17

i`okak'

(1)
(2)
(3)

(1)+(2)+(3) ,
(4)

33

" ^4& ys wdfoaYfhka

" ^4& ys wdfoaYfhka
" ^4& ys wdfoaYfhka

ksoiqk 4'18

i`okak'

(1)
(2)
(3)

(1)

(2)

(3) ,

i,luq'
(4)
ab = 3 (4) ys wdfoaYfhka
bc = 6 (4) ys wdfoaYfhka
ac = 2 (4) ys wdfoaYfhka b = 3
i,luq'
(5)
ab = 3 ^5& ys wdfoaYfhka
bc = 6 ^5& ys wdfoaYfhka
ac = 2 (5) ys wdfoaYfhka

34

wNHdih 4.4

my; i`oyka ilrK i`okak'

6.

11.

wNHdih 4.5

i`okak'

35

19.

xy = 1, yz = 9, zx = 16 hk ilrK i`oSfuka"
( y + z) ( z + x) = 1, ( z + x) ( x + y) = 9 , ( x + y) ( y + z) = 16 nj ,nd .kak'

20.

my; oelafjk ilrK i`okak'

( y - 2) ( z - 1) = 4
( z - 1) ( x + 1) = 20
( x + 1) ( y - 2) = 5

21.

i`okak'
x ( y + z) = 33, y ( z + x) = 35, z ( x + y) = 14

22.

y ( z - x) = 3,

x ( y + z) = 32, x + y + z = 12 i`okak'

36

5. oYl iy ,>q.Kl
5'1 oYl kS;s
;d;a;al ixLHd o

yd

mfh ixLHd o jk g

iy n mfh ixLHdjla jk g
f'
ys

mdoh f,i o

oYlh fyj;a >d;h f,i o ye`ka f'

oYlh
mdoh

ilrKhl p,H" oYlh f,i msysgk g tjeks ilrK oYl ilrK f,i
ye`ka f' WodyrKhla f,i
hkq oYl ilrKhls'
ks o iq k 5'1

x = 9 iy y = 16 g my; i`oyka tajdfha w.h fidhkak'

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)
(d)
37

(d)

ks o iq k 5'2

(a)
(b)

i`okak'

(a)

5'2

(b)

,>q . Kl

i,luq' x ys
jk nj meye,s h'
x =2
x =3
x =0

ish ;d;a;al w.hhka i`oyd y ys w.h iEu g u Ok ixLHdjla

g y = 9
g y = 27
g y = 1

1 ay=x
log
81

x = -4 g y =
ys 3, mdoh f,i o x " oYlh f,i o ye`ka f' tg " ;=fka mdohg
ys ,>q.Klh x f" hehs lshkq ,ef'
th

f,i ,shkq ,ef' idOdrK jYfhka"

a mdohg y ys ,>q.Klh x f hehs w: olajkq ,ef' th ixfla; weiqka

olajkq ,ef'

ks o iq k 5'3

38

f,i

5'2'1 ,>q . Klj, uQ , s l ,la I K

m,n a > 0 iy

(a)
(b)
(c)

, p mfh ixLHdjls'

idOkh (
iy

hehs .ksuq'

(a)

(b)

(c)

ks o iq k 5'4

my; i`oyka m%ldYkj, w.h fidhkak'

(a)

(b)
(a)

39

(b)

ks o iq k 5'5

i`okak'

(a)
(b)
(a)

(b)

40

ks o iq k 5'6

iy
(a)

nj we;ak my; i`oyka tajdfha w.h fidhkak'

(b)

(c)

(b)

w.h fidhkak'

(a)

(b)

(c)

ks o iq k 5'7

(a)

41

(a)

(b)

hehs .ksuq'

hehs .ksuq'

wNHdih 5

1.

iy

k my; i`oyka m%ldYkj, w.h fidhkak'

(a)
2.

(b)

(c)

(d)

w.h fidhkak'
(a)

(b)

(c)
xy = 27
4

3.

,
(a)

4.

iq`: lrkak'

5.

i`okak'

6.

, k my; i`oyka m%ldYkj, w.h fidhkak'

iy
(b)

(c)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

w.h fidhkak'
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

42

(iv)

7.

8.

w.h fidhkak'
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

i`okak'
(a)
(b)
(c)

9.

i`okak'
(a)
(b)

10
11.

nj fmkajkak'
my; oelafjk m%;M
s , idOkh lrkak' ish`:u mo tl u mdofhka we;s nj i,lkak'
(a)
(b)

(c)

12.

13.

14.

15.

k"

nj fmkajkak'

k"

nj fmkajkak'

nj fmkajkak'

hkq wkqhd; Ok ks, ixLHd ;=kla k

43

nj fmkajkak'

16.

nj fmkajkak'

17.

18.

19.

nj fmkajkak'

k
(i)

20.

nj fmkajkak'

(ii)

nj fmkajkak'

nj fmkajkak'

a > 0.

44

6. wkqmd; iy iudkqmd;
6'1 iudkqmd; :
wkqmd; folla iudk jQ g" th iudkqmd;hla f,i ye`ka f'
th

f,i o ,shkq ,ef' fuys

iudkqmd;sl f,i ye`kaf'

6'1'1 iudkq m d;j, .= K

k"
(1)
(2)
(3)

f'

idOkh

hkq iudkqmd;hls'

hehs .ksuq'
iy
(1)

(2)

45

(3)

k" iEu wkqmd;hla u

, k"

tk"

g iudk f'

f'

hehs .ksuq'
iy

tk"

f' fuh .eg i`f jeo.;a jk m%;sM,hls'

ks o iq k 6'1

k" my; i`oyka tajd w.hkak'

(a)

(b)

46

(a)

(b)

ks o iq k 6'2

i`okak'

hehs .ksuq'
tg

ks o iq k 6'3

k"

nj fmkajkak'

hehs .ksuq'
oeka"

47

by; .egj ;j;a l%uhlg i`ug W;aidy lruq'

hehs .ksuq'
iy

ks o iq k 6'4

k"

nj fmkajkak'

hehs .ksuq'

c = nd

ks o iq k 6'4 i`u i`oyd ;j;a l% u hla

k"
o
tg

o hehs .ksuq'
iy

iy

f'
we;s ilrKfhys wdfoaYfhka"

48

nj fmkajkak'

tk"
ks o iq k 6'5

k"

ys w.h fidhkak'

(1)

(2)

49

(1) ka yd (2) ka

wNHdih 6

1.(a)

iy

(b)

iy

2.

k
k

k"

3.

k"

5.

fidhkak'
fidhkak'

k"

4.

fidhkak'

fidhkak'
fidhkak'

k"
(a)
(b)

6.

nj fmkajkak'
k"

7.

k"

ys w.h fidhkak'

ys w.h fidhkak'

8.

k"

nj fmkajkak'

9.

k"
nj fmkajkak'

10.

iudkqmd; kS;s Nd;d fldg my; i`oyka ilrK i`okak'

(a)

(b)

50

7. jD;a; yd inkaO iDcqfldaKdi%

7'1 m%fhh : jD;a;hl cHdh folla wNHka;rj fyda ndysrj fokh jQ g tla
cHdhl LKavj,ska hq;a ^cHdh LKav fol noaO mdo f,i we;s& iDcqfldaKdi%fha j.M,h"
wfkla cHdfha LKavj,ska hq;a iDcqfldaKdi%fha j.M,hg iudk f'
A
B
C

O
D

B
(i)
o;a;h

idOkh l< hq;a;:

ksudKh
:
idOkh
:

(ii)
AB, CD cHdh O ys (i) rEmfha wNHka;rj" (ii) rEmfha ndysrj
fokh f'
AO . OB = CO . OD
AD, BC hd lsu'
(i) rEmfhka
AOD iy BCO ;s%fldaK ie,lSfuka"
(tlu jD;a; LKavfha fldaK)
(m%;suqL fldaK)
;=kajk wkqrEm fldaK hq.,h o iudk jk neka AOD yd COB
iurEmS ;s%fldaK f'

AO . OB = CO . OD
(ii) rEmfhka
AOD iy BCO ;s%fldaK ie,lSfuka"
(fmdhs&
(tlu jD;a; LKavfha fldaK)
;=kajk wkqrEm fldaK hq.,h o iudk jk neka AOD yd BCO
iurEmS ;s%fldaK f'
AO . OB = CO . OD
51

7.2 Wm m%fhh :
jD;a;hlg msg;ska msys kEu ,laIHhl isg jD;a;hg folhla iy iamYlhla
wekao g uq`: folfhka iy jD;a;hg msg;ska msys fol fldgiska hqla; jq
iDcqfldaKdi%h" iamYlh u; we`h yels iup;=ri%hg j.M,fhka iudk f'
T

o;a;h

jD;a;hg O ,laIHfha isg we` folh OBA o iamYlh OT o f'

idOkh l< hq;a; :

OA . OB = OT2

ksudKh

BT, AT hd lrkak'

idOkh

OAT yd OTB ;s%fldaK ie,lSfuka"

^fmdhs&
(taldka;r jD;a; LKav m%fhh)
;=kajk wkqrEm fldaK hq.,h o iudk jk neka OAT yd OTB
;s%fldaK iurEmS f'
wkqrEm mdo iudkqmd;sl f'

OA . OB = OT2

7
flakah O jQ jD;a;hlg msg;ska msys P ,laIHhl isg jD;a;hg we` folhla PXY
f' OP = 10 cm o jD;a;fha wrh 6cm o k isg jD;a;hg we` iamYlfha .
fidhkak' PX = 5 cm, k XY ys . fidhkak'

wNHdih

1.

2.

jD;a;hlg msg;ska msys P ,laIHfha isg jD;a;hg PT iamYlh yd PQR folh

we`o ;sf' PQ = 4 cm iy PT = 8 cm k QR ys . .Kkh lrkak'

52

3.

ABC ;s%fldaKfha BD iy CE Wp H ys yuq f' BH : HD = EH : HC nj fmkajkak'

4.

.`.l bjqre folla inkaOlr ;kd we;s md,ul . 100m ls' tys mlhska i`oyd jQ
.uka u. ksudKh lr ilid we;af;a md,ug by,ska jQ jD;a; pdmhla f,i iafjk
whqks' fuu md,fuys wka; foflys jQ A yd B l=`:Kq folla u.ska ord is' mlhskf
a .a
.uka uf.ys by, u ,laIHh jk C md,f isg 20m l Wilska msysgd ;sf k"
pdmfha wrh fidhkak'

5.

O flakah jQ jD;a;hlg msg;ska msys T ,laIHhl isg jD;a;hg w`k ,o iamYl

folla TA yd TB f' OT iy AB, X ys fokh f'
(i) AX . XB = OX . XT nj;a
(ii) OX . OT = OA2 nj;a idOkh lrkak'

6.

tlsfkl fokh fkdjk jD;a; foll flaka A yd B f' O flakah jQ jD;a;hla

C, D ,laIHj, flakah A jQ jD;a;h o, E, F ,laIHj, flakah B jQ jD;a;h o
lmhs' lal< CD yd EF ir, fLd P ys yuqf k P isg jD;a;j,g we` iamYl
.ska iudk nj fmkajkak'

7.

AB yd AC jD;a;hl cHdh folls' A ys jD;a;hg we` iamYlhg iudka;r fLdjla

u.ska AB yd AC ms<sfj<ska D yd E ys lmhs' AB . AD = AC . CE nj idOkh
lrkak'

8.

PQ yd PR hkq jD;a;hl cHdh folls' ;j;a PS cHdhla QR fLdj T ys lmhs'

PS . ST = PQ2 nj fmkajkak'

53

8. mhs;.ria m%fhh iy tys ia;SrK

8'1 mhs;.ria m%fhh :
iDcqfldaKS ;s%fldaKhl lKh u; w`k ,o iup;=ri%fha j.M,h" iDcqfldaKh
msyshd jQ mdo u; w`k ,o iup;=ri%hkaf.a j.M,j, ftlHhg iudk f'
ABC ;s%fldaKfha

k"

AC2 = AB2 + BC2 f'

8'1'1 mhs ; .ria m% f hfha f,da u h :

;s%fldaKhl tla mdohla u; w`k ,o iup;=ri%fhys j.M,h b;s mdo fol u;
w`k ,o iup;=ri%hkaf.a j.M,hkays ftlHhg iudk k" tu mdo fol tlsfklg
iDcqfldaKSj msysgd we;'
P
PQR ;s%fldaKfha
PQ2 + QR2 = PR2 k
f'

Q
8'1'2

m% f hh(

uyd fldaKS ;s%fldaKhl uyd fldaKhg iuqL mdoh u; w`k ,o iup;=ri%fha

j.M,h b;s mdo fol u; w`k ,o iup;=ri% fofla j.M,j, yd uyd fldaKh wvx.=
jk mdohlska o tu mdoh u; uyd fldaKh wvx.= wfkla mdofha m%lafIamkfhka o iEfok
iDcqfldaKdi%fha j.M,fha fo.=Kfha;a ftlHhg iudk f'
A

o;a;h

D
B
: ABC ;sf
% ldaKfha ABC fldaKh uyd fldaKhla f' la lrk ,o CBg
A isg we` ,nh AD f'
54

idOkh l< hq;a; : AC2 = AB2 + BC2 + 2BC BD

idOkh

iDcqfldaKhla ksid
AC = AD2 + CD2 (mhs;.ria m%fhh)
= (BC + BD)2 + AD2
= AD2 + CB2 +2 CB BD + BD2
2

= AD2 + BD2 + CB2 + CB BD;

iDcqfldaKhla ksid
2
2
2
= AB + BC + 2 BC BD
AD + BD2 = AB2 ksid

8'1'3 m% f hh(
kEu ;sf
% ldaKhl iq`: fldaKhlg iuqL mdoh u; w`k ,o iup;=ri%fha j.M,h
b;s mdo fol u; w`k ,o iup;=ri% fofla j.M,j, ftlHhg jvd iq`: fldaKh wvx.=
jk mdohlska o tu mdoh u; iq`: fldaKh wvx.= wfkla mdofha m%lafIamKfhka o iEfok
iDcqfldaKdi%fha j.M,fha fo.=Kfhka l=vd f'
A

B
o;a;h

idOkh l< hq;a; :

idOkh

ABC ;sf
% ldaKfha

iq`: fldaKhla f' BC u; AB ys m%lf

a IamKh

BD f'
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 - 2 BC BD

iDcqfldaKhla ksid
AC2

=
=
=
=

AD2 + DC2
AD2 + (BC - BD)2
AD2 + BC2 - 2 BC BD + BD2
AD2 + BD2 + BC2 - 2 BC BD

AC2

= AB2 + BC2 - 2 BC BD;

55

iDcqfldaKhla ksid
AD2 + BD2 = AB2 ksid

8'2 wemf,da k s h ia m% f hh(

;s%fldaKhl kEu mdo folla u; w`k ,o iup;=ri% fofla j.M,j, ftlHh
;=kajeks mdofhka wOhla u; w`k ,o iup;=ri%fha j.M,fha fo.=Kfha;a" ;=kajeks
mdofha uOHia:h u; w`k ,o iup;=ri%fha j.M,fha fo.=Kfha;a ftlHhg iudk f'
A

o;a;h

idOkh l< hq;a; :

ksudKh
(
idOkh
:

C
D O
ABC ;s%fldaKhl BC mdofha uOH ,laIHh O f' AO uOHia:hls'
AB2 + AC2 = 2 BO2 + 2 AO2
BCg ,nj AD w`kak'
AOB fldaKh fyda AOC fldaKh uyd fldaKhla h hq;=hs'
rEmfha m AOC uyd fldaKhla hehs .ksuq'
tg" AC2 = AO2 + OC2 + 2 CO . OD
(1)
AOB uyd fldaKhla ksid AOC iq`: fldaKhla f'
tg AB2 = AO2 + OB2 - 2 OB . OD
(2)
(1) + (2) ka"
AC2 + AB2 = 2 AO2 + 2 BO2 ( OB = OC ksid)

wNHdih 8

1.

ABC iumdo ;s%fldaKfha BC mdofha uOH ,laIHh O f' 8 BC2 = 4 OA2 nj

fmkajkak'

2.

ABCD hkq mdohl . 12 cm jQ iup;=ri%hls' BD lKh u; w`k ,o iup;=ri%fha

j.M,h ABCD iup;=ri%fha j.M,h fuka fo.=Khla nj fmkajkak'

3.

PQR ;s%fldaKfha
Y f'

4.

la f' QR iy PQ mdoj, uOH ,laIH ms<sfj,ska X yd

nj fmkajkak'

ABC ;s%fldaKh ;=, msys kE u O ,laIHhl isg ms<sfj<ska BC, CA, AB mdoj,g
we` ,n OX, OY, OZ f' AZ2 + BX2 + CY2 = AY2 + CX2 + BZ2 nj fmkajkak'

56

5.

ABC ;s%fldaKfha" A isg BC g we` ,nh AD f' ms<sfj<ska a, b, c, p hkq BC, AC,
AB yd AD mdoj, . f'
(i)
a = 25 cm, p = 12 cm, BD = 9 cm k b yd c w.hkak'
(ii)
b = 82 cm, c = 1 m, BD = 60 cm; k" p yd c fidhkak'
nj fmkajkak'

6.

ABC ;s%fldaKfha
iDcqfldaKhls' AB, BC, CA iy C isg AB g we` ,nfha .
ms<sfj<ska c, a, b yd p f' ABC ;s%fldaKfha j.M,h wdldr follg m%ldY lsfuka
pc = ab nj fmkajkak'
tkhska

7.

nj wfmdaykh lrkak'

ABC ;s%fldaKfha AD hkq uOHia:hls' X hkq BC u; msys ,laIHhls' BX = XD iy

k 4(AC2 - AD2 ) = BX2 nj fmkajkak'

8.

ABD hkq A fldaKh 900 la jQ iDcqfldaKS ;s%fldaKhls' BD u; C msysgd we;af;a"

2 BC = CD iy

jk m h' CT hkq ACD ;s%fldaKfha uOHia:hla k"

2(CT2 + AT2 ) = AD2nj fmkajkak'

9.

ABC ;s%fldaKfha E yd D ,laIH BC u; msysgd we;af;a BE = ED = DC jk m h'

AB2 + AE2 = AC2 + AD2 nj fmkajkak'

10. ABC ;s%fldaKfha BC mdofha uOH ,laIHh D f' AB = 4 cm, BC = 5 cm

AC = 6 cm k AD uOHia:fha . fidhkak'

57

iy

iufol m%fhh

9.
9'1 m%fhh :
(a)
(b)

;s%fldaKhl kEu fldaKhl wNHka;r iufolfhka fldaKh wvx.= mdoj,

wkqmd;h wkqj iuqL mdoh wNHka;rj fnfoa'
;sf
% ldaKhl kEu fldaKhl ndysr iufolfhka fldaKh wvx.= mdoj, wkqmd;h
wkqj iuqL mdoh ndysr j fnfoa'
E

(a)

>

>

o;a;h

(a)
ABC ;s%fldaKfha BAC fldaKfha wNHka;r iufolhg D ys BC yuq
f'

idOkh l< hq;a; :

ksudKh :

E ys lal< BA yuqjk fia C yryd DA g iudka;r fLdjla we`oSu'

idOkh :

DA

CE
^taldka;r fldaK&
^ wkqrEm fldaK&
^ AD,

DA

ys iufolh ksid&

CE ksid"

tfy;a AE = AC ksid"
f'

58

X
(b)
A
<

E
<

B
o;a;h

A fldaKfha ndysr iufolhg la l< BC, F ys yuq f'

idOkh l< hq;a; :

ksudKh :

BA, E ys yuqjk fia FA g iudka;rj C yryd CE fLdj we`u'

idOkh :

FA

CE ksid"
^taldka;r fldaK&
^wkqrEm fldaK&
^

FA

ys fldaK iufolh AF jk ksid&

CE ksid"
iy AE = AC ksid"

59

wNHdih 9

1.

PQRS, p;=ri%fha PQ // SR. PR yd QS mdo T ys tlsfkl fokh f'

(i)
(ii)

2.

yd SRT ;s%fldaK iurEmS nj;a

nj;a fmkajkak'

ABC ;s%fldaKfha A fldaKfha wNHka;r yd ndysr fldaK iufolj,g ms<sfj<ska

X ys BC o Y ys lal< BC o yuq f'
AB = 7.2 cm, AC = 5.4 cm, BC = 3.5 cm k"
(i)
(ii)

3.

nj fmkajkak'
fidhkak'

PS hkq PQR ;s%fldaKfha uOHia:hls'

PSQ yd PSR fldaKj, iufolj,g

ms<sfj<ska L yd M ys PQ yd PR mdo yuq f' LM yd QR tlsfkl iudka;r nj

fmkajkak'

4.

ABCD p;=ri%fha BAC yd DAC fldaKj, iufolj,g ms<sfj<ska L yd M ys

BC yd CD mdo yuq f' LM yd BD tlsfkl iudka;r nj fmkajkak'

5.

PQR ;s%fldaKfha wka; flakah I f' la l< PI g X ys QR yuq f'

nj fmkajkak'

60

10. j.M,h ^iurEmS ;s%fldaK&

10'1 m%fhh :
iurEmS ;s%fldaKj, j.M, w;r wkqmd;h wkqrEm mdo u; iup;=ri%hkaf.a j.M,
w;r wkqmd;hg iudk f'
A
D

B
o;a;h

idOkh l< hq;a;:

ksudKh
idOkh

:
:

ABC yd DEF ;s%fldaK iurEmS f'

;s%fldaKfha j.M,h
=
;s%fldaKfha j.M,h

nj

BC mdohg ,n jk fia AP o EF mdohg ,n jk fia DQ o w`kak'

APB yd DQE ;s%fldaK ie,lSfuka"
^ we;&
^ = 900)
;s%fldaK fofla wkqrEm ;=kajk fldaK hq.,h o iudk f'
APB yd DQE ;s%fldaK iurEmS f'

tfy;a

ABC yd DEF ;s%fldaK iurEms neka

;s%fldaKfha j.M,h
;s%fldaKfha j.M,h

61

ksid

;jo ABC yd DEF ;s%fldaK iurEmS ksid

neka

wNHdih 10

1.

ABC iDcq f lda K S ;s % f lda K fha

ls '

A is g BC g we` ,nh AD f'

nj fmkajkak'
2.

ABCD ;%mSishf AB yd DC iudka;r mdo f' AD yd BD ys fok ,laIHh O f'

AO =

3.

AC k

nj fmkajkak'

ABC hkq A fldaKh iDcqfldaKhla jq iuoamdo ;s%fldaKhls' ABD yd BCE iumdo

;s%fldaK hq.,h ABC ;s%fldaKhg msg;ska ms<sfj,ska AB iy BC u; msysgd we;'
nj fmkajkak'

4.

ABCD ;%mSishf AB // CD f' tys lK O ys tlsfkl fokh f' AB = 2CD

k AOB iy COD ;s%fldaKj, j.M, w;r wkqmd;h fidhkak'

5.

6.

ABC ;s%fldaKfha ms<sfj,ska BC yd AC mdo u; X yd Y ,laIH msysgd we;af;a

XY // BC jk m h'
;%mi
S h
s f j.M,h = 4 ( 5 k
nj fmkajkak'
ABC iq`:fldaKS ;s%fldaKfha" BD yd CE Wp X ys tlsfkl fokh f' my;
lafjk ysia;eka mqrjkak'
a)
b)
c)
d)
62

11.

;s%fldaK yd inkaO ix.d;dj

11'1 ,n iufol
;s%fldaKhl tla tla mdofha ,n iufol tal ,laIH f'
A

///

o;a;h : ABC ;s%fldaKfha BC iy CA

mdoj,g we` ,n iufol
O ys yuqf' tajd ms<sfj,ska
OD iy OE f' F hkq BA ys
uOH ,laIHh f' OF hdlr we;'

///
//
O

B
idOkh l< hq;a; :
ksudKh
:
idOkh
:

//

/
OF, BA g ,n nj'
D
/
OA, OC hd lrkak'
BDO iy CDO ;s%fldaKj,"
BD = CD (BC ys uOH ,laIHh D f')
OD = OD (fmd mdoh)

(=900 nj we;)
(md'flda'md')
OB = OC
(wx.iu ;s%fldaKj, wkqrEm mdo)------(1)
(md'flda'md' )
tfiau
OC = OA
----------------------------------------(2)
(1) ka yd (2) ka OA = OB.
OAF iy OBF ;s%fldaKj,"
OA = OB (by; idOkh lr we;)
OF
(fmd mdoh)
AF = FB
(AB ys uOH ,laIHh F ksid)
(md'md'md')
;j o
A

63

by; idOkfha OA=OB=OC nj ,eKs' tksid O flakah

jQ o wrh OA fyda OB fyda OC jQ o jD;a;h A, B, C yryd hhs'
tu jD;a;hg ABC ;s%fldaKfha mjD;a;h hehs lshkq ,nk
w;r" O g" ABC ;s%fldaKfha mflakah hehs lshkq ,ef'

/
C

11.2. flda K iufol

;s%fldaKhl fldaK ;=fkys wNHka;r iufol tal ,laIH f'
o;a;h

: ABC ;s%fldaKfha ABC yd

ACB fldaKj, iufol
I ys yuqf' AI hd lr we;'

F
idOkh l< hq;;
a : AI u.ska BAC fldaKh

iufokh lrk nj'

ksudKh : I isg BC, CA iy AB mdoj,g B

we` ,n ID, IE iy IF f'

idOkh : BDI iy BFI ;s%fldaK ie,lSfuka

(ABC fldaKfha iufolh BI ksid)
(= 900)
BI
(fmd mdoh)
(flda'flda'md' )
ID = IF
tfiau
nj fmkah yel'
ID = IE
(1) ka yd (2) ka" IE = IF.
AEI, AFI ;s%fldaK ie,lSfuka"
IE = IF (by; idOkh lr we;)
IA
(fmd mdoh)
(=900)
^lK md' wjia:dj&
tk" IA u.ska BAC fldaKh iufokh lrhs'
tk ;s%fldaKfha fldaK ;=fkys iufol tal ,laIH f'
I, ;s%fldaKfha wka; flakah f,i ye`ka f' I flakah jQ o ID = IE = IF wrh
jQ o jD;a;h wka; jD;a;h f,i ye`oska f' tu jD;a;fhka ;sf
% ldaKfha mdo ;=k wNHka;rj
iamY f'
A
E

F
I
B

C
D
64

11.3. uOHia:

//
E
G <

//

///

o;a;h : ABC ;s%fldaKfha AC iy AB

mdoj, uOH ,laIH ms<sfj<ska
E iy F f' BE iy CF fLd G
ys yuq f' lal< AG fLdjg
B
BC mdoh D ys yuqf'

///

;s%fldaKhl uOHia: ;=k tal ,laIH f'

C
D
<

idOkh l< hq;a; : BD = DC nj'

ksudKh :

idOkh :

K
lal< AD, K ys yuqjk fia EB g iudka;r fLdjla C yryd ksudKh
lrkak' BK hd lrkak'
AKC ;s%fldaKfha"
AE = EC
(AC ys uOH ,laIHh E jk ksid)
EG // CK (ksudKh)
AG = GK (uOH ,laIH m%fhfha f,dauh)
ABK ;s%fldaKfha"
AF = FB (AB ys uOH ,laIHh F ksid)
AG = GK (by; idOkh lr we;)
FG // BK
CGBK p;=ri%fha"
CK // GB (ksudKh)
BK // GC (by; idOkh lr we;)
CGBK iudka;rdi%hls'
BD = DC iy GD = DK. (iudka;rdi%hl lK tlsfkl
iufokh jk fyhska)
BD = DC ksid AD , ABC ;s%fldaKfha uOHia:hla f'
;s%fldaKhl uOHia: ;=k tal ,laIH f'
;s%fldaKhl uOHia: ;=k yuqjk ,laIHh (G) flakalh (Centroid) f,i
ye`ka f'

65

11.4. ;s%fldaKhl Wp
;s%fldaKhl tla tla YSIfha isg iuqL mdohg w`k ,o ,n fyj;a Wp tal
,laIH f'
A
o;a;h
: BC, AC mdoj,g A, B
,la I Hj, is g we` ,n
E
F
ms<f
s j<ska AD iy BE f' tu
,n fol H ys fokh f'
H
hd lr lalrk ,o CH g F ys
AB yuq f'
B
C
idOkh l< hq;a; : CF AB.
D
ksudKh : DE hd lrkak'
idOkh
: DCEH p;=ri%fha"
DCEH jD;a; p;=ri%hls'
( tlu jD;a; LKavfha fldaK)

(1)

(900 ksid)
AEDB jD;a; p;=ri%hls'
(jD;a; p;=ri%hl mdohla la lsfuka
iEfok ndysr fldaKh wNHka;r
iuqL fldaKhg iudk f)

(2)

(1) ka yd(2) ka"

BDHF jD;a; p;=ri%hls'

(
tk"

CF

ksid&

AB.

AD, BE,CF Wphka ;=k H ys yuq f'

tk AD, BE, CF Wp tal ,laIH f'
H ,laIHh ,nflakah (orthocentre) f,i ye`ka f'
wNHdih 11

1.

ABC ;s%fldaKfha AB, AC mdo la lr we;' B yd C fldaKj, ndysr fldaK iufol

iy A ys wNHka;r fldaK iufolh tal ,laIH jk nj fmkajkak'
66

12. ms<s;=re
12.1
1.

wNHdih 1 i`oyd ms<s;=re

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

(i) 1 030 301

(ii) 7 762 392

(iii) 64 481 201

26.

(a) 4 000 000

(b) 1

27.

(a) 1 000 000

(b) 8

29.

(a) a2 -2

(b) 8 -3a

30.

316

31.

34.

14

35.

12.2.1 wNHdih 2'1 i`oyd ms<s;=re

1.

2.

3.

4.

67

27

(iv) 997 002 299

32.

-340

36.

427

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.
12.2.2 wNHdih 2'2 i`oyd ms<s;=re
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.
68

27.
29.
31.
33.
35.

199
95.2
9901
144
0.25

28.
30.
32.
34.
36.

12.2.3 wNHdih 2'3 i`oyd ms<s;=re

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

(a)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)

69

8800
24
186
1
9991

21.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

12.2.3 wNHdih 3 i`oyd ms<s;=re

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6. 0

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

12.4.1.1 wNHdih 4'1 i`oyd ms<s;=re

1.
5.

fyda

2.

6. -10

3.

37

4.

7.

9. -3

10. (- 2)
12.4.1.2 wNHdih 4'2 i`oyd ms<s;=re
1.

2.

70

-1, -3

(-10)

3.

2, 6

4.

5.

7.

-12, 9

8.

9.

-1,
-17, -1

10.

0, 4

11.

12.

-3,

13.

14.

15.

16.

12.4.1.3 wNHdih 4'3 i`oyd ms<s;=re

1.
-4, -3, -2, -1

2.

3.

4.

1, 2, -3,

5.

6.

7.

20, 125

8.

9.

-8, 1

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

4, 36
, 4

16.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

2, 7

-2, 0

23. -1, 2
71

24.

25.

-2

26.

3,

27.

3, 7

28.

-3, 3

29.

-3, 2, 7

30.

, 2

31.

12.4.2 wNHdih 4'4 i`oyd ms<s;=re

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.
12.4.3 wNHdih 4'5 i`oyd ms<s;=re
1.

3.

5.

}
}
}

2.

4.

6.

72

}
}

}
}

8.

9.

13.

15.

7.

}
}
}

}
}

}
}
14.

17.

21.
18.

x = 1, y = 2, z = -6

wNHdih 5 i`oyd ms<s;=re

1.

(a) 6

(b)

(c)

2.

(a)

(b)

(c)

3.
4.

(a) 216
36

(b) 13

(c)

5.

(a) 4

(b)

(c)

6.

(a) 4

(b) 4

(c)

7.

(a) 1

(b) -1

(c)

8.

(a)

(b)

(c) -2

(d)

(d) 6
4

(e) 4, -2

(f) 0, 1

(d) 3
(d) 2
9.

73

(a) -2

(b)