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Basic Well Logging Analysis - 3 (GR Log)
Basic Well Logging Analysis - 3 (GR Log)
Gamma ray logs measure natural radioactivity in formations and because of this measurement, they can be used for identifying lithologies and for correlating zones.
As shale content increases, the gamma ray log response increases because of the concentration of radioactive material in shale. Shale-free sandstones and carbonates have low concentrations of radioactive material, and give low gamma ray readings.
GR LOG
However, clean sandstone (i.e. low shale content ) may also produce a high gamma ray response if the sandstone contains potassium feldspars ( ), micas (), glauconite (), or uraniumrich () waters. In zones where the geologist is aware of the presence of potassium feldspars, micas, or glauconite, a Spectralog can be run in addition to the gamma ray log.
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The Spectralog breaks the natural radioactive of a formation into the different types of radioactive material: (1) thorium (), (2) potassium (), and (3) uranium ().
If a zone has a high potassium content coupled with a high gamma ray log response, the zone may not be shale. Instead, it could be a feldspathic ( ), glauconitic (), or micaceous ( ) sandstone.
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Besides their use with identifying lithologies and correlating zones, gamma ray logs provide information for calculating the volume of shale in a sandstone or carbonate.
GR LOG CURVE
The gamma ray log is recorded in track 1, usually with a caliper. Tracks 2 and 3 often contain either a porosity log or a resistivity log.
Because shale is more radioactive than sand or carbonate, gamma ray logs can be used to calculate volume of shale in porous reservoirs. The volume of shale can then be applied for analysis of shaly sands.
Calculation of the gamma ray index is the first step needed to determine the volume of shale from a gamma ray log (the following formula from Schlumberger, 1974).
GRlog GRmin
IGR=
GRmax GRmin
Where: IGR = gamma ray index GRlog = gamma ray leading of formation GRmin = minimum gamma ray (clean sand) GRmax = maximum gamma ray (shale)
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SAND-B
GRmin GRmax
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Curve 3
Curve 2
Curve 1
Vsh=IGR
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Step 1
Step 2
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Step 3
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Step 4
Calculate Vsh between 13680 -13720 ft Note: this formation is a kind of consolidated rocks (you should use curve 2)
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REVIEW GR LOG
Gamma ray logs are lithology logs that measure the natural radioactivity of a formation. Because radioactivity material is concentrated in shale, shale has high gamma ray readings. Shalefree sandstones and carbonates, therefore, have low gamma ray readings.
Gamma ray logs are used to: (1) identify lithologies; (2) correlate between formations; and (3) calculate volume of shale.
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