eday

hiun sIufan
GtItsaÂs†acar¥mF¥msikßabzmPUmi
viT¥al&yenty"g' ( Vt'dMbg )
GtItsmaCiksmaKmG~k®sav®Cav‰ksarext†Vt'dMbg

K˘s˘ 1986 B˘s˘ 2529

(rkßasiTiÏ®Kb'y"ag)
 sUmåTiÊscMeJH
vJ
i aÔ Nkn
&≈ eÏ lak“Bk
u hn
ui -nm
i safl , Gk
~ ma† y lt
¨µ -savat
" , bn
ËÌ ®bs
u hn
ui -sF
u I n,
hn
ui -sh
uI n
i , hn
ui -canf
' a, bn
ËÌ ®sI hn
ui -canF
' ,I ky
Áµ ®bs
u hn
ui -evahar Edl®tvU bnExrµ ®k-
hm bl
u" -Bt, eGog-sar,I exov-sp
M n, nn
Y -Ca VneFX
√I atTSgexa¬ cpßar .
vJ
i aÔ Nkn
&≈ EÏ xrµ Cagbl
I annak' Edlsa¬ be' TATSgbT
w EPk
~ mn
i Ct
i .
vJ
i aÔ Nkn
&≈ ®Ï BH®KU Vg
" -xat,' ®BHvnr† t~ bN
u" -ˆ sP
M aC EdlBk
Y TmL
i VneFK
√ I t elak
enAmx
u ®ksg
Y eXasnakarPeM~ Bj ng
i enAvalcN
M tyne† haHEbkcan-Vtd
' b
M g .
sm
U åTs
Êi dlv' J
i aÔ Nkn
&≈ G
Ï se' lakGk
~ esh
~ aCatT
i SgLay manelaksg
uW -gk
u " faj'
EdlVnlHbgG
' @
√I ®Kby
' a" g rht
U dlC
' vI t
i paÊ lx
' n
Á¬ edm
I ∫eI srP
I aB edm
I ∫rI aÂsE† xrµ edm
I ∫I
e®sac®sg®' sk
u Exrµ B®I kjS¨ km
u y
¨µ ns
i n
† g
i BeI KaledAshPaB≤Nc
ËÎ n
i rbsy
' n
Y h-U Cm
I j
i .
sm
U åTs
Êi dlv' J
i aÔ Nkn
≈& ®Ï BH®KG
U acar¥Ehm-ecov EdlVnbC
U aCvI t
i enAekaH®tLace®ka
mGN
M acGaNanK
i mVrSg, elakeGov-eks
I Edlsa¬ be' day®KabE' bkBk
Y skP
†i m
U i .
sm
U åTs
Êi dlv' J
i aÔ Nkn
&≈ eÏ lakåkja®kLaehamKg,' elakåkjaBs
i e¨ˆ lakQk
U Ed
lVnVtb
' gC
' vI t
i edaysarsa~ ´dExrµ xV
¨∆M rSg ykelakeTA[VrSgsma¬ b' .
sm
U åTs
Êi dlv' J
i aÔ Nkn
&≈ eÏ lakåkjasn
W -Ky
u EdlbC
U aCvI t
i edm
I ∫s
I [
uM yn
Y ®BmTk
u
TeM nomTl
M ab' vb∫Fm· ng
i BT
u s
Ï asnadlE' xrµ e®kamTSgGs' .
ng
i Exrµ esh
~ aCatT
i SgLayeTot EdlVnbC
U aCvI t
i edm
I ∫®I beTsCatB
i t
i @ .

esckI†Ef¬gGMNrKuN
sUmEfg
¬ esckI†GMNrKuNdl'bNiÎt xar"ul m&rELn (Dr. Carol A. Martland)) nig
kJÔa CUDI eLC&rvud (Miss Judy Legerwood)) EdlVnCYysMrYlx¨M∆ VncUleTA®sav-
®Cav‰ksark~¨gbNˆal&yk&rENl nigVnp†l'dl'x¨Mn
∆ Uv‰ksarmYycMnYnFM CaBiessV
np†l'faskmµviFIGkßrExµr sMrab'e®bIk~¨gkMB¥ËT&rm"ak'XintUsenH .
sUmEfg
¬ GMNrKuNdl'elak swum-Kin EdlVnCYyCMruj[sMenrenHmanrUbrag
nigVncMNay®Vk'kaspÊal'TijkMuB¥ËT&redIm∫IsresrGkßrExµrenH ®BmTSgVnp†l'
Bt·manepßg@ BIkalKat'eFb
I√ divt†nE_ xµresrIenAP~MdgErkCamYyelaksWug-g"ukfaj' .
s U m E fg
¬ esckI†dwgKuNdl'Gs'elakG~kTSgGs' EdlVnp†l'Bt·manepßg@
EdlmannamenAk~¨gGtb
ƒ TenH .
sUmEfg
¬ GMNrKuNdl'elakbNiÎt kul-epg EdlVnp†l'fas'e®bIkmµviFIKNitU
bkrNs
_ Mrab'GkßrExµrdl'x¨M∆ .

❉ ❉
❉
-1-
 kMNt'esµr
eTaHCaenAsm&yNak*eday q~SNak*eday k~¨grbbdwknS®sukExµrNamYy
k*eday ebIesµrrs'enAk~¨g®sukExµr sMenrEbbenHminGacsresrVnesaHeLI-
y sMenrVnsresreLIgedayKµan≤TiÏBlGI√ ®kumbkßNamYy …buKlNamY-
ymk®Kb'sg˚t'elIsn†ancit†KMnitesµreLIy KWVnsresrk~¨gesrIPaB100%
tamkaryl'eXIj nigBicarNaditdl'rbs'esµrpÊal' .
esovePA « nrNaCaXatkrraÂs†Exµr » enHx¨MV
∆ nsresry"agbnÊan' nig
®sUtCaTIbMput Gs'kML¨gCag®VMmYyEx edIm∫I[Tan'tamkalbriecT
œ ´dl®tUv
eps
I∆ MeNAeTAcUlrYm®bkYtk~¨g « Tivameha®sBExµrq~S1987 » na®kugLgbÈc
fl
rdΩkalIh&r√ nij"a ehtuenHehIyVnCamantk' kgH√ esckI† xH√ Bt·man ‰CMBUk
e®kay@ x¨M∆Vnkat'bny
ƒ bM®BYjesckI†[xc
I¬ uH . sresrcb'k*epeI∆ cjPa¬ meday
KµaneBlepÊøgpÊat'emIlsareLIgvijeLIy eTIbmankMhusGkr≈ aviruTÏi nameQµaH
xH¬ ®BmTSgExq~S´n®Bwti†karNx
_ H¬ pg .
sMeNrenH x¨MV
∆ nepeI∆ TA[®Bwti†b&®t « TsßnExµr » rdΩmInIsUtacuHpßayrhU
tq~S1989eTIbcb'. manmit†G~kGanCae®cInVnsMu[eVHBumıesovePAenHTukCa
‰ksar . edaysarx¨MC
∆ ab'rvl'xS¬ gk~¨gsMenrTIbIeQµaH « kal®bvti†viT¥a´n®b-
eTskmı¨Ca » Edllat®tdagbkGa®kat nUveKalbMNg Epnkar nigeKal
edAemdwknSyYnk~¨gkarelb®sukExµr etIbbgÌg'sin rhUtdl'ExF~Ëq~S1989 eTI
bx¨Me∆ sIerIGaneLIgvij saksYrykBt·man EksMrYl EknameQµaH Gkr≈ aviruTiÏ Ex
q~SEdlVnsresrxus CaBiessEfmbJçËlBt·manCae®cIneTot dUcCaTMB&r
27 eLIgCa®VMBIrTMB&r, TMB&r115eLIgCa®VMTMB&rCaedIm, ‰CMBUk5, 6, 7 Vn
sresrsarCafIµ edayx¨Mr∆ kßaTukcMNgeCIgnigCMBUkdEdl EkdkecjEtkMhu-
sb"ueNˆaHdUcCaelakEm"nEknEpndI e®kayBIsaksYrmk KWCamnusßEdlela
ksWug-g"ukfaj'VnbJËÇnmkxagkMBg'FM BMuEmnCa≤sßr:Ekg
¬ ka¬ yenaHeT ehtu
enHehIyeTIbx¨Md
∆ kesckI†®tg'enHecj nigEfmbJçËlnUvplviVkBYkExµr≤sß
r: mkelI®KYsaresµr edIm∫ICabnÊal'k~¨gsm&yEdlesµrVnæ VneXIjnigV
nrs'enApg .
enAPaKxage®kay x¨M∆VnbEnm
ƒ Gkr≈ anu®km ( Glossary ) nigCMBUkbEnm
ƒ Ed
lCaGtb
ƒ TvicarNkfax@
I¬ eyagtam®Bwti†karNs
_ klelak cMeJHerOgsni†Pa
B®beTsExµr EdlVncuHpßayk~¨g®Biti†b&®tTsßnExµrrdΩmInIsUta .
mYyeToteQµaH L¨g-rWut CaeQµaHnYn-Ca CaCati´f ( sm&y´fykVt'dM-
bgq~S1941-46 ) kalCnenHeTAeron®sukesomenaH sUmemt†aEkCa rug-
elIt vij e®JHsMenogPasa´f x¥l' « r » mansMelgeTACa « l » eTIbG~k
xH¬ ehAeQµaHenHfa « lug-elIt » eTAvij .

GrKuN
hiun-sIufan
-2-
 Garm∏kfa
karniras®Jt'®Vs'edaykarkab'sm¬ab'rgal´nbgbÌËnExµr Gnuvt†eda-
y®kumExµr®khmcinniym rhUtdl'rlayGs'®sukeTAeToteTAehIyenH
etIminTan'®Kb'®Kan'lµmnwg[Exµr®Kb'K~aP∆ak'®tiHriHBicarNa rkbuB√ehtuBit
´ne®KaHmhn†rayenHedIm∫ICaemeron nigCaeKalkarNr_ YbrYmeLIgvij… ?
Exµrm~ak'@suTÏEtF¬ab'VnP&¬kß Vn®bTH nigx¬HeTotVnTSgCYyCMrujd-
l'e®KaHmhn†rayenHpg x¬HCYyedayGectna x¬HeTotedayectnaEtm†g.
sMenrenH®Kan'EtCakarsakl∫g®sav®Cav BicarNa sikßarkkarBitBI
buB√ehtu ÚsKl' TMnak'TMngepßg@ EdlCabc&çy Cakt†aeFI√[Exµrs¬ab'Gs'
CagbIlannak' nigenATIbJçb'®sukExµrk*®tUvyYn®tYt®ta nigeFI√yYnUbniy-
kmµEfmeTot EdlCadMeNIrQaneTArkkarVt'bg'TwkdInigCatisasnE_ xµr
CaBit®VkdeBkNas' ®sbeTAtamniek≈bbTrbs'elaknYn-eXOn k~¨gdM-
eNIreqıaHeTATisxaglic …≤NÎËcink~¨gq~S2,000 xusEt®tg'mhn†rayenH
ekIteLIgmunkarTsßnT
_ ayrbs'elakb"ueNˆaH . elakGFikarbzmsikßa
Giut-sarink*VnsresrBIkarP&n†®cLMneyaVy BIKMeragbMp¬ajsgmnig
®sukExµredayExµr®hm k~¨gesovePA « ®seNaH®BlwgExµr » k~¨gq~S1973
EdlKµannrNaP∆ak'epIÌlesaH . e®kABI‰ksarsresredayesµrCatiExµr ni
gbreTsnana xM∆¨VneFI√karTak'TgpÊal' edaysm∏asnp
_ g niyayTUrs&BÊ
pg ftcUlk~¨gExßGat'pg sresreqI¬yq¬gpg edIm∫IykBt·manmkbJÇak'
GHGagnUv®Bwti†karNe_ pßg@ EdlVnsni~dΩanfaCabuB√ehtu´nmhn†ray´n
kar®Jt'®Vs'nirasrbs'ExµrTSgnKrenH .
tSgBIVncUlCMrMexA GIudag´f©TI21 viciœka 1979em"¬H xM∆¨Vne®KagTukfa
nwgsresrBIerOgra"v´nkarkab'sm¬ab'ExµrenH[Vn . xM∆¨k*cab'®sav®CavsnßM
‰ksarTukbeNI†r@mkedaysMuftcm¬gesovePArbs'mit†P&ki†x¬H rbs'bNˆa
l&yk~¨gCMrMnigbNˆal&yenA®kugtaxUmax¬H EtPaKe®cInVnsMuftcm¬g‰k-
sarBIbNˆal&y´nmhaviT¥al&yK&rENl ( University Library Cornell )
enATI®kugGIutaka ( Ithaca ) rdΩnIvy"k ( New York ) shrdΩGaemrik .
sMenrenHxM∆¨EckecjCa®VMBIrCMBUkrYmTSgCMBUkeyabl'pg .
CMBUkTImYybriyayerobrab'rMlwkBIEpnkaryYnUbniykmµk~¨graC¥kß®tIGg
mIu …dMeNIreqıaHmkTisxaglicelIkTImYy …Epnkarrbs'®BHecAmij-m"ag,
e®TOg-mijy"ag, ®BHecAy"a-L¨g nigyYnUbniykmµEdndIkmı¨Cae®kam .
CMBUkTIBIr KWrMlwkBI®bvti†saÂs†sm&ycugstvtßTI19 nigedImstvtß
TI20 BIkarbHeVr Gacar¥s√a eJrkMeVr ( deNI†mraC¥ ), kartsflU®bqSgV-
rSgrbs'elakåkjaBisˆ¨elakQUk nigåkja®kLaehamKg' edaykarKS
®TBI®BHVTnerat†m rhUtdl'®Bwti†karNq
_ ~S1916, ®Bwti†karNq
_ ~S1925 …®Bw
ti†karNV
_ ed ( Bardez ), ®Bwti†karNq
_ ~S1942 Vtukmµ®BHsgÙTamTar[
-3-
edaHElg®BH®KUEhm-ecov, clnarMedaHCati « Exµr≤sßr: » eJlKWvKbri-
yayBIKMnites~haCatidMbUg .
CMBUkTIbIbriyayBIEpnkarrbs'hU-CImij k~¨gkarelb®beTskmı¨Ca ni
iglav edIm∫IsMercnUvkarsƒabnamhac®kyYn ehAfa « shB&nÏ≤NÎËcin ».
karbegI˚tExµreyokmij, EpnkaryYneyokmijk~¨grvagq~S1945-50 . CMBUk
enHBiBN·naGMBIEpnkar´ndMeNIreqıaHmkTisxaglicelIkTI2 rbs'yYnhU
CImij k~¨geKaledAbegI˚t «shPaBkumµ¨ynis†≤NÎËcin» .
CMBUkTIbYnGFib∫ayBIneyaVyxusrbs'sem†csIhnu cab'BIq~S1962
mk edayXubXitCamYycin CYyT&Beyokkug edayp†l'es∫øg Gg˚r f~SeB
T¥ edaymancinm~ak'eQµaHKYc-Gan rksIup†ac'muxdwkGg˚rf~SeBT¥ edayman
karGnuJÔatBIsem†c nigkarcUlhfluneday®kumraCvgßanuvgßx¬H nigG~km~agm"U
nicpg . karGnuJÔat[dwkGavuF ®Kab'rMesv kSePI¬gFM edaymannayTahan
ExµrCYycat'EcgdMelIg nigdwknSykeTA[eyokkug e®kam®BHraCbJÇarb-
s'sem†csIhnu . esdΩkicçsÊH ®bCaBlrdΩx√HGg˚rbriePaK karsg˚t'sg˚in
rbs'GaC∆aFrext†Vt'dMbgeTAelI®bCaCntMbn'sMLËt rhUt[mankarbHeVr
eLIg nigkMeNItclnaExµr®khmkumµ¨ynis†em"AniymhYsehtu .
CMBUkTI®VMbriyayCMuvijbuB√ehtu EdlbN†al[mankarTm¬ak'sem†c
karb"unb"grbs'sem†cedIm∫Ikan'GMNacvij karBIXatd*Gaf·kMVMgelIrUbela
kvr:esniy‰k esg-sflun´f . karvaylukrbs'T&BeyokkugmkelIsaFa
rNrdΩelakln'-nl' . rNsirßrMedaHCatiKS®Tedayeyokkug nigmans
em†cCa®bFanEtKµanGMNaccat'Ecg sIhnucaj'eVkcin, yYn nigExµr®k-
hm .
CMBUkTI®VMmYysI†BIlTÏplrbs'hU-CImij . karkMeTcGnÊak'TI1rbs'
yYn Etb"ul-BtVnF¬ak'cUleTAk~¨gGnÊak'TI2rbs'yYneTotedaymindwgx¬Án
. karsMerc´neKalbMNgrbs'hU-CImij …dMeNIeqıaHmkTisxaglicelI
kTI2edaysuvtiƒPaB nigEpnkaryYnUbniykmµelI®bCaraÂs†ExµrelI®beTs
Exµr .
CMBUkTI®VMBIrKWCMBUkeyabl' karsakl∫gEvkEjkrkmuxXatkrraÂs†
ExµrCagbIlannak' nigkar®bemIemIlcMeJHneyaVybcç¨b∫n~ nigGnaKtrb
s'matu®beTsExµr . etI®beTsExµrnwg®tUvVt'bg'BIEpnTIsklelakdUccM
V"… ?
esµrxM∆¨sUmeGankayGP&yeTasBIsMNak'bg@ nigCnExµrTSgGs'
eTaHbIVnlacakelakenHeTAehIykI† …k*enAmanCIvitrs'enAsB√´f©enAeLI-
ykI† Edlmannamk~¨gGtƒbTenH sUmemt†axnI†sen†asdl'xM∆¨VT Edl®Kan'
Etcg'lat®tdagnUvkarBitx¬H@ nigbuB√ehtu´nmhn†rayenHEtb"ueNˆaH ®Ka
n'CaBnW¬dl'bÌËn@CMnan'e®kay …ebIehacNas'®Kan'TukCaemeron edIm∫IkMu[
emdwknSExµredIrCan'dan®bvti†saÂs†e®KaHf~ak'mhn†raydEdl@EbbenHeTo
-4-
teTAGnaKtkal .
eTaHCay"agNak*eday kMhusk~¨gkarsresr karP¬SgP¬at' karsni~dΩan
minsmrm¥ EtgEtmanecosminrYc e®JHfamnusßm~ak'@minEmnsuTÏEty-
l'®tUvhUtminEdlxusenaHeT L'homme n'est pas parfait . Ga®s&yehtu
enH sUmbgbÌËnmit†G~kGanemt†aGP&yeTasedayGnue®KaHdl'xM∆¨VT .

®kugsIuGafil, ´f©TI8 Extula q~S1986

hiun-sIufan

esckI†epI†m
eBlenH®beTsExµrVnTTYle®KaHmhn†rayd*FMelIslb' edays¬ab'
Gs'ExµrCagbIlan ®BmTSgGs'TSg®sukExµreTAeTot e®JHEtrbbExµr®k-
hmEdlVnrMlaykMeTcCatisasn_ nigvb∫Fm·rbs'ExµrtameKalbMNg
rbs'yYn EdlBYkeKVnGnuvt†rYcm†gmkehIy kalenAraC¥kß®tIGgmIuq~S
1840 . yYnVnbJÇa[®BHsgÙExµres¬økJk'dUc®BHsgÙyYn, [mÂnI†Exµr
®bCaraÂs†Exµres¬økJk'dUcyYn, eronPasayYn, [kab'edImeJFi, rMlay®BH,
bMp¬ajvt†Garam dUcEdlBYkExµr®khmVneFI√mkk~¨geBlfIµ@kn¬gmkenH .
kaleNaHyYneFI√pÊal' Etdl'mkraC¥b"ul-Bt KW®kumExµrveg√gQ¬k'nwg®Tw
sI†kal'm"ak-em"AniymhYsehtuenH VnrMlay®KwHsgmExµr, vb∫Fm·nig®b
eTsExµrx¬Án‰g Kµan®beTsNamYyelIsklelakeFI√VndUcenAeLIy .
®bCaraÂs†ExµrCit50PaKry®tUveKsm¬ab'ecal . ®kumExµrKMnityYnenHrhUt
mkdl'sB√´f©(1987)eKenAEtfa BYkeKminVnsm¬ab'ExµreT KWBYkk∫t'eTEd
lVnsm¬ab'Exµr ( sMdIrbs'CYn-eCOn EdlcUlmkk~¨gCMrMexAGIudag enA´f©dM
bUgTI21 Exviciœka q~S1979 ) .
( kkn – enA´f©sMucuHcUlCamYyrdΩaPiVlhflun-Esn kalBI´f©TI25 ExF~Ë q~S
1998˘˘˘ exov-sMpnVnsarPaBfa – ®kumExµr®khmrbs'x¬ÁnVn®b®Bwt†GM-
eBIsm¬ab'rgaleTAelI®bCaBlrdΩExµrBit®VkdEmn . Kat'VnniyaysMu
eTas nigsMu[®bCaBlrdΩExµr « bMeP¬cGtitkalecaleTA » . P¬ammYyrM-
eBC, naykrdΩmÂnI†Exµrhflun-EsnVnEf¬gbJÇak' bnÊab'BIVnTTYlyl'®B
mkarcuHcUlfa – ExµrKYrelIkElgeTas edIm∫Isni†PaBnigkarsMruHsMrYlCati
TSgmUl ! . enHehIyCaPs†¨tagy"agc∫as' bJÇak'GMBIkl∫l∫icnigkarsflMu
®KlMuK~a rvagBYkExµr®khmTSgBIr®kumEdlCaGay"grbs'cin-yYn ) .
Kµan®KYsarExµrNamYyEdlfaminmansac'jati, “Bukm†ay, bgbÌËn®bu-
s®sI…GflMumamIg s¬ab'edaysars~a´dExµr®khmb"ul-BtesaH . ®KYsarx¬H
sl'Etm~ak' x¬HmYy®KYsar®tUvs¬ab'TSgGs' . CaåTahrN_ ®bCaCnExµrCa
gdb'BIrmWunnak'EdlExµr®khmCen¬øsecjBI®kugP~MeBj ehIyykmke®V
-5-
secalenAvalP~MFibtIenaH ®tUvs¬ab'vinasswgEtTSgGs' . eBlEdlyYn
Q¬anJncUlmkyk®sukExµrkalBIedImq~S1979enaH ExµrG~kP~MeBjenAva-
lP~MFibtIenArs'Et®bmaNCagbIJn'nak'b"ueNˆaH . qÌwgexµacExµrenAecal
rat'rayeBjvaleBjKumıs∫Ëv reN†Ax¬HmanexµacBI®VMrynak'eTABIrJn'nak'
TSgcas' ekµg TarkbITTwg .
eKsm¬ab'eday®Kb'viFI EdlPasa®khmeKniyayfa®Kb'rUbPaB KWcab'
yk®tg'@eTAsm¬ab' …dak'XMuk~¨gmnIÊredayeFI√TaruNkmµsB√Ebby"agrhUt
dl's¬ab' nigviFIbgÌt'Vy[dac'eJHs¬ab'y"agEsnevTna .l.˘˘˘
sMenrenHCakarsakl∫g®sav®Cav BicarNarkFatuBitnigbuB√ehtuepß
g@ EdlCasarvn†nS[®bCaraÂs†Exµr®tUvs¬ab'vinas ®Jt'®Vs'nirasGs'
xÊg'®bmaNCagbIlannak'enH .
sMenrenH®Kan'Etcg'lat®tdagnUvkarBitx¬H@EdlemdwknSExµrxMbMbwT
xMlak'xMsresredIm∫Ilagx¬ÁnBIkaref˚aleTasBIsMNak'kUnExµrCMnan'e®ka-
y, BIkardak'eTasrbs'®bvti†saÂs†Exµr nig®bvti†saÂs†sklelak .
Gnicça®sukExµr etI´f©NaeTIbExµrmanemdwknSEdlecHKitdl'CIvPaBra-
®s†Exµr dl'karKg'vg'´n®beTsExµr !
eyIgx√HemdwknS pʨyeTAvijemdwknSevotNamVneFI√bricçaK®Kb'y"ag
edIm∫I®sukeK [®beTseKrIkFMTUlay !

sniΩsJÔakat'bnƒy®BMEdnExµr
sniΩsJÔacuH´f©TI18 Exkum∏: q~S1979 –
CasniΩsJÔash®btibti†kark~¨gry:20q~S ehIynigbnƒyCasm©at'k~¨g
rvag10q~Sm†g . ®tg'xTI4´nsniΩsJÔaenH bJÇak'BIkarkMrit®BMEdnmit†PaB
Edle®KagfanwgBinit¥BiPakßaeLIgvij edayyk®BMEdnbcç¨b∫n~eFI√CaeKal
sniΩsJÔacuH´f©TI7 Exkk˚da q~S1982 –
CasniΩsJÔakat'bnƒyEdnsmu®TExµrk~¨gtMbn'ekaHesH EdlCatMbn'ma
ne®bgkat . rbbehgsMrin-hflunEsnVn®bKl'eTA[yYn .
sniΩsJÔacuH´f©TI20 Exkk˚da q~S1983 –
sI†BIkarkat'bnƒy®BmEdnExµr®bKl'eTAevotNamCafIµeTot .
q~S1984 –
eL-DwkfU smaCikkariyal&yneyaVyyYnVnmkeFI√TsßnkicçenA
kmı¨Ca ehIyVnBn¥l'ENnSehgsMrin-hflunEsnfa – etagman®KYsaryY
nmYy®KYk~¨gcMeNam®KYsarExµrbYn®KYenATICnbT nig®KYsaryYnmYy®KYk~¨g
cMeNam®KYsarExµrBIr®KYenAtamTI®bCMuCnnigtamTI®kugnana .
sniΩsJÔaExF~Ë q~S1985 –
sniΩsJÔakMNt'®BMEdnbnƒydIExµrCafIµeTot nigkaryl'®Bm[niKmyY
ncUlmktSgTIlMenAelIEdndIExµr eday[ExµrCYypt'pg'sB√y"agdl'niK-
-6-
myYnfIµ@enH mankarykpÊHExµr (edjmças'ecj) dkdIFI¬[eTAniKmyYnTSg
enaHpg .
q~S1985 –
emdwknSevotNamVn®bkasfa sniΩsJÔamYysI†BIkarlb'bMVt'®BMEd
nrvagevotNamnigkmı¨Ca . sniΩsJÔaenHCameF¥aVyrbs'evotNam[ni
KmyYnfIµ@cUlmktSgTIlMenAeday®sbc∫ab'elITwkdIExµr EfmelIcMnYnni-
KmyYncas'CitBIrlannak'kalBIminTan'mansniΩsJÔaenH .
sniΩsJÔacuH´f©TI20 Exkk˚da q~S1988 –
hflun-Esnnigeg√øg-kUfac'VncuHhtƒelxaelIsniΩsJÔaenH EdlsI†BI
karrkdMeNaH®sayvivaT®BM®bTl'Edn rvagsaFarNrdΩsgmniymevot-
NamnigsaFarNrdΩ®bCamanitukmı¨Ca ehIyVncuHhtƒelxaelIkicç®Bm
e®BogmYyeTotsI†BIl&k≈ni†k:®BMEdnfIµ´n®beTsTSgBIr .
q~S1991 –
niKmyYnk~¨g®sukExµrmancMnYneLIgdl'bIlannak'ehIy @VnTTYl
sJÇatiCaCatikmı¨Ca BIrbbGay"gehgsMrin-hflunEsnEfmeTot .

cab'BImat'smu®TeLIgrhUteTAdl'®BMrYmbImum (Exµr-lav-yYn) eKVn

bg≈itbegalsIma®BMEdncm©ayBI3eTA8KILËEm"®t cUlmkk~¨gdIExµr . kEn¬g
x¬Hbg≈itcUldl'eTA30KILËEm"®tpg .
eBlfIµ@enH tamry:rUbPaBp˚ayrNb (Satellite) EdlGaemrikSg
ftVn@bJÇak'fa evotNamVnbg≈it®BMEdnExµrCafIµ edayVnCIkE®BkmY-
yTTwg25Em"®t cm©ay550KILËEm"®t tambeN†ay®BMEdnext†kMBt kat'
tamext†taEkv kN†al ´®BEvg s√ayerog kMBg'cam . ®bCaraÂs†Exµrk*®tUv
Cab'kMENnCamYyraÂs†yYn k~¨gkardΩanCIkE®Bk «vijetTI2» enHEdr . k~¨g
eBlGb'rMneyaVyBYkGay"gehg-sMrin ®KUyYnVnBn¥l'ENnS[BYk
ehg-sMrineyaKyl'GF¥a®s&ydl'®BMEdnfIµrvagevotNam-kmı¨CaenH sMu
kMu[nwkKiteTAdl'®BMEdncas'eFI√GI√ .

karbMp¬ajsm∫ti†sil∫:vtƒ¨
buraNvb∫Fm·Exµr
k~¨grbbb"ul-BtkML¨gbIq~S®VMbIEx´m∏´f© ‰ksarGkßrsaÂs†Exµr®tUvbn
Exµr®khmbMp¬ajecalexÊcxIÊ eday[®bmUlyktam®Kb'vt†Garam nUv®kSg
KmIır saÂs†as¬wkrwt cMNarBuTÏsasna kMNaB¥TUnµan erOgsaÂs†aEl∫g
saÂs†aerOgburaNnana ( saÂs†as¬wkrwtBYkGaFmiLbJÇa[ykeTAedreFI√mY
kJk'sÊËgnig®cUt®sUv˘˘˘ ‰®kSg®kas'@®kdas'eFI√GMBIsMbkmn va®bmUl
-7-
ykeTAdutecal˘˘˘ ‰esovePAvijBYkva[mUrVrICk' nigykeTAKrdutecal (
tamp¬ËvVt'dMbg-sIusupun-cMkareck ) CaBiesssaÂs†acarBI®bvti†saÂs†
Exµr EdlBMuTan'VneFI√karsikßa®sav®CavenAeLIy tamTIsƒansMxan'@x¬HdUc
Ca tamvt†GaramtMbn'fµBYk bnÊayqµar˘˘˘ tamvt†GaramxagtaEkv GgrbUrI, VP~M,
vt†har, kac'reTH (cMNarBI®bvti†ecABjasÂgamhuk, vt†e®tol rMlg (cM-
NarBIerOgrbs'åkjaeteCamas æeteCa®khmk)˘˘˘CaedIm . sm∫ti†Gkßr
saÂs†enH KYr[esaks†ayCaBn'eBk nigrkrkGI√mke®bobBMuVn . tSgBIra
b'ryq~SmkehIy eTaHbImancMVMgrSgCl'fMy"agNak*eday k*sm∫ti†vb∫-
Fm· GkßrsaÂs† ®bvti†saÂs†TSgGs'enaH VnenAKg'vg'tamvt†Garamnana
rhUtmk. rbbBYkeq√gniymhYsehtulIlaBulk†ÁcxuseKmYysklela
k dwknS®sukmindl'bYnq~Spg k*bJÇa[bMpi¬cbMp¬ajnUvekr†m
i_ rtkCatiExµrTSg
enaHGs'rlIg . ekr†m
i_ rtkxag‰ksarGs'TSgenaH eyIgminGacnwgrkmkvi
jVnesaHeLIy .
erOgKYr[GaeNacGF·mmYyeTot KWsm∫ti†sil∫: cm¬ak'fµ rUbbdimakr
tam®VsaTbuerGgrnana ®tUvbMp¬icbMp¬ajdUcteTA –
1- sm&yExµr≤sßr: –
BYkGtiExµr≤≤sßr:Vnniyayfa k~¨gkartsflUCamYyVrSg BYkeKVnKa
s'ykburaNvtƒ¨bdimatamburaNsƒanbuerGgrk~¨gtMbn'rnamdUnsM Vt'dMbg
åt†rmanC&y ykeTAlk'[QµÁjesom ykluyeTATijkSePI¬gc∫SgCamYy
VrSgx¬H nigTukCasm∫ti†pÊal'rbs'emExµr≤sßr:eFI√CaG~kman .
2- sm&ysIhnu-ln'nl' –
ecAh√ayGnuext†bnÊayqµar hflul-Tn, tamesckI†®bkas[karNr_ bs
elaksµi¨k-ey ( naycMNg'enAfµBYkq~S1971-72 ), Vn[TahanKas'
ykbdimakrsÌat@ tamburaN®VsaTnanaeTAlk'[BYkesom . k~¨grbr
rksIubMp¬ajCati k∫t'CatienH eKmaneFI√lansMgat'sMrab'åTÏm∏aKc®kcuHenA
k~¨g´®BCitbnÊayqµar . eBlyb'eTIbåTÏm∏aKc®kesomcuHmkdwkykbdima
krExµrenaH . k~¨gerOglYcburaNvtƒ¨ExµrenHmanecAh√ayext†esk-sMeGot
VncUlhflunCamYypg . CnNa TahanNaEdldwgerOgenH ®tUvhflul-
Tn[eBCŒXatykeTA®kEblecalGs' . tamsMdIelaksµi¨k-ey
fahflul TnVnsm¬ab'bMbwTmat'kUnTahannigG~k®sukGs'e®cInNas' .
elaksiµ¨k eyVnbEnƒmfa hflul-TnCaCnk∫t'Cati bMp¬ajCatielx1 . eda
ykarkab'sm¬ab'bMbwTmat' nigGMNacp†ac'karx¬SgeBkenaHenAcugq~S 19 72
Ta hank*bHeVrrksm¬ab'hflul-Tnecal EtemBukrlYyesk-sMeGot (1)
VnykåTÏm∏aKc®keTAcuHenAfµBYkrMedaHkUnCwgx¬ÁnenH rYcehIyykeTAdak'
[lYcCa tienAbr´b"lineTot . CnenH‰gEdlkwbbMVt'ykt∫ËgTMgn'Cag bI
rykar"atenaH .
®BHeks®BHBuTÏrUb®bknaKbIGgenAk~¨g®VgkMBUlP~MVNn' nigk∫alG
-8-
sur:T
T√arVl®tUveKlYc . enACitPUmiGUr®VsaT nayTahans&ki†®VMVnnS
TahaneTAb¬n'ykrUbta®Bhµnig®BHPKens . kUn®VsaTbuerGgrmYyenA
k~¨gdub´®B Tl'muxbnÊayswkrgsIusupun ®tUvBYkTahanKas'ykbdimakar.
enAfµBYk cm©ayBIrKILËEm"®tBI®BMEdn kUn®VsaTbuerGgrCa®VgfµTSg
mUlmYy®tUvesomykåTÏm∏aKc®kmksÊËcykeTAtMerobenAk~¨gdIesomeTA k~¨
gsm&y®BHGgexµA …åkjakfafnesk-sMeGot .
3- sm&yExµr®khm –
BYkExµr®khm tam®TwsI†bdivt†nv_ b∫Fm·rbs'cwkem"A (“Exµr®khm) BYk
TmiLenHVnbMp¬ajsm∫ti†bUraNenHy"age®cIn≤tKNna . BYkva®bmUl
yktamvt†GaramnUvbdimakrtUcFM dwktamLan®TugykeTAdUrGMbilCamYy
esom …e®bg≤nÏn: . vt†bUraNVNn'e®kammanbUraNvtƒ¨Cae®cIn manbdi
ma®BHBuTÏrUb®bknaKBIrq¬ak'BIfµPk' ( Sandstone ) kMBs'BIrEm"®t tSgBIst
vtßTI14mkem"¬H nigbdimakrCae®cIneTottMkl'Tukk~¨gvihar . k~¨gbrievNvt†
manbUraNvtƒ¨Cae®cIn man®BHBuTÏrUbsl'EtEP~nTMhMb"un®BHBuTÏrUbenA®Vsa
tV"li´L e®JHTIsƒanVNn'CakEn¬gEdl®BHVTC&yvrµ&nTI7Vnksag
åTiÊsdl'BuTÏsasna e®kayBIb®g˚abkarbHeVrenAtMbn'enHrabTabmk . BY
kExµr®khmVnerIsykBuTÏrUbtUc@eTAdUresomykGMbil yke®bgsSg
m"asflUt ‰bdimakrFM@BYkvavaykMeTcecal CJÇËnykeTAcak'ecalk~¨gsÊwg
e®JHBYkCnsaman¥Gs'enHva®tUvkaryk®BHvihareTAeFI√CamnIÊrBiesaFn_ eB
T¥vHeJHmnusßrs' [sisßeBT¥l©itl©g'va sikßaBIviCÇaeBT¥Cak'Es†g .
sarmnIÊrvt†eJFival ®tUvBYkvaerIbMp¬ajykbUraNvtƒ¨eTAdUresom ykvihar
eFI√CamnIÊrXMuXSg˘˘˘. ®VsaTvt†‰kP~MEdlCas~a´d®BHVTåTyaTit¥avr&µnk
sagk~¨gq~S910 Vn®tUvBYkTmiLGn†rFanGs'enH ykeFI√CaKukXMuXSgExµr
EdlBYkvacat'TukfaCasMNl'BukrlYy´nrbbsgmcas' ‰CJÇSgeFI√BIfµ
Vye®komEp~kxagt∫Ëg®VsaT®tUvBYkvaerIKas'vaybMEbkykeTAcak'®kal
f~l'BIvt†‰kP~MmkJm‰k mkTI®bCMuCndUnTav . karbMp¬icbMp¬ajvtƒ¨bUraN
®VsaTbUraNExµr vt†GaramVneFI√eLIgTUTSg®beTsExµr KWCakarbMp¬aj®KwH
sgmExµr[sabsUn¥bg' smtambMNgrbs'emdwknSyYnhU-CImijEt
m†g .
4- sm&yyYn-ehgsMrin / hflunEsn –
BYkyYnVnerIyksm∫ti†KruP&NÎtamvt†nana rUvcm¬ak'tam®VsaTTen¬V
TI, P~MCIsUr, GgrbUrI˘˘˘ sarmnIÊrsalarcnadwkykeTA®sukvabwgbn†ykeTA
lk'enAhugkug BYkehg-sMrink*lYcKas'ykbUraNvtĬykeTAlk'[eso
m-yYnEdr . BYkyYnVnKas'ykekadimasenAectiytMkl'®BHsarIrikFatu
enAmuxsƒaniyrfePI¬g®kugP~MeBj . BYkvalYcykk∫al®BhµBIk~¨gsarmnIÊr
vt†eJFival˘˘˘.
5- BYkclnatsflUExµr –
-9-
 emBYkclnatsflUreb"HreV"HtSgBIq~S1978mk suTÏEtrs'eday[BYkTa-
hanKas'ykbUraNvtƒ¨tam®VsaTnanaeTAlk'[esom b¬n'raÂs†ykmas
eB®C . kUnTahanrbs'sI√-eFOn, sB√´f©rs'®kugtakUm"a (rdΩva"siunetan)Vn
niyayfa – sI√-eFOnVn[TahancUHeTAKas'mkbdima …vayyk®BHeks
(k∫alG~kta) ykmklk'[esom . sB√´fTahanr˘C˘r˘b˘x˘x¬HkMBugEtbMpi¬
cbMp¬ajKas'ykbUraNvtƒ¨BI®VsaTnanaeTAlk'[esomEdr dUcCaåt†m-
esniy´L-vir: rYmCamYyTahanvresniyeTavibul eTAKas'bUraNvtƒ¨enA
®VsaTyagdgM (sarBt·manGgrbUrI cuH´f©TI31 mkra 1991), elakEkm-
Ecg, s&ki†bYnsIufa, eQµaH´q nigelakp˚aymYyXYn-erOn VnKas'ykrUb
bdimaelakekets√r:®Bhsƒ®VM kMBs'BIrEm"®tBIrtwk eTAlk't´f¬CamYy´f
Cat´m¬7lanVt (sarBt·manGgrbUrIcuH´f©TI31 mkra 1991) CaedIm˘˘˘.
kUnsem†csIhnu, nerat†m-c®kBgß, k*CaemxagbMp¬ajvtƒ¨buraNExµrm~a
k'Edr edaybJÇa[kUnTahaneTAKas'ykburaNvtƒ¨tam®VsaTnana mkl
k'[BYkQµÁjesom . TijpÊHt´m¬1lanVtenAsurin[®bBnÏCati´f ( ®bBnÏ
TI6 ) ®bBnÏ®VMeTotnigkUnenAV"rIs_ .

kMNt' – tMbn'PaKxaglicext†Vt'dMbg fµBYk sMbUredaybUraN®VsaTbu

erGgrCae®cIn xÊg'Cit®VMrykEn¬g . ®VsaTbuerGgrGs'TSgenaHe®cInk-
sagBI≤dΩ ®tUvVk'EbkrlMKrCaBMnUk CaTYlG~kta kb'TSgrUbbdimakrenAk~¨g
BMnUkenaH . TIbUraNsƒanGs'TSgenaHenABMuTan'VneFI√kMNay®sav®CavenA
eLIyk~¨gsm&yekaHsni†PaBrbbsem†csIhnuenaH . esomEtgEtcUlmk
lYcCIkKas'ykbUraNvtƒ¨tam®VsaTGs'enaHCaerOy@dUcCa ®VsaTkMEB
g®Jvcm©ayxÊg'db'KILËEm"®txaglics√ayeck, ®VsaTembuN¥, ®VsaT
bnÊayTabk~¨g®kum®VsaTbnÊayqµarCaedIm˘˘˘.
ebIExµr®Kb'K~a ®Kb'rbb ®Kb'nin~akarnSK~abMp¬ajCati‰gy"agenH etIBYk
eKnSK~aeTArMedaHCati …k*nSK~aeTArMedaHykGMNacedIm∫IbMp¬ajCati ?

(1) CaCnBukrlYyCageKmYyk~¨grbbsaFarNrdΩln'-nl' rksIu (minVc'manedImTun) rt'BnÏCa

mYynayTunFM@enAVt'dMbgdwkTSgTU@reTHePI¬g rksIuCamYysug-sak'k~¨gkarkab'´®BeQIExµr
ykeTAlk'enA®sukesom emlYcburaNvtƒ¨ExµreTAlk'[QµÁjesom . edayBukrlYyx¬SgeBk
k*®tUvp¬as'ecjk~¨gq~S1974 (CMnYsedayåt†mesniysr-ehar) EtVnniyay®Vb'BYknayTun
enAVt'dMbg rdΩkarext†nana ®KUbe®gonfa xM∆¨nwgvil®tLb'mkvijCaecAh√ayext†Vt'dMbgdEdl
. Emnesk-sMeGotVnvilmkvijenAedImq~S1975 BukrlYyelIsedIm . CaecAh√ayext†CYy
T&Bsem†c“ (BYkExµr®khm) edaydwkkSePI¬g ®Kab'ral'@Ex eTAp†l'[Exµr®khm BI8eTA10Lan
GMC Tahan . CaeBCŒXatsMlab'bMbwTmat'raÂs†Exµr CnNaEdldwgBIGMeBIk∫t'Catirbs'esk-
sMeGot nwg®tUvBYk´ddl'®kEblecal dUcCakUnTahanBIrnak'enAbnÊay´®B®CUk (p¬ËvBIsIusupun
eTA®kLaj') EdlhflansUrembJÇakareQµaHm"a-GUn BIerOgdwkkSePI¬gnig®Kab'cUleTAk~¨gtMbn'xµSg
. CaCnelµaP®sI, k~¨gkariyal&yext† esk-sMeGotmanelxaFikarpÊal'x¬Án suTÏCa®sIekµg@cM
nYn7nak', man®bBnÏcugC√aenAcMkarsMerag, [eKrk®sI@ykmk[dUcCakUnkat'cinyYnenApßar

-10-
e®kam p¬ËvelxBIrkn¬H ykmk[esk-sMeGotk~¨gl©acmYyenAm"UEtlext†e®kaysalaTkßiN (
l©acenaHesµrkMBugGg¨yelgenAeCIgm"afµmuxpÊHCYl, pÊHelakm"at'-erOmG~keFI√katcinyYn ) . ta
mEj"rsaÂs†acar¥kUlab-salIrt~EtminVn EtVnsaÂs†acar¥ecjq~S1973m~ak'enAviT¥al&y
Gflab-XuteTAvij . Tak'TgVnG~k®KUbzmsikßam~ak'eQµaHtan'-yk'sflanenATkßiNsala ( Eco
le primaire groupe sud ) Tl'muxvt†kMEpgehIyTijpÊHenAkac'®CugsalaTkißN nigp¬ËveTAbr-
´b"lin nigkUnLanhugdamYy[eTotpg . edaysarCnenHe®bIGMNacCiHCan'p†ac'kar dUcCaes†
c®taj'dab-QYn …kfafnQMu (es†c®taj'cuge®kaybgÌs', tMNTI5´n®tkUlecAh√aEbn Edn
Vt'dMbg cg√at'bUJ·´nraCaNac®k´f) enaHeTIbesk-sMeGot manrhsßname®kAmYyeTot Edl
G~kVt'dMbgdak'[fa ®BHGgexµA .

-11-